DOCTRINE OF FRUSTRATION ( Project Project towards towards the partial fulfilment of the assessment in the subject of Contract Law)
SUBMITTED BY:
SUBMITTED
TO:
HARSH SALGIA (1271) R ANANJAY (1284) ANANJAY TALWAR (1284) SEMESTER I I B.B.A., LL.B (H ONS.)
DR . NIDHI GUPTA FACULTY OF LAW NLU, JODHPUR
NATIONAL LAW U NIERSITY NIERSITY, JODHPUR SUMMER S SESSION (JULY ULY!NOEMBER 2"1#) 2"1#)
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
T$%&' *+'+-
2
S*' /' P0'* I. I+03*5+ 4 II. C+*' F0-0$5+ C+0$*# III. S'*55* 60+3- 0-0$5+ I. E'*- F0-0$5+ . F0*' $'0'
12
II. C+*&-5+
1#
B5%&560$/9 1:
11
SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
T/5- 0'-'$0*/ 5+'+3- &; $ /' 0<5-5+- =/5*/ /$<' %''+ &$53 3=+ 3'$& =5/ /' -$- /' *+0$* =/'+ /' '00$+*' /' *+0$* %'*'- 5--5%&' 0 +&$=& $+3 0'$-+- $+3 60+3- =/5*/ 3'$&- =5/ /' 0-0$5+ *+0$*. T/5- =0; -/=*$0$5<' -39 3*05+' -$-. T/5- 0'* $&- &;- + /' <$05- /'0 0<5-5+- =/5*/ *' 5+ ''* 3' 0-0$5+ *+0$*.
I. Introduction W/$ 5- 0-0$5+ *+0$*> T/5- ?'-5+ *$+ %' 0'&5'3 %9 5+6 $'+5+ $+3 -'$0*/5+6 0'&9 /' ?'-5+. W/$ 0-0$5+ 5-> I+ 03'0 &&9 *0'/'+3 /' *+*' *+0$*, 5 $9 %' -$53 /$ *+0$*$& %&56$5+ 5- &&9 $+3 0&9 +3'3 + /' *+-'+ /' $05'- consensus ad idem /$ 5- ''5+6 /' 5+3- $60''5+6 /' -$' /5+6 5+ /' -$' -'+-'.
U+3'0 /' &$=, +0'-''+ 0 +0'-''$%&' -'0<'+5+6 '<'+- $;' /' '00$+*' /' *+0$* 5--5%&' 0 + $& /' $09 *+*'0+'3, 5+ -*/ *+355+- *+0$* $9 %' 0-0$'3. F0-0$5+ 5- %9 '0$5+ &$=. I 0'-&- 5+ $$5* 5+<&+$09 '@5+*5+ /' *+0$* 0'&5'<5+6 %/ $05'- /'50 &5$%5&55'- 0 /' 5+ 5' **00'+*' /$ '<'+. A $09 $*'3 =5/ $+ '@'0+$& **00'+*' 0 '<'+ /$ $9 $;' 5- '00$+*' +3'0 $ *+0$* 50$*5*$&, +'0- 0 '<'+ 5--5%&' 56/ -''; $06' /$ /' *+0$* /$ %''+ 0-0$'3. U+3'0 E+6&5-/ &$=, 0-0$5+ =5&& 0'-& 5+ /' *+0$* %'5+6 '05+$'3 - /$ /' $05'- $0' '@*-'3 0 0/'0 '00$+*'. H='<'0, 5+ 03'0 0 $ *+0$* %' 0-0$'3, /' '<'+ 5+ ?'-5+ - %' +0'-''+, 5 - /$<' **00'3 =5/ /' $& '5/'0 $09 /' *+0$* $+3 5 - '5/'0 $;' /' *+0$*- '00$+*' 5--5%&' 0 5 - 3'-09 /' +3$'+$& 0-' /' *+0$*. T/' *+0$* - $&- + *+$5+ $ 0<5-5+ 3'$&5+6 =5/ /' -'0<'+5+6 '<'+ /'0=5-' /'0' *$+ %' + 0-0$5+ + /' %$-5- /$ /' *+0$* /$- $&0'$39 $&&*$'3 05-; 5+ '0- /$ **00'+*'. T/' 3*05+' 0-0$5+ 5- 0'-'+ 5+ S. #: /' I+35$+ C+0$* A* 18#2. 1 I -$9- /$ $+9 $* =/5*/ =$- %' '00'3 $'0 /' *+0$* 5- $3' %'*'- +&$=& 0 5--5%&' '00, $+3 =/5*/ /' 05-0 *&3 + 0'<'+, /'+ -*/ $+ $* =/5*/ %'*'5--5%&' 0 +&$=& =5&& %'*' <53. T/' S0'' C0 5+'3 /$ /' 3*05+' 0-0$5+ *&3 + %' $<$5&'3 %9 /' 3''+3$+ =/'+ /' ++!'00$+*' /' *+0$* =$- $05%$%&' /5- =+ 3'*5-5+. T/' 3*05+' 0-0$5+ *'- 5+ &$9 =/'+ $ *+0$* %'*'- 5--5%&' '00$+*', $'0 5 5- $3', + $**+ *50*-$+*'- %'9+3 /' *+0& /' $05'1
P&&*; M&&$, T/' I+35$+ C+0$* A*, 1872, . 8:8 (L'@5- N'@5- 14/ '3. 2"14)
0 /' */$+6' 5+ *50*-$+*'- $;'- /' '00$+*' /' *+0$* 5--5%&'. T/' C0 *$+ 65<' 0'&5' + /' 60+3 -%-'?'+ 5--5%5&59 5 5 5+3- /$ /' =/&' 0-' 0 /' %$-5- /' *+0$* /$- 0-0$'3 %9 /' 5+0-5+ 0 **00'+*' $+ +'@'*'3 '<'+ 0 */$+6' *50*-$+*'- =/5*/ =$- + *+'&$'3 %9 /' $05'- $ /' 3$' /' *+0$*.
