COLOMBIAN HERBARIA ˜ OZ-SABA,1 EDGAR L. LINARES,1 WILSON DEVIA,2 YANETH MUN AND FERNANDO GAST3
Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Apartado 7495, Bogota´ , Colombia 2 Asociacio´ n Colombiana de Herbarios, Apartado 314, Tulua´ , Colombia 3 Instituto Alexander von Humboldt, Apartado 8693, Bogota´ , Colombia
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establishes ishes the legal guidelines for scient scientific ific investigation investigation of Abstract. —Decree 309/2000 establ biological diversity in Colombi biological Colombia a and Resolution 1115/2000 determines the procedu procedure re to continue for registering biological collections with the Humboldt Institute. In Colombia there are 59 herbaria: 57 registered, 33 associated with the Colombian Association of Herbaria (ACH), and 24 cited in Index Herbariorum. Overall, 39% are national in character, 59% are regional, and 2% are local. The La Salle University Herbarium, founded in 1912, is the oldest collection. The main herbarium is the Colombian National Herbarium (COL), with 500,000 specimens. cientı´fica ´fica sobre diversidad Resumen. —El decreto 309 de 2000 reglamenta la investigacio´n cientı biolo ´gica y la resoluc ´gica resolucio io´n ´n 1115 de 2000 determina el procedi procedimiento miento a seguir para registr registrar ar las colecciones biolo´gicas ante el Instit Instituto uto Humboldt. En Colombi Colombia a hay 59 herbari herbarios, os, 57 registrados, regist rados, 33 asociado asociadoss a la Asociac Asociacio io´n ´n Colombi Colombiana ana de Herbario Herbarioss (ACH) y 24 adscritos al Index Herbario Herbariorum. rum. El 39% de los herbarios tienen un cara´cter ´cter naciona nacional, l, el 59% regional y el 2% local. El herba rio Colec cio´ n Universida d de La Sa lle, es el ma´s antiguo y se fundo´ en 191 1912. 2. El pri princi ncipal pal herbario herbario es el Herb Herbari ario o Naci Nacional onal Colombiano Colombiano (COL) con 500,000 500,000 especimenes.
INTRODUCTION Article Artic le 51 of the Natural Resources Code of Colombi Colombia a (1974) regulates regulates natural natural resources rights and use; Article 258 outlines norms for botanical gardens, zoos, natural history collections, and museums. Additional laws enacted after 1974 concerning national parks, wildlife, hydrobiological resources, and wild flora (1977, 1978) have been implemented to regulate the registration of natural history collections, unique specimens, and biological collecting. The National Political Constitution stit ution of 1991 encourages scientific scientific resea research rch and the conservation of natural resources and the environment; additional legal norms have since been established with the creation of the National System for Science and Technology, the National Program Prog ram of Env Enviro ironmen nmental tal Sci Scienc ences es and Habi Habitat tat,, the reo reorga rganiz nizati ation on of COLCIENCIAS (1990–1993), and the creation of the National Science and Technology Council (Sistema Nacional Ambiental 1997). Decree 309 of 25 February 2000 (Ministeri (Minis terio o del Medio Ambient Ambiente e 2000a) further regulates the scien scientific tific investiinvestigation of biological diversity. Chapter III, in particular Article 12, addresses biological ologi cal colle collection ctions, s, definin defining g a ‘‘biol ‘biologica ogicall colle collection ction’’’ as ‘‘a set of cata cataloged loged biological specimens that is maintained and organized taxonomically.’’ With this basis, the Ministry of the Environment issued Resolution 1115 of 01 November 2000 (Ministerio del Medio Ambiente 2000b) to establish procedural norms for registering biological collections intended for scientific research, emphasizing that ‘‘any person or organization possessing a biological collection is required to register ist er it. it.’’’ Art Articl icle e 7 out outlin lines es the fun functi ctions ons of reg regist istere ered d bio biolog logica icall col collec lecti tions; ons; among these are informing scientific investigations and other studies which reCollection Forum 2006; 20(1–2):95– 20(1–2):95–107 107
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quire the cataloging, maintenance, and taxonomic organization of legally-obtained specimens, and serving as a reference for the identification of specimens in environmental and biodiversity research. With the databasing of biological collections and the publication and updating of the information regarding these collections, it will be possible to: (1) quantify how much of the country’s country’s biodi biodiversit versity y is represented represented in Colombi Colombian an herbaria; (2) establish what groups and biogeographic regions are represented; (3) identify priorities with reference to endemic groups, endangered groups, and groups of ecological and/or economic interest; (4) quantify how many and which type specimenss are fou men found nd in whic which h nat nation ional al col collec lectio tions; ns; and (5) cha charac