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en|i{dn{ qmdib n{ ydos fnds{nb vuosfhknm{c$ Ol shi qbmds hmc `ybsoqbi ydosv" l{n` m fids{mbowic fnds{nb knm{c umv q{n|ocic$ Shi ydos fnds{nb knm{c mdc fids{mbowic fnds{nb knm{c yvode {ibm bneof fndsmodic o{nd |mdi `isi{v" hm{cuo{ic fnds{nb vuosfhiv" mdc hydc{icv nl myxobom{ {ibmv sn qi{ln{` shi ydos vsm{s.vsnq mdc nshi{ fnds{nb nqi{msondv$ Mbb shi difivvm{ vidvn{v mdc fnds{nbv {i}yo{ic sn nqi{msi shi ydos n{ ydosv ui{i hm{cuo{ic sn shi ydos fnds{nb knm{c mdc. n{ fids{mbowic fnds{nb knm{c" mbbnuode nqi{msn{ sn fnds{nb shi idso{i vsmsond l{n` ndi bnfmsond$ Cmsm mf}yovosond umv `mdymb$ @nci{d vvsi`v vsobb qi{`os fnds{nb nl shi idso{i qbmds l{n` m vodebi bnfmsond$ @nci{d fnds{nb {nn`v ysobowi shi lm{ `n{i fnvs-illifso|i vyqi{|ovn{ fnds{nb mdc cmsm mf}yovosond (VFMCM/ vvsi`v (odfbycode q{ne{m``mkbi bneof fnds{nbbi{v (QBFv/ mdc covs{okysic fn`qysi{ fnds{nb vvsi`v uosh e{mqhof covqbm vf{iidv sn o`qbi`ids m |mvs m{{m nl fnds{nb vfhi`iv$ Shi VFMCM fnds{nb vfhi`i mbvn q{n|ociv lbixokobos od fnds{nb" mbm{`ode" vi}yidfi nl i|idsv {ifn{code" mdc {i`nsi fn``ydofmsond shms umv dns qnvvokbi uosh shi hm{cuo{ic fnds{nb vvsi`v$ Cmsm mf}yovosond" vsn{mei mdc {is{oi|mb ov q{n|ocic k shi fn`qysi{$ 5$=$;$; Q{nsifso|i [ibm Sifhdnbne

Q{nsifso|i {ibm sifhdnbne hmv fhmdeic voedolofmdsb ov {ifids im{v$ Odcyfsond covj {ibmv ln{ imfh odco|ocymb q{nsifso|i lydfsond ui{i dn{`mbb yvic$ Odco|ocymb vnboc vsmsi vsmsof {ibmv ln{ q{nsifso|i lydfsond ui{i ods{ncyfic od shi cifmci =?81-=??1 mdc OV 6;6=-=?<9 umv mffn{codeb {i|ovic od =?85$ @of{nq{nfivvn{ kmvic `ybso lydfsond {ibmv m{i dnu kiode ods{ncyfic$ Mc|mdsmei fbmo`ic ln{ shivi {ibmv m{i mv lnbbnuv7 o/ oo/ ooo/ o|/

Vibl `ndosn{ode nl nqi{msode vsmsyv nd fndsodyode kmvov mdc sn mbm{` uhid sn lydfsond$ @ybsoqbi q{nsifso|i lydfsondv od ndi {ibm {icyfiv qmdib vqmfi mdc uo{ode idc$ Vibl fmbok{msond k vnlsum{i q{ne{m``ode Q{ne{m``mkbi vis qnods k vnlsum{i q{ne{m``ode

@of{nq{nfivvn{ {ibmode hmv emodic uocivq{imc mffiqsmdfi m`nde knsh ysobosoiv mdc fndvy`i{v$ Shi {ibm lydfsondv m{i shi vm`i mv shnvi od ibifs{n`ifhmdofmb mdc vnboc-vsmsi ibifs{ndof {ibmode" kys `of{nq{nfivvn{ {ibmv hm|i limsy{iv shms q{n|oci mccic kidilosv$ @of{nq{nfivvn{ {ibmv `m hm|i vn`i covmc|mdsmeiv" hnui|i{" vn shms shi{i m{i mccosondmb fndvoci{msondv uhid shivi m{i mqqboic sn shi ysobos-fndvy`i{ odsi{fnddifsond$ Shi kidilosv nl `of{nq{nfivvn{ {ibmv odfbyci shi mkobos sn fn`kodi {ibm lydfsondv odsn ifndn`ofmb ydos$ Uhi{i md ibifs{n`ifhmdofmb n|i{fy{{ids {ibm `m ki ndb ki m vodebi  qhmvi ci|ofi" m `of{nq{nfivvn{ {ibm uobb nlsid odfbyci sh{ii qhmviv mdc m diys{mb$ Os fnybc mbvn odfbyci {ifbnvode" co{ifsondmb ibi`idsv" n|i{.ydci{ |nbsmei" mdc n|i{.ydci{ l{i}yidf$ M s{mdv`ovvond bodi {ibm fnybc fn`kodi `ybsoqbi wndi qhmvi mdc e{nydc covsmdfi ibi`idsv" n|i{ fy{{ids lmybs-cisifsn{v" qobns vfhi`i bneof" mdc {ifbnvode$ Md ibifs{n`ifhmdofmb vfhi`i uobb dn{`mbb fndvovs nl odco|ocymb {ibmv ln{ imfh wndi nl qhmvi mdc e{nydc q{nsifsond" viqm{msi lmybs-cisifsn{v" mdc mccosondmb {ibmode ln{ qobns vfhi`i bneof$ Vo`obm{b" m `of{nq{nfivvn{ s{mdvln{`i{ {ibm `oehs fn`kodi colli{idsomb mdc n|i{fy{{ids q{nsifsond mdc m eidi{msn{ {ibm fnybc odfbyci colli{idsomb" n|i{fy{{ids" diemso|i" vi}yidfi" l{i}yidf" |nbsmei" vsmsn{ e{nydc" mdc nshi{ q{nsifso|i lydfsondv$ Shivi vm`i ci|ofiv fmd odfbyci dnd{ibmode lydfsondv vyfh mv `isi{ode" i|ids {ifn{code" mdc nvfobbne{mqh$ Mbb nl shivi lydfsondv m{i fndsmodic od md idfbnvy{i shms {i}yo{iv bivv vqmfi shmd shi fn`kodmsond nl ibmv mdc nshi{ ci|ofiv shi cyqbofmsi$

5-;

M `of{nq{nfivvn{ {ibm hmv vibl-`ndosn{ode comednvsof shms q{n|oci fndsodynyv vsmsyv nl {ibm m|mobmkobos mdc {icyfiv shi diic ln{ qi{oncof `modsidmdmfi$ Ol m {ibm lmobv" os ov sqofmbb {iqbmfic {mshi{ shmd {iqmo{ic$ Kifmyvi shivi {ibmv hm|i `ybsoqbi limsy{iv" lydfsondv" odf{imvic vissode {mdeiv" mdc odf{imvic lbixokobos" os qi{`osv vsnfjode nl liui{ vqm{iv$ @of{nq{nfivvn{ {ibm mbvn hm|i fn``ydofmsond fmqmkobos shms mbbnuv ln{ {i`nsi odsi{{nemsond nl `isi{ mdc i|ids cmsm mdc lmybs nvfobbne{mqh$ Shov mbvn qi{`osv {ibm vissode l{n` m {i`nsi bnfmsond$ Shi {ibmv hm|i bnu qnui{ fndvy`qsond mdc bnu FS mdc \S  ky{cidv$ Shi mbvn odf{imvi shi lbixokobos nl FS fnddifsondv$ Ln{ odvsmdfi" `of{nq{nfivvn{  s{mdvln{`i{ colli{idsomb {ibmv fmd fn`qidvmsi odsi{dmbb ln{ {mson `ov`msfh mdc shi qhmvi vhols mvvnfomsic uosh cibsm-ui fnddifsondv$ Mbb nl shivi limsy{iv hm|i ifndn`of kidilosv od mccosond sn shi bnui{ odosomb fnvsv mdc  qnsidsombb {icyfic `modsidmdfi fnvsv shms `of{nq{nfivvn{ {ibmv hm|i uhid fn`qm{ic sn odco|ocymb {ibmv$ Mbshnyeh shi{i m{i liui{ covmc|mdsmeiv shmd mc|mdsmeiv$ Shi nqi{msode idi{e ln{ `nvs ibifs{n`ifhmdofmb {ibmv ov nksmodic l{n` shi `imvy{ic fy{{idsv mdc.n{ |nbsmeiv" kys `nvs `of{nq{nfivvn{ {ibmv {i}yo{i m vny{fi nl fnds{nb qnui{$ Mdnshi{ covmc|mdsmeiv ov shms shi `ybsolydfsond limsy{i fmd {ivybs od m bnvv nl {icydcmdf$ Ln{ odvsmdfi" shi lmoby{i nl m vodebi qhmvi n|i{fy{{ids {ibm ov kmfjic yq k shi {i`modode qhmvi mdc diys{mb {ibmv$ Od m `of{nq{nfivvn{ vfhi`i" shi qhmvi mdc diys{mb ibi`idsv m{i l{i}yidsb fn`kodic od ndi  qmfjmei mdc m vodebi lmoby{i fmd covmkbi shi q{nsifsond$ Vo`obm{b" m `of{nq{nfivvn{  s{mdvln{`i{ qmfjmei shms hmv knsh colli{idsomb mdc n|i{fy{{ids {ibmode q{n|ocic bivv {icydcmdf shmd m vfhi`i fn`q{ovode viqm{msi {ibmv$ Shi vibl-covednvsofv mkobos nl shi `of{nq{nfivvn{ {ibm" mdc osv mkobos sn fn``ydofmsi lmoby{i mbm{`v" `osoemsiv vn`i nl shi bnvv nl {icydcmdf$ Os `m mbvn ki ifndn`ofmb sn yvi `ybsoqbi `of{nq{nfivvn{ {ibm$ @of{nq{nfivvn{ {ibmv {i}yo{i `n{i ideodii{ode od shi mqqbofmsond mdc vissode nl shi {ibm shnyeh bivv un{j od shi qmdib civoed mdc uo{ode$ Shi odf{imvic {ibm vissode lbixokobos ov mffn`qmdoic k md odf{imvi od vissode fn`qbixos shms {i}yo{iv coboeidfi sn m|noc vissode i{{n{v$ Mbvn" vn`i {ibmv hm|i ixqi{oidfic dy`i{nyv vnlsum{i yqe{mciv od m vhn{s qi{onc nl  so`i$ @of{nq{nfivvn{ {ibmv hm|i {ibmso|ib vhn{si{ q{ncyfs boli ffbiv kifmyvi nl shi {mqoc mc|mdfi od sifhdnbne$ Mv m {ivybs" m vqifolof `of{nq{nfivvn{ {ibm `ncib `m ndb ki m|mobmkbi ln{ m {ibmso|ib vhn{s qi{onc nl so`i$ Mv m lmoby{i `m {i}yo{i {iqbmfi`ids {mshi{  shmd {iqmo{" os `m dns ki qnvvokbi sn yvi md ixmfs {iqbmfi`ids" uhofh `m {i}yo{i `n{i ideodii{ode mdc odvsmbbmsond un{j$ Mbshnyeh bivv l{i}yids sivsode `m ki {i}yo{ic" uhid os ov" os {i}yo{iv m hoehi{ bi|ib nl s{modode ln{ shi sifhdofomd mdc `n{i sivs i}yoq`ids shmd ov dn{`mbb yvic uosh ibifs{n`ifhmdofmb {ibmv od n{ci{ sn nksmod shi lybb kidilos nl mbb shi limsy{iv nl shi `of{nq{nfivvn{ {ibm$ Shi vibl-`ndosn{ode fmqmkobos nl shivi {ibmv ov ndb illifso|i ol shi mbm{` nysqys fmd ki fn``ydofmsic sn m `mddic bnfmsond vyfh mv m fnds{nb fidsi{$ Mbvn" shi {i`nsi fn``ydofmsond mkobos mvvy`iv shi{i ov m fn``ydofmsond fhmddib m|mobmkbi sn shi {ibm$ Md ovvyi nl qm{sofybm{ nl qm{sofybm{ odsi{ivs sn shi mqqbofmsond nl `of{nq{nfivvn{ {ibmv ms ysobos-fndvy`i{ odsi{fnddifsond ov od cilodode {ivqndvokobos ln{ shi mqqbofmsond nd shi `ybsolydfsond {ibm$ Ln{ odvsmdfi" od m `ybsolydfsond eidi{msn{ {ibm" shi n|i{.ydci{|nbsmei mdc n|i{.ydci{l{i}yidf lydfsond `m ki shi ysobos ln{ ovbmdcode q{nsifsond kys shi colli{idsomb lydfsond ov vnbib ln{ shi q{nsifsond nl eidi{msn{$ Shi ysobos `m {i}yo{i shms shi vis mdc sivs shi n|i{.ydci{|nbsmei mdc n|i{.ydci{l{}yidf {ibmv kys `m dns umds shi

5-6

{ivqndvokobos ln{ vissode mdc sivsode shi colli{idsomb lydfsond$ Od shov fmvi" shi qy{fhmvi nl  viqm{msi {ibmv n{ {ibm qmfjmeiv vhnybc ki fndvoci{ic$ M vo`obm{ ovvyi ixovsv fndfi{dode shi fn``ydofmsond fmqmkobos nl `of{nq{nfivvn{ {ibmv od ysobos-fndvy`i{ odsi{fnddifsondv$ Knsh shi ysobos mdc shi fndvy`i{ fmd kidilos l{n` shi fn``ydofmsond fmqmkobos$ Od qm{sofybm{" shi {ifn{cic hovsn{ nl i|idsv fmd ki |i{ yvilyb od mdmbwode {ibm nqi{msondv mlsi{ m lmybs$ Hnui|i{" ln{ knsh sn fn``ydofmsi co{ifsb uosh shi {ibm uobb {i}yo{i vqifomb fndvoci{msondv$ Knsh shi ysobos mdc shi fndvy`i{ `m ki {i}yo{ic sn  qy{fhmvi vnlsum{i bofidvi ln{ shi fn``ydofmsond vnlsum{i ol shms vnlsum{i ov q{nq{ois$ Mbvn" shi uobb knsh diic sn `modsmod shi vm`i |i{vondv nl shi vnlsum{i$ Shi fn``ydofmsond vissodev" vyfh mv `nci` kmyc {msi" uobb hm|i sn ki `ysymbb me{iic nd$ Vn`i {ibmv hm|i vify{os qmvvun{cv" uhofh {ivs{ofs mffivv$ Shi{i `m ki ndi qmvvun{c sn qi{`os {imc ndb mffivv sn `isi{ mdc i|ids {ifn{cv mdc m colli{ids qmvvun{c sn `mji fhmdeiv$ Mbshnyeh knsh  qm{soiv `m hm|i {imc ndb mffivv" o cimbb ndb ndi qm{s vhnybc hm|i shi difivvm{ mffivv sn `mji vissode fhmdeiv$ 5$=$6

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5-3

5$=$6$; Ci|ofi Dy`ki{v

[ibmv vhnuv mdc q{nsifsond fbmyvi m{i nd vfhi`msof c{muodev m{i fbmvvoloic k ?3 ci|ofi lydfsond `i`ki{v yvic od eidi{msode vsmsond" vyk vsmsond mffn{code sn OIII F65$;-=??=$ Shi yvi nl q{iloxiv mdc vylloxiv q{n|oci m `n{i vqifolof cilodosond nl shi lydfsond$ Fn``ndb yvic ci|ofi dy`ki{v m{i mv lnbbnuv$ Ln{ fn`qbisi bovs {ili{ sn OIII qykbofmsond 65$;$ 9 =; =3 ;= ;6 ;9 ;< ;5 61 6; 65 68 31 3= 3< 35 91 9= 9; 99 9< 9? <; <6 <3 <9 <5 <8 5= 5; 5< 5? 8= 89 8< 85 8?

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Vsnqqode ci|ofi N|i{ vqiic n{ n|i{ l{i}yidf {ibm Ydci{ vqiic n{ ydci{ l{i}yidf {ibm Covsmdfi {ibm Si`qi{msy{i fnds{nb ci|ofi Vdfh{ndowode n{ vdfh{ndowode fhifj ci|ofi Mqqm{msyv shi{`mb ci|ofi M$ F$ ydci{ |nbsmei n{ DN |nbsmei {ibm Mddydfomsond {ibm [i|i{vi Qnui{ lbnu {ibm Ydci{ fy{{ids n{ ydci{ qnui{ {ibm Kim{ode q{nsifso|i ci|ofi Loibc Lmoby{i {ibm Loibc fo{fyos k{imji{  [i|i{vi qhmvi n{ qhmvi kmbmdfi fy{{ids {ibm Qhmvi vi}yidfi n{ qhmvi kmbmdfi |nbsmei {ibm Odvsmdsmdinyv n|i{ fy{{ids {ibm MF so`i n|i{ fy{{ids {ibm MF Fo{fyos k{imji{  Qnui{ Lmfsn{ {ibm Loibc mqqbofmsond {ibm N|i{ |nbsmei {ibm So`i-cibm vsnqqode n{ nqidode {ibm Q{ivvy{i vuosfh E{nydc lmybs {ibm En|i{dn{  MF co{ifsondmb n|i{ fy{{ids {ibm Kbnfjode {ibm Bi|ib vuosfh CF fo{fyos k{imji{  CF n|i{ fy{{ids {ibm MF {ifbnvode ci|ofi L{i}yidf {ibm Fm{{oi{ n{ qbns uo{i {ifio|i {ibm Bnfj nys {ibm Colli{idsomb q{nsifso|i (fy{{ids/ {ibm Bodi vuosfh

5$=$6$6 Vyllox Bissi{

F FV QK

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Fbnvode {ibm.fndsmfsn{  Fnds{nb vuosfh Qyvh kyssnd

5-9

Y X _ W M F L G B Q QL ] V S \ \M[ \K U

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‒YQ‐ qnvosond vuosfh {ibm Myxobom{ {ibm Myxobom{ {ibm Myxobom{ {ibm Mo{.m`qi{iv Fy{{ids L{i}yidf.lbnu.lmybs Colli{idsomb Bi|ib.bo}yoc Qnui{.q{ivvy{i Qnui{ lmfsn{  Nob Vqiic Si`qi{msy{i \nbsmei [imfso|i qnui{  \ok{msond Umsi{.umssv

5$=$6$3 Vfhi`msof C{muodev

Sh{ii bodi come{m`v kmvic nd shi vodebi bodi come{m` m{i `mci$ Cismobic uo{ode come{m`v vhnuode shi si{`odmb dnv$ m{i `mci k shi vyqqboi{ nl i}yoq`ids ln{ mfsymb bmode nl fmkbiv isf$

5$;

FNDS[NB NL H_C[N IBIFS[OF VSMSOND

5$;$=

ODS[NCYFSOND

Hc{nibifs{of vsmsondv m{i qm{sofybm{b uibb vyosic sn mysn`msof fnds{nb kifmyvi nl shi {ibmso|i vo`qbofos nl fnds{nb nl knsh shi q{o`i `n|i{ mdc shi hc{mybof idi{e uhofh c{o|iv os$ Shivi qbmdsv `m ki yvic ln{ vhn{s qi{oncv mv qimjode vsmsondv uhid ixs{m eidi{msode fmqmfos ov diicic n{ mv kmvi bnmc vsmsond ln{ bnde qi{oncv uhid md mkydcmdfi nl umsi{ ln{  eidi{msode qnui{ ov m|mobmkbi$ Fnds{nb nl qy`q vsn{mei ov dns covfyvvic$ 5$;$;

Fnd|idsondmb Fnds{nb Ibifs{ndofv En|i{dn{/

Vvsi`

uosh

[ibm

Bneof

(@ifhmdofmb.Mdmbneyi

\m{onyv `ishncv nl fnds{nb m{i k{nmcb fbmvvoloic ydci{ sh{ii `mod himcodev-`mdymb" mysn`msof mdc vyqi{|ovn{ ciqidcode ciqidcode nd shi `ishnc nl nqi{msond nqi{msond mv cismobic kibnu$ Od shi `mdymb fnds{nb imfh nqi{msond ov qi{ln{`ic n{ odosomsic `mdymbb uhi{imv od mysn`msof fnds{nb m vi}yidfi nl nqi{msondv ov qi{ln{`ic mysn`msofmbb kys shi odosomsond nl shi vi}yidfi nl nqi{msondv `m ki qi{ln{`ic `mdymbb n{ mysn`msofmbb$ mysn`msofmbb$ Vyqi{|ovn{ fnds{nb `imdv shi fnds{nb nl m i}yoq`idsv l{n` m {i`nsi qnods uhid shi covsmdfi kisuiid shi fnds{nbbode qnods mdc shi i}yoq`ids sn ki fnds{nbbic ov vn e{ims mv sn `mji co{ifs uo{i fnddifsondv o`q{mfsofmkbi n{ ydcyb ixqidvo|i$ Fnds{nb vfhi`iv m{i k{nmcb fbmvv oloic mv lnbbnuv7 m/

@mdymb Fnds{nb7- Uhi{ik imfh osi` od shi fhmod nl shi q{i vsm{sode fhifjv vsm{sode" vdfh{ndowode" bnmcode mdc vsnqqode mdc vi}yidfi ov vibifsic mdc  qi{ln{`ic od sy{d k hmdc hmdc uhishi{ `ifhmdofmbb n{ k qyvh qyvh kyssndv$

5-<

 k/

f/

c/

Vi`o- Mysn`msof Fnds{nb7- Uhi{ik l{n` m vodebi `mdymb vsm{sode o`qybvi m ydos `m ki k{nyehs sn shi {imc sn vfd{ndovi fndcosond k shi mysn`msof vibifsond" qi{ln{`mdfi" mdc q{n|ocode nl m vi}yidfi nl fnds{nbv$ Bojiuovi m vo`obm{ vsnqqode o`qybvi fn`qbisib vhyscnud shi ydos$ Vdfh{ndowode mdc bnmcode mdc {yddode fnds{nb {i`mod `mdymb lydfsondv l{n` shi bnfmb mdc {i`nsi fnds{nb" qnodsv$ Lybb Mysn`msof Fnds{nb7- Uhi{ik `imdv m{i q{n|ocic ln{ {yddode yq" mysn`msofmbb vdfh{ndowode mdc bnmcode yqsn m q{icisi{`odic }ymdsos nd {ifioqs nl m vodebi vsm{sode o`qybvi$ Vykvi}yids `mdymb |m{omsondv nl bnmcode mdc ixfosmsond `m ki q{n|ocic mv m {i`nsi fnds{nb lydfsond$ Shi fn{{ivqndcode vsnqqode o`qybvi uobb fmyvi shi bnmc sn ki {icyfic" shi ydos sn ki covfnddifsic l{n` shi kyvkm{v mdc shi sy{kodi sn ki vhyscnud fn`qbisib$ Nllvosi Vyqi{|ovn{ Fnds{nb7- Vsm{sode" vsnqqode" vuosfh fbnvode n{ nqidode mdc nshi{ lydfsondv odosomsic l{n` m {i`nsi qnods" sneishi{ uosh odcofmsondv nl  vyffivvlyb nqi{msondv nl |nbsmei mdc bnmc fnds{nb mdc nl shi {iqisosond nl mbm{` fndcosondv ms shi {i`nsi fnds{nb qnods$ Shi i}yoq`ids ov mdfobbm{ sn ioshi{ vi`omysn`msof n{ lybb mysn`msof ydos fnds{nb$

5$;$;$= Fnds{nb nl ydos Nqi{msond

Shi fnds{nb nl shi ydos nqi{msond ov eidi{mbb mv lnbbnuv$ lnbbnuv$ Ydos ov vsm{sic l{n` shi ydos fnds{nb  knm{c bnfmsic dim{ shi ydos n{ en|i{dn{ qmdib kys vdfh{ndowmsond mdc bnmcode ov o v qi{ln{`ic l{n` shi fids{mb fnds{nb {nn`$ Nshi{uovi ydos `m ki vsm{sic" vdfh{ndowic mdc bnmcic l{n` shi fids{mb fnds{nb {nn` {nn` od shi fids{mbowic fnds{nb fnds{nb vvsi`$ Knsh sqiv nl fnds{nbv fnds{nbv hmc shio{  nud mc|mdsmeiv mdc covmc|mdsmeiv$ Kmvic nd fnds{nb nl ydos nqi{msond mdc sqi nl fnds{nb vfhi`iv nl q{i vsm{s fhifjv vsm{sode" vdfh{ndowode" bnmcode mdc vsnqqode l{n` m fids{mb fnds{nb {nn` m{i `mci$ Vsm{sode nl shi ydos `m ki qi{ln{`ic k `imdv nl m vi}yidfi `mvsi{ fnds{nbbi{ vuosfh odvsmbbic nd shi fnds{nb qmdib nl nl imfh ydos$ Shi `mvsi{ fnds{nbbi{ vuosfh od shi lo{vs vsiq nl osv vi}yidfi eidi{mbb nqidv `mod odbis |mb|i |mb|i mdc vsm{s ydos myxobom{oiv$ Od shi vifndc vsiq" shi sy{kodi ov vsm{sic mdc k{nyehs k{nyehs yqsn vqiic dn bnmc mdc loibc k{imji{ k{imji{ ov fbnvic$ Od shi sho{c vsiq shi  qm{mbbibode nl shi ydos ov fm{{oic nys mdc ydos vdfh{ndowic uosh shi eidi{msn{ kyv k fbnvode eidi{msn{ k{imji{$ Od shi bmvs vsiq shi bnmcode nl shi ydos sn m q{ivis |mbyi ov fm{{oic nys$ nys$ @mvsi{ fnds{nbbi{ vuosfh od m vo`obm{ um ov yvic ln{ fnds{nbbic fnds{nbbic mfsond vhyscnud$ Vsm{sode" vdfh{ndowode mdc bnmcode mysn`msofmbb nd {ifioqs nl vodebi vsm{sode o`qybvi ov q{n|ocic od mysn`msof hc{n vsmsondv$ vsmsondv$ M fnds{nb vfhi`i ln{ mysn`msof mffibi{msic mffibi{msic vsm{sode nl shi q{ivibifsic ydos nd vvsi` l{i}yidf c{nq ov vn`iso`iv q{n|ocic od l{i}yidf fnds{nbbode vsmsond mv od [oehs Kmdj Khmj{m qnui{ qbmds$ 5$;$;$; Qimjode Nqi{msond

Bmsi{ ci|ibnq`idsv od shi fnds{nb nl shi hc{n qnui{ qbmds mdc `ncolofmsondv od shi fnds{nb vfhi`i {ibmsi ivvidsombb sn {icyfode shi vsm{sode so`i nl shi qimjode l{i}yidf fnds{nbbode hc{n qbmds mdc mbvn sn {icyfi fhmdei n|i{ so`i nl shi qy`qic vsn{mei qbmds l{n` qy`qode `nci sn eidi{msode `nci$ Qimjode hc{n qbmdsv m{i vykgifsic sn l{i}yids l{i}yids vsm{s {yd vsnq ffbi$ Shov fmyviv shi k{mji bodode sn uim{ `n{i }yofjb$ Shi cik{ov {ibimvic l{n` shi k{mji k{mji bododev m{i fm{{oic odsn shi vsmsn{ hnyvode k shi |idsobmsode mo{$ Shivi ciqnvos nd shi uodcodev mdc shyv q{i|ids illifso|i s{mdvli{ nl hims l{n` shi uodcode sn shi fnnbode mo{$ Sn n|i{fn`i shov  q{nkbi` cdm`of k{mjode mdc mdc vqifomb `ishncv nl k{mji cyvs cyvs fnbbifsond ui{i q{n|ocic$

5-5

M fids{mbowic fnds{nb {nn` uosh `mod nqi{msn{ ms ndi bi|ib umv q{ili{{ic ln{ bm{ei hc{nibifs{of vsmsondv od Odcom kifmyvi shov sqi nl fnds{nb umv fndvoci{ic `n{i {ibomkbi$ Khmj{m mdc Kimv fn`qbix qnui{ vsmsondv ui{i civoedic nd shov kmvov$ 5$;$6

Fn`qysi{ Kmvic Fnds{nb nl Hc{n ibifs{of Vsmsond

5$;$6$= Fy{{ids q{mfsofi ln{ fnds{nb nl hc{nibifs{of qbmdsv ov kmvic nd shi fn`kodmsond nl  fn`qysi{ kmvic mdc dnd fn`qysi{ kmvic i}yoq`ids ysobowic ln{ ydos" qbmds mdc vvsi` fnds{nb$ 5$;$6$; @ishncv nl fnds{nb7- Bnfmb" fids{mbowic mdc nllvosi `nciv nl nqi{msond mdc vyqi{|ovond mv qi{ OIF <;;51 mdc OIII =1=1 mdc {ifnedowic k odcyvs{ ov eo|id od smkbi ;$=$ Fnds{nb mv cilodic od shi smkbi ;$= uosh cismobv nl fnds{nb odsi{lmfi ln{ qbmds i}yoq`ids  kmvic nd `nci{d q{mfsofi m{i covfyvvic mdc fnds{nb vvsi` civoed od mffn{cmdfi uosh vsmdcm{cv `idsondic$ Smkbi ;$= ‖ Vy``m{ nl fnds{nb hoi{m{fh ln{ hc{nibifs{of qnui{ qbmdsv

Fnds{nb fmsien{ Bnfmsond

Vykfmsien{ Bnfmb Fids{mbowic Nllvosi @mdymb

@nci

Mysn`msof Nqi{msond (vyqi{|ovond/

Mssidcic Ydmssidcic

[i`m{jv Fnds{nb ov bnfmb ms shi fnds{nbbic i}yoq`ids n{ uoshod voehs nl shi i}yoq`ids Fnds{nb ov {i`nsi l{n` shi fnds{nbbic i}yoq`ids" kys uoshod shi qbmds Fnds{nb bnfmsond ov {i`nsi l{n` shi q{ngifs Imfh nqi{msond diicv m viqm{msi mdc covf{isi odosomsond: fnybc ki mqqbofmkbi sn md nl shi sh{ii bnfmsondv Vi|i{mb nqi{msondv m{i q{ifoqosmsic k m vodebi odosomsond: fnybc ki mqqbofmkbi sn md nl shi sh{ii bnfmsondv Nqi{msn{ ov m|mobmkbi ms mbb so`iv sn odosomsi fnds{nb mfsond Nqi{msond vsmll ov dns dn{`mbb m|mobmkbi ms shi q{ngifs vosi

5$;$6$6 Shi fnds{nb vvsi` {ifio|iv odqys voedmbv l{n` `mod i}yoq`ids vyfh mv shi sy{kodi n{  shi eidi{msn{" mdc l{n` |m{onyv nshi{ mffivvn{ i}yoq`ids" vyfh mv shi en|i{dn{" ixfosi{" mdc mysn`msof vdfh{ndowi{$ vdfh{ndowi{$ Vsmsyv odqysv m{i nksmodic l{n` fnds{nb fnds{nb vuosfhiv mdc bi|ib mdc lydfsond vuosfhiv odcofmso|i odcofmso|i nl q{ivvy{i" qnvosond" isf$ sh{nyehnys shi qbmds$ Shi q{nqi{  fn`kodmsond nl shivi odqysv sn shi fnds{nb vvsi` bneof uobb q{n|oci nysqysv sn shi en|i{dn{" shi ixfosi{" mdc nshi{ i}yoq`ids sn vsm{s n{ vhyscnud shi ydos$ Md mkdn{`mbosoiv od shi odqysv `yvs q{i|ids shi ydos‟v vsm{syq" n{ ol mb{imc nd-bodi" q{n|oci md mbm{` n{ odosomsi osv vhyscnud$ Ln{ `ybsoqbi ydos vosiv" imfh ydos `m ki i}yoqqic uosh m ydos fnds{nb bnfmsic qhvofmbb fbnvi sn shi odco|ocymb ydosv mdc m fids{mbowic fnds{nb qmdib bnfmsic od shi fnds{nb {nn`$ Ln{ m qbmds uosh ndb ndi ydos" shi ydos fnds{nb vuosfhknm{c `m ki bnfmsic ms shi fnds{nb {nn`$ Shi ydos fnds{nb knm{c ov civoedic sn qi{ln{` shi lnbbnuode lydfsondv7 =$

Odln{`msond {ifioqs mdc `ndosn{ode

5-8

;$ 6$ 3$ 9$ <$ 5$ 8$

Vsm{s.vsnq fnds{nb vi}yidfode Mddydfomsond nl mbm{` fndcosondv Si`qi{msy{i odln{`msond `ndosn{ode @isi{ode mdc odvs{y`idsmsond voedmbv covqbm I|ids {ifn{code" uhid {i}yo{ic Vdfh{ndowode mdc fnddifsode shi ydos sn shi vvsi` Fnds{nb nl {imb.{imfso|i qnui{ 

Shi ydos fnds{nb fids{i knm{c ov shi fids{mb fnds{nb `imdv mdc fn``ydofmsiv uosh shi ydos mdc mvvnfomsic i}yoq`ids sh{nyeh hm{c uo{i$ 5$;$6$3 Odln{`msond mdc Fnds{nb Voedmbv

Kmvofmbb" shi{i m{i lny{ sqiv nl voedmbv shms `m ki q{n|ocic kisuiid shi fnds{nb knm{c mdc md qm{sofybm{ qoifi nl i}yoq`ids$ =$ Mdmbne odqysv sn s{mdv`os |m{omkbi voedmbv l{n` shi FSv" QSv" {ivovsmdfi si`qi{msy{i cisifsn{v ([SCv/" shi{`nfnyqbiv" q{ivvy{i" lbnu" bi|ib" |ok{msond" n{ nshi{  s{mdvcyfi{v$ ;$ Coeosmb odqysv (sqofmbb fndsmfs fbnvy{iv/ sn q{n|oci vsmsyv" n{ coeosowic |mbyiv nl  |m{omkbi }ymdsosoiv l{n` shi i}yoq`ids$ 6$ Coeosmb nysqysv sn vidc fn``mdc voedmbv (ND mdc NLL/ l{n` shi fnds{nb knm{c sn shi i}yoq`ids$ 3$ Mdmbne nysqysv sn s{mdv`os |m{omkbi voedmbv l{n` shi fnds{nb knm{c sn i}yoq`ids vyfh mv shi en|i{dn{" |nbsmei {ieybmsn{" isf$ Shi fn``ydofmsond bodjv kisuiid shi fnds{nb knm{c mdc shi i}yoq`ids vhnybc ki mci}ymsi sn s{mdv`os odln{`msond mdc fnds{nb voedmbv$ Odln{`msond voedmbv m{i shi voedmbv vids sn shi fnds{nb knm{c$ Fnds{nb voedmbv m{i shi nysqysv nysqysv bim|ode shi fnds{nb knm{c sn |m{onyv |m{onyv i}yoq`ids$ Odln{`msond voedmbv sn shi fnds{nb knm{c fn`i l{n` shi lnbbnuode: =$ ;$ 6$ 3$

Eidi{msn{ diys{mb mdc si{`odmb i}yoq`ids Himc umsi{ mdc smob-umsi{ bi|ib i}yoq`ids Qidvsnfj  Sy{kodi

Odln{`msond mdc fnds{nb voedmbv m{i diicic kisuiid shi fnds{nb knm{c mdc imfh nl shi lnbbnuode7 =$ ;$ 6$ 3$ 9$ <$ 5$ 8$

Ydos s{mdvln{`i{  Fo{fyos k{imji{ mdc vuosfhiv Eidi{msn{  Odsmji emsi (mdc.n{ odbis |mb|i/ mdc c{mls syki emsi Sy{kodi vqiic en|i{dn{  Eidi{msn{ ixfosmsond vvsi` Vdfh{ndnyv fndcidvi{ i}yoq`ids Myxobom{ i}yoq`ids

Odsi{fnddifsond nl shi lnbbnuode myxobom{ i}yoq`ids ov mbvn {i}yo{ic$

5-?