II. CONCEPT OF FRUSTRATION OF CONTRACT
T/' 3*05+' 35-*/$06' 0 &5$%5&59 %9 0-0$5+ /$- %''+ '@&$5+'3 5+ <$05- =$9-! -'5'- %9 -'$;5+6 /' 35-$'$0$+*' $ +3$5+ =/5*/ /' $05'- $--'3 %' $ /' %$-5- /'50 *+0$*, -'5'- $- 3'3*'3 0 $ 0&' $05-5+6, 0 5--5%5&59 '00$+*', $+3 -'5'- $- &=5+6 0 /' 5+'0'+*' $+ 5&5'3 '0. I+ I+35$+ C+0$* A* /' =03 0-0$5+ 5+ + '+5+'3 S'*5+ #: 0<53'- /$ A *+0$* 3 $+ $* =/5*/, $'0 /' *+0$* 5- $3', %'*'- 5--5%&', 0, %9 0'$-+ -' '<'+ =/5*/ /' 05-0 *&3 + 0'<'+, +&$=&, %'*'- <53 =/'+ /' $* %'*'- 5--5%&' 0 +&$=&. Frustration in English law
B'0' /' '+$*'+ /' L$= R'0 (F0-0$'3 C+0$*-) A*, 14, /' 05+*5&'- E+6&5-/ L$= ='0' /-' $- &$53 3=+ 5+ /' Krell v. Henr.! A *+ &$=, /' *+0$* 5$$5*$&&9 %06/ $+ '+3 $ /' 5' /' 0-0$5+6 '<'+. $05- /'05'- /$<' %''+ 0/ '@&$5+ /' %$-5- /' 3*05+' 0-0$5+ %9 *0- 5+ E+6&$+3. T/' $5+ /'05'- $0' 1. I&5'3 T'0 T/'09 T/5- /'09 5&5'- /$ /' *+0$* 5- 35-*/$06'3 %'*$-' /' $05'- *$+ %' $;'+ /$<' 5&5'3&9 0<53'3 /$ 5+ /' '<'+- =/5*/ /$<' -%-'?'+&9 /$'+'3, /' *+0$* =&3 *' $+ '+3. 2. T/'09 D5-$'$0$+*' /' F+3$5+ /' C+0$* T/5- /'09 5&5'- /$ /' *+0$* 5- 35-*/$06'3 %'*$-' /' +3$5+ /' *+0$* /$- 6+' %9 3'-0*5+ /' -%'*!$'0.