racte teriz rize e grou groups ps of special speci al interest for each herbarium. herbarium. Moreove Moreoverr, these collection collectionss are a cente centerr of documentation for past and present biodiversity, with historical information not only at the species level, but also spatiotemporal landscape changes. On the basis of the information collected in the registration process, the Alexander von Humboldt Institute and the Colombian Association of Herbaria (ACH) undertook an analys ana lysis is of the status status of Col Colombi ombian an her herbar baria. ia. The obj object ective ive of thi thiss rev review iew of herbaria is to focus both human and economic resources on current strengths and weaknesses in order to contribute to the National Inventory of the Floristic Biodiversity diver sity of Colombi Colombia. a. METHODS Analyses were conducted of information provided about the herbaria registered with the Alexan Alexander der von Humbold Humboldtt Insti Institute tute (http://www.humb (http://www.humboldt. oldt.org.c org.co/ o/ coleccione colec ciones) s) and those cited in the Index Herbar Herbariorum iorum (http://sciweb (http://sciweb.nybg.o .nybg.org/ rg/ science2/IndexHerbariorum.asp), consulted in March 2005. This information was sent to the Asociacio´ n Colombiana de H erbarios (ACH) for verification. DISCUSSION There are 59 her There herbar baria ia in Col Colombi ombia a bel belongi onging ng to 45 ins instit tituti utions ons in 28 cit cities ies located throughout the country. As of March 2005, 57 (97%) of these herbaria were registered registered with the Alexander von Humboldt Institute; Institute; 33 (56%) were members of the Colombian Association of Herbaria; and 24 (41%) were cited in Index Herbariorum (http://www. (http://www.nybg.org/science20 nybg.org/science207.156.243.8/emu/ih/he 7.156.243.8/emu/ih/herbarium rbarium list. list. php, consulted 28 March 2005) (Appendix 1). There are approximately 1,442,735 specimens in Colombian herbaria, of which 1,059,469 (73%) are cataloged and 383,266 (27%) not yet available for use (Appendix 2). Of these 59 herbaria, 39% are national in scope, 59% are regional, and 2% are local. The regional herbaria are: Andean (73%), Caribbean (10%), Amazonian (8%), Chocoan and all regions (5%), and Orinocoan (2%) (Appendix 3). Local herbaria are restricted to a municipality. The general objective of the regional herbaria is to preserve a comprehensive and representative sample of plant species of a biogeographic region. Far from competing compet ing with the nati national onal herbaria, these insti instituti tutions ons comple complement ment them and contribute significantly to the National Biodiversity Inventory. Thirty-five of the regional herbaria are associated with public or private universities. Nevertheless, there is considerable duplication of effort among Colombian herbaria. In Bogota´, ´, for example, there are ten herbaria, eight of which are associated with universities, and are national in character. In Medellı´n Medellı´n there are six herbaria;
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Date of foundi founding ng of Colombian Colombian Herbar Herbaria. ia.
five of these are associated with universities (four are part of the National University of Colombia) and six are national in character (Appendix 3). The Museo de La Salle herbarium (MLS), created in 1912, was the first Colombian herbarium. The first regional herbaria were the Museo de Historia Natural Univers Univ ersida idad d del Cauc Cauca a (MHN(MHN-UC) UC) and the Herb Herbari ario o Univ Univers ersida idad d del Cauca (CAUP), founded in 1936. The 1960s through the 1990s was the period of the flowering of national herbaria; regional herbaria arose mostly in the 1980s and 2000s (Forero 197 7, http://www.humboldt.org.co/colecciones/araneus.humboldt. org.co/colecciones/index.html consulted 29 March 2005) (Fig. 1, Appendix 2). The larg largest est Colombi Colombian an herba herbarium rium is the Herbario Nacional Colombiano Colombiano (COL) of the Instituto de Ciencias Naturales of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia; founded founde d in 1929, it has 500,000 cataloged cataloged specimens. specimens. Next in size is the Herbario Universidad de Antioquia (HUA), with 650,000 specimens from throughout the country.. At the regi country regional onal level, the most important herbaria herbaria are the Herbario Herbario Amazonico Colombiano (COAH), with 50,000 specimens, and the University of Narin ˜o Herbar ˜o Herbarium ium (PSO), with 42,000 specimens (Appendix 2). Inform Information ation is databased in 43 (75%) of the Colombian herbaria and available to the public in 47 (84%). Information from the registration forms is insufficient to assess the curatorial status of the herbaria; however, some generalizations can be made. Basic curatorial processes (inclusion of new labeled material in the collection, mounting of specimens, pest contr control, ol, basic identification, identification, cataloging, cataloging, datab databasing asing,, and filing each mounted mounte d speci specimen men in its appropriate appropriate place) are very slow. In general, the herbaria herbaria have basic facilities: housing, furniture, computers, etc. All the herbaria have a mainte mai ntenan nance ce syst system em of some sor sort, t, alt althoug hough h not nec necess essari arily ly opt optima imal. l. The gre great at