=$ ;$ 6$ 3$ 9$

Lo{i q{nsifsond MF qnui{ vyqqb CF qnui{ vyqqb Vi{|ofi umsi{  Vi{|ofi mo{ 

Shi mkn|i i}yoq`ids {iq{ivids myxobom{ vi{|ofi i}yoq`ids diicic ln{ shi q{nqi{ nqi{msond nl shi eidi{msode eidi{msode qbmds$ Mkdn{`mb fndcosondv fndcosondv nl shov i}yoq`ids diic sn ki mbm{`ic$ 5$;$3

I]YOQ@IDS SN KI FNDS[NBBIC

Mbshnyeh `mfhodiv colli{ uocib od qhvofmb mqqim{mdfi" shi{i m{i fn`qm{mso|ib liu kmvof sqiv nl sy{kodi mdc `mod fnds{nbv civf{okic kibnu m{i fn``nd sn mbb$ @mgn{ fn`qndidsv nl  m hc{n ibifs{of qbmds ln{ fnds{nb m{i eo|id od loey{i ;$3$ Shi ibi`idsv sn ki fnds{nbbic od hc{n qnui{ vsmsondv m{i odsmji emsiv" `mod odbis |mb|i" sy{kodi" en|i{dn{" shi byk{ofmsond vvsi`" shi ixfosmsond nl shi eidi{msn{" `mod fo{fyos  k{imji{v$ Imfh nl shivi ibi`idsv hmv m qm{sofybm{ lydfsond od shi n|i{ mbb nqi{msond$ Shi odsmji emsi mdc `mod odbis |mb|i {idci{ shi qbmds odnqi{mso|i mdc fndvi{|i umsi{ cy{ode vhyscnud qi{onc nl shi qbmds$ Shi sy{kodi emsiv ydci{ ydci{ shi fnds{nb nl shi en|i{dn{ mc`os umsi{ od shi {yddi{ od q{nqn{sond sn shi bnmc bnmc {i}yo{i`idsv nl shi sy{kodi$ Shi byk{ofmsond vvsi` ivsmkbovhiv m byk{ofmsode lob` nd shi kim{odev cy{ode vsm{sode mdc `modsmod os cy{ode nqi{msond" mdc fo{fybmsi shi byk{ofmds vn shms os fmd ki fnnbic$ Shi |nbsmei {ieybmsn{ fnds{nbv fnds{nbv shi ixfosmsond nl shi eidi{msn{ od jiiqode uosh shi |nbsmei {i}yo{i`idsv mdc ci`mdc ln{  {imfso|i qnui{ nysqys nl shi eidi{msn{$ eidi{msn{$ Shi eidi{msn{ loibc fo{fyos k{imji{ k{imji{ q{n|ociv m `imdv nl loibc odsi{{yqsondv cy{ode lmybsv mdc shi{ik `odo`ovode cm`mei sn shi eidi{msn{ mdc shi nshi{ i}yoq`idsv$ Shi eidi{msn{ bodi fo{fyos fo{fyos k{imji{ vi{|iv sn fnddifs shi eidi{msn{ sn shi e{oc vvsi` mlsi{ shi eidi{msn{ eidi{msn{ hmv kiid vsm{sic$ Os mbvn covfnddifsv shi eidi{msn{ eidi{msn{ l{n` shi vvsi` q{on{ sn vhyscnud n{ lnbbnuode md ibifs{ofmb lmybs$ 5$;$3$= Odsmji

Vn`i `imdv ln{ fyssode nll shi umsi{ vyqqb sn shi sy{kodi m{i {i}yo{ic sn m|noc umvsilyb bimjmei uhid shi ydos ov vhys-cnud mdc ciumsi{ode ov {i}yo{ic sn qi{`os mffivv ln{  `modsidmdfi nl shi fnddifsode qidvsnfjv$ Qidvsnfj emsiv ms shi odsmjiv mdc odbis |mb|iv mcgmfids sn shi sy{kodi m{i q{n|ocic ln{ shov qy{qnvi$ Shi odsmji hmv m `nsn{ n{ hmdc bolsic" e{m|os bnui{ic emsi mdc |mb|i" q{ili{mkb uosh md mysn`msof {ibimvi nqi{msic k md ixfivv lbnu ci|ofi ol m ky{vs nffy{v od m qoqi bodi$ Uhid m syddib mdc qoqibodi fnddifs shi {ivi{|no{  sn shi sy{kodiv" md mccosondmb |mb|i `m ki q{n|ocic ms shi gydfsond nl shi syddib mdc shi qoqi bodi ol shi bmssi{ ov bnde" mdc ioshi{ shov |mb|i n{ shi odsmji emsi vhnybc ki m{{mdeic ln{ {i`nsi fbnvy{i od md i`i{eidf$

5-=1

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Shov ov shi vqiic.bnmc fnds{nb nl sy{kodi mdc en|i{dn{ ov shi `mod fnds{nbbi{ od uhofh shi en|i{dn{ mcgyvsv shi lbnu nl umsi{ sh{nyeh shi sy{kodi sn kmbmdfi shi odqys qnui{ uosh shi bnmc$ Od fmvi nl v`mbb qbmdsv od shi {mdei nl `of{n hcib (yqsn =11 jU ydos vowi/" bnmc fnds{nb ov mbvn yvic" uhi{i ixfivv bnmc ov co|i{sic sn cy`` bnmc sn `modsmod fndvsmds vqiic$ Uosh md ovnbmsic vvsi`: shi en|i{dn{ fnds{nbv shi l{i}yidf$ Od odsi{fnddifsic vvsi`" shi en|i{dn{ `m ki yvic sn {ieybmsi shi ydos bnmc mdc `m fnds{okysi sn shi vvsi` l{i}yidf fnds{nb$ Loey{i 5$;$3$; vhnuv shi colli{ids sqiv nl fnds{nb mqqbofmkbi sn sy{kodiv$ En|i{dn{  lydfsondv m{i eo|id kibnu7 [yddi{ Umsi{ Mc`ovvond7 Shi mc`ovvond nl umsi{ sn shi {yddi{ od mffn{cmdfi uosh bnmc ci`mdc ov fnds{nbbic k diicbi mcgyvsic dnwwbiv od o`qybvi sy{kodiv mdc k eyoci |mdiv od {imfsond sy{kodiv$ Mbb shivi ln{` nl fnds{nb i`qbn nob-vi{|n`ifhmdov`v$ [mqoc lbyfsymsondv nl lbnu `m fmyvi covmvs{nyv umsi{ hm``i{ l{mfsy{iv$ @odo`y` en|i{dn{ fbnvode so`iv od {imfsond sy{kodiv m{i loxic mdc e{mcymb fbnvy{iv .nqidode ov q{n|ocic sn m|noc umsi{ hm``i{   q{ivvy{i {ovi n{ c{nq bo`osv$ Od o`qybvi sy{kodiv" cilbifsn{ qbmsiv smji shi gis nll shi {yddi{  odvsmdsmdinyvb" shi gis kiode fys nll e{mcymbb mlsi{um{cv$ Od Jmqbmd `mfhodiv shi {yddi{   kbmciv m{i |m{omkbi | m{omkbi qosfh qos fh mdc m{i mcgyvsic vo`ybsmdinyvb uosh shi eyoci |mdiv k `imdv nl  nob vi{|n`nsn{ uoshod shi {yddi{ hyk$ Od vi`o Jmqbmd sy{kodiv uosh loxic eyoci |mdiv nqidode ov mcgyvsic sn umsi{ {i}yo{i`idsv ln{ bnmc$

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5-=;

mv sn idvy{i lybb fbnvy{i nl shi dnwwbiv n{ eyoci |mdiv od md i`i{eidf$ Shi vi{|n`nsn{ nob mc`ovvond ov fnds{nbbic k shi en|i{dn{$ Shi `mod vi{|n`nsn{ nqi{msiv" sh{nyeh co{ifs `ifhmdofmb bodjmei" shi cilbifsn{ qbmsiv" dnwwbi nl o`qybvi sy{kodiv" n{ eyoci |mdiv nl  {imfsond sy{kodiv$ L{i}yids bnmc lbyfsymsondv idsmob fndsodynyv qy`qode uhofh `m n|i{ hims shi nob" mdc en|i{dn{ odvsmkobos vn`iso`iv {ivybsv$ Umsi{ fnnbode ov shi{iln{i vn`iso`iv  q{n|ocic od shi nob vy`q$ En|i{dn{ C{o|i mdc Vqiic Vissode7 Shi qi{`mdids `medis eidi{msn{ (Q@E/ mssmfhic sn shi eidi{msn{ vhmls vyqqboiv shi ibifs{of qnui{ sn c{o|i m vdfh{ndnyv `nsn{ shms c{o|iv shi {nsmsode qn{sond nl shi vqiic vidvoso|i ci|ofi nl `ifhmdofmb hc{mybof en|i{dn{$ @ifhmdofmb en|i{dn{v m{i dns yvic dnu$ Ibifs{n-`ifhmdofmb QOC en|i{dn{ uosh vqiic mdc qnui{ fnds{nb vifsond mdc `ifhmdofmb hc{mybof mfsymsn{ vifsondv m{i dnu eidi{mbb i`qbnic$ Vqiic .qnui{ fnds{nb vifsond mdc hc{mybof mfsymsn{ vifsondv `m ki odvsmbbic od viqm{msi bnfmsondv$ Od fmvi nl v`mbb hc{n vqiic vidvode `m ki cndi k smjode l{i}yidf voedmb l{n` QSv$ En|i{dn{v m{i civoedic sn {ieybmsi shi vqiic mdc shi{ik shi bnmcode nd shi ydos uoshod m civo{ic {mdei k odf{imvode n{ cif{imvode shi m`nyds nl umsi{ vyqqboic sn shi sy{kodi {yddi{$ Sy{kodiv m{i lossic uosh emsi bo`osi{v uhofh m{i fmd ki {i`nsib fnds{nbbic$ Shi emsi bo`osi{  m{i yvic ln{ vqiic dn bnmc vissode: civo{ic fnds{nb vissode mdc n|i{ bnmc nl eidi{msn{v$ Shi emsi bo`osi{ mcgyvs`ids yvymbb ixsidcv cnud sn wi{n mdc shyv mlln{cv m `imdv ln{ {i`nsi vsnqqode mdc vsm{sode ms m vmli mdc fnds{nbbic {msi$ 5$;$3$6 Sqiv nl Sy{kodi En|i{dn{

Lbnu fnds{nb sy{kodi en|i{dn{ eidi{mbb yvic ln{ fnds{nb mdc `ndosn{ode nl hc{mybof sy{kodiv fndvovs nl ; covs{ofs vifsond$ Loey{i ;$3$6 vhnuv m sqofmb en|i{dn{ vqifoloic ln{ ? @U Jmqbmd sy{kodi$ m/  k/

Vqiic mdc qnui{ fnds{nb vifsond @ifhmdofmb.hc{mybof mfsymsn{ 

`ifhmdofmb.hc{mybof mfsymsn{v ov ln{ fnds{nb nl uofjis emsi.dnwwbi fnds{nb ln{ mbb sqiv sy{kodi mdc kbmci mdebi fnds{nb ln{ Jmqbmd sy{kodiv od mccosond sn uofjis emsi fnds{nb$ Vowi mdc sqi nl en|i{dn{ ov kmvic nd shi fmqmfos nl shi mfsymsn{$ 5$;$3$6$=

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@ifhmdofmb en|i{dn{ ui{i ydo|i{vmbb yvic hc{n yqsn =?<9 n{ vn$ Od shivi en|i{dn{v m vdfh{ndnyv `nsn{ {yd k m vhmls qi{`mdids eidi{msn{ vidviv shi vqiic mdc lb kmbbv loxic sn vbii|iv fnds{nb shi q{ivvy{i nob vvsi` ln{ vi{|n `nsn{ fnds{nb$ Vqiic vidvode mdc fnds{nb vifsond m{i qhvofmbb bodjic sn `ifhmdofmb hc{mybof mfsymsn{$ Qi{ln{`mdfi mcgyvs`ids nl  voedmbv ln{ vsmkbi nqi{msondv o$i$ qi{`mdids vqiic c{nnq" si`qn{m{ vqiic c{nnq mdc cmvhqns

5-=6

so`i m{i k mcgyvsode `ifhmdofmb bodjmeiv$ bodjmeiv$ Mysn`msof fnds{nb fnds{nb vfhi`i uosh `ifhmdofmb en|i{dn{ ln{ md VHQ ov idfbnvic mv Mddixy{i 5$;$=$ 5$;$3$6$6

Mdmbneyi Ibifs{ndof En|i{dn{

Od ibifs{ndof en|i{dn{v hc{mybof mfsymsn{v vqiic vidvode ov k vqiic voedmb eidi{msn{ (VVE/$ Shi voedmb ov fnd|i{sic sn q{nqn{sondmb |nbsmei voedmb mdc m`qboloic od m `medisof m`qboloi{$ Ibifs{ndof hc{mybof s{mdvcyfi{ fnd|i{sv q{nqn{sondmb voedmb sn {ibimvi q{nqn{sondmb q{ivvy{i nob ln{ vi{|n`nsn{ nqi{msond$ Liic kmfj fnds{nb ov memod k `ifhmdofmb bodjmeiv$ Fnds{nb bodjmeiv o$i$ liic kmfj m{i `nvsb `ifhmdofmb$ 5$;$3$6$3

Coeosmb Ibifs{ndof En|i{dn{

Vqiic vidvode mdc osv q{nfivvode ov coeosmb$ QOC coeosmb vqiic fnds{nb fmd ki fn`kodic uosh ydos mdc qbmds fnds{nb lydfsondv$ Mbb bodjmeiv m{i ibifs{of os ov bimvs ixqidvo|i$ Vqiic vidvode ov k m coeosmb voedmb o$i$ q{nxo`os vuosfhiv isf$ liic kmfj fnds{nb o$i$ {ivsn{ode `ifhmdov` (qnvosond nl uofjis emsi vi{|n`nsn{/ ov k ibifs{of voedmb$ Ixm`qbiv nl coeosmb fnds{nb m{i cismobic od Mddixy{i 5$;$;$ 5$;$3$3 Byk{ofmsond Vvsi`

Shi byk{ofmsond vvsi` odfbyciv shi lmfobosoiv {i}yo{ic ln{ byk{ofmsode knsh shi sy{kodi mdc eidi{msn{$ Od `nvs fmviv" shi eidi{msn{ byk{ofmsond vvsi` ov vibl fndsmodic mdc" shi{iln{i" cniv dns {i}yo{i myxobom{ qy`qv$ Hnui|i{" bm{ei `mfhodiv `m hm|i kim{ode bols qy`qv ln{  yvi cy{ode vsm{sode$ Vn`i hoeh vqiic eidi{msn{v yvi qy`qv ln{ fo{fybmsode shi byk{ofmds mlsi{  shi `mfhodi ov {yddode$ Nob ov fo{fybmsic sh{nyeh shnvi nob fnnbi{v k fo{fybmsode nob qy`qv$ Mysn`msof fnds{nb vfhi`i `yvs fndvoci{ shi nqi{msode {i}yo{i`idsv nl shi byk{ofmsond vvsi` cy{ode vsm{sode" {yddode mdc vhyscnud$ 5$;$3$9 Eidi{msn{ Fnds{nb

Shov ov shi ixfosmsond fnds{nb nl vdfh{ndnyv eidi{msn{$ Shi ixfosmsond ov md odsie{mb qm{s nl m vdfh{ndnyv eidi{msn{ uhofh ov yvic sn {ieybmsi shi nqi{msond nl shi eidi{msn{$ Shi `mod lydfsondv nl ixfosmsond vvsi` nl m vdfh{ndnyv eidi{msn{ m{i7 =$ ;$

\nbsmei fnds{nb od fmvi nl ovnbmsic nqi{msond mdc vdfh{ndovode [imfso|i qnui{ n{ qnui{ lmfsn{ fnds{nb od fmvi nl odsi{fnddifsic nqi{msond$

Eidi{msode Fnnbode Vvsi`7 Eidi{msn{ fnnbode od|nb|iv mo{ fo{fybmsond k {nsn{ lmdv$ Eidi{msn{v m{i yvymbb |idsobmsic nd shi fbnvic fo{fyos vvsi` od uhofh shi vm`i mo{ ov fndsodymbb {ifo{fybmsic mdc qmvviv sh{nyeh umsi{ fnnbode ydosv$ Shi umsi{ vyqqb ln{ knsh nob mdc mo{ fnnbi{v fmd {imcob ki c{mud l{n shi sy{kodi fmvode" shn{nyeh {icyfode |mb|iv mdc vs{modi{v" vn shms os lbnuv mysn`msofmbb uhid shi `mod odbis |mb|i nqidv$ Uhid umsi{ himc ov hoeh os ov `n{i ifndn`ofmb sn qy`q l{n` shi smob {mfi.c{mls syki$ Imfh sy{kodi `m shid hm|i osv nud qy`q" eidi{mbb uosh ndi vsmdck fn``nd sn mbb ydosv$ Od v`mbb hc{nv fnnbode umsi{  ov vn`i so`iv qy`qic l{n` ydci{e{nydc k vyk`i{vokbi qy`q sn m|noc ibmkn{msi s{ims`ids  qbmds ln{ fbimdode umsi{$

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EIDI[MSN[ MO[ K[MJI FNDS[NBV

KBMCI NOB BJE

MQQB_ EMSIV I[\N BNFJ [IBIMVI EMSI VI[\N BNFJ

MQQB_ EID K[MJIV VYQQB_ MO[

LO[I CISIFSOND , IXSODEYOVHODE

Loe$ 5$;$3$6 Ibifs{of Hc{mybof Sy{kodi En|i{dn{ Fnds{nb , @ndosn{ode Vvsi`

5-=9

YDOS ND-BODI

; 5Q 5QV

3?L

<9Q@-BV

ND-BODI. NLL-BODI VIDVODE

= 9L 9L @@- B V < 9Q 9Q @ -B -B V 9;

=9L@BV

VQIIC VIDVODE

<9VL

VQIIC V OEDMB LM OB Y[I F [IIQ CIS IF S N[ NQI[M S OND

@IFHMDOFMB.H_C[MYBOF OF MFSYMSN[

EMSI BO@OS =6-X

<9 VL 6? F

LO[ICISIFSONDV_VSI@ NQI[MSOND.S[NYKBI

K{mjode mdc gmfjode Vvsi`7 K{mjode mvvovsv koe `mfhodiv sn `odo`owi kim{ode uim{ k {ivs{ofsode q{ns{mfsic vbnu {yddode kiln{i vsnqqode$ O`qybvi sy{kodiv hm|i viqm{msi {i|i{vi mfsode gisv fnds{nbbic k odciqidcids nob vi{|n`nsn{v$ Uhid {i`nsib fnds{nbbic shivi gisv `yvs ki fys nll uhid shi `mfhodi hmv vsnqqic sn q{i|ids fnydsi{ {nsmsond nffy{{ode$ Shi him|oi{ |i{sofmb `mfhodiv {i}yo{i `n{i qnui{lyb k{mjiv od shi l{n` nl nob gmfjv ydci{ shi eidi{msn{ {nsn{ uhofh q{ivv l{ofsond qmcv memodvs m vqifomb {o`" shi q{ivvy{i kiode mqqboic sh{nyeh mo{. nob {ivi{|no{$ Shi vm`i k{mjiv m{i i`qbnic mv gmfj ln{ bolsode shi {nsn{" (shi  q{ivvy{i kiode mqqboic k m hoeh q{ivvy{i nob qy`q mdc vyosmkbi |mb|iv/$ Ln{ uosh c{muode shi sh{yvs qmcv mdc sn mvvovs od nshi{ cov`mdsbode nqi{msondv$ Od mccosond" gmfjv m{i vn`iso`iv yvic sn bols shi {nsn{ kiln{i vsm{sode od n{ci{ sn lbnnc shi sh{yvs kim{ode qmcv$ Ixfosmsond Vvsi`7 Vhmls `nydsic C$ F$ ixfosmsond vvsi` uhnvi loibc `m ki fnds{nbbic k  qobns ixfosi{ n{ co{ifsb k `nsn{ c{o|id m`qbocdi m{i dns eidi{mbb yvic dnu$ @nvs fn``nd ln{` nl ixfosmsond vvsi` od ydos fnds{nb vvsi` od vsmsof ixfosmsond vvsi` (qnsidsomb vny{fi fnds{nbbic {ifsoloi{ hoeh odosomb {ivqndvi ixfosmsond vvsi`/ mv vhnud od loey{i 5$;$3$9$ V`mbb eidi{msn{v yqsn mknys =1 @U i`qbn k{yvhbivv ixfosmsond vvsi`$

Shi loibc fo{fyos k{imji{ mdc covfhm{ei {ivovsmdfiv m{i `nydsic od m viqm{msi fykofbi mdc  qbmfic k shi vosi nl M\[ qmdib$ Loibc kimji{ vi{|iv sn odsi{{yqs shi loibc cy{ode lmybsv$ Od vn`i fmviv nl {mqoc {nyeh vdfh{ndowode" shi eidi{msn{ k{imji{ `m ki fbnvic lo{vs mdc ov lnbbnuic k {mqoc fbnvode nl loibc fo{fyos k{imji{$ 5$;$3$< @ovfibbmdinyv I}yoq`ids

Eidi{msn{v m{i eidi{mbb q{n|oci odsi{dmb himsi{v ln{ q{i|idsode `novsy{i fndcidvmsond mlsi{  vhyssode cnud mdc ln{ m|nocode cisi{on{msond nl shi odvybmsond mdc o{nd bm`odmsondv$ Vn`i bimjmei sh{nyeh shi fn|i{ ebmdc eidi{mbb nffy{v uosh |i{sofmb sy{kodiv (ivqifombb ms bnu himc vsmsondv uoshnys odbis |mb|i/$ Shov {i}yo{iv igifsn{v n{ bi|ib fnds{nbbic `nsn{ c{o|id  qy`qv$ E{m|os c{modmei nl shi sy{kodi fn|i{ |om hnbbnu loxic |mdiv sn shi c{mls syki n{ sn shi vsmsond vy`q" ov vn`iso`iv qnvvokbi ln{ |i{sofmb {imfsond sy{kodiv$ Hn{owndsmb vis vsmsondv fmd eidi{mbb c{mu bimjmei umsi{ sn shi smob {mfi ol shi vyfsond himc ov qnvoso|i" kys shi ciqsh nl  shi vqo{mb fmvode nl |i{sofmb vis vsmsondv difivvosmsiv vy`q uosh bi|ib fnds{nbbic c{modmei  qy`qv$ I`kiccic qoqi un{j vvsi`v m{i nlsid i`qbnic ln{ |i{sofmb visv sn fnddifs c{mls syki mdc {iboil |mb|iv sn m fn``nd vy`q vn shms mbb umsi{ `m ki {i`n|ic mdc mffivv ln{  `modsidmdfi ov qi{`ossic mlsi{ shi odvi{sond nl c{mls syki vsnqbnev$ 5$;$3$5 @mod K{imji{ Fnds{nb

Bm{ei eidi{msn{v m{i eidi{mbb ydos fnddifsic shms ov shi eidi{msn{v m{i co{ifsb fnddifsic sn shio{ s{mdvln{`i{v uoshnys md odsi{|idode vuosfheim{ mdc shi eidi{msn{ s{mdvln{`i{ bimcv m{i fnddifsic sn shi kyvkm{v sh{nyeh shi hoeh |nbsmei fo{fyos k{imji{$ Shov `nvs eidi{mb l{n` nl  fnddifsond uobb ki covfyvvic ln{ ln{ shi qy{qnvi nl shi fnds{nb od bm{ei eidi{msn{$ Od v`mbb mdc `icoy` fbmvv qbmdsv eidi{msn{ fo{fyos k{imji{ ov q{n|ocic mdc kyv ms eidi{msn{ |nbsmei ov vn`iso`iv q{n|ocic$ Shi eidi{msn{ bodi fo{fyos k{imji{ vi{|iv sn fnddifs shi eidi{msn{ sn shi vvsi` mlsi{ shi eidi{msode ydos hmv kiid vsm{sic" |nbsmei kyobs yq mdc vdfh{ndowic sn shi vvsi`$ Eidi{msn{ fo{fyos k{imji{ uhishi{ hoeh |nbsmei od ydos fn{{ifsic eidi{msn{ n{  eidi{msn{ ms eidi{msond |nbsmei od fmvi nl v`mbb mdc `icoy` ydosv covfnddifsv shi eidi{msn{  cy{ode dn{`mb vhyscnud$ Hnui|i{" shi nqidode nl shi fo{fyos k{imji{ cy{ode i`i{eidf

5-=<

vsnqqode ov odosomsic k ibifs{ofmb mdc `ifhmdofmb q{nsifsond nqi{msond mdc k n|i{vqiic ci|ofi$ Shi difivvm{ fnds{nb ln{ shov qy{qnvi ov sn ki q{n|ocic$ 5$;$3$8 Myxobom{ Vvsi` 5$;$3$8$=

@ifhmdofmb myxobom{ vvsi`

@ifhmdofmb myxobom{ vvsi`v mdc i}yoq`ids m{i mqqboic mv {i}yo{ic ln{ shi qm{sofybm{  odvsmbbmsond$ Shivi `m odfbyci shi lnbbnuode mdc cismobic ov fhmqsi{ ?$ (o/ Fnnbode Umsi{ Vvsi` Shov vvsi` q{n|ociv fnnbode umsi{ ln{ shi eidi{msn{ vsmsn{ mdc kim{odev" shi sy{kodi kim{ode mdc qmfjode knx mdc ln{ NLU sqi ydos s{mdvln{`i{ (ol q{n|ocic/$ (oo/

Mo{ fn`q{ivvn{

Shov myxobom{ ov yvic sn q{n|oci mo{ ln{ shi en|i{dn{ mdc ln{ nshi{ i}yoq`ids" vyfh mv mo{ k{mjiv mdc `modsidmdfi i}yoq`ids$ (ooo/

Ciumsi{ode mdc c{modmei vvsi` ln{ Qnui{ Hnyvi

Ciumsi{ode vvsi` ov {i}yo{ic sn ciumsi{ shi qid vsnfjv ln{ `modsidmdfi mdc {i}yo{i ibmkn{msi m{{mdei`idsv ln{ {imfsond sqi ydosv mdc {i}yo{i odsmji emsiv ln{  shi qid vsnfjv mdc c{mls syki emsiv$ Umsi{ bi|ib fnds{nb i}yoq`ids i}yoq`ids ln{ ciumsi{ode vy`qv ov {i}yo{ic$ Ol dmsy{mb c{modmei ov dns qnvvokbi sn {i`n|i bimjmei umsi{ shid c{modmei vy`qv m{i q{n|ocic uosh mysn`msof bi|ib fnds{nb i}yoq`ids$ (o|/

\idsobmsond mdc Mo{ Fndcosondode I}yoq`ids

(|/

Lo{i Q{nsifsond I}yoq`ids

5$;$3$8$;

Ibifs{ofmb Myxobom{

Lnbbnuode ibifs{ofmb myxobom{ vvsi` m{i q{n|ocic mdc shio{ fnds{nb odfn{qn{msic od shi fnds{nb vvsi` mv cismobic od fhmqsi{ 8$ (o/

Myxobom{ Qnui{ MF Vvsi`

Shov odfbyciv myxobom{ s{mdvln{`i{v mdc vuosfheim{ ln{ shi myxobom{$ (oo/

CF Vvsi` mdc Kmssi{oiv

Shov odfbyciv CF kmssi{oiv mdc vuosfheim{ ln{ fnds{nb" i`i{eidf boehsode" eidi{msn{ loibc lbmvhode isf$ (ooo/

Boehsode Vvsi`

5-=5

(o|/

Sibiqhndi mdc Fnci Fmbb Vvsi`

(|/

CE Visv n{ Vsmsond Vi{|ofi Hc{n Myxobom{ Ydosv

5$;$9

FNDS[NB NL YDOS NQI[MSOND

Ciqidcode yqnd shi `ishnc nl fnds{nb mdc bnfmsond nl fnds{nb qnodsv" shi fnds{nb nl ydos nqi{msond `m ki covfyvvic ydci{ shi lnbbnuode `mod himcodev od ixovsode qnui{ vsmsond$ @nci{d `ishncv nl fnds{nb m{i covfyvvic od Qm{m 5$;$?$ 5$;$9$= Bnfmb @mdymb (@ifhmdofmb n{ qyvh kyssnd/ fnds{nb

Od shov sqi nl fnds{nb" ydos myxobom{oiv m{i vsm{sic `mdymbb n{ k ibifs{ofmb qyvh kyssndv `nydsic bnfmbb$ Shi vyffivvlyb nqi{msond nl myxobom{oiv ov odcofmsic k bm`qv `nydsic `nydsic ms shi i}yoq`ids n{ |i{oloic |i{oloic k |ovymb odvqifsond$ Md mkdn{`mb nqi{msond nl shivi myxobom{oiv cy{ode {yddode ov covqbmic k md mbm{` lossic bnfmbb$ Difivvm{ ibifs{ofmb odsi{bnfjv od shi vsm{sode fo{fyos nl shi sy{kodi sy{kodi `m ki odfbycic$ odfbycic$ Shi sy{kodi ov vsm{sic l{n` shi en|i{dn{  en|i{dn{   qmdib$ Md nqi{msn{ ms shi qmdib mcgyvsv shi vqiic nl shi sy{kodi mdc shi ixfosmsond sn k{ode shi ydos sn {imc sn vdfh{ndowi fndcosond$ fndcosond$ Shid hi s{mdvli{v shi ydos sn fnds{nb fnds{nb {nn` ln{  ln{  vdfh{ndowode mdc bnmcode$ Ndfi shi ydos ov vdfh{ndowic" shi mcgyvs`idsv nl bnmc mdc ixfosmsond m{i fm{{oic nys k shi fnds{nb fnds{nb {nn` nqi{msn{$ Uhid m ydos ov smjid nys nl vi{|ofi" vi{|ofi" shi fnds{nb {nn` nqi{msn{ nqi{msn{ lo{vs ydbnmc shi ydos mdc shid s{oqv shi `mod fo{fyos k{imji{$ k{imji{$ Shi vsnqqode nl shi ydos mdc osv myxobom{oiv ov qi{ln{`ic k shi nqi{msn{v ms shi `mfhodi bi|ib$ Shov sqi nl fnds{nb ov vo`qbi kys {i}yo{i bm{ei dy`ki{ nl nqi{msode qi{vnddib ms |m{onyv lbnn{v nl shi qnui{ qnui{ hnyvi$ V`mbbi{ bideshv nl fnds{nb fnds{nb fmkbiv mdc bivvi{ dy`ki{ nl fnds{nb fnds{nb {ibmv m{i {i}yo{ic$ {i}yo{ic$ Vyfh vfhi`iv m{i collofybs sn `ncol `ncol ln{ fnd|i{sode fnd|i{sode shi fnds{nbv fnds{nbv sn {i`nsi.mysn`msof fnds{nb sqi$ Shivi m{i dns i`qbnic i`qbnic ln{ bm{ei qnui{ vsmsondv$ Ln{ v`mbb hc{nv uhi{i odsie{msic en|i{dn{ mdc qbmds fnds{nb lydfsond m{i i`qbnic mdc i}yoq`ids  qbmfic od ndi lbnn{ shov ov i`qbnic$ 5$;$9$; Bnfmb Fnds{nb nl Ydos l{n` Ydos Fnds{nb Knm{c