2
Krell v. Henr" (1") 2 B 74" (1""!) A&& ER R' 2" (CA) /-%/$0$*/6/.=030'--.*$6-'*5+!#:!5+!/'!5+35$+!*+0$*!$* (<5-5'3 "7 *%'0.2"1#)
3
. T/'09 J- $+3 R'$-+$%&' R'-& T/5- /'09 -$'- /$ 5 5- /' &$= /$ 5+ $05*&$0 *50*-$+*'-, /' *+0$* -/$&& *' $+ '+3. 4. R$35*$& */$+6' 5+ %&56$5+ T/5- /'09 -$'- /$ /' 0-0$5+ **0- =/'+'<'0 /' &$= 0'*6+5-'- /$ =5/ 3'$& '5/'0 $09 $ *+0$*$& %&56$5+ /$- %'*' 5+*$$%&' %'5+6 '00'3 %'*$-' /' *50*-$+*'- 5+ =/5*/ '00$+*' 5- *$&&'3 0 =&3 0'+3'0 5 $ /5+6 0$35*$&&9 35'0'+ 0 /$ =/5*/ =$- +3'0$;'+ %9 /' *+0$*. I $ *+0$* 5- $3', $+3 0 =/$'<'0 0'$-+ 5 &$'0 %'*'- impossible 0 +' $09 '00 /'50 %&56$5+-, /'+ =' +''3 /5+; $% 0-0$5+. B' *$0'& +' /$ 0-0$5+ 5- $% subsequent 5--5%5&59 5 $ *+0$* =$- 5--5%&' '00 056/ 0 /' -', /'+ /' 5--' 5- +' mistake $+3 + 0-0$5+ Y -/&3 50- '-$%&5-/ =/'/'0 0 + /' $05*&$0 -5$5+ 5+ ?'-5+ /$- %''+ '@0'--&9 0<53'3 0 5+ /' *+0$*. S*/ $ 0<5-5+ 5- *$&&'3 $ force majeure clause . F0 '@$&', $ *+0$* 0 /' -$&' -' 63- %'5+6 50'3 %9 -'$ 56/ -$9, 5+ /' '<'+ /' *$06 %'5+6 &- $ -'$, /5- 5- =/$ /$'+-K. 4 A 0*' $'0' *&$-' 5- +&9 <$&53 5 /' 0<5-5+ 5- && $+3 *&'' /$ 5-, 5 /$- %' -'*55* $% =/$ 05-; 5- %'5+6 0<53'3 0. I /'0' 5-+ $ 0*' $'0' *&$-', /'+ =' +''3 &; $ /' /0'' -0- 0-0$5+ '-$%&5-/'3 5+ *$-' &$= •
Supervenin illealit!. S5+*' /' *+0$* =$- $3', $ +'= &$= /$- $3' 5 5&&'6$&
*$009 5 T/' %'- '@$&' 5- Avery v Bowden# 5+ =/5*/ $ -/5 =$- --'3 5*; -' *$06 $ O3'--$. W5/ /' %0'$; /' C05'$+ W$0, /' 6<'0+'+ $3' 5 5&&'6$& &$3 *$06 $ $+ '+'9 0, - /' -/5 *&3+ '00 5- *+0$*
•
=5/ %0'$;5+6 /' &$=. T/' *+0$* =$- /'0'0' 0-0$'3. F0/'0 '00$+*' 0'+3'0'3 impossible. T= ;'9 0'$-+- Destruction of t"e subject matter '.6. I $60'' -'&& 9 9 /-', % /'+ 9
•
/-' %0+- 3=+. T/' non#availabilit! $ $09, 3' 3'$/, 5&&+'--, 0 /'0 '@*'5+$&
•
*50*-$+*'-. E.6. 9 /50' $ $- %$+3 &$9 $ $ $09, % /' &'$3 -5+6'0 5$;'+ 5&& $+3 *$+ '00.:
4
/===.'%*='%-'0.* (<5-5'3 "7 *%'0,2"1#) 18#: AC 4#"
5 6
/===.&'@5-+'@5-.* (<5-5'3 "7 *%'0,2"1#)
•
T"e nature of t"e contractual obliations %'*'- -56+55*$+&9 35'0'+ 0 =/$
•
=$- $60''3 $overnment intervention -' -0, =/5*/ $;'- 5 +0'$-+$%&' 0 /' $05'-
• •
*$009 + =5/ /' *+0$*. T/'0' $0' -' 5+- %' *$0'& /'0' A *+0$* 5-+ 0-0$'3 - %'*$-' 5- %'*' 0' 355*& 0 '@'+-5<' '00. T/$- $ 05-; /$ 9 $;' =/'+ 9 '+'0 5+ $ *+0$*. W'0' &;5+6 0
• •
-' -0 /9-5*$& 5--5%5&59. T/' -'0<'+5+6 '<'+ - %' %'9+3 /' *+0& %/ $05'-. T/' '<'+ - %' +0'-''$%&' %9 %/ $05'-.