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majority do not have explicitly defined protocols or policies for management and use, nor for loans, exchanges, or deposition of material. Not all collections have appropriately-trained staff (curators, botanists). Some herbaria are ‘‘managed’’ by undergraduate students or technicians. RECOMMENDATIONS With the results of this survey, as well as information regarding the character and numb number er of spec specime imens ns in eac each h col collec lectio tion, n, it is poss possibl ible e to est establ ablish ish which herbaria are in need of the greatest investment (both economically and in terms of personnel) to achieve an adequate level of curation. The regional collections are esp especi eciall ally y imp import ortant ant in thi thiss con contex text, t, so tha thatt the reg region ional al nat nation ional al res resour ource ce authorities will know what specimens are available and their state of curation. The process of databasing these herbaria is not a task just for each institution, but a collective priority, because the entire scientific community and the general public pub lic will benefit. benefit. As Llo Lloren rente te et al. (1999) (1999) poi point nt out out,, her herbar baria ia are not use used d exclusively by taxonomists; their usefulness extends to other fields which benefit from fro m the their ir col collec lectio tions ns and to dec decisi ision on mak makers ers who can use the them m as ana analyt lytica icall tools. Planning is needed for focusing human and economic resources on the care, management, and conservation of biological collections; trained staff is necessary for her herbar baria ia to fun functi ction on wel well. l. Det Determ ermini ining ng the Col Collec lectio tion n Heal Health th Ind Index ex (CHI (CHI;; Spanish acronym ϭ ISC) (McGinley 1990, 19 92, Williams et al. 1996, Ferna´ndez ´ndez et al. 2005) for each herbarium, and thereby quantifying what material is available and what state it is in, will facilitate proposing action plans for the future. Determ Det ermini ining ng (1) how man many y her herbar baria ia there are in the cou country ntry and what the fundamental objectives are of each one (teaching, research, exhibition); (2) their geographical scope (local, regional, national); (3) their lines of work (e.g., morphology, physiology, taxonomy, systematics, evolution, ecology); (4) their curatorial state; and (5) what information is deposited in each will contribute to the objective objec tivess outli outlined ned in the Action Plan for Colombian Biodiversity Biodiversity 21 st Century (Institut (Inst ituto o de Invest Investigaci igacio o´n de Recurs Recursos os Biolo ´gicos Alexan ´gicos Alexander der von Humbold Humboldtt st 1998), as well as the Systematic Agenda for the 21 Century (Forero et al. 1999) and the Strat Strategy egy for Plant Conservation (Inst (Institut ituto o de Invest Investigaci igacio o´n de Recurs Recursos os Biolo ´gicos Alexan ´gicos Alexander der von Humbold Humboldtt 2001). These docume documents nts concur in recommending the strengthening of herbarium collections, the databasing of the specimens deposited in each, and in making this primary and secondary information available to the scientific community and/or the general public as critical elements for determining the current status of Colombian flora, for generating the knowledge necessary for its conservation, and for contributing to the National Biodiversity Inventory. Plant conservation strategies in general and for particular groups must be based on the taxonomic information available in herbaria and their associated libraries. The Registry of Biological Collections, headed by the Alexander von Humboldt Institute, is providing the base for continued coordinated work by (1) strengthening herbar herbaria ia throug through h insti instituti tutional onal recog recognitio nition, n, (2) datab databasing asing Colombian her her-baria, and (3) proposing strategies for the conservation of the Colombian flora based on making information accessible about what material resides in herbaria, exchanges of material among herbaria, and communication among specialists.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Marı´a ´a del Pilar Pardo, Claudia Abreu, Luz Adelina Sua´rez, and Enrique Castillo of the Instituto Alexander von Humbold Instituto Humboldtt for facilitating facilitating access to the informat information ion for this analysis. analysis. We thank the members of the Colombian Association of Herbaria (ACH) for their comments, and Sara Bennet and John Simmons for translation.