Eidi{mbb fnds{nbv nl myxobom{oiv mdc shi ydos m{i k{nyehs sn m fids{mbb bnfmsic fnds{nb knm{c dim{ shi eidi{msn{ ms `mfhodi lbnn{ bi|ib$ Shov knm{c ov fmbbic Ydos Fnds{nb Knm{c Knm{c (YFK/$ Od vyfh sqi nl vsmsondv |mb|iv od fnnbode umsi{" q{ivvy{i nob mdc mo{ vyqqb fo{fyosv m{i `nsn{  nqi{msic$ Fmkbiv m{i {yd l{n` l{n` |m{onyv `nsn{ `nsn{ vsm{si{v sn shi YFK ln{ vsm{s.vsnq nqi{msondv$ Md nqi{msn{ ms shi YFK vsm{sv shi ydos myxobom{oiv$ Shio{ vyffivvlyb nqi{msond ov odcofmsic nd shi YFK$ Shi difivvm{ odsi{bnfjv odsi{bnfjv m{i odfbycic odfbycic od shi sy{kodi vsm{sode fo{fyos$ Nqi{msn{ shid vsm{sv sy{kodi mdc k{odev os sn vqiic dn bnmc qnvosond k mcgyvsode shi vqiic mdc ixfosmsond$ Shid shi s{mdvli{v shi ydos sn shi fids{mb fnds{nb {nn` ln{ vdfh{ndowode mdc bnmcode$ Shov sqi nl fnds{nb fnds{nb od|nb|iv fmkbi fnddifsond fnddifsond kisuiid YFK mdc |m{onyv myxobom{oiv$ Shi vfhi`i idmkbiv vodebi nqi{msn{ nqi{msn{ sn vyqi{|ovi shi ydos mdc osv myxobom{oiv l{n` l{n` YFK$ Hnui|i{" viqm{msi nqi{msn{v m{i {i}yo{ic ms shi fnds{nb {nn`$ Shov vfhi`i ov lm|ny{ic vqifombb ln{   qnui{ vsmsondv hm|ode bm{ei dy`ki{ nl ydosv kifmyvi shi fnvs nl shi fmkbiv ln{ smjode mbb fnds{nbv sn shi fids{mb fids{mb fnds{nb {nn` unybc ki hoeh$ hoeh$ Eidi{msn{v" s{mdvln{`i{ mdc kyvcyfs  q{nsifso|i {ibm qmdibv `m ki `nydsic dim{ shi YFK mdc ndb mbm{` odcofmsondv `m ki smjid sn shi fids{mb fnds{nb fnds{nb {nn`$ Bodi mdc Kyvkm{ q{nsifso|i q{nsifso|i {ibm qmdibv `m `m ki `nydsic  kihodc shi fnds{nb qmdibv od shi fnds{nb {nn` ol shi fmkbi bideshv od|nb|ic kisuiid

5-=8

vuosfhm{c i}yoq`ids mdc shi fnds{nb {nn` m{i v`mbb$ Ol shi covsmdfi ov e{imsi{" shivi qmdibv m{i `nydsic od m viqm{msi vuosfh {nn` ms shi vuosfh m{c mdc ndb difivvm{ fnds{nbv mdc odcofmsondv m{i k{nyehs sn shi fids{mb fnds{nb {nn`$ Shov sqi nl ydos fnds{nb vsobb {i}yo{iv fn-n{codmsond nl nqi{msn{v ms sun bi|ibv ‖ ndi ms shi YFK mdc shi nshi{ ms shi fnds{nb {nn`$ Hnui|i{ ms bmsi{ cmsi shi vfhi`i fnybc imvob ki `ncoloic ln{ fnd|i{sode os ln{ {i`nsi.mysn`msof fnds{nb$ Shov vfhi`i ov }yosi fn``nd od ixovsode bm{ei vsmsondv$ 5$;$9$6 Fnds{nb nl Ydos l{n` Fids{mb Fnds{nb [nn` mdc nllvosi Vyqi{|ovn{ Fnds{nb

Od shov sqi nl fnds{nb" shi fnds{nbv nl shi myxobom{oiv mdc shi ydos m{i k{nyehs sn m civj.qmdib od shi fnds{nb {nn`$ {nn`$ Shov od|nb|iv smjode mbb fmkbiv l{n` l{n` shi ydos mdc osv myxobom{oiv myxobom{oiv sn shi fids{mb fnds{nb {nn`$ Hidfi shov vfhi`i ov dn{`mbb {ifn``idcic ln{ ln{ vsmsondv hm|ode v`mbbi{ dy`ki{ nl ydosv$ Shi vfhi`i idmkbiv idmkbiv nqi{msn{v ms shi fids{mb fnds{nb fnds{nb civj sn vyqi{|ovi mdc fnds{nb shi ydos l{n` m vodebi fnds{nbbode qnods$ Shi{i ov dn q{nkbi` nl  fnn{codmsond m`nde shi nqi{msn{v mv shi {ivqndvokobos nl vsm{sode myxobom{oiv" sy{kodiv mdc shio{ fnds{nb nd m vodebi vodebi nqi{msn{ od shi fnds{nb {nn`$ Mbb mbm{`v mdc odcofmsondv m{i k{nyehs k{nyehs sn m fn``nd mddydfomsn{ knm{c od shi fnds{nb fnds{nb {nn`$ Shi q{nsifso|i {ibm qmdibv nl  eidi{msn{" s{mdvln{`i{ mdc kyvcyfsv `m ki bnfmsic dim{ shi ydos od shi `mfhodi hmbb mdc ndb odcofmsondv `m ki k{nyehs sn shi fn``nd mddydfomsn{ knm{c$ Kyvkm{ mdc bodi q{nsifso|i {ibm qmdib bnfmsondv ciqidcv yqnd shi covsmdfi kisuiid vuosfhm{c mdc shi fnds{nb {nn` mdc m{{mdei`ids `m ki mv ixqbmodic mkn|i$ Shi ydos fnds{nb l{n` shi fids{mb fnds{nb {nn` `m ki k vi}yidfi fnds{nbbi{ vuosfh mv od Khmj{m Bils Cihm{ Qbmds n{ os `m ki lybb mysn`msof mysn`msof mv od Khmj{m [oehs Kmdj$ Od shi ln{`i{" fnds{nb vuosfh qysv shi ydos od nqi{msond k qi{ln{`ode shi lny{ vi}yidfi vsmeiv" shms ov" nqidode shi odbis |mb|i mdc vsm{sode ydos myxobom{oiv" nqidode sy{kodi emsiv" qm{mbbib mdc bnmcode$ Shi vi}yidfi fnds{nb vuosfh od shi {i|i{vi n{ci{ vsnqv shi sy{kodi$ sy{kodi$ Od shi bmssi{" m vodebi vsm{sode o`qybvi idi{eowiv m `mvsi{ vsm{s {ibm uhofh vsm{sv ydos myxobom{oiv" nqidv sy{kodi emsiv qm{mbbib mdc bnmc shi ydos sn m q{icisi{`odic |mbyi$ Vyqi{|ovn{ fnds{nb l{n` md nllvosi vsmsond nl m e{nyq nl qnui{ vsmsondv ov mbvn q{n|ocic vn`iso`iv$ Vfhi`msof n|i{|oiu nl qnui{ qbmds mysn`msond uosh vyqi{|ovn{ fnds{nb mdc cmsm mf}yovosond (VFMCM/ vvsi` ov vhnud od loe$ ;$9$6$ 5$;$<

V_DFH[NDOWODE

5$;$<$= Vdfh{ndowode

Kiln{i fnddifsode m eidi{msn{ od qm{mbbib uosh shi nshi{ `mfhodiv os ov difivvm{ sn q{n|i shms shi odfn`ode `mfhodi mdc shi {yddode vvsi` hm|i shi vm`i l{i}yidfoiv mdc |nbsmeiv mdc m{i od qhmvi$ Shi `ishncv i`qbnic od hc{n hc{n qnui{ vsmsondv m{i civf{okic kibnu$ kibnu$ @mdymb Vdfh{ndowode7 Od shov `ishnc odfmdcivfids bm`qv m{i fnddifsic mf{nvv shi {ivqifso|i qhmviv nl nl shi odfn`ode odfn`ode mdc {yddode {yddode |nbsmei kyviv$ \nbsmei nl shi shi odfn`ode `mfhodi ov `msfhic uosh shi vvsi` |nbsmei k `mdymbb mcgyvsode shi ixfosmsond nl shi `mfhodi$ Shi l{i}yidf l{i}yidf mdc mdc qhmvi qhmvi mdebi colli{idfi m{i odcofmsic odcofmsic k bm`qv$ Bm`qv uobb lbofji{ uosh m l{i}yidf i}ymb sn shi s hi colli{idfi kisuiid shi l{i}yidfoiv nl odfn`ode `mfhodi

5-=?

mdc shi {yddode {yddode vvsi`$ Uhid shi qhmvi mdc l{i}yidfoiv m{i m{i `msfhic shi bm`qv uobb ixsodeyovh$ Shov ov shi odcofmsond nl shi vdfh{ndov` nl shi `mfhodi uosh shi vvsi`$ Shi  k{imji{ ov shid fbnvic `mdymbb$ @mdymb vdfh{ndowode ov vo`qbi mdc fhimq$ Shov {i}yo{iv qi{vndmb vyqi{|ovond mdc gyce`ids nl shi nqi{msn{$ Shov sqi nl vdfh{ndowode vdfh{ndowode ov dns vyosic ln{ mysn`msof mysn`msof n{ {i`nsi fnds{nb nl  shi ydos$ Hnui|i{" shov hmv dn{`mbb kiid q{n|ocic q{n|ocic mv m vsmdck od qnui{ vsmsondv ln{ yvi od fmvi nl lmoby{i nl mysn`msof.vdfh{ndowode i}yoq`ids$ i}yoq`ids$ Od @of{n hcibv shov `ishnc `ishnc mocic k vdfh{ndovi{ ov ysobowic$ Mysn`msof Vdfh{ndowode7 Vdfh{ndowode i}yoq`ids qi{ln{`v shi lnbbnuode lydfsondv mysn`msofmbb$

(o/ (oo/ (ooo/

Os fndsodynyvb fnds{nbv shi si{`odmb |nbsmei nl shi odfn`ode `mfhodi ydsob os ov mb`nvs i}ymb sn shi |nbsmei nl shi vvsi` sn uhofh os ov sn ki fnddifsic$ Os fnds{nbv shi vqiic nl shi q{o`i `n|i{ vn shms shi l{i}yidf colli{idfi ov uoshod shi q{icisi{`odic |mbyi$ Os idi{eowiv shi fbnvode fnob nl shi fo{fyos k{imji{ mvvnfomsic uosh shi odfn`ode `mfhodi ms md odvsmds uhid shi qhmvi colli{idfi kisuiid shi sun vny{fi ov vyllofoidsb v`mbb mdc ndb uhid shi fndcosondv (o/ mdc (oo/ hm|i kiid vo`ybsmdinyvb vmsovloic$

Mysn vdfh{ndowode i}yoq`ids qi{ln{` shi mkn|i lydfsondv sh{nyeh shi vqiic" |nbsmei mdc  qhmvi `msfhode {ibmv$ Os idi{eowiv k{imji{ fbnvode fnob ms md ixmfs so`i od mc|mdfi nl  vdfh{ndov` vn shms shi so`i fndvy`ic k shi k{imji{ od fbnvode ov gyvs i}ymb sn shi so`i fndvy`ic k shi eidi{msn{ eidi{msn{ od m{{o|ode ms ixmfs vdfh{ndov`$ Shi so`i ln{ mc|mdfi mfsond nl  fbnvode ov mcgyvsmkbi od mysn-vdfh{ndowode i}yoq`ids$ Shi `mod covmc|mdsmeiv nl shi mysn`msof vdfh{ndowi{ ov shms ol shi vvsi` ov covsy{kic" o$i$" shi l{i}yidf nl shi vvsi` ov lmobode cyi sn shi s{oqqode nl fi{smod eidi{msn{v n{ cyi sn shi vyccid mccosond nl bm{ei bnmcv" os `m shid smji |i{ bnde so`i sn vdfh{ndowi shi ydos uosh shi vvsi`$ Vn`iso`iv os `m dns ki i|id qnvvokbi sn vdfh{ndowi vdfh{ndowi shi `mfhodi$ Ydci{ vyfh fndcosondv shi `mdymb vdfh{ndowode `ishnc fnybc ki yvic$ Vibl Vdfh{ndowode7 Od shov `ishnc shi eidi{msn{ fo{fyos k{imji{ ov fbnvic mlsi{ shi ydos hmv mffibi{msic sn mqq{nxo`msib ?9 qi{fids qi{fids nl shi {msic vqiic$ Loibc ov shid mqqboic o``icomsib mlsi{ shi eidi{msn{ k{imji{ ov fbnvic$ Im{boi{" shov `ishnc nl fnddifsode shi ydos sn shi vvsi` umv {ifn``idcic ln{ v`mbbi{ ydosv mv fn`qm{ic sn shi vvsi` vowi ln{ os fmyviv covsy{kmdfi od shi vvsi`$ Hnui|i{" shov `ishnc hmv mbvn mbvn kiid i`qbnic dnu dnu m cmv sn bm{ei ydosv ln{  ln{   q{n|ocode }yofj {iboil sn m vvsi` uhid l{i}yidf nl shi vvsi` ov lmbbode$ Shi q{n|ovond nl  vyfh sqi nl vdfh{ndowode ov `mci od shi Khmj{m [oehs Qnui{ Qbmds$

Shi `ishnc hmv ens mc|mdsmei mv shi |nbsmei mdc qhmvi nl shi odfn`ode `mfhodi diic dns ki `msfhic uosh shi vvsi` l{i}yidf l{i}yidf kiln{i fbnvode shi eidi{msn{ eidi{msn{ fo{fyos k{imji{$ Shi vfhi`i ln{ bm{ei ydosv i`qbn l{i}yidf colli{idfi {ibm sn mysn`msofmbb fbnvi shi fo{fyos k{imji{  uhid shi colli{idfi od l{i}yidfoiv ov uoshod shi q{icisi{`odic |mbyi$

5-;1

[i`nsi Fnds{nb , Cmsm Mf}yovosond

Cmsm Mfo}yovosond mdc [iso{i|mb

Qbmds Mysn`msond. Ydos Fnds{nb Knm{c

Q{i-Vsm{s Fhifjv

Vm`qbi fn``mdcv ' Eid$ nob q{ivvy{i ' Ixfosmsond ' fnnbode fnnbode u msi{  ' myxobom{ qnui{ vyqqb

Mysn`msof Vsm{s-yq

Vm`qbi fn``mdcv ' nqid sy{kodi eyoci |md ' ixfosi eidi{msn{  ' vdfh{ndovi Ydos Vsm{s

Mysn`msof Vhys-cnud Vhys-cnud

Bi|ib

[i`nsi

Ydos [yddode Fnds{nb

@ndosn{ode , Covqmb nl Cmsm

nshi{  Lydfsondv

Cmsm Bneeode

Cmsm [is{oi|mb

Vm`qbi fn``mdcv ' fbnvi sy{kodi eyoci |mdi ' nqid k{imji{  ' ci-ixfosi eidi{msn{  ' i`i{eidf Ydos Vhys-cnu Vhys-cnu d

Loe$ ;$9$6 Vfhi`msof n|i{|oiu nl qnui{ qbmds mysn`msond uosh vyqi{|ovn{ fnds{nb mdc cmsm mf}yovosond (VFMCM/ vvsi`

5-;=

5$;$5

@MFHODI [YDDODE VYQI[\OVOND

5$;$5$= @mfhodi [yddode Vyqi{|ovond

Ndfi shi ydos ov vsm{sic mdc vdfh{ndowic uosh shi vvsi`" shi nqi{msode qi{vnddib od shi fnds{nb {nn` hm|i sn qi{ln{` n{ vyqi{|ovi shi lnbbnuode lny{ o`qn{smds lydfsondv nl shi ydos$ (o/ (oo/ (ooo/ (o|/

Bnmc-l{i}yidf fnds{nb [imfso|i qnui{ mdc |nbsmei fnds{nb Hc{mybof fnds{nb Vyqi{|ovond nl mbm{` mdc q{nsifso|i i}yoq`ids

Lydfsondv nl shi mkn|i lny{ m{i covfyvvic kibnu7 5$;$5$; Bnmc L{i}yidf Fnds{nb

Od md ovnbmsic vvsi` fndvovsode nl m eidi{msn{ mdc bnmc" shi |m{ode ci`mdc nl shi bnmc fmd  ki vmsovloic idso{ib k shi en|i{dn{ mfsond$ Shi en|i{dn{ nl shi ydos ov vis sn `modsmod shi s hi l{i}yidf ms 91 Hw k vissode vissode shi vqiic c{nnq odcofmsn{ odcofmsn{ sn wi{n$ Shi `mfhodi vqiic uobb ki `modsmodic ixmfsb ms 91 Hw uosh |m{ode bnmc ci`mdcv q{n|ocic shi m`nyds nl bnmc ov dns e{imsi{ shmd shi ydosv mkobos sn fm{{ os$ Uhid m ydos ov nqi{msode od m bm{ei odsi{fnddifsic vvsi` os ov dns" mdc ov odciic |o{symbb" o`qnvvokbi sn vis mbb en|i{dn{v sn {ivqndc {ivqndc ovnfh{ndnyvb sn `modsmod fndvsmds l{i}yidf$ Od vyfh fmviv ydos vqiic c{nnq ov vis ms 6 sn 9 qi{fids ciqidcode nd shi vvsi`‟v bnmc vhm{ode {i}yo{i`ids$ M en|i{dn{ vis nd 9 qi{fids qi{fids vqiic c{nnq uobb fmyvi osv eidi{msn{ eidi{msn{ sn mffiqs =11  qi{fids nl osv fmqmfos uhid shi{i ov l{i}yidf c{nnq nl lo|i qi{fids$ Ciqidcode nd osv {ieybmsode mkobos" ydos fmd ki mcgyvsic sn hibq `modsmod vvsi` l{i}yidf" uhofh ov shi ixmfs odcofmsond nl shi kmbmdfi kisuiid kisuiid vyqqb mdc ci`mdc$ ci`mdc$ Shi nqi{msn{ od shi fnds{nb fnds{nb {nn`" nd {ifioqs nl n{ci{v l{n` shi fids{mb bnmc covqmsfh nllofi" mcgyvsv shi vqiic bi|ib nl shi ydos sn mvvovs shi vvsi` sn `modsmod l{i}yidf ms 91 91 Hw$ Od shi fmvi nl ydosv lossic uosh mysn`msof mysn`msof bnmc-l{i}yidf fnds{nb ci|ofi" shi vqiic bi|ib ov mcgyvsic k bnmc l{i}yidf fnds{nb i}yoq`ids mdc i|id k shi bnmc covqmsfh nllofi osvibl$ 5$;$5$6 [imfso|i Qnui{ mdc \nbsmei Fnds{nb

Uhid shi ydos ov vi{|ode ovnbmsic bnmc" osv si{`odmb |nbsmei ov hibc sn m vfhicybi |mbyi k `imdv nl fndsodynyvb fndsodynyvb mfsode mysn`msof |nbsmei {ieybmsn{$ Shi {imfso|i qnui{ {i}yo{i`idsv {i}yo{i`idsv nl shi bnmc fnddifsic sn os m{i mcgyvsic k ixfosmsond fnds{nb fmbbic qnui{ lmfsn{ fnds{nb$ Uhid ydos ov fnddifsic sn m bm{ei qnui{ vvsi`" o$i$ sn md odlodosi kyv" shi |nbsmei shi l{i}yidf nl shi kyv mdc hidfi nl shi eidi{msn{ si{`odmb m{i hibc ydci{ fnds{nb mdc kyv |nbsmei ov dns mllifsic k fhmdeiv fhmdeiv od shi ixfosmsond nl shi eidi{msn{$ eidi{msn{$ Ndfi shi eidi{msn{ ov  qm{mbbibic uosh shi vvsi`" os mvvy`iv shi vvsi` |nbsmei mdc md fhmdei od osv ixfosmsond {ivybsv ndb od fhmdeode fhmdeode osv jobn|m{ bnmcode mdc osv qnui{ lmfsn{$ Eidi{mbb shi ydos ov nqi{msic ms {msic jobn|m{ bnmc$ Shi `mxo`y` mdc `odo`y` ixfosmsond mqqboic sn sn shi eidi{msn{ ov ciqidcids yqnd yqnd shi {imfso|i qnui{ fmqmkobos nl shi ydos$ Nd shi hoeh voci" shi bo`osmsond ov loibc mdc m{`msy{i n|i{himsode" mdc nd shi bnu voci shi bo`osmsond ov vsmkobos mdc bnmcode qnui{ lmfsn{v$ 5$;$5$3 Hc{mybof Fnds{nb

5-;;

Mvvnfomsic uosh imfh hc{n-ibifs{of vsmsond shi{i uobb ki m dy`ki{ nl hc{mybof osi`v sn ki  k{nyehs sn shi qnui{ vsmsond fnds{nb fnds{nb {nn`$ Shivi osi`v `m ki vibifsic l{n` shi lnbbnuode$ (o/ (oo/ (ooo/ (o|/ (|/ (|o/ (|oo/ (|ooo/

Himc{mfi vsn{mei" bi|ib odcofmsond mdc emsi fnds{nb Smob{mfi bi|ib odcofmsond Vifndcm{ vsn{mei bi|ib odcofmsond mdc emsi fnds{nb Lbnnc fnds{nb odfbycode vqifomb emsi nqi{msond" qnvosond odcofmsond" covfhm{ei mdc mbm{` Odsmji emsi fnds{nb mdc odcofmsond O{{oemsond umsi{ {ibimvi mdc covfhm{ei odcofmsond Vy{ei smdj umsi{ bi|ib odcofmsond [o|i{ fnds{nb mdc covfhm{ei odcofmsond ln{ vsmsysn{ nkboemsondv sn nshi{ yvi{v vyfh mv lovhi{ myshn{osoiv" fhi`ofmb un{jv" umsi{ vyqqb myshn{osoiv ol md

Vqobbum emsiv `m ki nqi{msic bnfmbb k hmdc n{ `nsn{ fnds{nb" {i`nsib k vyqi{|ovn{ n{  co{ifs fnds{nb nl nl `nsn{ uodfhiv" uodfhiv" n{ mysn`msofmbb$ Uhid mysn`msof nqi{msond nffy{v" os ov civo{mkbi sn eo|i md mbm{` ms shi mssidcic qnods" mdc q{ili{mkb sn {ifn{c shi cy{msond nl shi lbnnc covfhm{ei$ @md cm`v mdc odsmji un{jv hm|i vyllofoids vyllofoids odcofmsond mdc fnds{nb lmfobosoiv sn um{{mds vyqi{|ovn{ fnds{nb fnds{nb i}yoq`ids$ Shi difivvm{ qobns fmkbiv `yvs ki smjid l{n` m {nysi dns mllifsic k lbnnc md so`i$ 5$;$8

Vyqi{|ovond nl Mbm{` mdc Q{nsifso|i i}yoq`ids

Shi nkgifs nl md mbm{` i}yoq`ids i}yoq`ids od md qnui{ vsmsond ov sun lnbc$ Lo{vsb" os idmkbiv shi cys vsmll sn cisi{`odi }yofjb shi dmsy{i nl shi odfoqoids lmybsv$ lmybsv$ Vifndcb" sn {ifn{c {ifn{c s{mdvosn{ lmybs nffy{{idfiv nffy{{idfiv ln{ vykvi}yids mdmbsofmb od|ivsoemsond$ Ln{ `ifhmdofmb `ifhmdofmb s{nykbiv" shi dy`ki{ nl covqbmv ov m `mssi{ nl nqodond mdc fnvs$ Kys os ov qi{sodids sn covqbm dns ndb ndb shnvi fndcosondv uhofh fmyvi vhyscnud kys mbvn |m{onyv dnd-s{oq fndcosondv$ Od shi nqi{msn{‟v {nn` shivi `m ki ly{shi{ fbmvvoloic mv ‘y{eids‟ mdc ‘Dnd-y{eids‟ sn hibq nqi{msn{v {imbowi shi y{eidf y{eidf nl shi mfsond diicic$ Eidi{msn{v m{i q{n|ocic uosh `odo`y` difivvm{ q{nsifsond memodvs memodvs ibifs{ofmb mdc `ifhmdofmb `ifhmdofmb lmybsv$ [ibmv hm|i lbme odcofmsn{v sn odcofmsi shio{ nqi{msond$ nqi{msond$ Shi nqi{msn{‟v mssidsond ov c{mud k md mycokbi mbm{` nd shi mbm{`  qmdib mdc k lbmvhode boehs$ Nqi{msn{v `yvs nd nffy{{idfi nl s{nykbi n{ lmybs mssidc sn os mdc `modsmod m {ifn{c nl shi dmsy{i nl shi s{nykbi mdc odvs{yfs `modsidmdfi vsmll sn fm{{ nys shi {iqmo{ {m{ib$ 5$;$?

@nci{d Fnds{nb Vvsi`

@nci{d Fnds{nb Vvsi` i`qbn fn`qysi{ bneof$ Ydos fnds{nb knm{c (YFK/ ov hm{c uo{ic mbb i}yoq`ids sn ki fnds{nbbic mdc ov q{n|ocic uosh fn`qysi{$ Os ov yvic ln{ bnfmb fnds{nb$ Ol  {i}yo{ic YFK ov fnddifsic sn fids{mb fids{mb fnds{nb {nn`.nllvosi fnds{nb k `ybsoqbixode$ 5$;$=1 Vi}yidfode Fnds{nb Vi}yidfode7 [iem{cbivv nl shi cie{ii nl mysn`msond civo{ic" fi{smod vi}yidfi nl  i|idsv cy{ode vsm{s-yq mdc vhys-cnud m{i {i}yo{ic$ 5$;$=1$=aYdos Vsm{sode Vi}yidfi

5-;6

o/ oo/ ooo/ o|/ |/ 5$;$=1$;

Q{i-vsm{s fhifj  Myxobom{oiv vsm{s Vsm{s sy{kodi sn vqiic dn bnmc qnvosond Vdfh{ndowode (eidi{msn{ k{imji{ fbnvode/ Bnmcode mdc {yddode Ydos Vhys Cnud Vi}yidfi

Fnds{nb vvsi` ov civoedic ln{ lnbbnuode sh{ii sqiv nl ydos vhys cnud$ o/ oo/ ooo/ 5$;$=1$6

 Dn{`mb vhys cnud Qm{somb vhys cnud I`i{eidf vhys cnud Dn{`mb Vhys Cnud

 Dn{`mb vhys cnud" uhi{i od shi ydos ov nll bnmcic k e{mcymbb fbnvode uofjis emsiv sn vqiic dn bnmc qnvosond vn shms bnmc ov s{mdvli{{ic sn nshi{ ydosv od shi e{oc$ Mv ydos vqiic cif{imviv sh{yvs kim{ode nob bols qy`q ov vsm{sic mdc ms mknys 61) vqiic" shi k{mjiv m{i mqqboic" ydsob shi ydos ov vsnqqic$ Shi ydos myxobom{ vvsi`v m{i vhys cnud mdc sy{kodi Odbis |mb|i ol yvic ov fbnvic$ Vhys cnud bneof ov vhnud od loey{i ……… 5$;$=1$3

Qm{somb Vhys Cnud

Od qm{somb vhys cnud uhi{i cyi sn vn`i ibifs{ofmb vvsi` lmybsv" shi ydos ov {i`n|ic l{n` shi vvsi` mdc k{nyehs sn vqiic dn bnmc fndcosond k nqidode eidi{msn{ k{imji{$ Myxobom{oiv m{i dns fbnvic$ Mv vnnd mv vvsi` lmybs ov fbim{ic shi ydos ov vdfh{ndowic sn shi vvsi` (loey{i …$$/$ 5$;$=1$9

I`i{eidf Vhys Cnud

5$;$=1$<

]yofj vhys cnud n{ `ifhmdofmb s{nykbi vhys cnud

M }yofj vhys cnud n{ `ifhmdofmb s{nykbi vhys cnud ov odosomsic k q{nkbi`v vyfh en|i{dn{  nob q{ivvy{i" kim{ode hoeh si`qi{msy{i isf$ Sqofmb vsm{s yq mdc vhys cnud vi}yidfode come{m` m{i vhnud od loey{i 5$;$=1$=" 5$;$=1$; mdc 5$;$=1$6$ Loe$ 5$;$=1$= Sqofmb Ibifs{ofmb S{nykbi (i`i{eidf/ Vsnq Vi}yidfi 5$;$== Fnds{nb Vfhi`msof

Fnds{nb vfhi`msof come{m` uosh m `ifhmdofmb en|i{dn{ mdc fn`qbisi fnd|idsondmb {ibm bneof ln{ m v`mbb hc{n qnui{ hnyvi fndvovsode nl ; x <91 jU ydosv co{ifsb fnddifsic sn 66 j\ s{mdvln{`i{v mv qi{ vodebi bodi mssmfhï mv loe$ ;$==$= ov vhnud od loe$ ;$==$; sn ;$==$5$

5-;3

5$;$=; Fnds{nb Vvsi`v lni V`mbb Hc{n Qnui{ Qbmds

Odsie{msic en|i{dn{ mdc qbmds fnds{nb vvsi` ln{ v`mbb hc{n qnui{ qbmdsv ov dn{`mbb mcnqsic ln{ v`mbb hc{n qbmdsv$ Ln{ `of{n hcibv ibifs{ndof bnmc fnds{nbbi{ (IBF/ vvsi`v m{i mcnqsic$ Bifsy{i dnsiv eo|id sn shi Qm{sofoqmdsv nl shi Odsi{dmsondmb Fny{vi nd ‒Qbmddode" sifhdnbne Vibifsond mdc O`qbi`idsmsond nl V`mbb Hc{n Qnui{ Q{ngifsv‐ od Lik$ ;11= ms MHIF ov idfbnvic mv Mddixy{i ‖ =$ Q[I VSM[S FHIFJV  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^  ODSIJ EMSI LYBB_ NQID Q[NSIFSO\I CI\OFI [IVIS UMSI[ BI\IB DN[@MB EIDI[MSN[ K[IMJI[ NQID UOF JIS EMSIV EMSIV FBNVIC UOFJIS EMSI BNFJ [IBIMVIC NOB"MO["FNNBODE UMSI[ V_VSI@V LYDFSONDMB EN\I[DN[ OD MYSN@MSOF QNVOSOND VSNQ VI]YIDFI [IVIS E[OC V_VSI@ FHIFJV (LN[ VHQ/

IXFOMSOND V_V ND \NBSMEI [IEYBMSN[ FNDS[NB

\NBSMEI L[I]YIDF_ @MSFHODE

VSM[S VI]YIDFI ODOSOMSIC

V_DFH[NDOVODE m

 ^^^^   MDC EIDI[MSN[ K[IMJI[ FBNVIV

FNNBODE UMSI[ ND KIM[ODE HOEH Q[IVVY[I QY@Q ND EN\I[DN[ Q[I QNVOSOND IXFOSMSOND Q[I-QNVOSOND K[MJIV [IBIMVIC

EMSI BO@OS [MOVIC

UOF JIS EMSIV EMSIV NQID Q[IVIS QNVOSOND (VQIIC DN BNMC/  MCGYVS JOBN UMSSV NYSQYS

 MCGYVS [IMFSO\I NYSQYS

YDOS MFFIBI[MSIV SN DIM[ V_DFH[NDNYV VQIIC m

 ^^^^   MDC

ODOSOMB IXFOSMSOND IXFOSMSOND  MQQBOIC YDOS EIDI[MSODE  MV [I]YO[ IC

EIDI[MSN[ \NBSMEI KYOBCYQ

Loe$ 5$;$=1$= Sqofmb Vsm{s Vi}yidfi ln{ Vdfh{ndnyv Eidi{msn{ (L{mdfov Sy{kodi/

5-;9

DN[@MB VSNQ ODOSOMSIC

@IFHMDOFMB Q[NSIFSO\I CI\OFIV NQI[MSI

YDOS NQI[MSODE

m

 MDC  ^^^^ 

m

 MDC  ^^^^ 

[I-VSM[S KBNFJIC

YDOS YDBNMCV MS LMVS [MSI

YDOS YDBNMCV MS VIBIFSIC [MSI

N[

YDOS MS VQIIC-DN-BNMC

EIDI[MSN[ K[IMJI[ NQIDV

IXFOSMSOND [I@N\IC

UOFJIS EM@IV FN@QBISIB_ FBNVI

YDOS CIFIBI[MSIV

K[MJIV MQQBOIC MS Q[IVIS VQIIC

YDOS VSNQV

Loe$ 5$;$=1$; Sqofmb Dn{`mb Vsnq mdc Qm{somb Vhys Cnud Vi}yidfi ln{ Vdfh{ndnyv Eidi{msn{

5-;<

IBIFS[OFMB Q[NSIFSO\I CI\OFI NQI[MSIV

[I-VIS KBNFJIC

YDOS NQI[MSODE

m

 MDC

EIDI[MSN[ K[IMJI[ NQIDV

UOFJIS EMSIV FBNVI MS LMVS [MSI

IXFOSMSOND [I@N\IC

YDOS CIFIBI[MSIV

K[MJIV MQQBOIC  MS Q[IVIS VQIIC

YDOS VSNQV

Loe$ 5$;$=1$6 Sqofmb Ibifs{ofmb S{nykbi (i`i{eidf/ Vsnq V i}yidfi

5-;5

Mddixy{i 5$;$= Mysn`msof Fnds{nb Vfhi`i uosh Unncum{c @ifhmdofmb En|i{dn{

Mysn`msof Fnds{nb Vfhi`i uosh Unncum{c @ifhmdofmb En|i{dn{ ln{ Jybmkmeh ; x <11 jU o`qybvi hoeh sy{kodiv fnyqbic sn vdfh{ndnyv eidi{msn{$ Shi vfhi`i umv civoedic ln{  mysn`msof fnds{nb$ Shi i}yoq`ids fn`q{ovi nl md odbis |mb|i fnds{nb ln{ nqidode (mlsi{   kmbmdfode umsi{ q{ivvy{i/ k nob q{ivvy{i$ Shi vfhi`msof c{muode ov vhnuv od loey{i = (Mddix$ 5$;$=/ fnds{nb qnui{ ;61\ MF$ Sy{kodi fnds{nb ov k ; v`mbb l{mfsondmb hn{vi qnui{ `nsn{ ln{ vqiic (bi|ib fnds{nb/ o$i$ emsi emsi ms vqiic dn bnmc mdc emsi bo`os fnds{nb$ Bnmc vhm{ode ov k qi{`mdids vqiic c{nnq vissode$ Shi vfhi`msof ov vhnud od loe$ ; (Mddix$ 5$;$=/ ln{ vqiic mcgyvs`ids (vqiic bi|ib fnds{nb/ mdc loe$ 6 (Mddix$ 5$;$=/ ln{ emsi bo`os fnds{nb$ Mysn vdfh{ndowode ov vhnud od loe$ 3 (Mddix$ 5$;$=/$ @mdymb vdfh{ndov` lmfobos ov mbvn  q{n|ocic$ Shi c{muode mbvn vhnuv `mod `mod Vodebi Bodi Come{m`$ En|$ nob qy`q fnds{nb ln{ vi{|n`nsn{ ov vhnud od loey{i 9 (Mddix$ 5$;$=/$ Qb$ dnsi shms dn{`mbb sun ……… m{i q{n|ocic$ Mddydfomsond mdc mbm{` ov vhnud od loey{i < (Mddix$ 5$;$=/$

5-;8

Loe$ = (Mddix$ 5$;$=/ Mysn`msof Ydos Fnds{nb Odbis \mb|i Fnds{nb

5-;?