Frustration in #ndian Law
A**035+6 S'*5+ #: /' I+35$+ C+0$* A*, 1872, $n agreement to do an act impossible in itself is void '.6., $+ $60'''+ 35-*<'0 0'$-0' %9 $65*. %ontract to &o act after'ar&s becomin impossible or unla'ful: A *+0$* 3 $+ $* =/5*/, $'0 /'
*+0$* 5- $3', %'*'- 5--5%&', 0, %9 0'$-+ -' '<'+ =/5*/ /' 05-0 *&3 + 0'<'+, +&$=&, %'*'- <53 =/'+ /' $* %'*'- 5--5%&' 0 +&$=&. %ompensation for loss t"rou" non#performance of act kno'n to be impossible or unla'ful: W/'0' +' '0-+ /$- 05-'3 3 -'/5+6 =/5*/ /' ;+'=, 0, =5/
0'$-+$%&' 35&56'+*', 56/ /$<' ;+=+, $+3 =/5*/ /' 05-'' 353 + ;+=, %' 5--5%&' 0 +&$=&, -*/ 05-0 - $;' *'+-$5+ -*/ 05-'' 0 $+9 &-- =/5*/ -*/ 05-'' --$5+- /06/ /' ++!'00$+*' /' 05-'. I+ %atabrata &hose v. 'ugneeram (angur Co. 7 /' S0'' C0 /'&3 /$ /' 3*05+' 0-0$5+ 5- $+ $-'* $+3 $0 /' &$= 35-*/$06' *+0$* %9 0'$-+ -'0<'+5+6 5--5%5&59 0 5&&'6$&59 /' $* $60''3 %' 3+', $+3 /'+*' *'- =5/5+ /' 0<5'= -'*5+ #: /' I+35$+ C+0$* A*, 1872. S'0<'+5+6 5--5%5&59 0 5&&'6$&59 0''0- /' 5+0-5+ 0 **00'+*' $+ +'@'*'3 '<'+ 0 */$+6' *50*-$+*'- %'9+3 /' *+'&$5+ /' $05'- -*/ '<'+ 0 */$+6' *50*-$+*'- - %' - +3$'+$& $- %' 0'6$03'3 %9 &$= $- -05;5+6 $ /' 0 *+0$* $- $ =/&' 0 /' %$-5- /' *+0$* + &+6'0 '@5--.
7
AIR 1#4 SC 44
F0-0$5+ $9 %' 3'5+'3 $- /' **00'+*' $+ 5+'0<'+5+6 '<'+ 0 */$+6' *50*-$+*'- - +3$'+$& $- %' 0'6$03'3 %9 /' &$= %/ -05;5+6 $ /' *0' /' $60'''+, $+3 $- '+50'&9 %'9+3 =/$ =$- *+'&$'3 %9 /' $05'- =/'+ /'9 '+'0'3 5+ /' $60'''+. I $+ '<'+ =/5*/ *&3 + %' 0'-''+ %9 %/ $05'- -'0<'+'-, 0-0$5+ =&3 $&9. #mpossibilit of Performance amounts to Frustration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impossibilit!( or( rat"er( t"e impracticabilit! in la' or fact of t"e performance of a contract %06/ $% %9 $+ unforeseen or unforeseeable -=''5+6 */$+6' 5+ /' *50*-$+*'- 5+'0<'+5+6 $'0 /'
*+0$* =$- $3'. I+ /'0 =03-, =/5&' /' *+0$* =$- 0'0&9 '+'0'3 5+ 5+ /' *+'@ *'0$5+ *50*-$+*'- =/5*/ '@5-'3 $ /' 5' 5 '&& %' $3', /' -5$5+ %'*'- - 0$35*$&&9 */$+6'3 -%-'?'+&9 /$ /' <'09 +3$5+ =/5*/ -%-5-'3 +3'0+'$/ /' *+0$* $- 5 ='0' 6'- -/$;'+, +$9, /' */$+6' *50*-$+*'- 5- - +3$'+$& /$ 5 -05;'- $ /' <'09 0 /' *+0$*, /'+ /' 05+*5&' 0-0$5+ -'- 5+ $+3 /' $05'$0' '@*-'3 0 0 0'&5'<'3 /' 0'-+-5%5&59 '005+6 /' *+0$* =/5*/ /'0=5-' &$9 + /'. Commercial Hardship
T/' $&'0$5+ *50*-$+*'- - %' -*/ $- -' $&6'/'0 /' 0-' /' *+0$*. S' 3'&$9 0 -' */$+6' 5- <'09 *+ 5+ $&& /$+ $$50-, $+3 5 *$++ %' --'3 /$ $+9 %$06$5+ /$- %''+ $3' + /' $*5 *+355+ /$ -*/ $ /5+6 =5&& + 8
/===.$+$0$$05*&'-.* (<5-5'3 1 S'. 2"14) /===.'5+'$05*&'-.* (<5-5'3 "# *%'0, 2"1#)
9
/$'+ 5+ $+9 3'60''. T/5- $;'- /' *0 0$/'0 *$5- 5+ 35-*/$065+6 $05'- 0 /'50 *+0$*. A+ 5&&-0$5+ 5- %achindra *ath < &opal Chandra 1" "A -5$5+ &5;' /5- /$- '+ %''+ 3'-*05%'3 $- +' *'0*5$& /$03-/5, =/5*/ $9 $;' /' '00$+*' +05$%&' 0 0' '@'+-5<' 0 35&$09, % 5- + -5*5'+ '@*-' '00$+*', 0 5 3'- + %05+6 $% $ +3$'+$&&9 35'0'+ -5$5+ -*/ $- 0-0$' /' <'+0'. S*/ *$-'- $9 + $&& =5/5+ /' 0<5'= S'*5+ #: $+3 /5- 5- $&9 -/=+ %9 /' P05<9 C+*5& 3'*5-5+ 5+ Harnandrai Fulchand < Pragdas++ %9 $ *+0$* 5+ =055+6 /' &$5+5- %6/ /' 3''+3$+- $ +%'0 dhotis %' $+$*0'3 %9 -'*55'3 5&&$+3 %' 3'&5<'0'3 $- $+3 =/'+ /' -$' $9 %' 0'*'5<'3 0 /' 5&&-. T/' -'&&'03'&5<'0'3 +&9 $0 /' 63- =5+6 /' 5&&- $5&5+6 '00 /'50 *+0$* =5/ /' 3''+3$+- $- /'9 ='0' '+6$6'3 5+ &5&&5+6 *'0$5+ G<'0+'+ *+0$*-. T/' 3''+3$+ &'$3'3 0-0$5+. I =$- /'&3 /$ /' %$06$5+ =$- + 0-0$'3, $- /' -5&$5+ $- 3'&5<'09 353 + $;' 3'&5<'09 %9 /' 5&&- $ *+355+ 0'*'3'+.