LITERATURE CITED Ferna´ndez, F., Y. Mun˜ oz-Saba, J.E. Simmons, y C. Samper. 2005. La gestio´ n en la administracio´n de las colecciones biolo´ gicas. Pp. 189–206 en Cuidado, Manejo y Conservacio´n de las Cole cciones Biolo´ gicas (J.E. Simm ons, and Y. Mun˜oz -Saba, eds.). No. 1. Ser ies Manuales de Campo. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Ciencias,, Univers Universidad idad Nacional de Colombi Colombia, a, Conservacio ´n ´n Internacional, Internac ional, Ministerio de Ambient Ambiente, e, Vivi Vivienda enda y Desarrol Desarrollo lo Territor erritorial, ial, Fondo para la Accio ´n ´n Ambiental, Bogota´ DC. 288 pp. Forero, E. 1977. Index of Colombian herbaria. Taxon 26(4):488–491. Forero, E., C. Samper, y G. Andrade. 1999. Biodiversidad Siglo XXI. Colombia. Agenda de Investigacio´ n e n S istema´tica. ´tica. Asociacio´ n C olombiana de H erbarios, Universidad Nacional de Colom bia—Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia—Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Investigacio´ n de Recursos Biolo´gic os Alexander von Hum boldt, Colciencias, Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, 1 a ed. S antafe´ de B ogota´, ´, Colombia, Abril de 1999. 43 pp. Instituto de Investigacio´ n de Recursos Biolo´g icos Alexander von Hum boldt. 1998. Colombia biodiversidad siglo XXI: Pr opuesta te´cnica para la formulacio´n de un plan de accio´ n en biodiversidad. Editado Editad o por M.C. Fandin ˜o, y P. Ferreira Miani. Instit ˜o, Instituto uto Humboldt, Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, DNP; 1998. 254 pp. Instituto de Investigacio´ n de Recursos B iolo´ gicos Alexander von Humboldt, Red Nac ional de Jar dines Bota´nicos, ´nicos, Ministerio de l Medio Ambiente, A sociacio´ n Colombiana de Herbarios. 2001. Estrategia nacional para la conservacio ´n de planta ´n plantas. s. Bogota´, ´, Colombi Colombia. a. Editad Editado o por C. Samper Samper,, y H. Garcı´a; ´a; 2001. 76 pp. Llorente Llorent e Bousques Bousquests, ts, J., P. Koleff Osorio, H. Benı´tez ´tez Dı´az, ´ az, y L. Lara Morales. 1999. Sı´ntesis ´ntesis del estado de las colecciones biolo´gicas mexicana mexicanas. s. Result Resultados ados de la encuesta ‘‘Inventario ‘‘Inventario y diagno´stico de la actividad taxono´m ica en Me´xico’’ ´xico’’ 1996–1999. Comisio´n Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiv Biodiversidad ersidad,, Me´xico. ´xico. 143 pp. McGinley, R.J. 1990. Entomological collection management—Are we really managing? Association of Systemati Systematic c Collecti Collections ons Newslet Newsletter ter 18(2):30–31. McGinley, R.J. 1992. Where Јs the management in collection Јs management? Planning for improved care, greater use, and growth of collections. Pp. 309–338 en Congres Congreso o Mundia Mundiall sobre Preservacio´ n y Conservacio´ n de Colecciones de Historia Na tural , Vol. 3. (C.L. Rose, S.L. Williams, and J. Gisbert Gisbert,, eds.). Temas de actuali actualidades, dades, iniciativas iniciativas y direcci direcciones ones futuras sobre preservacio´n ´n y conser vacio´ n de colecciones de historia natural. Direccio´n General de Bellas Artes y Archivos, Madrid. xxviii ϩ 439 pp. Ministerio Minist erio del Medio Ambiente. 2000a. Decreto #309. Por el cual se reglamen reglamenta ta la investigacio ´n ´n cientı´fica ´fica sobre divers diversidad idad biolo´gica. ´gica. 25 de febrero de 2000. 10 pp. Ministerio Minist erio del Medio Ambiente. 2000b. Resolucio ´n #1115. Por medio de la cual se determin ´n determina a el procedimiento para el registro de colecciones biolo´ gica con fines de investigacio´ n cientı´fica. cientı´fica. 1 de noviembre de 2000. 4 pp. Sistema Nacional Ambiental. 1997. Ley 99 diciembre de 1993. Por la cual se crea el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente. Decreto 1753 agosto de 1994, del Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, Licencias Ambientales. Declaracio´n de Rı´os, ´os, sobre el Medio Ambiente y el Desarrollo. Cooperativa Editorial Magisterio, Bogota´. ´. 242 pp. Williams, S.L., R.R. Monk, and J. Arroyo-Cabrales. 1996. Applying McGinley’s model for collection assessment to collections of recent vertebrates. Collection Forum 12(1):21–35. Associate editor: Suzanne B. McLaren
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˜ OZ-SABA ET AL.—COLOMBIAN HERBARIA MUN
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