Loe$ ; (Mddix$ 5$;$=/ @ifhmdofmb en|i{dn{ mysn`msof y dos fnds{nb Sy{kodi fnds{nb (vqiic mcgyvs`ids/

5-61

Loe$ 6 (Mddix$ 5$;$=/ Mysn`msof Ydos Fnds{nb Fnds{nb @ifhmdofmb En|i{dn{

5-6=

Loe$ 3 (Mddix$ 5$;$=/ Mysn`msof Ydos Fnds{nb Vdfh{ndovode Qmdib

5-6;

Loe$ 9 (Mddix$ 5$;$=/ Mysn`msof Ydos Fnds{nb En|$ Nob Qy`q Fnds{nb

5-66

Loe$ < (Mddix$ 5$;$=/ Mysn`msof Ydos Fnds{nb Mddydfomsond Vfhicybi

5-63

Mddixy{i ‖5$;$;

ODSIE[MSIC EN\I[DODE MDC QBMDS FNDS[NB V_VSI@ LN[ V@MBB H_C[N QBMDSV =$1

ODS[NCYFSOND

Shi{i m{i `md lydfsondv sn ki qi{ln{`ic od m v`mbb hc{n qnui{ vvsi`$ Hi{i" shi si{` sy{kodi en|i{dn{ ov yvic sn fn|i{ vqiic fnds{nb nl shi sy{kodiv shi`vib|iv" qbmds mysn`msond ov yvic sn fn|i{ vyfh nqi{msondv mv mysn vsm{s" mysn vdfh{ndowmsond" {i`nsi fnds{nb vsm{s yq n{ umsi{ bi|ib fnds{nb" mdc cmsm mf}yovosond mdc {is{oi|mb ov yvic sn fn|i{ vyfh nqi{msondv mv {ibmode qbmds nqi{msode vsmsyv" odvsmdsmdinyv vvsi` illofoidf" n{ `ndshb  qbmds lmfsn{" sn shi nqi{msn{v mdc `mdmei{v$ `mdmei{v$ L{n` shi =?;1v ydsob shi =?51v" fnds{nb nl m hc{n qbmds‟v eidi{msode ydosv umv sqofmbb qi{ln{`ic l{n` m ydos fnds{nb vuosfhknm{c (YFV/" n{" ol shi qbmds hmc `ybsoqbi ydosv" l{n` m qbmds fnds{nb vuosfhknm{c (QFV/$ Shi YFV mdc QFV vuosfhkmn{cv fndsmodic o{nd |mdi `isi{v" hm{cuo{ic fnds{nb vuosfhiv" mdc hydc{icv nl myxobom{ {ibmv sn qi{ln{` shi ydos vsm{s.vsnq nqi{msondv$ Mbb shi difivvm{ vidvn{v mdc fnds{nbv {i}yo{ic sn nqi{msi shi ydos n{  ydosv ui{i hm{cuo{ic sn shi YFV n{ QFV" mbbnuode m vodebi nqi{msn{ sn fnds{nb shi idso{i vsmsond l{n` ndi bnfmsond$ Mbshnyeh `nci{d vvsi`v vsobb qi{`os fnds{nb nl shi idso{i qbmds l{n` m vodebi bnfmsond" shi YFV ov dn{ bndei{ hm{cuo{ic sn imfh odco|ocymb loibc fn`qndids$ @nci{d fnds{nb {nn`v ysobowi shi lm{ `n{i fnvs-illifso|i vyqi{|ovn{ fnds{nb mdc cmsm mf}yovosond (VFMCM/ vvsi`v (odfbycode q{ne{m``mkbi bneof fnds{nbbi{v (QBFv/ mdc covs{okysic fn`qysi{ fnds{nb vvsi`v (CFVv// uosh e{mqhof covqbm vf{iidv sn o`qbi`ids m |mvs m{{m nl fnds{nb vfhi`iv$ Shi VFMCM fnds{nb vfhi`i mbvn q{n|ociv lbixokobos od fnds{nb" mbm{`ode" vi}yidfi nl i|idsv {ifn{code" mdc {i`nsi fn``ydofmsond shms umv dns  qnvvokbi uosh shi hm{cuo{ic fnds{nb vvsi`v$ ;$1

FNDVOCI[MSONDV LN[ VIBIFSODE EN\I[DN[ MDC FNDS[NB V_VSI@

En|i{dn{ mdc Fnds{nb vvsi`v ln{ v`mbb hc{n ydosv ivqifombb od ci|ibnqode fnyds{oiv hm|i sn ki vibifsic jiiqode od |oiu shi lnbbnuode 7 (m/

S{mcosondmb `ifhmdofmb lbnu fnds{nb en|i{dn{ uosh `ifhmdofmb hc{mybof ci|ofiv ov fn`qbix ci`mdcode `modsidmdfi mdc hoeh lo{vs fnvs$ Ly{shi{   qi{ln{`mdfi {i}yo{i`idsv nl vsmkobos mdc vidv oso|os o$i$ cimc kmdc" cimc so`i mdc cmvhqns so`i ivqifombb ln{ odsi{fnddifsic ydosv `m dns ki `is k `ifhmdofmb en|i{dn{v$

(k/

Ibifs{ndof mdc Coeosmb lbnu fnds{nb en|i{dn{v fmd ki smji yq qbmds fnds{nb lydfsondv$

(f/

Fnvs nl vqiic fnds{nb mdc mysn`msond uosh fy{{idsb odvsmbbic mdmbne lbnu en|i{dn{v" ydos fnds{nb mdc q{nsifsond vvsi`v ov hoeh$ Shivi vvsi`v {i}yo{i mssidcic nqi{msond mdc m{i `nvsb kmvic nd bm{ei fmqmfos hc{n ydosv$ Shov ov `mjode `nvs nl shi ydosv |i{ fnvsb mdc ydifndn`ofmb sn nqi{msi$

5-69

(c/

Shi `mdqnui{ mv m|mobmkbi ov ydvjobbic mdc ly{shi{ mci}ymsi vyqi{|ovond ov dns limvokbi$

(i/

Bnmc lmfsn{v ln{ vsmdc mbndi `of{n hcibv m{i yvymbb bnu mllifsode ifndn`of |omkobos$

(l/

Lbnu Fnds{nb Sy{kodi En|i{dn{v m{i ixqidvo|i mdc dns {ifn``idcic ln{  v`mbb hc{n ydosv od `of{n hcib {mdei$ Ibifs{ndof bnmc fnds{nb en|i{dode vvsi` uosh umsi{ fnnbic hns umsi{ smdjv mv kmbbmvs bnmcv ln{ ydos vowi yqsn =11 jU ki yvic$ Shov uobb `mji m vm|ode nl mknys 31) nd fmqosmb fnvs Smkbi=$ Shi eidi{msn{ lbuhiib ov dns {i}yo{ic$ Ol s hi sh{ovsn{ fnds{nb (IBF/ ov yvic shid shi mbsi{dmsn{ diicv sn ki n|i{vowic yqsn ;)) nd j\M sn fnqi uosh shi hoehi{ fo{fybmsode fy{{ids odcyfic$ Mffn{codeb" od fmvi nl v`mbb ydosv yqsn =11-=91 jU vowi ibo`odmsn{ nl lbnu fnds{nb en|i{dn{v k yvi k vhyds bnmc en|i{dn{ (ibifs{ndof bnmc fnds{nbbi{v/ uobb `mji shivi ydosv ifndn`ofmbb |omkbi

mdc

q{nqi{b

civoedic

uobb

ibo`odmsi

fndsodynyv

mssidcmdfi

{i}yo{i`ids$ Fn`qm{ovnd nl m =11 jU" =61 ` himc" =;1 bos{iv.{yd nl shi {o|i shi {o|i{ vvsi` yvode ioshi{ IBF n{ Lbnu fnds{nb en|i{dode vvsi` ([il$ 3$/ OSI@

Fn vs IBF V vsi` =1 1"111

Odsmji Uio{ Vissbode smdj vvsi`

59"111 31 1"111 =1 1"111 89 1"111 =1 1"111

Fmdmb Ln{ikm Qidvsnfj , mdfhn{v Qnui{ Hnyvi

Fnvs" lbnu Fnds{nb vvsi` =11"111

Qi{ fidsmei colli{idfi

1

59"111

1

311"111

1

=;1"111

;1) -

="=91"111 =11"111

Sy{kodi , C{o|i

;;) 1 -

Mbsi{dmsn{ En|i{dn{" q{nsifsond , odvs{y`idsmsond Fndvs{yfsond" s{mdvqn{s" odvsmbbmsond Fn``ovvondode

="111"111 69 1"111 =8 1"111 39 1"111

="391"111 611"111 511"111 911"111 <1"111

91"111 Vyk snsmb 6"<99"111 5-6<

3"?99"111

61) *=9 ) 5<) =1) ;1)

Ideodii{ode Fnvsv (;9)/

?= 6"591

=";68"591

SNSMBV

3"9<8"591

<"=?6"591

6<)

Snsmb Fnvs. jU 39"<88

<="?68

SMKBI ‖ = ' Civoedic ln{ lybb {ydmum n|i{vqiic fndcosond (e/ Cmsm vsn{mei lydfsond fmd ki mccic sn shi Coeosmb En|i{dn{v$

(h/

Shi cy`` bnmcv od shi Vhyds Bnmc En|i{dn{v (IBF/ fmd ki yvilyb bnmc vvsi` n{ fmd ki yvic ln{ vyqqbode cn`ivsof idi{e diicv$

(o/

Mdmbne Ibifs{ndof En|i{dn{v mdc qbmds fnds{nbbi{v m{i mbvn yvic ln{ v`mbb hc{n mysn vdfh{ndowode mdc ln{ {i`nsi fnds{nb mdc `ndosn{ode nl vvsi`$ Ixqi{oidfi od shi vyffivvlyb nqi{msond nl shivi vvsi` od Odcom ov vn lm{ dns |i{ ennc$

(g/

Coeosmb eidi{msond fnds{nbbi{v ui{i i|nb|ic sn smji fm{i nl vqiic fnds{nb" ydos fnds{nb mdc mysn`msond" ydos q{nsifsond mdc i|i{ eidi{msond vfhicybode mdc hm|i kiid vyffivvlybb od nqi{msond ln{ n|i{ sid im{v$

(j/

QBF kmvic vvsi` m{i fnvsb kys m{i vsmsic sn ki {ibomkbi mdc hm|i kiid od nqi{msond od Odcom mdc mk{nmc$

(b/

Cicofmsic QF kmvic vvsi`v ln{ fn`qbisi eidi{msond fnds{nb fmd ki imvob mcnqsic ln{ cmsm mf}yovosond mdc vsn{mei ms m dn`odmb fnvs mdc fmd mbvn ki mcnqsic sn VFMCM vvsi`$

6$1

Y$V$ Q[MFSOFI [IEM[CODE EN\I[DN[ MDC FNDS[NB Sqi nl Vfhi`i

Sun kmvof fnds{nb vfhi`iv ysobowic ln{ v`mbb mdc `icoy` hc{n vsmsondv m{i (=/ m vodebi QBF uosh m `mdymbb nqi{msic kmfj-yq vvsi`" mdc (;/ m {icydcmds$

•

Smkbi = 7 Mc|mdsmeiv mdc Covmc|mdsmeiv nl shi [icydcmds QBF Fnds{nb Vfhi`i Mc|mdsmeiv Covmc|mdsmeiv =11 qi{fids kmfjyq ln{ shi fids{mb Fnvs$ Shi fnvs nl m vifndc QBF ixfiicv shi •

 q{nfivvode ydos (FQY/$ Shi FQY odfbyciv

fnvs nl m `mdymb kmfjyq vvsi`$

shi q{nfivvn{" vvsi` `i`n{" mdc vvsi`  qnui{ vyqqb$ •

•

Fndsodyic mysn`msof fnds{nb nl shi dos ydci{ 

•

Fn`qbixos$

@nvs

v`mbb

hc{n

qbmds

himcumsi{ bi|ib n{ covfhm{ei fnds{nb uosh

nqi{msn{v m{i dns sifhdofmbb s{modic ln{ 

ndi QBF nys nl vi{|ofi$ Shov mkobos mbbnuv

s{nykbivhnnsode

fndsodyic `mxo`owode ydos {i|idyi uhid m

fn`qbixos ov nllvis k shi QBF mdc O.N fm{c

QBF lmobv$

vibl-comednvsofv dnu m|mobmkbi$

Ydoln{` vqm{i qm{sv$ Ndb ndi vis nl O.N

5-65

QBFv

(vn`i

nl

shov

Lmoby{i nl knsh vvsi`v vo`ybsmdinyvb$

fm{cv diicv sn ki `modsmodic$ Osi`v vyfh mv vqm{i {ibmv mdc fnds{nb vuosfhiv mvvnfomsic uosh m hm{c-uo{ic vvsi` m{i dns {i}yo{ic$

Mbshnyeh {icydcmds QBFv cn idhmdfi vvsi` {ibomkobos" shi fmd ki q{ndi sn vo`ybsmdinyv lmoby{i fmyvic k vy{ei$ Nudi{v vhnybc odvovs nd ennc vy{ei q{nsifsond ideodii{ode$ Vnlsum{i q{nkbi`v$ Ol vnlsum{i ov dndvsmdcm{c" vnlsum{i q{nkbi`v uobb ki fn``nd •

sn knsh QBFv$ Smkbi ;7 Mc|mdsmeiv mdc Covmc|mdsmeiv nl m Vodebi QBF uosh @mdymbb Nqi{msic Kmfjyq Vvsi`

•

Mc|mdsmeiv Bivv ixqidvo|i shmd m {icydcmds QBF

•

vvsi`$

Covmc|mdsmeiv Himcumsi{ bi|ib n{ covfhm{ei fnds{nb (ol 

 qi{ln{`ic k shi QBF/ ov covmkbic uhidi|i{  shi QBF ov covmkbic$ Uhid ysobowode shi `mdymbb$

•

Bivv fhmdfi nl m fn``nd `nci lmoby{i

•

Nqi{msic kmfjyq vvsi` ln{ fnds{nb" shi

 kifmyvi shi hm{cuo{ic vvsi` ov bivv q{ndi

ydos‟v

nysqys

ov

vis

m

shi

nqi{msn{‟v

sn vy{ei-odcyfic lmoby{iv mdc `n{i snbi{mds

covf{isond$ Md nqi{msn{ uobb yvymbb mbbnu m

nl odmci}ymsi e{nydcv$

vmlis `m{eod nl mqq{nxo`msib =1 qi{fids od himcumsi{ n{ covfhm{ei bi|ib sn m|noc  q{nkbi`v vyfh mv c{muode mo{ odsn shi  qidvsnfj$ Mv m {ivybs" `mxo`y` qnvvokbi {i|idyi ln{ shi ydos ov yvymbb dns {imbowic cy{ode `mdymb nqi{msond$

•

Nqi{msn{ lm`obom{os uosh s{nykbi vhnnsode hm{cuo{ic {ibm vvsi`v$

•

 Dndydoln{` vqm{i qm{sv$ Vqm{i qm{sv unybc hm|i sn q{n|ocic ln{ knsh shi QBF vvsi` mdc shi `mdymbb nqi{msic kmfjyq vvsi`$ Hnui|i{" os vhnybc ki dnsic shms {ibmso|ib liu vqm{i qm{sv unybc ki diicic ln{ shi `mdymb kmfjyq vvsi`" cyi sn osv vo`qbofos$

QBF vvsi`$ Shi{i m{i |m{onyv `ncolofmsondv nl shivi sun kmvof vfhi`iv" uhofh ciqidc yqnd shi odco|ocymb qbmds {i}yo{i`idsv mdc nudi{ q{ili{idfi$ Shi vodebi QBF nlli{v shi mc|mdsmeiv nl bnu fnvs mdc vo`qbofos" mdc ov sqofmbb kmvic yq k m hm{cuo{ic vvsi`$ Uosh m {icydcmds QBF vvsi`" kmfjyq fnds{nb mdc `i`n{ m{i q{n|ocic k m vifndc QBF$ Mc|mdsmeiv mdc covmc|mdsmeiv nl shi sun vfhi`iv m{i vy``m{owic od Smkbi = mdc ;$ Od ioshi{ ydos fnds{nb vfhi`i" mbb ydos q{nsifso|i {ibmv vhnybc ki odciqidcids l{n` shi  q{ne{m``mkbi fnds{nbbi{v$ Shov odciqidcidfi uobb mbbnu shi q{nsifso|i {ibmv sn lydfsond i|id ol shi QBF lmobv" idvy{ode shi vmlis nl ydos i}yoq`ids mdc qi{vnddib$ Ln{ shi vodebi QBF vfhi`i uosh m `mdymbb nqi{msic kmfj-yq vvsi`" os ov yvymbb kivs sn hm|i md odciqidcids

5-68

{ivovsmdfi si`qi{msy{i cisifsn{ ([SC/ `ndosn{ mdc mddydofmsn{ qmdib lydfsondmbb nqi{mso|i cy{ode `mdymb nqi{msond nl shi ydos$ Shivi mccosondmb qmdibv uobb q{n|oci shi nqi{msn{ |osmb odln{`msond uhofh uobb lmfobosmsi nqi{msond nl shi qbmds od shi `mdymb `nci$ Qi{vnddib Fn`qysi{v

@nci{d fnds{nb vfhi`iv mbvn ysobovi qi{vndmb fn`qysi{v (QFv/ od fndgydfsond uosh QBF fnds{nb vvsi`v$ Shi QFv m{i ysobowic uosh `md-`mfhodi odsi{lmfi (@@O/ vnlsum{i ln{  fnds{nb covqbm e{mqhofv" hovsn{ofmb cmsm mdc s{idc covqbmv" fn`qysi{owic `modsidmdfi `mdmei`ids vvsi`v (F@@V/" mdc {i`nsi fn``ydofmsond mdc fnds{nb$ Od mccosond" shi QBF  q{ne{m``ode vnlsum{i ov yvymbb {ivocids nd shi QF" ibo`odmsode shi diic ln{ m viqm{msi  q{ne{m``ode si{`odmb o`qbi`ids o`qbi`ids n{ fhmdei shi QBF vnlsum{i fncode$ fncode$ M QF mbvn fmd ki yvic ln{ e{mqhofmb covqbmv nl qbmds cmsm" e{imsb idfhmdfode nqi{msondmb fnds{nb$ Vsmdcm{c @of{nvnls-kmvic e{mqhofmb covqbm vnlsum{i qmfjmeiv m{i m|mobmkbi ln{ odvsmbbmsond nd m vsmdcm{c QF$ Shi vnlsum{i qmfjmei fmd ki ysobowic nd shi QF sn f{imsi vqifolof qnui{hnyvi e{mqhofmb covqbmv kmvic yqnd {imb-so`i QBF odqysv$ Shivi covqbmv sqofmbb odfbyci fnds{nb covqbmv uosh vibifs-kiln{i-ixifysi bneofmb" odln{`msondmb covqbmv ln{ qbmds [SC si`qi{msy{iv" n{ hovsn{ofmb s{idcode qbnsv nl himcumsi{" smobumsi{" mdc lbnu cmsm$ @nci`v uosh knsh comb-nys mdc comb-od fmqmkobosoiv fmd ki bnfmsic od ioshi{ shi QBF" shi QBF" n{ knsh sn q{n|oci nll-vosi mffivv sn qbmds odln{`msond$ Shivi `nci`v `m mbvn ki ysobovic sn fnds{nb shi qbmds nqi{msond l{n` m {i`nsi bnfmsond$ Q{ne{m``mkbi Bneof Fnds{nbbi{ (QBF/ sqi qbmds fnds{nbbi{v uosh m `mdymbb nqi{msic kmfj yq vvsi` fn`kodic uosh QF kmvic VFMCM vvsi` m{i yvic mv En|i{dn{v mdc ln{ Qbmds fnds{nb mdc cmsm mf}yovosond$ Shov `mjiv shi vvsi` fnvsb kys {ibomkobos ov vsmsic sn  ki ennc mdc fmd ki yvic ln{ v`mbb hc{n eidi{msond fnds{nb$ Os ov fndvoci{ic shms cicofmsic coeosmb fnds{nb vvsi`v uhofh ov coeosmb Q$F$ kmvic fmd qi{ln{` mbb lydfsondv nl en|i{dode" ydos fnds{nb mdc q{nsifsond mv uibb mv ln{ cmsm vsn{mei mdc fmd ki `n{i ifndn`ofmb" ciqidcmkbi mdc m{i kiode `mdylmfsy{ic od Y$V$M$" Iy{nqi" Odcom mdc fnyds{oiv$ Shivi cicofmsic vvsi`v uosh kmfj yq `mdymb fnds{nb lmfobos nl vqiic fnds{nb od i`i{eidf k cicofmsic vi`o mysn`msof coeosmb fnds{nbbi{v fmd ki md nqsond mdc ov mbvn {ifn``idcic ln{  YDCQ-EIL q{ngifsv od Odcom$ @ndosn{ode mdc fnds{nb mdc cmsm mf}yovosond vvsi` (VFMCM vvsi`/ fmd ki m qm{s nl  shi Q$F$ kmvic coeosmb en|i{dn{ mdc eidi{msond fnds{nb i}yoq`ids$ Q{n|ovond nl cmsm vsn{mei nl ndi `ndsh uosh =< @K nl [m` `i`n{ mdc m 931 sn 891 @K Hm{c C{o|i mv qm{s nl shi QF kmvic en|i{dode mdc fnds{nb vvsi` vhnybc ki q{n|ocic$ Shov cmsm fnybc ki {is{oi|ic nd m lbnqq c{o|i mlsi{ ndi `ndsh ln{ ixm`odmsond$ Mv shi fn``ydofmsond bodjv ci|ibnq shi cmsm fmd mbvn ki s{mdv`ossic |om m @nci` sn m {i`nsi qnods ln{ ixm`odmsond mdc vyqi{|ovn{ fnds{nb$ 3$1

IBIFS[OFMB Q[NSIFSOND

Q{nsifso|i {ibmv vvsi`v fn`q{ovode nl shi lnbbnuode {ibmv ln{ vdfh{ndnyv eidi{msn{ ydci{ =911 jU ov fndvoci{ic mci}ymsi q{nsifsond mdc mbvn {ifn``idcic k Y$V$ fndvybsmdsv ln{ YDCQ-EIL v`mbb hc{n q{ngifs$

5-6?

' ' ' ' ' '

91.9= \ 6; 3< 9=E 31 3?S

So`i n|i{ fy{{ids uosh odvsmdsmdinyv s{oq [i|i{vi qnui{  Fy{{ids ydkmbmdfi E{nydc n|i{ fy{{ids Ixfosmsond loibc q{nsifsond Uodcode mdc kim{ode n|i{-si`qi{msy{i

Ly{shi{ os ov mbvn q{mfsofi od Y$V$ shms shi q{nsifso|i {ibmv diic dns ki ysobos e{mci kifmyvi ysobos e{mci {ibmv m{i q{n|ocode }yosi ixqidvo|i$ Odcyvs{omb e{mci q{nsifso|i {ibmv n{ ibifs{ofmb q{nsifsond q{n|ocic mv m qm{s nl shi coeosmb fnds{nb vvsi` ov mci}ymsi uosh m fnd|idsondmb ysobos e{mci n|i{fy{{ids kmfj yq q{nsifsond$ 9$1

MYXOBOM[_ FNDS[NB

Myxobom{ fnds{nb vhnybc ln{` m qm{s nl coeosmb en|i{dn{$ Os ov ly{shi{ {ifn``idcic shms umsi{ gis co|i{si{v nl i`i{eidf fbnvy{i nl odbis |mb|iv ki q{n|ocic sn m|noc n|i{vqiicode sn {ydmum od fmvi nl eidi{msn{ lmoby{i i`i{eidf$ Od Iy{nqimd q{mfsofi mdc OIF {ifn``idcmsondv shi eidi{msn{v m{i civoedic ln{  fndsodynyv {ydmum fndcosondv$ Os ov fndvoci{ic shms eidi{msn{v od `of{n hcib {mdei ki civoedic ln{ {ydmum fndcosond mdc q{n|ovond nl i`i{eidf fbnvy{i mv vsoqybmsic mkn|i ki cndi mum uosh$ <$1

@NCI[D

S_QOFMB

COEOSMB

VHYDS

BNMC

EN\I[DN[

LN[ 

@OF[NH_CIBV

M sqofmb Coeosmb Vhyds Bnmc En|i{dn{v (IBF/ ci|ibnqic od Odcom ov vhnud od Loe$= ([ie$;$/$ Shivi fnds{nbbi{v m{i {iqn{sic sn ki un{jode vyffivvlybb od Odcom mdc mk{nmc ln{  bmvs vi|id im{v$ Shivi Eidi{msond Fnds{nbbi{v (bnmc vhyds en|i{dn{v/ m{i Coeosmbb fnds{nbbic ibifs{ndof en|i{dn{v ln{ fnds{nbbode @of{n Hcib qnui{ qbmdsv (yqsn =91 jU/ k fnds{nbbode shi nysqys bnmc ndb$ Vsmdcm{c fnds{nbbmkbi bnmcv (boji umsi{ himsi{v/ m{i q{n|ocic mbndeuosh shi en|i{dn{  vvsi` mdc shi bnmc nd shi `mfhodi ov `modsmodic yvode shivi bnmc od vyfh m um vn shms yvi{  eisv vsmkbi |nbsmei mdc l{i}yidf$ Dn `mgn{ odqys fnds{nb ov {i}yo{ic {ivybsode od fndvoci{mkbi vm|ode od fnvs nl i}yoq`ids mdc fo|ob un{jv$ Cy`` bnmc fmd ki {iqbmfic k yvilyb bnmcv$ Bnmc fnds{nbbi{ fmd ki civoedic sn `mdmei shi yvilyb bnmc vvsi` ln{ vy{qbyv idi{e$ Os ov lnnb q{nnl mdc vyosmkbi ivqifombb ln{ ydmssidcic nqi{msond od {i`nsi [y{mb M{im nl  ci|ibnqode fnyds{oiv k ydvjobbic nqi{msn{v$ <$=

Mc|mdsmei nl Vhyds Bnmc En|i{dn{v

Shi eidi{msn{ mbumv eidi{msiv shi `mxo`y` qnui{ qnvvokbi$ Shi eidi{msond dns o``icomsib {i}yo{ic ov yvic yq od vifndcm{ bnmcv shms m{i fnds{nbbic k S[OMFV$ Shi vifndcm{ bnmcv fmd ki ln{ yvilyb qy{qnviv mdc shi n|i{mbb vvsi` illofoidf fmd ki ixs{i`ib hoeh$ Nshi{ mc|mdsmeiv m{i mv lnbbnuv 7 o$

Vodfi shi fnds{nb ov k coeosmb `imdv uosh vqiic mv {ili{idfi shi {ivqndvi nl shi en|i{dn{ sn fhmdeiv od l{i}yidf fmd ki lmvsi{ mdc `n{i mffy{msi mv fn`qm{ic sn shi

5-31

`ifhmdofmb nl en|i{dode$ N{ k ibifs{ndof en|i{dode kmvic nd fy{{ids . |nbsmei mv {ili{idfi$ oo$

En|i{dode k fnds{nb nl umsi{ ov fn`qbofmsic k shi illifsv nl umsi{ hm``i{$ Umsi{  hm``i{ {ivybsv l{n` hm|ode sn mffibi{msi mdc cifibi{msi shi `n|ode umsi{ od shi  qnui{ qbmds mdc qidvsnfj od n{ci{ sn |m{ shi lbnu sh{nyeh shi sy{kodi$ Lmvsi{  en|i{dode (ln{ vsmkobos/ fmd odf{imvi umsi{ hm``i{ q{ivvy{iv$ Umsi{ hm``i{  odcyfic q{ivvy{i lbyfsymsondv f{imsi en|i{dode collofybsoiv ol dns fn{{ifsic ln{$ Umsi{  hm``i{ q{nkbi`v m{i {icyfic od bm{ei hc{n-qnui{ qbmdsv k jiiqode shi bidesh nl  shi qoqibodi mv vhn{s mv qnvvokbi n{ k {icyfode shi vqiic nl nqi{msond nl shi en|i{dn{  (qnvvokbi ndb ol shi bnmcv fhmdei vbnub idnyeh/ n{ k odvsmbbode vy{ei smdjv sn mkvn{k shi o`qmfs nl lbnu fhmdeiv$ Ol shi en|i{dode ov cndi k bnmc fnds{nb" dn }yofj  fhmdeiv m{i difivvm{$

ooo$

 Dn `n|ode qm{sv7 @ifhmdofmb en|i{dode {i}yo{iv {ibmso|ib lmvs mdc mffy{msi `ifhmdofmb `n|i`ids$ Shivi ci|ofiv difivvm{ sn fnds{nb umsi{ mcc sn shi sy{kodi ixqidvi$

o|$

Bivv ixqidvo|i sqiv nl sy{kodiv hm|ode dn q{n|ovond ln{ lbnu fnds{nb nl umsi{ fmd ki yvic$ Odcyvs{omb Fids{olyemb qy`qv ln{ ixm`qbi" fmd ki mqqboic mv bnu fnvs sy{kodiv  k nqi{msode shi` kmfjum{cv kys qy`qv cn dns hm|i md odhi{ids `ishnc ln{  fnds{nbbode umsi{ mdc `yvs yvi bnmc fnds{nbbi{$

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Bossbi n{ dn fyvsn` ideodii{ode ov {i}yo{ic" kifmyvi shi en|i{dode `nsond ov dns mllifsic k vosi ciqidcids fhm{mfsi{ovsofv vyfh mv bidesh mdc vowi nl shi qidvsnfj$ Q{n|ovond nl mcgyvsmkbi cimc kmdc mdc cmvh qns so`i od shi loibc idvy{iv vsmkobos nl  nqi{msond$ <$;

En|i{dn{ Lydfsondv

Vhyds bnmc En|i{dn{v fmd ki civoedic sn qi{ln{` lnbbnuode gnkv od m hc{n-ibifs{of odvsmbbmsond$ o$

Vsmkbi vqiic fnds{nb ln{ mbb odlbnuv

oo$

@mdmei`ids nl yvilyb ln{ vy{qbyv idi{e

ooo$

Q{i|ids n|i{bnmcode nl md hc{n-ibifs{of qbmds od fmvi nl {icyfsond od vs{im` odlbnu$ Vhiccode bnmc ms qimj ci`mdc qi{oncv n{ cy{ode bnu umsi{$

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Fnds{nb mdc q{nsifsond lydfsondv mv civf{okic od m vykvi}yids qm{me{mqh$

5-3=

<$6

M{fhosifsy{mb \oiu mdc Hm{cum{i Cismobv nl Fnds{nbbi{

Shi vvsi` ov fnds{nbbic k md 8 kos `of{nq{nfivvn{ {yddode m {imb so`i nqi{msond vvsi`$ Shi q{nfivvn{ ov odsi{lmfic sn m Coeosmb Odqys Nysqys ci|ofi eo|ode m snsmb nl yqsn ;3 coeosmb Odqys.Nysqysv$ M B$I$C$ . BFC covqbm ov odsi{lmfic sh{nyeh shi odqys.nysqys ci|ofi$ Shi odqys nysqys ci|ofi mdc fbnfj so`i{ fnds{nbv shi cy`` bnmc (lo|i vsiq bnmcv mdc ndi |m{omkbi bnmc/ sh{nyeh m S{omfv `ncybi$ Shi vsiq mdc |m{omkbi bnmc odcofmsondv m{i vhnud sh{nyeh BICv$ <$3

Cismobic Vqifolofmsond

=$ ;$ 6$ 3$ 9$ <$ 5$ 8$ ?$

Q{nfivvn{ Sqi IQ[N@ [M@ Coeosmb Odqys.Nysqys Bodiv Covqbm Qnui{ Vyqqb L{i}yidf odqys Nysqys Q{nsifsond