III. Specifc grounds o rustration
T/' 05+*5&' 0-0$5+ *+0$*, 0 5--5%5&59 '00$+*' 5- $&5*$%&' $ 60'$'0 <$05'9 *+0$*-. I 5- /'0'0', + --5%&' &$9 3=+ $+ '@/$-5<' &5- -5$5+- 5+ =/5*/ /' 3*05+' 5- 65+6 %' $&5'3 - $- '@*-' '00$+*'. Y' /' &&=5+6 60+3- 0-0$5+ /$<' %'*' ='&& '-$%&5-/'3. ,estruction of subject 'atter
T/' 3*05+' 5--5%5&59 $&5'- =5/ && 0*' =/'0' /' $*$& $+3 -'*55* -%'* $'0 /' *+0$* /$- *'$-'3 '@5-. O+ /5- 5+ 5+ I+35$ /'0' =$- $ 0'*'+ *$-' S0'' C0 I+35$ 'ar-fed anaspati $llied #ndustries v. /nion of #ndia 12 5+ /5- *$-' /' S0'' C0 /'&3 /$ F0*' M$'0' *&$-' *$+ %' 5+<;'3 =/'+ 5 '0$5+- /' *+0$*$& %&56$5+ /$ /$- 00'3&9 %'*' 5--5%&' '00$+*'. W/5&' 5+
10
AIR 14 C$& 24" AIR 12 PC #4(2) (122!2) # IA 12 AIR 2""7 SCC :7 11
E+6&5-/ &$= 0alor v. Coldwell +1 *$-' 5- /' %'- '@$&' /' 0-0$5+ *+0$* + /' 60+3 3'-0*5+ -%'* $'0.
,eath or #ncapacit of part
T/' =/&' *+0$* 5- %$-'3 + /' $--5+ /' *+5+$+*' &5', $+3 + /' *+355+- =/5*/ '@5-'3 $ /' 5'. T/$ $--5+ 5- $3' %9 %/ 5 5- 0'$&&9 /' +3$5+ /' *+0$*. I+ /5- 0'6$03 /'0' =$- $ $- E+6&5-/ *$-' 2obinson v. ,avison,14 /'0' =$- $ *+0$* %'=''+ /' 5$+5-- $+3 -+-0 /$ -/' &$9 5$+ $ $ *+*'0. O+ /' 0+5+6 /' 3$9 -/' 5+0'3 /' &$5+5 /$ -/' =$- 5&& $'+3 /' *+*'0 /$ 0'-& &$5+5 &- $ - +'9. T/' &$5+5- $*5+ 0 %0'$*/ *+0$* $5&'3. T/' *0 -$53 /$ +3'0 /' *50*-$+*'- -/' =$- + '0'&9 '@*-'3 0 &$95+6, % -/' =$- $&- + $ &5%'09 &$9, 5 -/' =$- +5 3 -. &overnment" $dministrative or Legislative #ntervention A *+0$* =5&& %' 35--&<'3 =/'+ &'65-&$5<' 0 $35+5-0$5<' 5+'0<'+5+ /$- - 350'*&9 '0$'3 + /' &5&'+ /' *+0$* 0 $ -'*55* =0; $- 0$+-0 /' *+'&$'3 *+355+- '00$+*'. I+ /' *$-' *aihati 3ute 'ills v. Khaliram 3agannath1# /' $* /' *$-' 5- /$ /' %9'0 $&5'3 0 &5*'+*' 50 % /' 0&'/$3 %''+ */$+6'3 $+3 %$5+ $ &5*'+*' /' - -/= /$ /' /$3 -'3 $+ '?$& ?$+59 I+35$+ '. T/- /' %9'0 $5&'3 -&9 /' &5*'+*' $+3 =$- -'3 0 %0'$*/. H' &'$3'3 0-0$5+ *$-'3 %9 /' */$+6' 5+ G<'0+'+ &5*9. B /' =$- /'&3 &5$%&'. SHELAT J 5+'3 /$ 5 /' 6<'0+'+ /$3 *&''&9 0%533'+ 50-, -'*5+ #: =&3 /$<' $&5'3.1: B /' &5*9 /' 6<'0+'+ =$- /$ /' &5*'+-5+6 $/059 =&3 -*05+5' /' *$-' /' '$*/ $&5*$+ + 5- =+ '05-. #ntervention of 4ar
I+'0<'+5+ =$0 0 =$0&5;' *+355+- 5+ /' '00$+*' $ *+0$* /$- '+ *0'$'3 355*& ?'-5+. 0 5+-$+*' /' '+*&-0' S' *$+$& &&=5+6 /' A+6&!F0'+*/ =$0 13
0alor v. Caldwell" (18:) BS 82: 122ER " 1871 LR : 15 AIR 1:8 SC #22 16 %upra +' 1 $ "1 14
=5/ E69 5+'00'3 /' '00$+*' $+9 *+0$*- /$ 5'. T/' *$-' 0sa-ioglou Co Ltd v. *oblee 0horl &'(H +5 3'$&- =5/ /$ -5$5+, 5+ 5 /' *+0$* %'=''+ /' $05'- =$- /'&3 0-0$'3 + /' %$-5- 5+'0<'+5+ =$0 3' 5&5'3 '0- /' *+0$*. I+ I+35$+ -*'+$05, 5+ $ *$-' %'0' /' P$+$ H56/ C0 $.F. Ferguson v. Lalit 'ohan &hose18 '00$+*' $ *+0$* &5' 5+-0$+*' /$3 %'*' 5--5%&' %'*$-' /' 5+-0'0 =$- $ G'0$+ *$+9 $+3 + /' %0'$; =$0 5- %-5+'-- =$- *&-'3 %9 /' G<'0+'+ I+35$ $+3 /' 35--$& '+35+6 &5*5'- =$- /$+3'3 <'0 $ /' +'9 $53 %9 /5 +3'0 /' &5*9.
IV. Eects o Frustration
I 5- ='&& -'&'3 /$ 5 $+3 =/'+ /'0' 5- 0-0$5+ /' 35--&5+ /' *+0$* **0$$5*$&&9. I 3'- + 3''+3, $- 0'-*5--5+ $ *+0$* 3'-, + /' 60+3 0'35$5+ 0 %0'$*/, 0 + /' */5*' 0 '&'*5+ '5/'0 $09. Frustration should not be %elf #nduced
E@&$5+5+6 /' 05+*5&' /$ 0-0$5+ -/&3 + %' -'& 5+3*'3, L03 WRIGHT -$53 5+ 'aritime *ational Fish Ltd v. 6cean 0rawlers Ltd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
1:2 AC (1:1) 2 A&& ER 17 (1:1) 2 WLR : AIR 1#4 PAT #: 19 1# AC #24 20 /===.$+$0$$-.5+ (<5-5'3 ": *%'0. 2"1#) 18
Frustration operates $utomaticall
F0-0$5+ '0$'- $$5*$&&9 35-*/$06' /' *+0$* 500'-'*5<' /' 5+35<53$&*+*'0+'3, /'50 ''0$'+- $+3 $5&5+6-, /'50 5+'0'- $+3 *50*-$+*'-.21 T/' &'6$& ''* 0-0$5+ 3'- + 3''+3 + /'50 5+'+5+ 0 /'50 5+5+-, 0 '<'+ ;+=&'36', $- /' '<'+. T/' %'&5', ;+=&'36' $+3 5+'+5+ /' $05'- $0' '<53'+*', % '<53'+*' +&9 + =/5*/ /' *0 /$- 0 5- *+*&-5+ =/'/'0 /' */$+6'3 *50*-$+*'3'-09'3 $&6'/'0 /' %$-5- /' $3<'+0' $+3 5- +3'0&95+6 %'*. 22 I+ /' *$-' (omba ,eing 'fg v %tate of (omba 2 5+ /5- *$-' S0'' C0 /$- &$53 3=+ /$ 0-0$5+ - $+ '+3 /' &5$%5&59 '00 /' *+0$*. I 3'- + '@'05+$' /' *+0$* 0 $&& 0-'-. $ct of &od
T/' $* 63 5- +' /' 50$+ ''*- 5+ /' 3*05+' 0-0$5+. T/' $* 63 =' 5+3 5+ /' &$= 0 % += =' $0' 35-*--5+6 /' '@0'--5+ 5+ 3*05+' 0-0$5+. S50 EDWARD COE =$- /' 50- =/ -'3 /' '@0'--5+ A* G3 5+ /' &$=. A**035+6 /5 /' $* 63 '$+- -0-, &56/+5+6 0 '* $0' /' $0 A* G3 $+3 /' - 50$+ 5+ 5- /$ =/5*/ 5- /' 5+'0<'+5+ *&3 + /$'+ %9 /' /$+ %'5+6. I+ /50'6$03 /'0' =$- $ $- *$-' *$&&'3 S"elle!)s case, 5+ /5- *$-' /' /+%&' *0 /'&3 /$ A* G3 '$+- -0-, &56/+5+6 0 '* $0' $* 63 $- /'9 *&3 + /$'+ %9 /' 5+'0<'+5+ $+.