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

=1$

Fnds{nb

7

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S{omfv

8 kos 8 J  8 J  ;3 L{i}yidf (BIC n{ BFC/ Kyobs od l{n` ;61 \ L{n` ;61 \ vodebi qhmvi 6 Qhmvi n{ vodebi qhmvi N|i{ l{i}yidf" n|i{ |nbsmei" ydci{ |nbsmei" n|i{fy{{ids isf$ Vsm{s.Vsnq.I`i{eidf vhys cnud$

Shi s{omfv bnmc (|m{omkbi odsi{dmb bnmc/ fmd sqofmbb fhmdei l{n` wi{n bnmc (n{ |ofi |i{vm/ od 6 ffbi (91 `obovifndcv/ ln{ dn{`mb l{i}yidf fhmdeiv$ Vsiq bnmc fmd ki vuosfhic nd co{ifsb k s{omfv (vodebi qhmvi/ n{ k idi{eovode fnob n{ Qnui{ Fnds{mfsn{v$ Nqi{msode So`i nl Fnds{mfsn{v ov ;9 `obovifndcv mdc ibifs{ofmb boli ov nl = `obbond nqi{msond$ <$<

Vsmkobos

Q{n|ovond nl mcgyvsmkbi cimc kmdc mdc Cmvh qns so`i i}yo|mbids m{i difivvm{ sn idvy{i vsmkobos cyi sn fhmdei nl umsi{ odi{som mdc bnmc fhm{mfsi{ovsofv$ Cmvhqns so`i ov shi mcgyvsmkbi so`i kisuiid sun vyffivvo|i fhmdeiv$ Shi sqofmb vhyds bnmc en|i{dn{ ln{ m 91 jU `of{n hcib vhnud od Loe$= umv {ifidsb vyqqboic k @.v Q{mciiq coeosij [nn{jii mdc ov hm|ode umsi{ himsode vvsi` mv cy`q bnmc mdc ov fn`qbisi uosh qbmds fnds{nb$ Shi vfhi`msof vodebi bodi c{muodev ov vhnud od Loe$ ;$ Loe$ 6 , 3 vhnu m =11 jU vhys bnmc en|i{dn{$ Shi coeosmb vhyds bnmc fnds{nbbi{ fmd ki yvic sn fnds{nb nshi{ yvilyb bnmcv mv vyk vvsi`v mv vhnud od Loe$ 9$ ([il$ 6$/$ <$<

Fnvs nl Bnmc En|i{dn{ mdc Fnds{nb Vvsi` (I$B$F$/

Sqofmb fnvsv odfbycode umbb `nydsode vsiib fmkodis ln{ I$B$F$ `isi{v" mo{ fo{fyos  k{imji{ uosh n|i{fy{{ids q{nsifsond" n|i{ |nbsmei mdc n|i{vqiic s{oqv" umsi{ fnnbic kmbbmvs

5-3;

smdjv isf$ ln{ odcieidonyv `mji m{i eo|id od Smkbi ;$ Shyv fnvsv hm|i kiid smjid nl @.v Q{mciiq Coeosij Q|s$ Bsc$" [nn{jii$ [ivocymb fy{{ids fo{fyos k{imji{v m{i yvic k QCQB sn s{oq liici{ k{imji{v sn q{i|ids cm`mei sn boli mdc i}yoq`ids nd e{nydc lmybsv$ Shivi fnvsv m{i fndvoci{mkb bnui{ mv fn`qm{ic sn o`qm{sic fnvs$ <$5

Qm{mbbib Nqi{msond

Shi ydosv uosh vhyds bnmc en|i{dn{ fmd ki nqi{msic od qm{mbbib m`ndevs shi`vib|iv mdc uosh e{oc yvode `mdymb vqiic fnds{nb (Qhmvi fnds{nb k S{mf/$ Ixm`qbi m{i vhnud od Loey{i < sn ? l{n` ; dn$ ;11 @U * ; Dn 911 @U ydosv$ SMKBI - ; Vvsi`

Fnvs

91 jU sh{ii qhmvi =11 jU sh{ii qhmvi

5$1

[v$ =91111 [v$ ;11111

EIDI[MSOND FNDS[NBBI[ LN[ ; X =111 jU (QO En|i{dn{/

M lybb mysn`msof coeosmbb fnds{nbbi{ lbnu fnds{nb eidi{msond fnds{nbbi{ civoedic ln{ ; x =111 jU E{oc fnddifsic V`mbb Hc{n Qnui{ Hnyvi od Diu Wimbmdc k QCQB ov vhnud od Loe$ 3$ Shi qnui{ hnyvi hmv hmv vodebi dnwwbi O`qybvi uhiib sy{kodi$ sy{kodi$ Dnwwbi vqim{v m{i nqi{msic  k ibifs{of mfsymsn{v$ Shov coeosmb en|i{dn{ fnds{nbv knsh shi ydosv mysn`msofmbb (Dnwwbi fnds{nb ln{ lbnu nl umsi{/ uosh umsi{ bi|ib fhmdeiv ln{ vqifolof qimj mdc nll qimj cys odfbycode mysn`msof vsm{sode mdc vsnqqode nl shi `mfhodiv$ Shi fnds{nbbi{ mbvn q{n|ociv eidi{msond vfhicybode mv qimj bnmc ln{ qimj bnmc nqso`ovmsond$ Shi fnds{nb kbnfj come{m` ov vhnud od Loe$ =1$ 8$1

QOC EN\I[DN[ 

LN[ BM[EI[ MDC @N[I O@QN[SMDS V@MBB H_C[NV m QOC lbnu fnds{nb en|i{dn{$ Shi QCQB QF kmvic en|i{dn{ ov fnds{nbbic k 6; kos @of{nq{nfivvn{$ Fn`qbisi eidi{msond fnds{nb uosh fyvsn`ovic vnlsum{i$ Mysn`msic q{iq{ne{m``ic `of{n fn`qysi{   kmvic vvsi` shms covqidviv uosh mbb shi fnds{nb lydfsondv {i}yo{ic { i}yo{ic k m hc{n qnui{ qbmds$ Shi lydfsondv odfbyci 7•

En|i{dn{ Vqiic fnds{nb

•

Mysn`msof vi}yidfode ln{ vsm{s yq mdc vhyscnud odfbycode vdfh{ndowode

•

Mysn`msof vi}yidfode ln{ i`i{eidf vhyscnud

•

Cmsm {ifn{code mdc {iqn{sode

•

Mbm{` idydfomsn{v

•

Lybb {i`nsi fnds{nb mdc `ndosn{ode

•

Fnds{nb |om si{`odmb jiknm{c

•

Umsi{ bi|ib fnds{nb

5-36

•

Lbixokbi m{fhosifsy{i

•

@ncybm{ fm{c vvsi`

•

@ncybm{ fm{c vvsi`

•

Mkobos sn fn``ydofmsi uosh nshi{ `of{nq{nfivvn{ kmvic i}yoq`ids

•

Mbm{` mdc vsmsyv bneeode

•

Cmsm bneeode ms yvi{ vibifsic odsi{|mbv

•

I|ids {ifn{code

•

Bodi q{nsifsond ‖ l{i}yidf mdc |nbsmei

•

Eidi{msn{ q{nsifsond ‖ |nbsmei" fy{{ids" {i|i{vi qnui{" colli{idsomb" bnvv nl loibc$

M sqofmb come{m` ov vhnud od Loe$ == mdc shi \$C$S$ vf{iid ov vhnud od Loe$ =; mdc vsm{s vsnq vodebi bodi ov vhnud od L oe$=6$ [ILI[IDFIV

=$

@odo Hc{n Qnui{ E{nyq (Iy{nqimd Fndvybsmdsv/" =??<$ Eyocibodiv ln{ shi civoed nl  fo|ob un{j mdc vibifsond nl i}yoq`ids ln{ YDCQ-EIL Hobb Hc{n Q{ngifs" Odcom$

;$

Bosi{msy{i vyqqboic k Q{mciiq Coeosij Q\S$ BSC$ Q$N$ Knx <5 [nn{jii ln{ Coeosmb En|i{dn{v$

6$

Shmqm{" N$C$ =??9$ Sifhdnbne ln{ ifndn`of ci|ibnq`ids:

3$

Shmqm{" [mjivh is$mb$" =?8< ‒@of{nq{nfivvn{ Fnds{nbbi{ ln{ m v`mbb hc{nibifs{of Vvsi`‐" O$I$I$

9$

Shmqm{" N$C$ =??<$ ‖ @of{nq{nfivvn{ fnds{nb ln{ `nci{dovode ixovsode hc{n vsmsondv$ Odvosysosond nl Ideodii{v (Odcom/ XOO Dmsondmb Fnd|idsond nl Ibifs{ofmb Ideodii{v" Fhmdcoem{eh$

<$

Shmqm{" N$C$ is$mb$"" =??5 ‖ Diu Ifndn`of V`mbb Hc{n Vvsi`$ Lo{vs Odsi{dmsondmb Fndli{idfi ‖ [idiumkbi Idi{e ‖ V`mbb Hc{n$ Hci{mkmc (Odcom/$

5$

‒OIII Eyoci ln{ Fnds{nb nl V`mbb Hc{nibifs{of Qbmdsv‐" MDVO.OIII Vsmdcm{c =1;1" M`i{ofmd Dmsondmb Vsmdcm{cv Odvsosysi (MDVO/.Odvsosysi nl Ibifs{ofmb mdc Ibifs{ndofv Ideodii{v (OIII/" =??1$

8$

‒OIII Eyoci ln{ Fnds{nb nl Hc{nibifs{of Qnui{qbmdsv"‐ MDVO.OIII Vsmdcm{c =1=1" MDVO.OIII" =??=$

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‒OIII [ifn``idcic Q{mfsofi ln{ Q{nsifsond mdc Fnn{codmsond nl Odcyvs{omb mdc Fn``i{fomb Qnui{ Vvsi`v"‐ MDVO.OIII Vsmdcm{c ;3;" MDVO.OIII" =?8<$

5-33

=1$

\mcm{o" Vyk{m`omd" Ciddov Hm{code" mdc Bm{{ Cnyehbmv" ‒Nqid Vvsi`v ln{ shi Ibifs{of Ysobos Odcyvs{7 Uhms" Uh" mdc Hnu>‐ OIII S{mdvmfsondv" Dn$ 1-5816=61=-=" =??6$

==$

‒Fn``ydofmsond Q{nsnfnbv"‐ OIII Sysn{omb Fny{vi ?9-SQ-=16" OIII Q{ivv" Diu _n{j" D_" Lik{ym{" =??9$

5-39

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5-91

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5$6

Q[NSIFSOND NL H_C[N VSMSONDV

5$6$=

Eidi{mb

Hc{n sy{kodi-eidi{msn{v vhnybc ki q{nsifsic memodvs `ifhmdofmb" ibifs{ofmb" hc{mybof" mdc shi{`mb cm`mei shms `m nffy{ mv m {ivybs nl mkdn{`mb fndcosondv od shi qbmds n{ od shi ysobos vvsi` sn uhofh shi qbmds ov ibifs{ofmbb fnddifsic$ Shi mkdn{`mb nqi{msode fndcosondv shms `m m{ovi vhnybc ki cisifsic mysn`msofmbb mdc fn{{ifso|i mfsond smjid od m so`ib lmvhond sn `odo`owi shi shi o`qmfs$ [ibmv (ysobowode ibifs{ofmb }ymdsosoiv/" si`qi{msy{i vidvn{v" q{ivvy{i n{ bo}yoc bi|ib vidvn{v" mdc `ifhmdofmb fndsmfsv nqi{msic k fids{olyemb ln{fi" isf$" `m ki ysobowic od shi cisifsond nl mkdn{`mb fndcosondv$ Shivi ci|ofiv od sy{d nqi{msi nshi{ ibifs{ofmb mdc `ifhmdofmb ci|ofiv sn ovnbmsi shi i}yoq`ids l{n` shi vvsi`$ Uhi{i q{ne{m``mkbi fnds{nbbi{v m{i q{n|ocic ln{ ydos fnds{nb" shi fmd mbvn qi{ln{` vn`i nl  shi civf{okic q{nsifso|i lydfsondv$ Nqi{msode q{nkbi`v uosh shi sy{kodi" eidi{msn{" n{ mvvnfomsic myxobom{ i}yoq`ids {i}yo{i md n{ci{b vhyscnud nl shi mllifsic ydos uhobi shi {i`modode eidi{msode ydosv (ol `n{i shmd ndi ov od shi qbmds/ fndsodyi sn nqi{msi$ nqi{msi$ Mbm{` odcofmsn{v fnybc ki yvic sn mc|ovi nqi{msode  qi{vnddib nl shi fhmdeic nqi{msode nqi{msode fndcosondv$ Bnvv nl odco|ocymb osi`v nl myxobom{ i}yoq`ids `m n{ `m dns ki f{osofmb sn shi n|i{mbb nqi{msond nl shi qbmds" ciqidcode yqnd shi ixsids nl {icydcmdf q{n|ocic od shi myxobom{ vvsi`v$ @md myxobom{ i}yoq`ids i}yoq`ids q{nkbi`v `m difivvosmsi bnvv nl eidi{msond ydsob shi mkdn{`mb fndcosond hmv kiid cisi{`odic mdc fn{{ifsic k nqi{msode n{ `modsidmdfi vsmll$ Shi sqi mdc ixsids nl shi q{nsifsond q{n|ocic uobb ciqidc yqnd `md fndvoci{msondv" vn`i nl uhofh m{i7 (=/ (;/ (6/ (3/ (9/ (
shi fmqmfos" dy`ki{" mdc sqi nl ydosv od shi qbmds: shi sqi nl qnui{ vvsi`: odsi{ fnddifsond uosh shi e{oc: `mdylmfsy{i{‟v {ifn``idcmsondv: i}yoq`ids fmqmkobosoiv: mdc fnds{nb bnfmsond mdc ixsids nl `ndosn{ode$

N|i{mbb" shnyeh" shi civoed nl shi q{nsifso|i vvsi`v mdc i}yoq`ids ov odsidcic sn cisifs mkdn{`mb fndcosondv }yofjb mdc ovnbmsi shi mllifsic i}yoq`ids mv {mqocb mv qnvvokbi" vn mv sn `odo`owi shi ixsids nl cm`mei mdc is {ismod shi `mxo`y` m`nyds nl i}yoq`ids od vi{|ofi$ V`mbb hc{nibifs{of qnui{ qbmdsv eidi{mbb fndsmod bivv fn`qbix vvsi`v shmd bm{ei vsmsondv" mdc shi{iln{i sidc sn {i}yo{i bivv q{nsifso|i i}yoq`ids$ Nd shi nshi{ hmdc" hmdc" shi |i{ v`mbb vsmsondv vhnybc ki sqofmbb ydmssidcic mdc ydci{ mysn`msof fnds{nb" mdc l{i}yidsb hm|i bossbi fnds{nb mdc cmsm `ndosn{ode `ndosn{ode ms md nll-vosi bnfmsond$ Shov e{imsi{ ovnbmsond sidcv sn odf{imvi shi  q{nsifsond ci`mdcv nl shi v`mbbi{ qbmdsv$ qbmdsv$

5-99

Md odhi{ids qm{s nl shi qnui{ qbmds q{nsifsond ov shi civoed nl shi mysn`msof fnds{nbv sn {ifnedowi mdc mfs nd mkdn{`mb fndcosondv fndcosondv n{ fnds{nb lmoby{iv lmoby{iv cy{ode vsm{syq$ Fbnvi fnn{codmsond nl shi ydos fnds{nbv mdc nshi{ q{nsifsond ov ivvidsomb$ 5$6$; Qnui{ Qbmds @ifhmdofmb @ifhmdofmb I}yoq`ids S{nykbiv S{nykbiv mdc Q{nsifso|i Q{nsifso|i Ci|ofiv sn Q{nsifs shi @mblydfsond m{i nysbodic kibnu7 5$6$;$= Sy{kodiv

Ixfivvo|i \ok{msond7 Kim{ode.vhmls |ok{msond |ok{msond cisifsn{v fndvovsode nl |ok{msond |ok{msond q{nkiv m{i  q{n|ocic nd eyoci kim{ode hnyvode nl sy{kodi mdc eidi{msn{ sn cisifs ixfivvo|i kim{ode mdc vhmls |ok{msond ln{ mbm{` mdc s{oqqode nl shi `mfhodi$ Kim{ode Q{nkbi`v7 Q{nkbi`v7 (m/ Si`qi{msy{i cisifsn{v m{i q{n|ocic sn cisifs ixfivvo|i kim{ode si`qi{msy{i ln{ odcofmsond" `ndosn{ode" mbm{` mdc s{oq mv lnbbnuv7 (o/ (oo/ (k/

Sy{kodi mdc Eidi{msn{ Kim{ode Vhibbv Kim{ode Nob [ivi{|no{  Kim{ode nob {ivi{|no{ bi|ib hoeh.bnu ov mbvn `ndosn{ic ln{ mbm{`$

N|i{-vqiic.Ydci{-vqiic7 N|i{-vqiic vuosfh mfso|msic mfso|msic `ifhmdofmbb k `imdv nl m fids{olyemb ci|ofi `nydsic nd sy{kodi vhmls ov q{n|ocic ln{ fnds{nb mdc q{nsifsond$ Vdfh{ndnyv-vqiic.ydci{-vqiic.n|i{-vqiic vuosfhiv ln{ fnds{nb mdc q{nsifsond m{i q{n|ocic  k ibifs{ofmbb mfsymsic vqiic {ibmv k fn`qm{ode fn`qm{ode shi vqiic voedmb sn m {ili{idfi voedmb$ voedmb$ Vqiic voedmb lmoby{i vhnybc odosomsi vhys cnud nl shi ydos mdc mddydfomsond$ Odvyllofoids Umsi{ Lbnu7 Umsi{ q{ivvy{i s{mdvcyfi{ od shi odsmji ov q{n|ocic ln{ ydos vsm{s yq odsi{bnfj mdc ydos vhys cnud ol {yddode$ Vhim{ Qod Lmoby{i7 Vhim{ qod lmoby{i uhobi uhobi fbnvode uofjis emsic ov mbm{`ic$ E{imvode vvsi` lmoby{i (ol mcnqsic/ vhnybc ki cisifsic mdc mbm{` odosomsic$ 5$6$;$; Hc{mybof Fnds{nb Vvsi`

Nob Q{ivvy{i Vvsi` ln{ Sy{kodi En|i{dode" Odbis |mb|i isf$.Bnu mffy`ybmsn{ nob bi|ib.Q{ivvy{i7 Q{ivvy{i mdc Bi|ib vuosfhiv m{i odvsmbbic sn mbm{`" kbnfj vsm{s yq n{ s{oq ydos mv difivvm{$ Ibifs{ofmb" Ibifs{ndof hc{mybof `mblydfsond od en|i{dode n{ emsi qnvosondode vvsi` m{i cisifsic ln{ mbm{`" fnds{nb mdc s{oqqode$ 5$6$;$6 Umsi{ Qmvvmei I}yoq`ids

Lmoby{i nl himc emsi n{ odbis |mb|iv7 |mb|iv7 Shivi m{i odsi{bnfjic sn kbnfj ydos ydos vsm{sode$ S{mvh {mfj kbnfjmei m{i cisifsic k lmbb od (himc {mfi" umsi{ bi|ib/

5-9<

Umsi{ Bi|ib Fnds{nb7 Bi|ib vidvn{ (himc {mfi mdc smob{mfi/ sn `ndosn{ mdc fnds{nb ydos mdc umsi{ bi|ib vuosfhiv m{i odvsmbbic sn mbm{`" kbnfj vsm{s yq n{ s{oq ol difivvm{$ 5$6$6

Ibifs{ofmb Q{nsifsond nl Hc{n Eidi{msn{

5$6$6$= Qnvvokbi Lmybsv

Mbb lmybsv mvvnfomsic uosh shi ydos `m ki fbmvvoloic mv ioshi{ odvybmsond lmoby{i n{ mkdn{`mb {yddode fndcosondv$ Md odvybmsond lmoby{i uobb {ivybs od ioshi{ md odsi{-sy{d lmybs" m qhmvi sn qhmvi n{ md im{sh lmybs"  kys `nvs fn``ndb shi bmssi{ vodfi `nvs odvybmsond lmoby{iv i|idsymbb k{ode shi uodcode odsn co{ifs fndsmfs uosh shi fn{i$ Shi mkdn{`mb {yddode fndcosondv sn ki q{nsifsic memodvs fn`q{ovi7m$  k$ f$ c$ i$ l$ e$ h$

N|i{bnmcode Bnvv nl ixfosmsond Ydkmbmdfic bnmcode Byk{ofmsond nob lmoby{i Lmoby{i nl q{o`i `n|i{  N|i{vqiicode [nsn{ covqbmfi`ids Ixfivvo|i |ok{msond

Vsmsn{ Lmybsv

K{imj cnud nl uodcode odvybmsond `m {ivybs od md nl shi lnbbnuode sqiv nl lmybsv7 (m/ Im{sh lmybsv" (k/ Qhmvi lmybsv

(f/

Odsi{-sy{d lmybsv

Nshi{ lmybsv n{oeodmsode l{n` cilifso|i gnodsv n{ odmci}ymsi n{ cilifso|i nl idc sy{dv n{  si{`odmbv uobb ol ydcisifsic" {imfh m vsmei uhi{i shi{i ov m k{imj cnud nl odvybmsond$ M lmybs sn im{sh ov bomkbi sn ki fmyvic k m{fode sn shi fn{i mdc `m dns ndb cm`mei shi fndcyfsn{ kys mbvn fmyvi ky{dode mdc uibcode nl shi bm`odmsondv$ Sn bo`os shov cm`mei os ov mb`nvs ydo|i{vmb q{mfsofi sn fnddifs o`qicmdfi n{ md im{shode {ivovsmdfi kisuiid shi eidi{msn{ uodcode diys{mb mdc shi im{sh$ Q{mfsofi |m{oiv nd shi `ishnc mcnqsic ln{ im{shode mdc shi o`qicmdfi yvic$ Qhmvi sn qhmvi n{ sh{ii-qhmvi vhn{s fo{fyos m{i dns bo`osic k shi im{shode o`qicmdfi$ [nsn{ lmybsv

Shi loibc vvsi` ov dns dn{`mbb fnddifsic sn im{sh" vn md im{sh lmybs cniv dns eo|i {ovi sn md lmybs fy{{ids mdc ov shyv dns od osvibl m cmdei{$ Ol m vifndc im{sh lmybs ci|ibnqv shid" hnui|i{" m qn{sond nl shi loibc uodcode `m ki vhn{s fo{fyosic" {ivybsode od md ydkmbmdfic `medisof  qybb nd shi kim{ode fmyvode {nsn{ |ok{msond mdc fndvi}yids lmoby{i nl kim{ode vy{lmfi n{ i|id covqbmfi`ids nl shi {nsn{ vyllofoids sn kidc shi vhmls$ Od mccosond sn shov `ifhmdofmb s{nykbi" shi{i ov m qnvvokobos nl n|i{himsode nl loibc uodcode cyi sn shi mysn`msof |nbsmei {ieybmsn{ 

5-95

mfsond uhofh `m s{ sn `modsmod shi {nsn{ lbyx odvqosi nl shi bnvv nl sy{dv shms hm|i kiid vhn{s fo{fyosic k shi cnykbi im{sh lmybs$ Bnvv nl Ixfosmsond

Lmoby{i nl CF ixfosmsond fmyviv shi `mfhodi sn {yd mv md odcyfsond eidi{msn{" shi vsmsn{  c{muode `medisowode fy{{idsv l{n` shi Mf vvsi`$ Cyi sn vmboidf" dn{`mb hc{n eidi{msn{v `m fm{{ ;1-;9) nl dn{`mb bnmc uoshnys loibc mdc dns bnvi vdfh{ndov`$ Bnvv nl loibc uhid m hc{n eidi{msn{ ov fm{{ode lybb bnmc `m fmyvi n|i{ bnmcode nl shi vsmsn{ k nqi{msode ms bnu qnui{ lmfsn{" mdc nl n|i{ himsode shi {nsn{ nuode sn odcyfic fy{{idsv od shi {nsn{ knc mdc cm`qi{ uodcodev$ Shi ydos uobb o`qnvi \M[ c{mod nd shi vvsi`$ Ydkmbmdfic Bnmcode

Md ydkmbmdfic bnmc fmd ki {ivnb|ic odsn qnvoso|i" diemso|i mdc wi{n vi}yidfi fn`qndidsv$ Shi qnvoso|i vi}yidfi fn`qndids ov vo`obm{ sn shi dn{`mb kmbmdfic bnmc" shi diemso|i vi}yidfi fn`qndids ov vo`obm{ ixfiqs shms shi {ivybsmds {imfsond loibc {nsmsiv fnydsi{ sn shi C F loibc vvsi` mdc q{ncyfiv m lbyx uhofh fysv shi {nsn{ ms suofi shi {nsmsondmb |ibnfos$ Shi cnykbi l{i}yidf icc fy{{idsv shyv odcyfic od shi {nsn{ m{i bomkbi sn fmyvi himsode nl shi {nsn{$ Umsi{ uhiib eidi{msn{v hm|i m bnu {nsmsondmb |ibnfos mdc shyv shi himsode od shi {nsn{  fmyvic k v`mbb icc fy{{idsv ov eidi{mbb nl bivv q{mfsofmb voedolofmdfi$ Os ov ndb q{n|ocic mv m kmfj yq q{nsifsond$ N|i{ \nbsmei

Umsi{ uhiib eidi{msn{v hm|i m hoeh n|i{ vqiic lmfsn{ mdc shi q{n|ovond nl n|i{ |nbsmei  q{nsifsond ov `nvs civo{mkbi vn shms s hms odvybmsond ov dns cm`meic$ Shov q{nsifsond mbvn vi{|iv sn m|noc cm`mei ol shi |nbsmei {ieybmsn{ vvsi` lmobv sn nqi{msi fn{{ifsb$ Shi qnsidsomb cmdei{  nl vyfh lmoby{i fmddns ki oedn{ic uosh shi hoeh vqiic mdc hoeh {mdei nl `nci{d {ieybmsn{v" civoedic sn `iis bnde covsmdfi s{mdv`ovvond vsmkobos {i}yo{i`idsv$ Vvsi` L{i}yidf Vuode

Bm{ei hc{n eidi{msn{ fnddifsic sn IH\ qnui{ vvsi` vn`i so`iv bimcv sn vi|i{i vvsi` l{i}yidf vuodev kifmyvi nl shi fn`qbixos nl `nci{d IH\ qnui{ vvsi`$ Shov `m fmyvi eidi{msn{ sn en nys nl vsiq$ 5$6$6$; Shi{`mb Q{nsifsond

(o/

(oo/

N|i{himsode nl eidi{msn{ vsmsn{ uodcode mdc fn{i cyi sn n|i{ bnmcode" lmoby{i nl  `mfhodi fnnbode vvsi` n{ vsmsn{ bm`odmsond vhn{s fo{fyos ov cisifsic k si`qi{msy{i vidvn{v i`kiccic ms |m{onyv qnodsv od vsmsn{ uodcode$ Si`qi{msy{i vidvn{v ln{ q{nsifsond nl eidi{msn{ vsmsn{ uodcode fndsodynyvb `ndosn{  si`qi{msy{i nl shi vsmsn{ uodcode$ Shi vidvn{v m{i dn{`mbb fnddifsic sn cmsm mf}yovosond vvsi` ln{ vfmddode" {ifn{code mdc mbm{` mdc s{oqqode ln{ mkdn{`mb si`qi{msy{i {ovi ol difivvm{$ Lmoby{i nl Fnnbode Bm{ei hc{n eidi{msn{v m{i q{n|ocic fbnvi fo{fyos mo{-fnnbode vvsi` uosh mo{.umsi{ fnnbi{ nd shi vsmsn{ l{m`i$ Lmoby{i nl shi fnnbode vvsi` fmd {ivybs od {mqoc cisi{on{msond nl shi vsmsn{ fn{i bm`odmsond odvybmsond mdc n{ vsmsn{ uodcode

5-98

fndcyfsn{ mdc odvybmsond$ Fnnbode mo{ si`qi{msy{i" fnnbode umsi{ vyqqb q{ivvy{i mdc si`qi{msy{i ln{ imfh fnnbi{ ov `ndosn{ic ln{ mbm{` mdc s{oq nl shi `mfhodi ln{  mkdn{`mb fndcosondv$ 5$6$6$6 Vsmsn{ Qhmvi Lmybsv Q{nsifsond

Eidi{msn{ vsmsn{ lmybsv fmd fmyvi vi|i{i mdc fnvsb cm`mei sn odvybmsond" uodcodev mdc shi fn{i mdc fmd q{ncyfi sn{vondmb vhnfjv sn vhmls mdc fnyqbode$ Shi lmybs fy{{ids cniv dns fimvi sn lbnu uhid shi eidi{msn{ FKv ov s{oqqic l{n` shi vvsi` mdc loibc ov covfnddifsic$ Mffn{codeb hoeh vqiic q{nsifsond ov {i}yo{ic sn s{oq mdc vhys cnud shi `mfhodi mv }yofjb mv qnvvokbi sn `odo`owi cm`mei$ Hoeh vqiic colli{idsomb {ibmode ov yvic ln{ qhmvi lmybs q{nsifsond nl eidi{msn{ vsmsn{ uodcodev$ Os mfsv k fn`qm{ode shi fy{{ids `medosyci ms shi sun idcv nl m qhmvi uodcode od osv `nvs fn``nd ln{` loe$ 5$6$6$6$=

Loe$ 5$6$6$6$= Qi{fidsmei Komvic Colli{idsomb Q{nsifsond

Ln{ ydos fnddifsic eidi{msn{ s{mdvln{`i{ kmfj yq q{nsifsond ov q{n|ocic k md n|i{mbb eidi{msn{ s{mdvln{`i{ lmybs$ Colli{idsomb {ibm uosh m fnm{vi{ fnm{vi{ vissode sn smji fm{i nl s{mdvln{`i{ `medisode `medisode mdc od{yvh fy{{idsv$ Loey{i 5$6$6$6$;

5-9?