V. Force a!eure
A 0*' $'0' *&$-' 0'&5'<'- +' 0 %/ $05'- 0 &5$%5&59 '00 *+0$* %&56$5+- =/'+ '00$+*' 5- 0'<'+'3 %9 $+ '<'+ 0 *50*-$+*' %'9+3 /' $05'- *+0&. T95*$& 0*' $'0' '<'+- $9 5+*&3' 50', &3, *5<5& +0'- 0 '0005- $$*;. F0*' $'0' 5- $ '0 -'3 3'-*05%' $ -'050 0*' '<'+. T/' 0-' $ 0*' 21
L03 LOREBURN, 5+ ,avis Contractors v. Fareham /rban ,istt Council" 1#: AC :: MUKHERJEA J 5+ %atabrata &hose" AIR 1#4 SC 44 23 AIR 1#8 SC 28 22
$'0' *&$-' 5- =!&3 5 $&&*$'- 05-; $+3 - /' $05'- + +5*' '<'+- /$ $9 --'+3 0 '@*-' -'0<5*'. F0*' $'0' 5- 0'-'+ 5+ *+ &$= $- /' 3*05+' 0-0$5+ *+0$*. T/53*05+' -$9- /$ $ *+0$* =5&& %' 0-0$'3 5 5- +3$'+$& 0-' 5- 3'-09'3. I /5/$'+- /'+ /' $05'- /' *+0$* =5&& %' 35-*/$06'3 0 /'50 %&56$5+- '00 /' *+0$*. F0*' $'0' 5- -' '<'+ =/5*/ 5- +0'-''+ $+3 +-$%&' $+3 =/5*/ 0'+3'0- /' '00$+*' /' *+0$* 5--5%&'. T/' 3*05+' 0-0$5+ -$9- /$ $ *+0$*- '00$+*' =5&& %' 0'+3'0'3 5--5%&' %'*$-' -' 5+'0<'+5+6 0 -'0<'+5+6 '<'+ $'0 /' *+0$* /$- %''+ $3'. A & '&' =/5&' '+'05+6 5+ *+0$*- 5+*00$' /'-' 0*' $'0' *&$-'- %' 0'&5'<'3 0 '00$+*' $&& 0 $0 /'50 %&56$5+- + /' /$'+5+6 *'0$5+ -'*55'3 '<'+- %'9+3 /' *+0& /' $05'-.24
T/' 0'?50''+- F0*'!M$'0' $0'
I - 0*''3 0 $ *$-' + %06/ $% %9 /' 3'$&5+6 $09- 3'$&.
T/' *$-' - %' 5+'<5$%&' $+3 +0'-''$%&'.
T/' *$-' - $;' '@'*5+ /' *+0$* =/&&9 5--5%&'.
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
/===.&'6$&-'0<5*'-5+35$.*$05*&'$05*&'0*'!$'0'!*&$-'-!!3*05+'!!0-0$5+!!*+0$*! 1211!1./& (<5-5'3 "7 *%'0. 2"1#) 25 /===.<**50*&'.*%95+<5$5+2"""1"70*'!$'0'!$+3!'0005- (<5-5'3 7 *%'0. 2"1#) 26 %upra +' 1 $ 884
5+*00$' 0*' $'0' *&$-'- 5+ /'50 *+0$*- /- -'*55*$&&9 0<535+6 0 0'&5' 0 $+9 &5$%5&59 5+ *$-' $+ '<'+ =/5*/ $9 0'+3'0 '00$+*' /' *+0$* 5--5%&'.