85E

EIDI[MSN[ COLLI[IDSOMB [IBM_

85ES

EIDI[MSN[ S[MDVLN[@I[ COLLI[IDSOMB [IBM_

85SB

EID$ S[MDV$ COLLI[IDSOMB [IBM_

85MS

MYXOBOM[_ S[MDVLN[@I[ COLLI[IDSOMB [IBM_

85SB

85ES

YMS YMS 911j\M ==j\.3=9\ 85MS 85E

E

=<9@U" ==j\"1$?9QL

Loe$ 5$6$6$6$; Cihm{ Qnui{ qbmds eidi{msn{ qhmvi lmybs" kmfj yq n|i{mbb colli{idsomb: odsi{bodjode bodi colli{idsomb mdc myxobom{ s{mdvln{`i{ colli{idsomb

5-<1

5$6$6$3 EIDI[MSN[ E[NYDCODE MDC VSMSN[ IM[SH LMYBS Q[NSIFSOND

Q{nsifso|i vfhi`iv sn ki q{n|ocic ln{ vsmsn{ e{nydc lmybs q{nsifsond ov co{ifsb {ibmsic sn hnu shi eidi{msn{ ov e{nydcic mdc shi{iln{i sn shi `medosyci nl shi e{nydc lmybs fy{{ids m|mobmkbi$ Shi mvqifsv nl shi q{nkbi` shms `yvs ki smjid odsn mffnyds od m fndvoci{msond nl shi diys{mb im{shode nl ydos fnddifsic eidi{msn{v mdc q{n|ocode im{sh lmybs q{nsifsond m{i7 (m/ (k/ (f/ (c/ (i/ (l/ (e/

Nqi{msondmb mc|mdsmeiv Cm`meiv ms shi qnods nl lmybs Vyvsmodic n{ s{mdvoids n|i{-|nbsmeiv [ibmode Shi{`mb {msode Q{nsifsond memodvs n|i{-|nbsmeiv Fnvs

Eidi{msn{ mdc bnu qhmvi uodcode nl shi qnui{ s{mdvln{`i{ ov dns co{ifsb fnddifsic sn shi vvsi` mdc mv vyfh ov yvymbb im{shic sh{nyeh m `yfh hoehi{ o`qicmdfi shmd uhid shi eidi{msn{ ov fnddifsic co{ifs sn shi vvsi`$ Vodfi shi m|mobmkbi e{nydc lmybs `m ki v`mbb n{  bo`osic sn bnu |mbyiv" os ov fn``nd q{mfsofi sn q{n|oci viqm{msi vidvoso|i e{nydc lmybs  q{nsifsond ln{ eidi{msn{v ciqidcode yqnd eidi{msn{ e{nydcode `ishnc uhofh `m vyqqbi`ids uhmsi|i{ q{nsifsond shms `m ki q{n|ocic k colli{idsomb {ibmode$ Bnu [ivovsmdfi Im{shode

Od shov vfhi`i shi eidi{msn{ diys{mb ov im{shic sh{nyeh m vyosmkbi {ivovsmdfi nl mknys =1 vifndcv {msode$ M vissode nl 9) n{ bivv nl shi {msic fy{{ids nl shi eidi{msn{ k `imdv nl m fy{{ids nqi{msic {ibm uosh od|i{vi so`i fhm{mfsi{ovsofv ov eidi{mbb i`qbnic$ Od shov fmvi {ovj nl cmdei{nyv n|i{-|nbsmei ov ibo`odmsic ln{ mbb q{mfsofmb qy{qnviv kys os kifn`iv ivv idsomb sn s{oq shi eidi{msn{ mv }yofjb mv qnvvokbi mlsi{ shi nffy{{idfi nl md im{sh lmybs$ Lmybs fy{{ids ov bo`osic sn ;11-611 m`qi{iv$ Od Y$ V$ q{mfsofi mv qi{ OIII F 65 ‖ =1; od bnu {ivovsmdfi e{nydcode shi e{nydcode {ivovsn{ ov vibifsic sn bo`os shi eidi{msn{v fnds{okysond sn m vodebi  qhmvi sn e{nydc ms osv si{`odmbv sn |mbyi od shi {mdei nl ;11 M yqsn =91) nl {msic lybb bnmc fy{{ids$ Shi `ishnc nl e{nydcode ov {ifn``idcic ln{ eidi{msn{ co{ifsb fnddifsic sn vsmsond  kyv$

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Uhid shi vsmsn{ diys{mb ov im{shic sh{nyeh m {ivovsn{" m F$S$ ov `nydsic od shi eidi{msn{  diys{mb mdc fnddifsic sn md od|i{vi so`i {ibm mv vhnud od loey{i 6$6$3$=$ Od shov fmvi shi od|i{vi so`i {ibm uobb {i}yo{i e{mcode uosh nshi{ im{sh lmybs {ibmv od shi vvsi`$ Uosh {ivovsn{ im{shode os ov o`qnvvokbi sn q{nsifs =11) nl shi vsmsn{ uodcode shi qi{fidsmei nl  uodcode q{nsifsic kiode ciqidcids nd shi |mbyi nl shi diys{mb im{shode {ivovsn{ mdc shi {ibm vissode$ [icyfode shi lmybs vissode n{ odf{imvode shi fy{{ids qmvvic sh{nyeh shi diys{mb im{shode {ivovsn{ cniv dns eo|i q{nqn{sondmsi o`q{n|i`idsv od shi m`nyds nl uodcode  q{nsifsic$ Ln{ ixm`qbi" uosh m =11) lybb bnmc {ivovsn{ mdc m ;1) vissode" 81) nl shi uodcode ov q{nsifsic$ Cnykbode shi {ivovsn{ {msode n{ hmb|ode shi vissode ndb odf{imvi shi m`nyds nl  uodcode q{nsifsic k =1)$ COVS[OKYSOND S[MDVLN[@I[ (Hoeh [ivovsmdfi/ IM[SHODE

Shov ov shi `nvs fn``ndb yvic vfhi`i ln{ im{shode nl eidi{msn{v dns co{ifsb fnddifsic sn shi vvsi`$ Shov vfhi`i fndvovsv nl im{shode" shi eidi{msn{" eidi{msn{" fnddifsode bimcv mdc mdc bnu qhmvi uodcode nl shi qnui{ s{mdvln{`i{ sh{nyeh m v`mbb covs{okysond s{mdvln{`i{ bnmcic uosh m {ivovsn{ nd osv vifndcm{ voci$ Shov `ishnc ov m fn`q{n`ovi kisuiid shi \$ S$ mdc {ivovsmdfi `ishnc nl im{shode mdc os fn`kodiv shio{ mc|mdsmeiv mdc covmc|mdsmeiv$ Shi q{nsifsond  q{n|ocic fndvovsv od fnddifsode m |nbsmei {ibm od qm{mbbib n{ m fy{{ids {ibm od vi{oiv uosh {ivovsn{ (Vii loey{i 5$6$6$3$;/ vn mv sn vnydc md mbm{` n{ sn s{oq$ M fn`kodmsond nl vidvoso|i mbm{` mdc fnm{vi{ vissode nl mbm{` mdc so`i cibm s{oq m{i mbvn yvic$ Shi bmssi{ eo|iv so`i sn s{mdvli{ shi bnmc sn mdnshi{ `mfhodi ms shi hmwm{c nl nqi{msode uosh m lmybs nd ndi qhmvi$ Shi `mxo`y` im{sh lmybs fy{{ids ov cisi{`odic k shi vowi nl shi s{mdvln{`i{ mdc shi bnmcode {ivovsn{ [$ Nqso`y` bnmcode ov uhid shi qnui{ covvoqmsic od shi {ivovsn{ i}ymbv shi fmqmfoso|i bivv od shi eidi{msn{ vvsi`$ Ms shov qnods shi s{mdvoids n|i{ |nbsmeiv qnvvokbi m{i ms m  q{mfsofmb `odo`y`$ Odf{imvode shi qnui{ covvoqmsond od shi {ivovsn{ kindc shov qnods odf{imviv shi idi{e od shi lmybs m{f mdc shi{iln{i shi cie{ii nl cm`mei$ Q{o`m{ |nbsmei {msode nl shi covs{okysond s{mdvln{`i{ ov {i}yo{ic sn ki i}ymb sn ki eidi{msn{ sn diys{mb |nbsmei mdc shi q{mfsofiv ov sn jiiq os {msic eidi{msn{ qhmvi sn qhmvi |nbsmei$ Shi vifndcm{ uodcode ==1.;;1 |nbsv$ Shi vifndcm{ {ivovsn{ ov vibifsic vn shms ln{ m vodebi qhmvi sn e{nydc lmybs ms shi eidi{msn{ si{`odmb" shi qnui{ covvoqmsic od shi {ivovsn{ ov i}ymb sn n{ e{imsi{ shmd sh{ii so`i shi wi{n vi}yidfi fmqmfoso|i j\M sn e{nydc nl shi eidi{msn{ uodcode mdc mbb nshi{  i}yoq`ids shms `m ki fnddifsic sn `mfhodi si{`odmbv$ Shov `ishnc ov fndvoci{ic hoeh {ivovsmdfi e{nydcode$ [IBM_

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6 Vodfi shi q{nsifso|i {ibm ov m{{mdeic sn vhys cnud shi vis fn`qbisib yqnd shi fndfy{{idfi nl m vsmsn{ im{sh lmybs" shi covs{okysond s{mdvln{`i{ mdc bnmcode {ivovsn{ diic dns ki fndsodynyvb {msic" m ndi `odysi n{ 61 vifndcv {msode kiode mci}ymsi$ Ln{ eidi{msn{v co{ifsb fnddifsic sn shi vvsi` m{i eidi{mbb im{shic sh{nyeh m {ivovsmdfi vn shms wi{n vi}yidfi lmybsv fy{{ids m{i e{imsi{ shmd qhmvi sn qhmvi lmybsv$ Shi q{nsifsond ov fnddifsic ln{ mbm{` mdc s{oq$ 5$6$6$9 [nsn{ Lmybsv

Shi loibc vvsi` ov dns dn{`mbb fnddifsic sn im{sh" vn md im{sh lmybs cniv dns eo|i {ovi sn md lmybs fy{{ids mdc ov shyv dns od osvibl m cmdei{$ Ol m vifndc im{sh lmybs ci|ibnqv shid" hnui|i{" m qn{sond nl shi loibc uodcode `m ki vhn{s fo{fyosic" {ivybsode od md ydkmbmdfic `medisof  qybb nd shi kim{ode fmyvode {nsn{ |ok{msond mdc fndvi}yids lmoby{i nl kim{ode vy{lmfi n{ i|id covqbmfi`ids nl shi {nsn{ vyllofoids sn kidc shi vhmls$ Od mccosond sn shov `ifhmdofmb s{nykbi" shi{i ov m qnvvokobos nl n|i{himsode nl loibc uodcode cyi sn shi mysn`msof |nbsmei {ieybmsn{  mfsond" uhofh `m s{ sn `modsmod shi {nsn{ lbyx odvqosi nl shi bnvv nl sy{dv shms hm|i kiid vhn{s fo{fyosic k shi cnykbi im{sh lmybs$

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5$6$6$5 Ydkmbmdfic Bnmcode

 Diemso|i vi}yidfi fy{{idsv {ivybs od himsode nl shi {nsn{" shi{iln{i" shi m`nyds nl diemso|i vi}yidfi fy{{ids ixovsode ln{ md mqqbofmkbi so`i `yvs ki vs{ofsb bo`osic$ Shov mqqboiv `n{i sn vsim` eidi{msn{v uosh fbodc{ofmb {nsn{v {mshi{ shmd sn hc{n-eidi{msn{v nl shi vmboids qnbi sqi" vodfi" od shi bmssi{ fmvi" shi cm`qi{ uodcode q{n|oci m qmsh ln{ shi cnykbi l{i}yidf fy{{idsv$ Odsi{dmb vsmsn{ lmybsv m{i fbim{ic odvsmdsmdinyvb k shi colli{idsomb q{nsifsond kys ixsi{dmb lmybsv n{ ydkmbmdfi {ivybsode l{n` md nqid fo{fyos `m {i`mod ydcisifsic n{ qi{vovs ln{ m voedolofmds qi{onc ciqidcode nd shi q{nsifsond fn-n{codmsond nl shi vvsi`$ Os ov shi{iln{i" difivvm{ sn odvsmbb m diemso|i qhmvi vi}yidfi {ibm uosh m fhm{mfsi{ovsofv sn `msfh shi uoshvsmdc fy{|i nl shi `mfhodi$ M q{mfsofiv ov sn q{n|oci q{nsifsond ln{ shi eidi{msn{ ln{  ixsi{dmb ydkmbmdfic fndcosond shms `oehs cm`mei shi `mfhodi$ Shi q{nsifsond fndvovs nl m so`i n|i{ fy{{ids {ibm uhofh ov {ivqndvo|i sn diemso|i vi}yidfi fy{{ids mv vhnud od loe$ 5$6$6$5$ Shi {ibm ov m{{mdeic sn s{oq shi `mod eidi{msn{ fo{fyos k{imji{ mdc eo|i md mbm{`$

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5$6$6$8 N|i{-|nbsmei

Bnmc {igifsond od hc{n eidi{msn{v `m fmyvi vqiic {ovi sn {imfh ;11) nl dn{`mb mdc fmyvi m  q{nqn{sondmb {ovi od |nbsmei ol mysn`msof mysn`msof |nbsmei {ifio|ode idc k{imji{ nl bnde bnde odsi{fnddifsode s{mdv`ovvond bodi ov s{oqqic" shi ydfn{qn{msic fmqmfosmdfi nl shi bodi uobb ly{shi{ odf{imvi shi |nbsmei$ M Cihm{ qnui{ qmbds nl Kimv Vmsbyg bodj q{ngifs fn`qysi{ vsycoiv odcofmsic shms s{oqqode nl 311 j\ ki ms {ifio|ode idc {ivybsic od =51) |nbsmei {ovi$ Q{nsifsond ln{ eidi{msn{ n|i{-|nbsmei ov q{n|ocic k l{i}yidf odvidvoso|i n|i{-|nbsmei {ibm$ Os vhnybc hm|i knsh odvsmdsmdinyv mdc so`i cibm ydosv uosh od|i{vi so`i fhm{mfsi{ovsofv$ Odvsmdsmdinyv od|i{vi so`i vsiq yq sn mknys =91) uhobi od|i{vi so`i `m ki vis sn qiij yq ==1) nl dn{`mb |nbsmeiv$ Shi q{nsifsond vhnybc ki vis sn s{oq `mod eidi{msn{ k{imji{ mdc loibc k{imji{$ 5$6$6$? Kmfj yq N|i{ Fy{{ids Q{nsifsond

Kmfj-yq n|i{ fy{{ids q{nsifsond `m ki q{n|ocic sn eidi{msn{ ioshi{ (o/ mv vsmdck q{nsifsond memodvs lmybsv od shi disun{j n{ (oo/ mv m vmlieym{c memodvs lmoby{i nl shi eidi{msn{ ydos  q{nsifsond$ Od fnddifsond uosh shi lo{vs fmvi" shi }yivsond nl vissode `yvs ki fm{ilybb fndvoci{ic mdc shi {mqoc cif{i`ids nl lmybs fy{{ids lic k shi eidi{msn{ `yvs ki smjid odsn mffnyds$ Os ov o`qn{smds shms shi eidi{msn{ ov dns s{oqqic mv m {ivybs nl vvsi` lmybsv i|id sh{nyeh shi eidi{msn{ ov nqi{msode ydci{ osv `mxo`y` ixfosmsond fndcosond mdc shi {ibm vissode `yvs ki fhnvid sn covf{o`odmsi uosh shi nysenode fo{fyos q{nsifsond$ Shi `mod mo` ov sn q{n|oci m  kmfj-yq q{nsifsond mdc shi n|i{ fy{{ids {ibmv m{i vis" dns vn `yfh uosh shi odsidvond nl  s{oqqode ydci{ sh{nyeh lmybsv kys {mshi{ sn eym{c memodvs lmybs fy{{idsv lic kmfj l{n` shi vvsi` yqnd shi nffy{{idfi nl md od wndi lmybs$ Vn os ov `nvs yvymbb q{n|ocic uosh m |nbsmei {ivovsmdfi mdc od|i{vi so`i cibm limsy{iv vn shms s{oqqode nffy{v ndb od fmvi shi{i ov m lmbb od shi eidi{msn{$ Od shi vifndc yvi" shi n|i{ fy{{ids {ibm vi{|iv mv m |i{ yvilyb vsmdck vvsi` nl q{nsifsond ln{ vyfh qi{oncv mv ln{ ixm`qbi" uhid shi colli{idsomb q{nsifsond ov kiode sivsic ms uhofh so`i shi n|i{fy{{ids vissodev fmd ki |m{oic ms covf{isond sn vyos shi si`qn{m{ fndcosond$ Kmfj-yq fy{{ids q{nsifsond hmv kiid q{n|ocic ln{ knsh Khmj{m Bils mdc [oehs Ydosv mdc Kimv  q{ngifs$ Uosh shi mc|ids nl `nci{d vsmsof }yofj {ivqndvi sqi mysn`msof |nbsmei {ieybmsn{v fnds{nbbode bm{ei {ivi{|iv nl ixfosmsond qnui{" shi eidi{msn{ fo{fyos cif{i`ids od lmybs fndcosond ov cibmic mdc vn shms n|i{-fy{{ids.so`iv vissodev fmd ki fhnvid mv sn eo|i kmfj yq fn|i{ memodvs sh{nyeh lmybs fndcosondv mv uibb$ Od vyfh fmviv" hnui|i{" qnvvokbi {ieybmsn{ ov nys nl fo{fyos ln{ `modsidmdfi$ M sqofmb Eidi{msn{ q{nsifsond vodebi bodi come{m` ov vhnud od loe$ 5$6$6$?$

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Shi m{f `m cm`mei shi `mgn{ odvybmsond mdc shi vifndc uodcode" n{ ixfivv fy{{ids `m cm`mei k himsode qm{sv n{ uodcode uhofh fnybc nshi{uovi ki yvic memod$

oo/

Q{nbndeic m{fode ydci{ nob `m covodsie{msi os odsn emviv uhofh `m ln{` md ixqbnvo|i `oxsy{i ms shi snq nl nl shi s{mdvln{`i{$ Shov `m ki oedosic k m sod sod vqm{j  mdc fmyvi m vi|i{i ixqbnvond$ Shi vqiic nl fbim{mdfi vhnybc ki vyllofoidsb lmvs shms shi so`i nl md odsi{dmb lmybs fmyvode m vi{onyv covsy{kmdfi uobb dns fndlbofs uosh shi so`ode nd md bodi n{ kmfjyq q{nsifsond$ Shi vqiic nl fbim{mdfi vhnybc ki vyllofoidsb lmvs shms shi so`i nl md odsi{dmb lmybs fmyvode m vi{onyv covsy{kmdfi uobb dns fndlbofs uosh shi so`ode nd md bodi n{ kmfjyq q{nsifsond$ Shi fy{{ids s{mdvln{`i{v nd shi |m{onyv vociv nl shi s{mdvln{`i{ wndi vhnybc ki vyfh {mson shms ln{ himbsh wndi shi vy` nl shi odfn`ode mdc nysenode ov wi{n$ Shov {i}yo{iv shms shi fy{{ids s{mdvln{`i{ {mson ln{ imfh |nbsmei {msode nl shi s{mdvln{`i{ kmdj vhnybc ki od|i{vib q{nqn{sondmb sn shi |nbsmei$ Uhi{i m|mobmkbi fy{{ids s{mdvln{`i{v cn dns vmsovl shov {i}yo{i`idsv" mysn s{mdvln{`i{v od shi vifndcm{ fo{fyos fmd ki yvic sn s n nksmod m q{nqi{ kmbmdfi$ Ln{ m vsm{-cibsm s{mdvln{`i{ kmdj" shi fy{{ids s{mdvln{`i{v nd shi vsm{ voci `yvs ki fnddifsic od cibsm mdc shnvi nd shi cibsm voci od vsm{" vodfi nd vsm{ voci shi fy{{ids s{mdvln{`i{v m{i od shi ‒bie‐ mdc nd cibsm voci shi m{i od ‒bodi‐$ Loe$ 6$= vhnuv shi fnddifsondv ln{ m colli{idsomb m vsm{ vs m{ cibsm s{mdvln{`i{ kmdj$

5$6$3$= Q{nsifsond vfhi`i {ifn``idcic k Fids{mb Knm{c nl o{{oemsond mdc Qnui{ (FKO , Q @mdymb nd s{mdvln{`i{ =?85/ ln{ s{mdvln{`i{v" odsi{bodjode s{mdvln{`i{v isf$ ov mv lnbbnuv7 M$

Eidi{msn{ s{mdvln{`i{v ln{ =39 fbmvv: ;39 fbmvv mdc 3;1 j\ fbmvv s{mdvln{`i{v o/ oo/ ooo/ o|/ |/

N|i{mbb colli{idsomb fy{{ids {ibm fn|i{ode eidi{msn{ wndi mbvn od mccosond sn s{mdvln{`i{ colli{idsomb q{nsifsond$ [ivs{ofsic im{sh lmybs {ibm nd H\ voci N|i{-lbyx {ibm  Diys{mb n|i{-fy{{ids {ibm memodvs memodvs vyvsmodic ixsi{dmb vvsi` im{sh lmybsv Kyfhhnbw {ibm uosh mbm{` mdc s{oq fndsmfsv$

5-
|o/ |oo/ |ooo/ ox/ x/ xo/ xoo/ K

Nob si`qi{msy{i odcofmsn{ uosh mbm{` mdc s{oq fndsmfsv Uodcode si`qi{msy{i odcofmsn{ uosh mbm{` mdc s{oq fndsmfs @medisof nob emyei uosh bnu bi|ib mbm{` fndsmfsv Boehsdode m{{ivsn{v nd H\ voci (uhid bnfmsic nyscnn{v/ Q{ivvy{i {ibimvi ci|ofi uosh s{oq fndsmfsv ln{ s{mdvln{`i{v {msic =11 @\M mdc mkn|i Nob lbnu odcofmsn{ uosh ndi fndsmfs ln{ mbm{` (ol mqqbofmkbi/ Umsi{ lbnu odcofmsn{ uosh ndi fndsmfs ln{ mbm{` (ol mqqbofmkbi/

=39 j\ mdc ;39 j\ fbmvv Odsi{bodjode Mysn S{mdvln{`i{v o/ oo/ ooo/ o|/ |/ |o/ |oo/ |ooo/ ox/ x/ xo/ xoo/

Hoeh vqiic colli{idsomb {ibm uosh hm{`ndof {ivs{mods limsy{i$ [ivs{ofsic im{sh lmybs {ibm Kmfj yq n|i{ fy{{ids mdc im{sh {ibm nd knsh q{o`m{ mdc vifndcm{ vociv$ [ivs{ofsic im{sh lmybs {ibm N|i{ lbyx {ibm Nob si`qi{msy{i odcofmsn{ uosh mbm{` mdc s{oq fndsmfs$ Kyfhhnbw {ibm uosh mbm{` mdc s{oq fndsmfs Uodcode si`qi{msy{i odcofmsn{ uosh sh{ii visv nl fndsmfsv ln{ mbm{`" s{oq mdc fnds{nb nl lmdv (NDMD.NDML/ mdc lny{ visv nl fndsmfsv (NDMD.NDML/$ @medisof nob emyei uosh bnu bi|ib mbm{` fndsmfsv Nob vy{ei q{nsifsond ln{ NBSF co|i{si{ smdj uosh s{oq fndsmfs Boehsdode m{{ivsn{v nd knsh q{o`m{ mdc vifndcm{ vociv uhid shi s{mdvln{`i{ ov bnfmsic nyscnn{v mdc ov fnddifsic sn n|i{himc bodiv$ Q{ivvy{i {ibimvi ci|ofi uosh s{oq fndsmfs ln{ s{mdvln{`i{ {msic =11 @\M mdc mkn|i

F$ 5;$9 j\ Fbmvv Qnui{ S{mdvln{`i{v o/ oo/ ooo/ o|/ |/ |o/ |oo/ |ooo/ ox/ x/ xo/ xoo/

Qi{fidsmei komvic colli{idsomb {ibm (uoshnys hm{`ndof {ivs{mods/ ln{ qnui{  s{mdvln{`i{ yq sn =11 @\M$ Hoeh vqiic colli{idsomb {ibm uosh hm{`ndof {ivs{mods limsy{i / ln{ qnui{  s{mdvln{`i{ nl fmqmfosoiv mkn|i =11 @\M Kmfj yq n|i{ fy{{ids {ibm nd q{o`m{ v oci Kmfj yq n|i{ fy{{ids mdc im{sh lmybs { ibm nd shi vifndcm{ voci Nob si`qi{msy{i odcofmsn{ uosh mbm{` mdc s{oq fndsmfs$ Kyfhhnbw {ibm uosh mbm{` mdc s{oq fndsmfs Uodcode si`qi{msy{i odcofmsn{ uosh mbm{` mdc s{oq fndsmfs$ (Ln{ s{mdvln{`i{  hm|ode fmqmfos yqsn =1 @\M/ Uodcode si`iq{smy{i odcofmsn{ uosh sh{ii fndsmfsv ndi imfh ln{ mbm{`" s{oq mdc fnds{nb nl lmdv (ln{ s{mdvln{`i{ hm|ode fmqmfosoiv mkn|i =1 @\M/ @medisof nob emyei uosh bnu bi|ib mbm{` fndsmfsv Boehsdode m{{ivsn{v nd knsh q{o`m{ mdc vifndcm{ vociv uhid shi s{mdvln{`i{ ov bnfmsic nyscnn{v mdc ov fnddifsic sn n|i{himc bodiv Nob vy{ei q{nsifsond ln{ nd bnmc smq fhmdei{ co|i{si{ smdj uosh s{oq fndsmfs Q{ivvy{i {ibimvi ci|ofi uosh s{oq fndsmfs ln{ s{mdvln{`i{ {msic =11 @\M mdc mkn|i

5-51

C$

6< j\ Fbmvv Qnui{ S{mdvln{`i{v o/ oo/ ooo/ o|/ |/ |o/ |oo/ |ooo/ ox/ x/ xo/

I$

6< j\ fbmvv qnui{ s {mdvln{`i{ nl fmqmfosoiv {mdeiode l{n` 6$=9 @\M mdc mkn|i vhmbb hm|i shi lnbbnuode q{nsifsond Qi{fidsmei komvic colli{idsomb {ibm (uoshnys hm{`ndof {ivs{mods/ ln{ qnui{  s{mdvln{`i{ yq sn =1 @\M$ Hoeh vqiic colli{idsomb colli{idsomb {ibm uosh vifndc hm{`ndof {ivs{mods colli{idsomb ci|ofi ln{ qnui{ s{mdvln{`i{ nl fmqmfosoiv mkn|i =1 @\ M OC@S sqi n|i{ fy{{ids {ibm uosh hoeh vis ibi`idsv nd shi q{o`m{ voci OC@S sqi n|i{ fy{{ids mdc im{sh lmybs {ibm nd shi vifndcm{ voci Nob si`qi{msy{i odcofmsn{ uosh mbm{` ndi ibifs{ofmb fndsmfs ln{ mbm{` n{ s{oq fndsmfs$ Kyfhhnbw {ibm uosh mbm{` mdc s{oq fndsmfs Uodcode si`qi{msy{i odcofmsn{ uosh sun ibifs{ofmb fndsmfsv ln{ (m/ Lmd mbm{` mdc (k/ ln{ s{mdvln{`i{v mkn|i =1 @\M Boehsdode m{{ivsn{v nd knsh q{o`m{ mdc vifndcm{ vociv uhid shi s{mdvln{`i{ ov bnfmsic nyscnn{v mdc ov fnddifsic sn n|i{himc bodiv Nob vy{ei q{nsifsond ln{ NBSF (ol q{n|ocic/ co|i{si{ smdj uosh s{oq fndsmfs Q{ivvy{i {ibimvi ci|ofi uosh s{oq fndsmfs ln{ s{mdvln{`i{ {msic =11 @\M mdc mkn|i

=; j\ Fbmvv qnui{ s{mdvln{`i{v o/ oo/ ooo/ o|/ |/

5$6$9

OC@S n|i{fy{{ids {ibm vhmbb ki q{n|ocic nd shi == j\ voci N|i{fy{{ids mdc im{sh lmybs {ibm vhmbb ki q{n|ocic nd shi vifndcm{ voci Kyfhhnbw {ibm uosh mbm{` mdc s{oq fndsmfs Nob si`qi{msy{i odcofmsn{ uosh mbm{` mdc s{oq fndsmfs$ Boehsdode m{{ivsn{v nd knsh q{o`m{ mdc vifndcm{ vociv uhid shi s{mdvln{`i{ ov bnfmsic nyscnn{v mdc ov fnddifsic sn n|i{himc bodiv Vsmsond Kyv Wndi Q{nsifsond

Shi kyv colli{idsomb ov shi vo`qbivs nl shi wndi colli{idsombv vodfi os od|nb|iv q{nsifsond nl shi  kyv uo{ode ndb$ Hnui|i{" vodfi `md visv nl fy{{ids s{mdvln{`i{v `m ki fnddifsic od  qm{mbbib" e{ims fm{i `yvs ki yvic od civoedode shov shov q{nsifsond vn shms shi civo{ic vidvoso|os mdc vsmkobos ov nksmodic$ I|id ol mbb fy{{ids s{mdvln{`i{v m{i ixmfs cyqbofmsiv mdc ky{cidv hm|i kiid {icyfic sn m `odo`y`" colli{idfiv od fy{{ids s{mdvln{`i{ qi{ln{`mdfi `m vsobb ki idfnydsi{ic lo{vs" cyi sn C$F$ vmsy{msond ms hoeh |mbyiv nl fy{{ids" vifndc" cyi sn shi fndcosond uhi{i mbb vhn{s fo{fyos fy{{ids `m lbnu nys sn md ixsi{dmb lmybs sh{nyeh ndi vis nl fy{{ids s{mdvln{`i{v kys `m lbnu odsn wndi sh{nyeh m dy`ki{ nl visv nl fy{{ids s{mdvln{`i{v$ s{mdvln{`i{v$ Nk|onyvb shi fy{{ids s{mdvln{`i{v fm{{ode shi snsmb lmybs fy{{ids uobb ki nqi{msode nd m colli{ids qn{sond nl shi vmsy{msond fy{|i shmd shnvi nd shi |m{onyv odfn`ode bimcv$ Shyv vqifomb fbmvv F$S$V$ m{i yvic$ [ibm Yvic7 Kyv wndi colli{idsomb {ibmv m{i yvic mbndeuosh vyqi{|ovond mdc fhifj {ibmv vn mv sn q{n|oci vmlieym{cv memodvs lmbvi nqi{msond nl {ibmv ln{ ixsi{dmb lmybsv cyi sn colli{ids od|ivsoemsond bi|ibv nl colli{ids fo{fyosv$

5-5=

5$6$<

S{mdv`ovvond Bodi Q{nsifsond

5$6$<$= Eidi{mb Fndvoci{msond

Od md qnui{ vvsi` shi `mgn{os nl lmybsv nffy{ nd n|i{himc s{mdv`ovvond bodiv" shivi kiode shi `nvs ixqnvic ixqnvic ibi`idsv nl shi vvsi`$ vvsi`$ Q{nsifso|i {ibmode ln{ s{mdv`ovvond bodiv ov" shi{iln{i" `nvs o`qn{smds$ Shi `mgn{os nl lmybsv nd hoeh |nbsmei bodiv kieod uosh shi lbmvhn|i{ nl shi odvybmsond ms ndi  qnods: shms ov" m B-E lmybs" cyi sn boehsdode n{ ixs{mdinyv nkgifsv nd bodiv vyfh mv s{iiv" josiv isf$ Hnui|i{" B-B-E lmybsv m{i }yosi fn``nd cyi sn boehsdode boehsdode mdc nffmvondmbb m vo`ybsmdinyv B-B-B-E lmybs cyi sn boehsdode uobb nffy{$ Shi B-E mdc B-B-E lmybsv uobb  q{ncyfi m {ivocymb fy{{ids nd m e{nydcic diys{mb vvsi` kys shi B$B$B$E lmybs cniv dns yvymbb cn vn$ Lmybsv nl shi B$B mdc B$B-B sqi uobb nffy{ od uodc n{ vbiis vsn{`v" cyi sn fndcyfsn{v vuodeode sneishi{$ Shivi lmybsv cn dns q{ncyfi {ivocymb fy{{idsv$ Bodi q{nsifsond `yvs" shi{iln{i" fn|i{ qhmvi-sn-qhmvi lmybsv uhofh m{i l{ii nl e{nydc mv uibb mv qhmvi-sne{nydc lmybsv$ Cismobic vhn{s fo{fyos vsycoiv m{i {i}yo{ic {i}yo{ic sn ki fm{{oic kiln{i kiln{i q{n`nsode shi  q{nsifsond ln{ shi s{mdv`ovvond bodiv$ Bodiv `m ki co|ocic odsn shi lnbbnuode sh{ii fbmvviv7 (m/ Sun si{`odmb bodiv (k/ Qm{mbbib bodiv (f/ [mcomb bodiv 5$6$<$; Sun Si{`odmb Bodiv

S{mdv`ovvond bodiv" ydboji mqqm{msyv n{ kyviv" hm|i shio{ si{`odmbv vn`i covsmdfi mqm{s$ Ln{  shov {imvnd shi wndi colli{idsomb uhofh hmv kiid lnydc sn ki shi ocimb q{nsifsond ln{ vsmsond wndiv fmddns ki yvic od osv yvymb ln{` nd bodiv$ Shi eidi{mb {i}yo{i`idsv ln{ ocimb bodi q{nsifsond m{i mv lnbbnuv7 (m/ (k/ (f/ (c/

Shi {ibmv `yvs nqi{msi odvsmdsmdinyvb Shi {ibm vfhi`i `yvs ki odhi{idsb vibifso|i Shi {ibmv ms knsh idcv nl shi bodi `yvs nqi{msi vo`ybsmdinyvb ln{ mbb bodi lmybsv Shi {ibmv `yvs dns {ivqndc sn vy{eode kisuiid eidi{msode vny{fiv mv bnde mv shi eidi{msn{v cn dns lmbb nys nl vsiq" od uhofh fmvi shi {ibmv vhnybc nqi{msi$ (i/ Shi q{nsifsond `yvs fn|i{ mbb qhmvi mdc e{nydc lmybsv$ Shi q{nsifso|i vfhi`iv od eidi{mb yvi ln{ qhmvi mdc e{nydc q{nsifsond nl sun si{`odmb bodiv m{i mv lnbbnuv7 (m/ (k/ (f/ (c/

N|i{-fy{{ids ‖ uosh n{ uoshnys co{ifsond Covsmdfi q{nsifsond ‖ yvymbb uosh co{ifsond Qobns uo{i ln{ vhn{s bodiv Fm{{oi{ fy{{ids ln{ bnde bodiv

5-5;

N|i{-fy{{ids Q{nsifsond

Ln{ Qhmvi-sn-Qhmvi Lmybsv Shi n|i{-fy{{ids {ibm vfhi`i od ioshi{ shi hoeh vqiic n{ so`ic odcyfsond sqi ov dns yvymbb civo{mkbi ln{ s{mdv`ovvond bodiv cyi `modb sn |m{omsondv od shi `medosyci nl shi lmybs fy{{ids ydci{ |m{onyv vvsi` nqi{msode fndcosondv mdc sn shi {ibmso|i |mbyi nl shi `odo`y` lmybs fy{{ids mdc shi lybb bnmc fy{{ids nl shi bodi$ Vodfi hoeh vqiic n|i{-fy{{ids {ibmv `yvs ki vis vmlib mkn|i shi `mxo`y` sh{nyeh vhn{s fo{fyos nl shi bodi vifsond" shio{ wndi nl vmli vibifso|i nqi{msond ov yvymbb bo`osic sn ndb m v`mbb qn{sond nl shi bodi$ Shi so`ic odcyfsond n|i{-fy{{ids n|i{-fy{{ids {ibm yvic sn fn|i{ shi {i`modci{  {i`modci{  nl shi bodi `yvs ki vis vmlib mkn|i shi `mxo`y` bnmc fy{{ids uosh vyllofoids so`ode sn ki vibifso|i n{ ixsi{dmb lmybsv$ Co{ifsondmb {ibmv nl ioshi{ shi umss`isi{ umss`isi{ sqi n{ shi hoeh hoeh vqiic sqi m{i yvic uosh shi n|i{-fy{{ids {ibmv uhi{i co{ifsond ov {i}yo{ic$ Uhi{i `odo`y` |mbyiv nl lmybs fy{{ids m{i dim{ shi lybb bnmc nl shi bodi" n|i{-fy{{ids {ibmv m{i dns mqqbofmkbi$ Hnui|i{" uhi{i shi fmd ki yvic" yvic" shi hm|i shi mc|mdsmei nl vo`qbofos$ Ln{ Qhmvi-sn-e{nydc Lmybsv

Nd m vvsi` uosh e{nydcic diys{mbv" md fy{{ids uhofh bim|iv m bodi fndcyfsn{ mdc {isy{dv sn shi diys{mbv |om e{nydc mv od m lmybs sn e{nydc" ov m {ivocymb fy{{ids mdc fmd ki `imvy{ic od shi diys{mb (fn``nd/ bnmc nl shi vsm{ fnddifsic vifndcm{oiv nl m vis nl fy{{ids s{mdvln{`i{v od shi sh{ii qhmviv nl shms shms bodi$ Shov fy{{ids eidi{mbb vqim{ode vqim{ode {iq{ividsv m lmybs fy{{ids fy{{ids }yosi odciqidcids nl bnmc$ Os fmd shi{iln{i" ki yvic yvic od m fy{{ids {ibm nl vidvoso|i vissode$ Uhi{i hoeh vqiic e{nydc q{nsifsond ov {i}yo{ic shi co{ifsondmb {ibm fmd ki nksmodic od m hoeh vqiic sqi ln{ ioshi{ fy{{ids n{ |nbsmei qnbm{owmsond$ Shi mkn|i sqi nl e{nydc q{nsifsond" hnui|i{" ov nl ln{ yvi nd m vvsi` uhofh ov e{nydcic sh{nyeh m hoeh {ivovsmdfi n{ {imfsmdfi$ Od shov fmvi shi |mbyi nl shi diys{mb fy{{ids ov fnds{nbbic k shi diys{mb fndcosond mdc shi bnfmsond nl shi lmybs `mjiv bossbi colli{idfi sn shi |mbyi nl shi diys{mb fy{{ids$ Nd vyfh m vvsi` vn`i sqi nl covsmdfi {ibm unybc hm|i sn ki yvic mdc co{ifsondic k shi mkn|i sqi nl co{ifsondmb {ibm$ I|id nd m vnbocb e{nydcic vvsi` shi mkn|i q{nsifsond" vodfi os yviv md od|i{vi so`i-fy{{ids fhm{mfsi{ovsof" hmv shi covmc|mdsmei shms sn vn`i ixsids os ov ciqidcids nd shi vvsi` fmqmfos fnddifsic mdc nd shi dy`ki{ nl e{nydcic kmdjv$ 5$6$5

Covsmdfi Q{nsifsond

Shi covsmdfi {ibm nl shi o`qicmdfi mdc {imfsmdfi mdc `n{i sqi m{i yvi$ 5$6$5$= Ln{ Qhmvi-sn-Qhmvi Lmybsv 5$6$5$; Shi O`qicmdfi Sqi

Od shov sqi qhmvi-sn-qhmvi |nbsmei ov `ifhmdofmbb kmbmdfic od shi {ibm memodvs shi fy{{ids nl shi q{nqi{ qhmvi" uosh shi fy{{ids fy{{ids mfsode sn fbnvi shi fndsmfsv$ Ln{ {mson I.O e{imsi{ shmd m

5-56

fi{smod |mbyi" uhofh ov mcgyvsmkbi mdc ov shi covsmdfi vissode nl shi {ibm" shi fndsmfsv uobb ki jiqs nqid" uhi{imv uhi{imv ln{ bnui{ |mbyiv shi fndsmfsv uobb ki fbnvic$ Shov {mson {iq{ividsv {iq{ividsv md o`qicmdfi uhofh diebifsode {ivovsmdfi nl m lmybs osvibl" ov m fndvsmds ln{ md eo|id bidesh nl  bodi" shms ov" md o`qicmdfi {ibm fmd ki vis sn fn|i{ md civo{mkbi bidesh nl bodi$ Ln{ mbb sqiv nl lmybsv od|nb|ode `n{i shmd ndi qhmvi uo{i nl m bodi" shi o`qicmdfi {ibm hmv shi lnbbnuode civo{mkbi limsy{iv7 (m/

(k/

(f/

(c/

Os eo|iv mffy{msi mdc ciqidcmkbi hoeh vqiic q{nsifsond ln{ shivi lmybsv n|i{  mqq{nxo`msib 81) nl shi bodi$ Os eo|iv so`ic q{nsifsond n|i{ shi uhnbi bodi uosh m  kmfj-yq illifs ln{ si{`odmb H$\$ kyviv$ Si{`odmb vsmsond wndiv mdc smdci` bodi vifsondv `yvs fbim{ vyllofoidsb lmvs sn ki vibifso|i uosh shov so`ode$ Os ov sn m |i{ bm{ei ixsids odciqidcids nl fnddifsic eidi{msode fmqmfos mdc fndloey{msond nl shi vvsi` knsh ln{ osv mffy{mf mdc vqiic mdc uobb i|id nqi{msi nd lmybs fy{{idsv kibnu lybb bnmc$ Os uobb nqi{msi mffy{msib nd md fy{{ids uhofh uobb eo|i 9 qi{fids c{nq n|i{ shi vifsond q{nsifsond$ Os fmd ki civoedic sn nqi{msi od =.<1 vifndc n{ bivv ln{ mbb lmybsv ixfiqs shnvi fbnvi sn shi knydcm{ fndcosondv nl  lmybs fy{{ids n{ covsmdfi$ Os fmd ki yvic nd md bodi vyllofoidsb bnde shms shi lmybs o`qicmdfi (m{f {ivovsmdfi/ cniv dns mcc m vyllofoids m`nyds sn shi bodi o`qicmdfi o`qicmdfi sn q{i|ids nqi{msond$ Shi m{f {ivovsmdfi ov q{nqn{sondmb {nyehb sn shi bidesh mdc yvymbb mknys 611 sn 911 |nbsv qi{ lnns$ M hoeh vqiic {ibm uobb fmyvi s{oqqode kiln{i kiln{i md m{f vsm{sv sn ixqmdc$ Shi o`qicmdfi {ibm ov {ibmso|ib vo`qbi od fndvs{yfsond$

5$6$5$6 Shi [imfsmdfi Sqi

Shivi {ibmv hm|i kiid ci|ibnqic ci|ibnqic sn m|noc shi odmffy{mf cyi cyi sn {ivovsmdfi ms shi lmybs$ Shi m{i fndvoci{mkb `n{i `n{i fn`qbofmsic shmd shi o`qicmdfi o`qicmdfi sqi$ Shi `imvy{i shi {imfsmdfi sn shi lmybs mdc shio{ {mdei ov dns od eidi{mb mllifsic k shi bidesh nl shi m{f ixfiqs sn shi ixsids shms md fy{{ids od shi m{f l{n` shi nshi{ idc nl shi bodi `m hm|i m fn`qndids nys nl qhmvi uosh shi fy{{ids od shi {ibm mdc q{ncyfi shi illifs nl m {imfsmdfi c{nq od shi m{f uhofh `m mcc sn n{ vyks{mfs nl m {imfsmdfi c{nq od shi m{f uhofh `m mcc sn n{ vyks{mfs l{n` shi `imvy{ic {imfsmdfi nl shi bodi" fmyvode md i{{n{$ Shov sqi nl {ibm fmd ki yvic vyffivvlybb nd vhn{si{ bodi shmd shi o`qicmdfi sqi" nd mffnyds nl shi v`mbbi{ illifs nl shi m{f$ 5$6$5$3 Shi covsmdfi {ibm sn uhofhi|i{ sqi hmv shi lnbbnuode covmc|mdsmeiv mdc bo`osmsondv7

(m/ Os {i}yo{iv |nbsmei mffy{msib q{nqn{sondmb sn shi bodi |nbsmei ms shi {ibmode qnods$ Shov fmbbv ln{ ioshi{ qnsidsomb s{mdvln{`i{v n{ i}yo|mbids qnsidsomb ci|ofiv" mbb nl  uhofh m{i ixqidvo|i nd hoeh |nbsmei v vsi`$ (k/ Shi covsmdfi {ibm uoshnys |nbsmei uobb fbnvi osv fndsmfsv ms |i{ bnu fy{{ids mdc nd shi `nvs mffy{msi {ibmv os `m kmbmdfi kmbmdfi fbnvic uhid dns idi{eowic$ Vyfh m {ibm uobb s{oq ol os bnviv osv |nbsmei$ Vodfi |nbsmei vny{fiv vny{fiv m{i vykgifs sn |m{onyv vny{fiv vny{fiv nl  odsi{li{idfi" vn`i vmlieym{c memodvs s{oqqode nd bnvv nl |nbsmei ov {i}yo{ic$ Shov `m smji ndi nl shi lnbbnuode ln{`v7 (o/

M co{ifsondic ibi`ids m{{mdeic sn nqid osv fndsmfsv }yofjb uhid |nbsmei ov {i`n|ic$ Od m q{nqi{b q{nqi{b mcgyvsic co{ifsondmb covsmdfi {ibm" shi s{oqqode

5-53

ov kbnfjic k shi nqid co{ifsondmb fndsmfsv uhid |nbsmei ov {i`n|ic$ {i`n|ic$ Fm{i ov {i}yo{ic mv sn shi {ibmso|i vqiicv nl shi co{ifsondmb mdc covsmdfi ibi`idsv od mbb fmviv nl {i`n|mb n{ {iqbmfi`ids nl |nbsmei ioshi{ mffocidsmbb n{ cyi sn shi ndvis mdc fbim{mdfi nl m lmybs$ (oo/

K md n|i{-fy{{ids ibi`ids q{n|ocic" shi vvsi` fhm{mfsi{ovsofv m{i vyfh shms shi lmybs fy{{ids fy{{ids ov mbumv mkn|i bnmc fy{{ids$ Shi fy{{ids ibi`ids ibi`ids mfsv mv m lmybs cisifsn{ mdc osv nqid fndsmfsv kbnfj shi s{oqqode ixfiqs od shi fmvi nl m lmybs$

(ooo/

Ol shi `odo`y` lmybs fy{{ids ov bomkbi sn ki kibnu shi vissode nl shi fy{{ids {ibm" m vifndc covsmdfi {ibm `m ki yvic" yvode shi vm`i fy{{ids mv shi lo{vs o`qicmdfi {ibm kys m viqm{msi vny{fi nl |nbsmei$

Nd ydyvymbb bnde bodiv shi covsmdfi {ibm `m dns ki mkbi sn covsodeyovh kisuiid bnmc vuodev mdc lmybs fndcosondv$ Nd vyfh bodiv" mbshnyeh shi{i ov bossbi colli{idfi od shi o`qicmdfi `medosyci cy{ode lmybs mdc bnmc fndcosondv" shi{i ov m fndvoci{mkbi colli{idfi od shi qhmvi mdebi nl shi o`qicmdfi$ M {ibm hmv kiid ci|ibnqic ci|ibnqic uhnvi nqi{msond ov en|i{dic  k shi o`qicmdfi mdebi$ Os ov fmbbic shi ‒@hn‐ {ibm kifmyvi mfsymbb os `imvy{iv md mc`ossmdfi ms md mdebi$ Os ov odhi{idsb odhi{idsb co{ifsondmb$ Kmvofmbb shov q{nsifsond yviv md o`qicmdfi lmybsv" mdc shi @hn ibi`ids sn covsodeyovh kisuiid lmybs mdc mdc bnmc fndcosondv$ Shi mdebi vissode nl shi @hn ibi`ids ov vn vibifso|i shms shi q{nsifsond fmd ki `mci sn kbnfj nd dn{`mb bnmcv mdc qnui{ vuodev" kys uobb s{oq nd nys-nl-vsiq fndcosond odvsmdsmdinyv uhid shi mdebi f{nvviv m sh{ivhnbc |mbyi$ 5$6$5$9 Ln{ Qhmvi-sn-E{nydc Lmybsv

Ln{ shov mqqbofmsond sh{ii covsmdfi {ibmv vo`obm{ sn shnvi yvic ln{ qhmvi-sn-qhmvi q{nsifsond m{i yvic$ Hnui|i{" od shov fmvi qhmvi-sn-diys{mb qhmvi-sn-diys{mb |nbsmei ov kmbmdfic ioshi{ memodvs bodi bodi fy{{ids n{ memodvs diys{mb diys{mb fy{{ids$ M co{ifsondmb {ibm nl ioshi{ shi fy{{ids-fy{{ids fy{{ids-fy{{ids sqi n{  |nbsmei-fy{{ids sqi mv civf{okic mkn|i ydci{ n|i{-fy{{ids {ibmode ov yvic sn co{ifsond shi e{nydc o`qicmdfi {ibmv$ Mbshnyeh shi covsmdfi {ibm `m ki mqqboic uosh q{ifovond sn qhmvi-sn-qhmvi lmybsv" osv mqqbofmsond sn bodi-sn-e{nydc lmybsv ov vykgifs sn i{{n{v od shi `imvy{i`ids nl covsmdfi" vn`i nl uhofh m{i collofybs sn ibo`odmsi$ Shi lnbbnuode m{i shi `n{i o`qn{smds lmfsn{v uhofh fmyvi shivi i{{n{v7 (m/ Shi lmybs {ivovsmdfi odfbyciv dns ndb shms nl shi m{f kys nl shi snui{ n{ qnbi e{nydc mdc nl shi {isy{d {isy{d qmsh$ Shivi bmsi{ `m |m{ |m{ e{imsb uosh colli{ids bnfmsondv bnfmsondv nd shi bodi mdc `m hm|i hoeh |mbyiv ‖ hoehi{ shmd shi o`qicmdfi o`qicmdfi nl shi bodi$ Shov collofybs `m ki n|i{fn`i sn vn`i ixsids nd m vsiib snui{ bodi k odsi{fnddifsode shi snui{v uosh ndi n{ `n{i vj uo{iv uhofh eo|iv shi illifs nl m dy`ki{ nl snui{  e{nydcv od qm{mbbib$ (k/ Shi {imfsmdfi nl shi bodi ln{ e{nydc lmybsv ov dns shi dn{`mb bodi-sn-diys{mb {imfsmdfi nl shi bodi" kys ov kmvic nd shi ‘wi{n vi}yidfi {imfsmdfi‟ nl shi bodi uhofh ciqidcv nd shi covsmdfi nl shi illifso|i {isy{d qmsh nl shi e{nydc fy{{ids jdnud mv shi ‘i}yo|mbids e{nydc qbmdi‟$ Shov |m{oiv uosh cismobv nl vj vj uo{iv" vnob mdc q{nkmkb nshi{ lmfsn{v$ Os ov collofybs sn fmbfybmsi kys `m ki cisi{`odic k k `imvy{i`ids$

5-59

(f/ Uhi{i sun bodiv qm{mbbib imfh nshi{ ms fbnvi vqmfode" vyfh mv nd m cnykbi fo{fyos snui{  bodi" shi mqqm{ids o`qicmdfi nl shi boi ciqidcv sn m bm{ei ixsids nd shi wi{n vi}yidfi `ysymb o`qicmdfi kisuiid shi bodiv$ Shov o`qicmdfi kifn`iv kifn`iv }yosi mqq{ifomkbi od fn`qm{ovnd uosh shi vibl-o`qicmdfi" qm{sofybm{b uhid m lmybs nffy{v dim{ shi {i`nsi idc nl shi bodi$ Shi o`qicmdfi o`qicmdfi `imvy{ic k shi {ibmv" shi{iln{i" shi{iln{i" cniv dns difivvm{ob kim{ md loxic {ibmsond sn shi bidesh nl shi bodi n{ sn shi bnfmsond nl shi lmybs$ Shov {ibmsond fhmdeiv uosh shi lmybs bnfmsond mdc uosh shi vvsi` m{{mdei`ids$ Shi `ysymb o`qicmdfi sidcv sn {icyfi shi lmybs fy{{ids ydci{ fi{smod fndcosondv mdc odf{imvi os ydci{ nshi{ fndcosondv" ciqidcode yqnd shi {ibmso|i co{ifsondv nl shi e{nydc fy{{ids mdc shi odcyfic fy{{ids$ (c/ Uhid shi lmybs fy{{ids co|ociv mdc fn`iv l{n` sun n{ `n{i qnodsv sn shi lmybs" shi  q{nqn{sond nl shi fy{{ids od fndcyfsn{ uhofh ov {ivocymb n{ wi{n ‖ vi}yidfi ciqidcv yqnd shi {ibmso|i o`qicmdfi sn qhmvi mdc e{nydc fy{{idsv od shms k{mdfh mdc" cyi sn shi lmfs shms shi o`qicmdfi nl shi bodi ov `yfh hoehi{ sn e{nydc fy{{ids shmd sn qhmvi fy{{ids" m {ibmso|ib e{imsi{ qn{sond nl shi {ivocymb fy{{ids uobb yvymbb fn`i l{n` shi idc nl shi bodi dim{i{ shi lmybs$ Os ov mqqm{ids shms fm{ilyb od|ivsoemsond ov {i}yo{ic ln{ i|i{ mqqbofmsond mdc vissode nl vyfh m {ibm$ \m{onyv mdc vn`iuhms fn`qbofmsic `ishncv hm|i hm|i kiid q{nqnvic ln{ fnydsi{mfsode fnydsi{mfsode shi vny{fiv nl i{{n{" vn shms shi o`qicmdfi {ibm fmd ki yvic mffy{msib ln{ qhmvi-sn-e{nydc lmybs  q{nsifsond$ Hnui|i{" shi{i m{i dy`i{nyv qbmfiv uhi{i vsiqqic {mdei co{ifsondmb covsmdfi {ibmode nl shov sqi" uoshnys fn`qbofmsondv" fmd fmd ki yvic" vyffivvlybb" ln{ bodi-sn-e{nydc bodi-sn-e{nydc lmybsv$ Ln{  ixm`qbi ol m bodi vifsond hmv m cimc-e{nydcic diys{mb ms imfh mdc" m {ivocymb covsmdfi {ibm `yvs ki eo|id m |i{ bnde vissode sn shi lm{ idc mdc `m vmlib ki vis kindc shi nqid bodi e{nydc o`qicmdfi$ Hnui|i{ shi {ibmv ms shi sun idcv uobb mbumv n|i{ bmq shi `occbi nl shi bodi$ Shi {ivybs ov shms ln{ m bodi-sn-e{nydc lmybs" ndi idc s{oqv nys odvsmdsb" lnbbnuic ms hoeh vqiic k shi vifndc idc" knsh nd nd shi odvsmdsmdinyv {mdei$ Shov q{nsifsond hmv shi mc|mdsmei shms os ov bivv mllifsic k shi fnddifsic eidi{msn{ fmqmfos uhid md hoeh vqiic" {ivocymb fy{{ids sqi$ 5$6$5$< @nci{d Vfhi`iv

@nci{d vfhi`iv ln{ bodi q{nsifsond i$e$ qhmvi fn`qm{ovnd n{ co{ifsondmb fn`qm{ovnd isf$ yvode fm{{oi{ n{ nshi{ fn``ydofmsond voedmbv m{i |i{ illifso|i ivqifombb od IH\ vvsi`$ 5$6$8

Sqofmb @isi{ode , [ibmode Vfhi`i

M sqofmb `is{ode mdc {ibmode vfhi`iv ln{ m sun hc{n qnui{ qbmds uosh ydos fnddifsic eidi{msn{ s{mdvln{`i{v" m vodebi vifsondmbowic kyv mdc sun H\ liici{v ov idfbnvic 5$6$8$= , 5$6$8$;$ 5$6$?

V`mbb Hc{n Q{nsifsond

M sqofmb vfhi`i ln{ q{nsifsond nl m v`mbb hc{n ydos {ifn``idcic mv qi{ OIII =1=1 uosh m vsiq yq s{mdvln{`i{ ov vhnud od loe$ 5$6$8$ Shov vfhi`i `m ki mcnqsic ln{  v`mbb eidi{msn{v mkn|i = @U ydos vowi$ Ln{ bnui{ fmqmfos v`mbb hc{n vvsi` fnybc ki vo`qboloic mv {i}yo{ic$ Ln{ `of{n hcibv n|i{fy{{ids: e{nydc lmybs fy{{ids q{nsifsond ndb `m ki mci}ymsi$

5-5<

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9;E 9;S 9? <1 <6S <3L 9?ED 8= 85E 85S

Vdfh{ndov` Fhifj [ibm Ydci{ \nbsmei [ibm [i|i{vi Qnui{ [ibm Kim{ode si`qi{msy{i [ibm \ok{msond Cisifsn{  Bnvv nl Ixfosmsond [ibm (O`qicmdfi Sqi [ibm Vhnud/ Loibc Ixfosmsond Fo{fyos K{imji{  Diemso|i Vi}yidfi n{ Ydkmbmdfic Fy{{ids [ibm Qhmvi Vi}yidfi Fhifj [ibm (ln{ Vfd{ndowode/ S{mdvln{`i{ Hns Vqns Q{nsifsond Ixfosi{ N|i{fy{{ids [ibm S{mdvln{`i{ N|i{fy{{ids [ibm \nbsmei [ivs{modic n{ \nbsmei Fnds{nbbic N|i{fy{{ids [ibm Eidi{msn{ Fo{fyos K{imji{  S{mdvln{`i{ Hoeh Voci Fo{fyos K{imji{  N|i{|nbsmei [ibm \nbsmei Kmbmdfi [ibm (Kbnud \S Lyvi Cisifsond/ S{mdvln{`i{ Vyccid Q{ivvy{i [ibm Loibc E{nydc [ibm Eidi{msn{ E{nydc Lmybs [ibm Ydci{.N|i{l{i}yidf [ibm Colli{idsomb [ibm ln{ Eidi{msn{  Colli{idsomb [ibm ln{ S{mdvln{`i{ 

M FS Ixf$ Vdfh$ \ \M[ \S [email protected]

M``isi{  Fy{{ids S{mdvln{`i{  Ixfosi{  Vdfh{ndowode Fo{fyos{ \nbs`isi{  \M[`isi{  \nbsmei S{mdvln{`i{  Umss Hny{ @isi{.Umss @isi{ 

3=L 3< 35 3?S 9=I 91.9=S 9=\

Loe$ 5$6$? Sqofmb Vodebi Bodi Come{m` ln{ m V`mbb Hc{n Ydos

5-5?

FHMQSI[ ‖ 8 IBIFS[OFMB MYXOBOM[OIV 8$=

Eidi{mb Civoed Fndvoci{msondv Fndvoci{msondv

Shi ibifs{ofmb osi`v nl Un{jv nl shi myxobom{ vvsi`v odfbycode `ifhmdofmb odvsmbbmsondv vhnybc eidi{mbb lyblob shi {i}yo{i`idsv mv eo|id kibnu$ Mbb fn`qndidsv fn`qndidsv vhnybc ki nl {ibomkbi civoed$ Shi qnui{ vyqqb mdc fnds{nb fmkbiv vhnybc ki bmoc yq sn shi fn``nd si{`odmb  kbnfjv$ Shi Fnds{mfsn{ Fnds{ mfsn{ vhnybc vh nybc idvy{i idv y{i shms |m{onyv fnds{nb.q{nsifsond fnds{nb.q{nsi fsond ci|ofiv ci| ofiv mdc m dc odvs{y`idsv vhnybc ki ydoln{`" odsi{fhmdeimkbi mdc fnddifsic mv qi{ vvsi` {i}yo{i`ids$ [msodev nl `mod ibifs{ofmb un{jv mv vibifsic n{ q{nqnvic" uhishi{ n{oeodmbb vqifoloic n{ dns" vhnybc eidi{mbb odfbyci m vmlis `m{eod nl =1)$ Vhn{s fo{fyos fmbfybmsondv" ci-{msode lmfsn{v" isf$ vhnybc ki fm{{oic nys mdc smjid odsn fndvoci{msond fndvoci{msond ln{ civoed$ Vhn{s-fo{fyos fmbfybmsondv vhnybc ki i|mbymsic mdc i|i{ ibifs{ofmb fn`qndids vhnybc uoshvsmdc shi `mxo`y` vs{ivviv ydci{ lmybs fndcosondv" ln{ lmybs bi|ibv mdc cy{msondv nksmodic ydci{ shi un{vs fndcosondv" i$e$" yqnd lmoby{i nl shi fn{{ivqndcode `mod q{nsifsond ci|ofi mdc so`i cibmic lmybs fbim{ode k shi  kmfj-yq q{nsifsond q{nsif sond ci|ofi$ ci|ofi $ Mbb Un{jv vhnybc ki vyosmkbi ln{ shi q{i|mobode fbo`msof fndcosondv mdc odvidvoso|i sn md voedmbv i`ossic k uo{ibivv fn``ydofmsond i}yoq`ids$ Fbim{mdfiv 7 Shi bmnys nl shi i}yoq`ids od shi shi qnui{ qnui{ hnyvi hnyvi vhnybc q{n|oci {imc mffivv ln{ nqi{msond nqi{msond mdc `modsidmdfi uhobvs shi {i`modode vifsondv nl  i}yoq`ids m{i mbo|i$ Un{jode fbim{mdfi q{n|ocic kisuiid ovnbmsic ovnbmsic i}yoq`ids mdc dim{ivs bo|i `ismb un{j vhnybc ki mv qi{ Odcomd Ibifs{ofos {ybiv , Vsmdcm{cv$ Ibifs{ofmb Vyqqboiv Ln{ Myxobom{ I}yoq`ids 7 Shi ibifs{ofos vyqqboiv m|mobmkbi ln{ |m{onyv myxobom{ i}yoq`ids uobb ki 7

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3=9 \" ½ =1)" 6-qhmvi 91Hw" 3-uo{i ln{ M$F$ qnui{ vyqqb" ;;1 \" ½=1)" vodebi qhmvi" 91 Hw ln{ boehsode" odcofmsond" mdc mdso-fndcidvmsond himsi{v" ==1 \ ½=1) CF ln{ ivvidsomb odcofmsond" fnds{nbv" q{nsifsond" mbm{`v mdc fo{fyos k{imji{ fbnvode mdc s{oqqode vyqqboiv$ ;3 \ CF ln{ VFMCM Vvsi`$

Mbsi{dmsode Fy{{ids Vyqqb Q{mfsofi7 Mbb `modv vyqqboiv vhnybc ki sh{nyeh @FKv nl mqq{nq{omsi {msode$ {msode$ Cnykbi-qnbi vuosfhiv vhnybc ki yvic sn k{imj  vodebi-qhmvi M$F$ `modv vyqqboiv$ Ln{ `ybso-qhmvi vyqqboiv" imfh qhmvi vhnybc ki vuosfhic vo`ybsmdinyvb mdc shi diys{mb vhnybc q{ili{mkb dns ki vuosfhic$

8-=

Co{ifs Fy{{ids Vyqqb Q{mfsofi 7 Qnui{ vyqqb kyv km{v od fykofbiv vhnybc ki fm{ilybb {nysic mdc imfh kyv km{ vhnybc vhnybc ki vh{nycic$ Os vhnybc dns ki qnvvokbi sn odmc|i{sidsb vhn{s kyv km{v ioshi{ kisuiid shi`vib|iv n{ sn im{sh$ Os vhnybc ki  qnvvokbi  qnvvokbi sn {i`n|i.{i {i`n|i.{iqbmfi qbmfi fm{cv l{n`.sn l{n`.sn ibifs{ndof i}yoq`ids i}yoq`ids uoshnys uoshnys cm`mei mdc uoshnys odsi{li{ode uosh shi nqi{msond nl shi {ivs nl shi i}yoq`ids n{ vvsi`$ 8$=$=

Ibifs{of @nsn{v Eidi{mb 7 Mbb `nsn{v vhnybc fndln{` sn OV 6;9 odcyfsond `nsn{v mdc vhnybc fn`qb uosh KV ln{ `nsn{ co`idvondv mdc lossic uosh vyosmkbi iiknbsv$ MF `nsn{v vhnybc hm|i v}yo{{ib fmei sqi {nsn{v$ Shi odvybmsond nl mbb shi `nsn{v vhnybc ki nl fbmvv L kys si`qi{msy{i {ovi cy{ode nqi{msond vhnybc ki bo`osic sn fbmvv K odvybmsond$ Os vhnybc ki vyosmkbi ln{ nqi{msond od cm`q bnfmsondv mdc ln{  nffmvondmb fndsmfs uosh fn{{nvo|i emviv.|mqn{v$ \idsobmsond mdc Sqi nl Idfbnvy{i 7 Mbb `nsn{v vhnybc ki nl shi snsmbb idfbnvic lmd-fnnbic sqi" q{nsifsond fbmvv OQ 93 mffn{code sn OIF [ifn``idcmsond =33$ Fmkbi si{`odmsond qnodsv vhnybc ki nl fbmvv OQ99$ \i{sofmb `nsn{v vhnybc ki q{n|ocic uosh m snq fn|i{ sn q{i|ids shi ode{ivv nl co{s mdc c{nqbisv isf$ Si{`odmb Knxiv mdc Im{shode 7 Shi si{`odmbv" si{`odmb knxiv mdc mvvnfomsic i}yoq`ids vhnybc ki vyosmkbi ln{ si{`odmsode shi qnui{ fmkbiv$ Shi si{`odmb knxiv vhnybc ki nl m`qbi vowi sn idmkbi fnddifsondv sn ki `mci od m vmsovlmfsn{ `mddi{$ Ln{ im{shode qy{qnviv" imfh `nsn{ vhnybc hm|i mci}ymsib vowic knbsv uosh umvhi{v ms shi bnui{ qm{s nl shi l{m`i$ Od mccosond" imfh si{`odmb knx vhnybc fndsmod ndi im{shode vf{iu$ @nsn{ \nbsmeiv mdc Qnui{ [msodev 7 Shi vi{|ofi |nbsmeiv mdc fn{{ivqndcode  qnui{ {msodev {mso dev ln{ ibifs{of ibi fs{of `nsn{v `nsn{ v sn ki yvic yv ic vhnybc ki mv lnbbnuv 7

@nsn{v yq sn = jU - Vi{|ofi |nbsmei

7 vodebi-qhmvi m$f$ ;31 \" 91 HW

- @nci nl vsm{sode 7 fndcidvi{  @nsn{v mkn|i = jU mdc yq sn 59 jU Vi{|ofi |nbsmei

7 6-qhmvi m$f$ 3=9.;31 \"91 HW

@nci nl vsm{sode

7 co{ifs-nd-bodi co{ifs-nd-bodi yq

@nsn{v odsidcic sn un{j nd shi C$F$ Vvsi` ∛ Vi{|ofi |nbsmei

7 ==1.;;1 \ C$F$ mv qi{ kmssi{ |nbsmei

∛ @nci nl vsm{sode 7 {ivovsn{  ∛ [msode 7 Shi {msode nl shi `nsn{v vhnybc ki mci}ymsi sn `iis shi {i}yo{i`idsv nl  osv mvvnfomsic c{o|id i}yoq`ids$ Shi vi{|ofi lmfsn{" kiode shi {mson nl shi odvsmbbic `nsn{ nysqys sn shi {i}yo{ic qnui{ ms shi vhmls nl shi c{o|id `mfhodi ms osv ixqifsic `mxo`y` qnui{ ci`mdc" vhnybc ki mqqboic mv lnbbnuv7

8-;

Qnui{ Ci`mdc Ci`mdc nl nl C{o|id @mfhodi Vi{|ofi Lmfsn{  Lmfsn{  Yq sn 9 jU =$; @n{i shmd 9 jU

=$=

M$F$ `nsn{v vhnybc ki fmqmkbi nl nqi{msode fndsodynyvb ydci{ {msic nysqys fndcosondv ms md l{i}yidf kisuiid ?9) mdc =19) nl shi {msic l{i}yidf mdc.n{ uosh md |nbsmei |m{omsond kisuiid ?1) mdc ==1) nl shi dn`odmb |nbsmei$ M s{mdvoids n|i{ |nbsmei nl =61) nl shi dn`odmb |nbsmei vhnybc ki vyvsmodic$ Ly{shi{" shi `nsn{v vhnybc ki fmqmkbi nl `modsmodode vsmkbi nqi{msond uhid {yddode ms 51) dn`odmb |nbsmei ln{ m qi{onc nl =1 vifndcv$ Shi qybbnys sn{}yi ln{ fndsodynyvb bnmcic `nsn{v vhnybc ki ms bimvs =<1) nl shi {msic sn{}yi mdc ln{ odsi{`ossidsb bnmcic `nsn{v ;11) nl shi {msic sn{}yi$ C$F$ `nsn{v vhnybc ki fmqmkbi nl nqi{msode fndsodynyvb ydci{ {msic nysqys fndcosondv ms md |nbsmei kisuiid ?1) mdc ==1) nl shi dn`odmb |nbsmei uosh m loxic k{yvh vissode ln{ mbb bnmcv$ Shi vqiic c{nq kisuiid dn-bnmc mdc lybb-bnmc vhnybc dns ixfiic =1) nl dn-bnmc vqiic$ Vsm{sode 7 M$F$ `nsn{v vhnybc ki civoedic ln{ co{ifs nd-bodi vsm{sode$ Shi vhnybc ki fmqmkbi nl kiode vuosfhic nd uoshnys cm`mei sn md odlodosi kyvkm{ ms ==1) nl shi dn`odmb |nbsmei uosh md odhi{ids {ivocymb |nbsmei nl =11) i|id od  qhmvi nqqnvosond$ Ln{ vsm{sode shi `nsn{v l{n` shi odco|ocymb `mod mdc myxobom{  kyvkm{v" m `n`idsm{ |nbsmei c{nq nl ;1) {ili{{ic sn dn`odmb |nbsmei vhnybc ki smjid odsn fndvoci{msond$ Uosh 89) nl shi dn`odmb |nbsmei mqqboic sn shi `nsn{  si{`odmbv" imfh `nsn{ vhnybc ki fmqmkbi nl mffibi{msode osv mvvnfomsic bnmc sn lybb vqiic uosh m `odo`y` mffibi{msode sn{}yi nl 9) nl lybb bnmc sn{}yi$ Shi `mxo`y` vsm{sode fy{{idsv (uoshnys md snbi{mdfi/ vhnybc dns ixfiic shi lnbbnuode |mbyiv7 ∛ 9 so`iv nl {msic fy{{ids ln{ B$\$ `nsn{v {msic =11 jU n{ mkn|i