VII. "onc#usion
T/' D*05+' 0-$5+ -$9- /$ 5 /' '00$+*' /' 05-'- %'*'- 5--5%&' '00 %9 0'$-+ -' '<'+ =/5*/ /' 05-0 *&3 + 0'<'+, +&$=&, %'*'<53 =/'+ /' $* %'*'- 5--5%&', $+3 /' *+0$* 5- 3'''3 %' 0-0$'3. A+3 /' %&56$5+ /' '00$+*' &-'- 5- <$&5359. T/5- '$+- $05'- =5&& + %' &5$%&' *'+-$' $+9 0/'0 0 ++!'00$+*'. T/5- 0<5-5+ *+$5+- $+9 /'0 0<5-5+ $+3 '-- */'*; /$ 0-0$5+ /$- 6'+5+'&9 $;'+ &$*' 0 +. T/' %'* /' 3*05+' 0-0$5+ 5- 5+3 $ -$5-$*09 =$9 $&&*$5+6 /' 05-; -'0<'+5+6 '<'+-. T/' 3*05+' 3'- + 0'<'+ /' $05'- 0 $;5+6 /'50 =+ 0<5-5+ 0 /5- 0-'. T/'9 *$+ '@0'--&9 0<53' /$ /' 05-; -/$&& %' %0+' %9 +' /', + %9 /' /'0, 0 /'9 *$+ $05+ 5 0 3'$& =5/ 5 5+ $+9 /'0 =$9 /'9 &5;' 0 &' 5 &5' =/'0' 5 $&&-. I+ /' <5'= /' 0<5-5+- -'*5+ #:, /' I+35$+ &$= + /' 3*05+' 0-0$5+ &;5+ $ %''0 -55+ /$+ E+6&5-/ &$=. I 5- -56+55*$+ +' /$ '$0 /' 5--' /' 05+*5&' -'0<'+5+6 5--5%5&59 %9 $+9 35-/+'- $09 /$- 3&9 %''+ $;'+ *$0' 5+ $0$60$/ S'*5+ #: =/5*/ %&56'- /' '0-+, =/ =5/ 3' ;+=&'36' 0 0'-'3 ;+=&'36' 5--5%5&59 '00$+*' /' $60'''+ $;'- $+9 5++*'+ '0-+ '+'0 5+ /' $60'''+ $+3 /- -'0 &--, $9 *'+-$5+ -*/ 5++*'+ '0-+ 5+ -5' /' $* /$ -*/ $60'''+ 5- /'0=5-' <53. T/5- 9' -0*0$& $00$+6''+ 5+ +3 +3'0 /' E+6&5-/ &$=. T/' I+35$+ *0- /$<' 3'<'&'3 5 %9 0*'-- 5+'00'$5+. T/' 0&' &$9'3 %9 S0'' C0 &$*'3 5 + $ *$0$5<'&9 *&'$0 +3$5+ /06/ 5- 0'$0;$%&' 35*5$& *0$-$+-/5. T/-, /' &$= /$- *09-$&&5'3 5-'& 5+ $ *&'$0 0 $+3 =/$'<'0 $%5659 /'0' /$3 %''+ 5+ $- /$- %''+ -'&'3 -%-$+5$&&9 5+ /' $&5*$5+ /' 3*05+'.
$I$%I&'()*+,
BOO*S:
P&&$; $+3 M&&$, T"e In&ian %ontract +ct( ,-./ , (L'@5- N'@5- I+35$, 14 '3. 2"1) J-'/ C/59 , %"itt! on %ontracts , (S='' M$@='&&, 28 / '3. 2""1 0'<5-'3) J$*; B'$-+, A+30'= B00=-, J/+ C$0=056/, +nson)s 0a' of %ontract , (O@03 U+5<'0-59 P0'--!N'= D'&/5, 2 / '3. 2"1") A;/5&'-/=$0 P$/$; , %ontract 0a' in In&ia , (O@03 U+5<'0-59 P0'--!N'= D'&/5, 2"11) A<$$0 S5+6/, %ontract an& Specific 1elief +ct , (E$-'0+ B; C$+9, 11/ '3. 2"1) G.H. T0'5'&, T"e 0a' of %ontract, (O@03 U+5<'0-59 P0'--, E355+ I 2"": S.S. U$++$<$0, %ases an& Materials on %ontract , 18
2EBSITES: URL!===.='%-'0.* URL!===.3*-*.* URL!===.--0+.* URL!===.&'6$&-'0<5*'5+35$.* URL!===.$+$0$.* URL!===.&'@5-+'@5-.* URL!===.='%=5&-+.* URL!===.5+35$6'/'0.* URL!===.'5+'$0*&'.* URL!===.'%*='%-0'.* URL!===./'5++&5+'.* URL!===.&'6$&+35.* URL!===.5+35$+;$++.*