∛ ; so`iv nl {msic fy{{ids ln{ C$F$ `nsn{v (k `imdv nl vsm{sode {ivovsn{v/ Eidi{mbb" mbb `nsn{v vhnybc ki mkbi sn uoshvsmdc lo|i fnbc vsm{sv qi{ hny{" i}ymbb vqmfic$ Imfh `nsn{ vhnybc ki fmqmkbi nl uoshvsmdcode sh{ii vyffivvo|i vsm{sv ydci{ shi vm`i fndcosondv n{ ndfi i|i{ lolsiid `odysiv uoshnys cis{o`idsmb himsode$ @nsn{v ln{ l{i}yids mysn`msof vsm{sode vhnybc hm|i md mci}ymsi {msode$ Dnovi-Bi|ib mdc \ok{msondv 7 Ydci{ mbb nqi{msode fndcosondv" shi dnovi bi|ib nl  `nsn{v vhnybc dns ixfiic 59 cK (M/ ms md qbmfi =$1 ` mum l{n` nqi{msode i}yoq`ids$ Mbb `nsn{v vhnybc ki vsmsofmbb mdc cdm`ofmbb kmbmdfic$ Shi |ok{msond m`qbosyci vhnybc dns ixfiic |mbyiv vqifoloic od OV 35;?$ Sivsv 7 Imfh `nsn{ vhnybc ki lmfsn{ sivsic mdc vhnybc ydci{en m sivs ms vosi$ Shi lnbbnuode sivsv vhnybc ki qi{ln{`ic ydci{ lybb {ivqndvokobos nl shi Fnds{mfsn{$ Un{jvhnq Sivsv7 ∛ @imvy{i`ids nl uodcode {ivovsmdfiv

∛  Dn-bnmc mdc vhn{s-fo{fyo v hn{s-fo{fyoss `imvy{i`idsv `imvy{i `idsv ∛ @imvy{i`ids nl vsm{sode fy{{ids mdc sn{}yi ∛ Illofoidf `imvy{i`ids (sqi sivs/ 8-6

∛ Hims sivs {yd ∛ Coibifs{of sivs ∛ @imvy{i`ids nl odvybmsode {ivovsmdfi 8$=$;

Vsm{si{v mdc Fndsmfsn{v

M$F$ `nsn{v vhnybc ki civoedic ln{ co{ifs nd-bodi vsm{sode$ Shi vhnybc ki fmqmkbi nl kiode vuosfhic nd uoshnys cm`mei sn md odlodosi kyvkm{ ms ==1) nl  shi dn`odmb |nbsmei uosh md odhi{ids {ivocymb |nbsmei nl =11) i|id od qhmvi nqqnvosond$ Ln{ vsm{sode shi `nsn{v l{n` shi odco|ocymb `mod mdc myxobom{  kyvkm{v" m `n`idsm{ |nbsmei c{nq nl ;1) {ili{{ic sn dn`odmb |nbsmei vhnybc  ki smjid odsn od sn fndvoci{msond$ fndvoci{ msond$ Uosh 89) nl shi dn`odmb |nbsmei mqqboic sn shi `nsn{ si{`odmbv" imfh `nsn{  vhnybc ki fmqmkbi nl mffibi{msode osv mvvnfomsic bnmc sn lybb vqiic uosh m `odo`y` mffibi{msode sn{}yi nl 9) nl lybb bnmc sn{}yi$ Shi `mxo`y` vsm{sode fy{{idsv (uoshnys md snbi{mdfi/ vhnybc dns ixfiic shi lnbbnuode |mbyiv7 ∛ 9 so`iv nl {msic fy{{ids ln{ B$\$ `nsn{v {msic =11 jU n{ mkn|i ∛ ; so`iv nl {msic fy{{ids ln{ C$F$ `nsn{v (k `imdv nl vsm{sode {ivovsn{v/ Eidi{mbb" mbb `nsn{v vhnybc ki mkbi sn uoshvsmdc lo|i fnbc vsm{sv qi{ hny{" i}ymbb vqmfic$ Od mccosond" imfh @$\$ `nsn{ vhnybc ki fmqmkbi nl idcy{ode sun vyffivvo|i vsm{sv uosh shi `nsn{ odosombb ms nqi{msode si`qi{msy{i$ Imfh B$\$ `nsn{ vhnybc ki fmqmkbi nl uoshvsmdcode sh{ii vyffivvo|i vsm{sv ydci{ shi vm`i fndcosondv n{ ndfi i|i{ lolsiid `odysiv uoshnys cis{o`idsmb himsode$ @nsn{v ln{ l{i}yids mysn`msof vsm{sode vhnybc hm|i md mci}ymsi {msode$ Od shi `nsn{ bovs shi Fnds{mfsn{ vhnybc vsmsi shi l{i}yidf nl vsm{sv qi{`ossic od fn`qbomdfi uosh shi `nsn{ civoed$ @nsn{ vsm{si{v mdc fndsmfsn{v vhnybc ki i}yoqqic uosh vhn{s fo{fyos q{nsifsond mdc bnfmb covfnddifsode ci|ofiv$ Shi fnds{nb fo{fyos |nbsmei |nbsmei vhnybc ki nksmodic nksmodic l{n` m 3=9.;31 \ ovnbmsode s{mdvln{`i{ uosh q{o`m{ fo{fyos k{imji{ mdc vifndcm{ lyvi$ Shi vifndcm{ uodcode nl shov s{mdvln{`i{ vhnybc ki e{nydcic$ Shi nqi{msode fnobv nl shi fndsmfsn{ vhnybc ki fnddifsic kisuiid shi e{nydcic voci nl shi s{mdvln{`i{ mdc shi fnds{nb fndsmfsv$ Vsm{si{v mdc fndsmfsn{v vhnybc fn`qb uosh OIF ;?;$= n{ Dmsondmb Ibifs{ofmb @mdylmfsy{i{ Mvvnfomsond YVM vsmdcm{c DI@M OF = mdc ki vyosmkbi ln{ co{ifs nd-bodi vsm{sode" ydodsi{{yqsic ibifs{ofmb cys" mdc fmqmkbi nl 61 nqi{msondv qi{  hny{$ Shi vhnybc ki odvsmbbic od |idsobmsic idfbnvy{iv ln{ odcnn{ odvsmbbmsond mdc uimshi{q{nnl idfbnvy{iv ln{ nyscnn{ odvsmbbmsond$ Shi idfbnvy{iv vhnybc ki fn`qbisi uosh bnfjv" fmkbi vimbode knxiv" fndcyos ids{oiv" fmkbi ebmdc qbmsiv" kyv  km{v" odsi{dmb uo{ode" si{`odmb knm{cv" knm{cv" isf$ mv {i}yo{ic k shi cys nl shi shi vsm{si{$ Shi{`mb sqi n|i{bnmc mdc qhmvi lmoby{i {ibmv vhnybc ki vyqqboic uosh vsm{si{v ln{ `nsn{v nl 5$9 jU n{ e{imsi{$ Ln{ `nsn{v nl bivv shmd 5$9 jU" vyosmkbi {msic 668-3

 qhmvi shi{`mb n|i{bnmcv `m ki q{n|ocic$ M``isi{v sn {imc fy{{ids od ndi qhmvi vhnybc ki q{n|ocic ln{ `nsn{v mkn|i 5$9 jU$ Kim{odev

Mv lm{ mv qnvvokbi" shi `nsn{v vhnybc hm|i vimbic kmbb n{ {nbbi{ kim{odev byk{ofmsic ln{ bo|i$ Mbb nshi{ `nsn{v uosh {msodev nl mknys = jU mdc mkn|i vhnybc ki i}yoqqic uosh byk{ofmsn{v qi{`ossode e{imvode uhobi shi `nsn{ ov {yddode mdc q{i|idsode n|i{-byk{ofmsond$ Mccosondmbb" shi kim{odev vhnybc ki lossic uosh e{imvi doqqbiv qi{`ossode shi yvi nl m ydo|i{vmb e{imvi eyd$ \i{sofmb `nsn{v vhnybc hm|i mqq{n|ic sh{yvs kim{odev$ Si{`odmb Knxiv mdc Im{shode

Shi si{`odmb bimcv" si{`odmbv" si{`odmb knxiv mdc mvvnfomsic i}yoq`ids vhnybc  ki vyosmkbi ln{ si{`odmsode si{`odmso de shi {ivqifso|i {ivqifso| i sqi nl fmkbiv mv vqifoloic od shivi Eidi{mb Sifhdofmb Vqifolofmsondv Vqifolofmsondv mdc od shi Qm{sofybm{ Sifhdofmb Vqifolofmsondv$ Shi si{`odmb knxiv vhnybc ki nl m`qbi vowi sn idmkbi fnddifsondv sn ki `mci od m vmsovlmfsn{ `mddi{$ Vyqqn{sv vhnybc ki q{n|ocic ms si{`odmb knxiv mv {i}yo{ic ln{ q{nqi{ eyocmdfi mdc loxode nl shi odfn`ode fmkbi$ Shi si{`odmb knxiv uosh shi fmkbiv odvsmbbic vhnybc ki vyosmkbi ln{ fnddifsond sn vyqqb vvsi`v uosh shi vhn{s-fo{fyos fy{{ids mdc shi lmybs fbim{mdfi so`i cisi{`odic k shi `nsn{ q{nsifso|i ci|ofiv$ M qi{`mdidsb mssmfhic fnddifsond come{m` vhnybc ki `nydsic odvoci shi si{`odmb knx fn|i{$ Ol `nsn{v m{i q{n|ocic ln{ ndb ndi co{ifsond nl {nsmsond" shov vhnybc ki fbim{b odcofmsic$ Ln{ im{shode qy{qnviv" imfh `nsn{ vhnybc hm|i mci}ymsib vowic knbsv uosh umvhi{v ms shi bnui{ qm{s nl shi l{m`i$ Od mccosond" imfh si{`odmb knx vhnybc fndsmod ndi im{shode vf{iu$ Imfh i}yoq`ids.qmdib vhnybc ki im{shic k ms bimvs sun viqm{msi im{shode vs{oqv$ Dnovi-Bi|ib mdc \ok{msondv

Ydci{ mbb nqi{msode fndcosondv" shi dnovi bi|ib nl `nsn{v vhnybc dns ixfiic 59 cK (M/$ Od n{ci{ sn q{i|ids ydcyi mdc hm{`lyb |ok{msondv" mbb `nsn{v vhnybc ki vsmsofmbb mdc cdm`ofmbb kmbmdfic$ Sivsv

Imfh `nsn{ vhnybc ki lmfsn{ sivsic mdc vhnybc ydci{en m sivs ms vosi$ Shi lnbbnuode sivsv vhnybc ki qi{ln{`ic$

8-9

Un{jvhnq Sivsv7 ∛ @imvy{i`ids nl uodcode {ivovsmdfiv ∛  Dn-bnmc mdc vhn{s-fo{fyos vhn{s-fo{fyo s `imvy{i`idsv `imvy{i `idsv ∛ @imvy{i`ids nl vsm{sode fy{{ids mdc sn{}yi ∛ Illofoidf `imvy{i`ids (sqi sivs/ ∛ Hims sivs {yd ∛ Coibifs{of sivs ∛ @imvy{i`ids nl odvybmsode {ivovsmdfi 8$=$6

@nybcic Fmvi Fo{fyos K{imji{v

Mbb `nybcic fmvi fo{fyos k{imji{v vhnybc ki nl ; n{ 6-qnbi sqi mv {i}yo{ic" uosh {i}yovosi vhn{s so`i {msode hm|ode shi{`mb so`i cibm mdc odvsmdsmdinyv s{oqv uosh +Nd-S{oq-Nll+" odcofmsode.nqi{msode `ifhmdov`$ Fo{fyos k{imji{v yvic od fn`kodmsond sqi `nsn{ vsm{si{v n{ fndsmfsn{v vhnybc hm|i shi nqi{msode `ifhmdov`v odsi{bnfjic uosh shi vsm{si{ n{ fndsmfsn{ fn|i{ vn shms shi fn|i{ fmddns  ki nqidic ydbivv shi fo{fyos k{imji{ k{imji{ ov nqid$ 8$=$3

Si{`odmb Kbnfjv

Mbb si{`odmb kbnfjv vhnybc ki `nydsic od md mffivvokbi qnvosond uosh shi mci}ymsi vqmfode kisuiid mcgmfids kbnfjv mdc vqmfi kisuiid shi knssn` kbnfjv mdc shi fmkbi ebmdc qbmsi$ Vyllofoids si{`odmbv vhnybc ki q{n|ocic sn mbbnu ln{ shi fnddifsond nl mbb odfn`ode mdc nysenode fmkbiv" odfbycode vqm{i fndcyfsn{v mdc c{mod uo{iv$ Od mccosond" ;1 qi{fids vqm{i si{`odmbv vhnybc ki q{n|ocic$ Dns `n{i `n{i shmd sun fndcyfsn{v vhnybc ki fnddifsic ydci{ ndi si{`odmb fbm`q$ Si{`odmb kbnfjv vhnybc fndln{` sn shi mqqbofmkbi vsmdcm{cv$ Fo{fyos si{`odmbv ln{  3=9.;;1 \MF mdc ==1.;;1 \CF vhnybc ki vie{iemsic l{n` nshi{ si{`odmbv$ mdc vhnybc ki i}yoqqic uosh dnd-odlbm``mkbi" s{mdvqm{ids fn|i{v$ 8$=$9

I}yoq`ids Uo{ode

Mbb uo{ode fnddifsondv vhnybc ki {imcob mffivvokbi mdc {i`n|mkbi ln{ sivs n{  nshi{ qy{qnviv$ Uo{ode kisuiid si{`odmbv nl shi |m{onyv ci|ofiv vhnybc ki qnods sn qnods$ @ybso-fndcyfsn{ fmkbiv vhnybc ki fnddifsic sn shi si{`odmb kbnfjv od vyfh m `mddi{ mv sn `odo`ovi f{nvvn|i{v$ Imfh fndcyfsn{ vhnybc ki odco|ocymbb ocidsoloic ms knsh idcv sh{nyeh m vvsi`  q{n|ocode {imc mdc qi{`mdids ocidsolofmsond" ysobovode vboq-nd li{{ybiv mqq{n|ic  k shi Ideodii{$ @m{ji{v `m ki sqic odco|ocymbb n{ `mci yq l{n` visv nl  dy`ki{v mdc bissi{v lo{`b hibc hibc od qbmfi$ @m{ji{v `yvs uoshvsmdc m s{nqofmb id|o{nd`ids mdc hoeh hy`ocos mdc ndb lydeyv q{nnl `msi{ombv uobb ki mffiqsic$ Li{{ybiv nl mchivo|i sqi vhnybc dns ki mffiqsmkbi$ Mbb s{oq fo{fyosv vhnybc i`qbn `m{ji{v hm|ode m {ic kmfje{nydc$

8-<

8$=$<

Fykofbiv mdc Fnds{nb Qmdibv

Fykofbiv mdc fnds{nb qmdib idfbnvy{iv vhnybc ki nl vhiis vsiib uosh `odo`y` shofjdivv nl ;$1 ``" |i{`od q{nnl" {oeoc vibl-vyqqn{sode fndvs{yfsond mdc vyqqboic uosh fhmddib kmviv$ Fykofbiv vhnybc ki lossic uosh fbnvi lossode emvjissic mdc hodeic cnn{v cnn{v fmqmkbi nl kiode nqidic sh{nyeh =81 cie$ Shi cnn{v nl mbb fmkodisv.qmdibv vhnybc ki q{n|ocic uosh vo`obm{ odsie{mb bnfj$ Shi fmkbiv mdc uo{ode vhnybc idsi{ l{n` knssn` n{ snq mv difivvm{ ln{ shi bmnys sh{nyeh fmkbi ebmdcv$ Shi fykofbiv mdc qmdibv vhnybc ki mci}ymsib |idsobmsic k |idsv n{ bny|i{v$ Vqmfi himsode ibi`idsv uosh shi{`nvsmsof fnds{nb vhnybc ki odfbycic od imfh qmdib$ Mbb fykofbiv mdc qmdibv vhnybc ki q{n|ocic uosh m e{nydc kyv uosh fnqqi{ km{  ixsidcode sh{nyeh nys shi bidesh$ Imfh idc nl shov shov kyv vhnybc ki c{obbic mdc  q{n|ocic uosh byev ln{ fnddifsode fnddifsode e{nydc fmkbiv$ Mbb odvs{y`idsv" fnds{nb jdnkv mdc odcofmsode bm`qv vhnybc ki lbyvh `nydsic nd shi qmdibv$ [ibmv mdc nshi{ ci|ofiv vidvoso|i sn |ok{msond vhnybc dns ki odvsmbbic nd cnn{v n{ hodeic qmdibv mdc dn i}yoq`ids vhnybc ki odvsmbbic nd {im{ mffivv cnn{v$ Shi ixsi{on{ ixsi{on{ lodovh nl mbb shi qmdibv vhnybc ki ydoln{`$ ydoln{`$ Shi odsi{on{ nl mbb fykofbiv mdc qmdibv vhnybc hm|i m `ms uhosi lodovh ydbivv vqifoloic nshi{uovi$ Vuosfhic odsi{on{ boehs mdc vnfjis nysbisv vhnybc ki q{n|ocic ln{ mbb fykofbiv mdc fnds{nb qmdibv$ Mbb fykofbiv mdc fnds{nb qmdibv vhnybc ki q{n|ocic uosh dm`iqbmsiv" ocidsolode shi qy{qnvi nl shi qmdib mdc mbb nl osv fn`qndidsv$ fn `qndidsv$ 8$=$5

Im{shode

Q{n|ovond vhnybc ki `mci ln{ im{shode mbb i}yoq`ids odsidcic ln{ fnddifsond od md M$F$ `modv vyqqb$ Mbb vs{yfsy{mb `ismb un{j mdc `ismb fhmvvov vhnybc ki fnddifsic sn im{sh$ Fnddifsond kisuiid fo{fyosv mdc `ismb un{j vhnybc ndb ki `mci ln{ {imvndv nl vmlis mdc.n{ mdc.n{ {icyfsond nl odsi{li{idfi$ odsi{li{idfi$ Uhi{i vyfh fnddifsondv m{i `mci" shi vhnybc dns ki yvic mv dn{`mb fy{{ids-fm{{ode im{sh {isy{dv$ Im{shode fndcyfsn{v vhnybc ki ms bimvs i}ymb od f{nvv-vifsondmb m{im sn shi vyqqb fndcyfsn{v mdc vhnybc ki fmqmkbi nl fm{{ode shi lmybs fy{{ids$ 8$=$8

Vodebi-Bodi Come{m`v

Imfh vuosfheim{ vhnybc ki ly{dovhic uosh m fnq nl shi lodmb mv-kyobs vodebi-bodi come{m` cismobode mbb ibifs{ofmb cmsm mdc cidn`odmsondv" viqm{msi ln{ imfh odco|ocymb vuosfheim{.covs{okysond knm{c.@FF" qbmfic ydci{ ebmvv mdc l{m`i `nydsic ms md mqq{n|ic bnfmsond$ Shi vm`i mqqboiv sn shi Vsmsond Vodebi-Bodi Come{m` ndi fnq nl uhofh vhnybc ki m{{mdeic od shi fnds{nb {nn`$

8-5

8$=$?

Odvs{y`idsmsond Odvs{y`idsmsond Mdc Fnds{nb I}yoq`ids Civoed F{osi{om

Vhoibcic fmkbiv vhnybc ki q{n|ocic ln{ shi fnds{nb mdc vyqi{|ovn{ i}yoq`ids uhi{i {i}yo{ic$ Vowiv nl Odcofmsn{v" [ifn{ci{v isf$7 Shi `isi{v" odvs{y`idsv mdc {ifn{ci{v vhnybc ki nl vsmdcm{c vowi" sn ki vibifsic sn eym{mdsii ydo}yi mqqim{mdfi nl  vuosfheim{v" fnds{nb qmdibv" fnds{nb civjv" isf$ Shi l{nds ebmvviv vhnybc ki nl shi mdso-ebm{i sqi$

Ibifs{of `imvy{ode voedmbv nl 3-;1 `M vhnybc ki @imvy{ode Vvsi`v7 s{mdv`ossic sn shi fnds{nb {nn` ln{ ivvidsomb n{ {ieybmsode fo{fyosv$ @imvy{ode voedmbv ln{ odcofmsode qy{qnviv qy{qnviv uobb ki 3-;1 `M$ @imvy{ode {mdeiv nl odcofmsn{v" s{mdvcyfi{v" isf$ vhnybc ki vibifsic od vyfh m um shms shi {msic |mbyi nl shi `imvy{ic `medosyci fn|i{v mqq{nx$ 59) nl shi {mdei$ Mbb bnfmb odvs{y`idsv vhnybc" mv lm{ mv q{mfsofmkbi" ki `nydsic |ok{msond l{ii sn mbbnu ennc {imcode$ Uhi{i|i{ {i}yo{ic" cm`qode ibi`idsv vhnybc ki yvic$ Fn{{ivqndcode Fn{{ivqndcode vvsi`v vhnybc ki e{nyqic sneishi{ od bnfmb qmdibv$ 8$=$?$= Si`qi{msy{i @imvy{i`ids

Qbmsody` [ivovsmdfi shi{`n`isi{v nl sqi Qs =11 vhnybc ki yvic$ Shi yvi nl  comb-sqi fndsmfs shi{`n`isi{v vhnybc ki {ivs{ofsic sn kim{ode `ismb si`qi{msy{i `imvy{ode$ [ivovsmdfi shi{`n`isi{v vhnybc ki i}yoqqic uosh umsi{q{nnl fnddifsond himcv$ Shi si`qi{msy{i vidvn{v vhnybc ki vibifsic od vyfh m um sn `odo`ovi shi dy`ki{ nl colli{ids vqm{i odvi{sv$ 8$=$?$; Q{ivvy{i @imvy{i`idsv

Q{ivvy{i emyeiv vhnybc ki vhnfj mdc |ok{msond-q{nnl (q{ili{mkb k lobbode uosh ebfi{odi/ mdc shi `n|i`ids vhnybc fn`qbisib ki `mci nl vsmodbivv vsiib$ Shi fmvodev vhnybc ki cyvs mdc umsi{soehs mdc ki `mci nl vsmodbivv vsiib$ Shi mcgyvs`ids nl shi qnodsi{ vhnybc ki qnvvokbi k `imdv nl md mcgyvs`ids ci|ofi uoshnys {i`n|ode shi qnodsi{ l{n` osv mxbi$ Imfh emyei" q{ivvy{i vuosfh mdc s{mdv`ossi{ ln{ mkvnbysi n{ colli{idsomb q{ivvy{i vhnybc ki i}yoqqic uosh m q{ivvy{i emyei ovnbmsode |mb|i odfbycode m sivs fnddifsond nl shi vf{iuic sqi @;1 x =$9 `` vn shms vyfh ci|ofi fmd ki {i`n|ic uoshnys md covsy{kmdfi nl shi qbmds nqi{msond$ Ol shi q{ivvy{i ov  qybvmsode" shi ci|ofiv c i|ofiv fndfi{dic vhnybc ki fnddifsic fn ddifsic |om lbixokbi sykiv n{ nshi{   qybvi-mkvn{kode  qybvi-mkvn{k ode `imdv$ Shi i{{n{ ln{ q{ivvy{i s{mdv`ossi{v vhnybc ki bo`osic sn ½1$9)$

8-8

8$=$?$6 Bi|ib @imvy{i`idsv

Shi bo}yoc bi|ib `imvy{i`idsv od {ivi{|no{v mdc smdjv uosh ms`nvqhi{of q{ivvy{i vhnybc ki `mci k `imdv nl fmqmfosmdfi `imvy{i`ids sqi$ Shi i{{n{v vhnybc dns ixfiic ½ =$1) nl shi snsmb `imvy{ode {mdei$ 8$=$?$3 Ibifs{ofmb @imvy{i`idsv

Mbb Ibifs{ofmb odvs{y`idsv vhnybc ki nl lbyvh `nydsic civoed" cyvs mdc `novsy{i q{nnl$ M$F$ m``isi{v mdc |nbs`isi{v vhnybc hm|i coeosmb sqi vvsi` nl dns bivv shmd =$9 mffy{mf fbmvv$ C$F$ `imvy{ode odvs{y`idsv vhnybc mbvn ki coeosmb sqi nl  shi vm`i mffy{mf$ Umss`isi{v vhnybc ki vyosmkbi ln{ ydkmbmdfic vvsi`v mdc mffy{mf nl idi{e `isi{v vhnybc ki nl 1$; ) mffy{mf fbmvv$ Mbb odcofmsode odvs{y`idsv vhnybc eidi{mbb uoshvsmdc uoshnys cm`mei m fndsodynyv n|i{bnmc nl ;1) {ili{{ic sn shi {msic nysqys |mbyi nl shi fn{{ivqndcode odvs{y`ids s{mdvln{`i{v$ M``isi{v vhnybc dns ki cm`meic k lmybs-fy{{idsv uoshod shi {msode mdc lmybs cy{msond so`i nl shi mvvnfomsic vuosfheim{ |om shi q{o`m{oiv nl shio{ fn{{ivqndcode odvs{y`ids s{mdvln{`i{v$ Mbb odvs{y`idsv mdc mqqm{msyv vhnybc ki fmqmkbi nl fm{{ode shio{ lybb bnmc fy{{idsv uoshnys ydcyi himsode$ @imdv vhnybc ki q{n|ocic ln{ wi{n mcgyvs`ids nl odvs{y`idsv uoshnys cov`mdsbode$ Uhid `n{i shmd ndi `imvy{ic |mbyi ov odcofmsic nd shi vm`i odvs{y`ids" m `imvy{ode qnods vibifsn{ vuosfh vhnybc ki q{n|ocic dixs sn shi odvs{y`ids mdc vhnybc  ki ide{m|ic uosh m bieidc vqifolode imfh vibifsic `imvy{ode qnods$ FS fnddifsic M``isi{v q{n|ocic ln{ odcofmsond nl `nsn{ fy{{idsv vhnybc ki  q{n|ocic uosh vyqq{ivvic n|i{bnmc vfmbiv nl ; so`iv lybb vfmbi$ Shi combv nl vyfh m``isi{v vhnybc odfbyci m {ic `m{j sn odcofmsi shi lybb bnmc fy{{ids nl shi `nsn{$ Mbb odvs{y`idsv `nydsic nd shi vm`i qmdib vhnybc ki nl vm`i vsbi mdc mqqim{mdfi$ 8$=$?$9 Qnvosond @imvy{i`idsv

Qnvosond s{mdv`ossi{v ln{ fndsodynyv qnvosond odcofmsond mdc `imvy{ode s{mdvcyfi{v vhnybc hm|i md nysqys fy{{ids nl 3-;1 `M mdc myx$ vyqqb |nbsmei (ol {i}yo{ic/ ;3 \ C$F$ 8$=$?$< Bo`os Vuosfhiv

Bo`os vuosfhiv vhnybc ki `nydsic vyosmkbi ln{ imv mcgyvs`ids mdc ln{ {oeocb bnfjode od qnvosond mlsi{ kiode mcgyvsic$ Shi vhnybc ki nl him|-cys him|-cys {msode mdc hm|i sun fhmdein|i{ fndsmfsv vyosmkbi ln{ ==1 \ C$F$ nqi{msond$ Vuosfh loxodev vhnybc ki qnvoso|i mdc vhnybc ki ydmllifsic k |ok{msond$ Ms shi vm`i so`i shi vhnybc ki fmqmkbi nl imv mcgyvs`ids sn vyos fhmdeode  qm{m`isi{v nl shi mvvnfomsic mvvnfoms ic qbmds$ Qm{sofybm{ Qm{sofybm { mssidsond vhnybc ki qmoc sn

8-?

 qnsidsombb  qnsidsomb b hm{`lyb id|o{nd`idsmb id|o{nd`idsm b fndcosondv" odfbycode umsi{" nob" cyvs" co{s" si`qi{msy{i |m{omsondv mdc colli{idsomb ixqmdvondv$

8-=1

8$;

MYXOBOM[_ QNUI[ LN[ H_C[N-IBIFS[OF VSMSONDV

8$;$=

Civoed nl myxobom{ myxobom{ qnui{ qnui{ vvsi` ln{ bm{ei bm{ei hc{nibifs{of hc{nibifs{of qbmdsv qbmdsv

Myxobom{ Qnui{ Ln{ Bm{ei Hc{n-Ibifs{of Vsmsondv `m ki civoedic od mffn{cmdfi uosh shi lnbbnuode qmqi{ mssmfhic mv Mddixy{i =$ MYXOMO[_ QNUI[ LN[ BM[EI H_C[N IBIFS[OF VSMSONDV k Q{nl$ N$ C$ Shmqm{ - Qnui{ Ideodii{" =?<9" |nb$ =9" Qmeiv <-=6

Eidi{mb civoed fndvoci{msondv eo|id od Qm{m 8$= vhnybc ki smjid md mffnyds ln{  civoedode shi vvsi`$ 8$;$;

Civoed nl myxobom{ qnui{ vvsi` ln{ v`mbb hc{nibifs{of qbmdsv

Shi civoed nl myxobom{ qnui{ vvsi` ln{ v`mbb hc{n vvsi` `m ki civoedic od mffn{cmdfi uosh m sqofmb m{{mdei`ids vhnud od Mddixy{i ; ln{ @yji{omd qnui{   qbmds (; x 8 @U/ VHQ$ Eidi{ms Eidi{msn{ n{ k{imji k{imji{{ mdc ydos vvsi` nl fnddifs fnddifsond ond ov ov q{nqnvic q{nqnvic$$ Od fmvi kyv ms eidi{msn{ |nbsmei ov q{nqnvic shi civoed nl myxobom{ qnui{ vvsi` fmd  ki mv sqofmbb sqofmbb vhnud od Mddixy{i 6 uhofh umv civoedic ln{ ; x ? @U Vmy{vmhs{m Vmy{vmhs{m K{mdfh Fmdmb Qnui{ Vsmsondv$

8-==

Mddixy{i ‖= nl 8$; MYXOMO[_ QNUI[ LN[ BM[EI H_C[N IBIFS[OF VSMSONDV K Q{nl$ N$ C$ Shmqm{

H_C[N-IBIFS[OF ydosv uosh |i{ bm{ei ydos mdc mee{iemsi fmqmfosoiv hm|i {ifidsb kiid fndvs{yfsic mdc vsobb bm{ei{ m{i kiode qbmddic ivqifombb od [yvvom$ K{msvj qnui{ vsmsond od Voki{omd {ieond nl Y$V$V$[$ fndsmodv =8 ydosv nl ;;9 @U imfh" uhobi J{mvdmm{vjmm J{mvdmm{vjmm qnui{ vsmsond uobb hm|i =; ydosv nl 911 @U imfh$ imfh$ Od Odcom" shi Khmj{m qnui{ qbmdsv nd shi sun vociv nl {o|i{ Vysbig" hm|ode m snsmb odvsmbbic fmqmfos nl =191 @U ln{ =1 ydosv" uobb ki shi koeeivs hc{n-ibifs{of hc{n-ibifs{of odvsmbbmsond$ Od Y$V$M$" Cmbbiv Cm` qnui{ qbmds uosh ;; ydosv nl 8;"=19 j\M imfh hmv kiid {ifidsb fn``ovvondic$ Myxobom{oiv od m hc{n-ibifs{of vsmsond fndvy`i |i{ bossbi qnui{ mv fn`qm{ic sn vsim` n{ dyfbim{ vsmsond ‖ vm mknys mknys 1$9-=$1 qi{fids nl shi e{nvv nysqys$ Kys os ov shi odsie{os nl shov qnui{ nd uhofh {ivsv sn m bm{ei cie{ii shi yvilybdivv nl shi {i`modode qnui{$ Shi qy{qnvi nl shov m{sofbi ov sn ixm`odi vn`i civoed fndvoci{msond ln{ shi vyqqb nl qnui{ sn shi myxobom{oiv uosh vqifomb {ili{idfi sn q{ivids-cm q{ivids-cm s{idcv$ Sn bo`os shi vfnqi nl shi m{sofbi" ndb bm{ei hc{n qnui{ vsmsondv hm|i kiid fndvoci{ic$ Myxobom{ I}yoq`ids

Shi myxobom{oiv od yvymb qnui{ qbmds fmd ki co|ocic odsn sun fmsien{oiv7 (m/ ydos myxobom{oiv: (k/ vsmsond vi{|ofi myxobom{oiv$ Ydos myxobom{oiv `m fndvovs nl shi lnbbnuode7 En|i{dn{ nob qy`q `nsn{  Fnnbode umsi{ qy`q `nsn{ (ol yvic/ Sy{kodi byk{ofmsode mdc c{modmei qy`q `nsn{v Eidi{msn{ vqmfi himsi{  Eidi{msn{ {nsn{ gmfjode qy`q `nsn{  M`qbocdi `nsn{ (ol yvic/ Sy{kn-kbnui{ (ol difivvm{ od m |m{omkbi himc qbmds/ Vqiic bi|ib mdc emsi vibvd Nob qy`q `nsn{v nl nob fnnbi{v ln{ ydos s{mdvln{`i{v (ol yvic/ Ibifs{of c{o|i ln{ |mb|i `nsn{v (k/

Vsmsond vi{|ofi myxobom{oiv `m fndvovs nl shi lnbbnuode i}yoq`ids$ Shi{i `m ki vi|i{mb ydosv nl imfh sqi nl i}yoq`ids7 =$ @nsn{ eidi{msn{ visv ln{ kmssi{ fhm{eode ;$ Mo{-fn`q{ivvn{ `nsn{  6$ Ydumsi{ode qy`q `nsn{  3$ C{modmei qy`q `nsn{P 9$ \idsobmsond lmdv

Qnui{ Ideodii{" =?<9" |nb$ =9" Qmeiv <-=6

8-=;

<$ Mo{-fndcosondode i}yoq`ids

5$ S{mdvln{`i{ nob hmdcbode qy`q `nsn{  8$ En|i{dn{ mdc byk{ofmsode nob hmdcbode qy`q `nsn{  ?$ Umvsi nob covqnvmb qy`q `nsn{  =1$ Nob qy{oloi{ fids{olyei qy`q `nsn{  ==$ @mfhodi vhnq i}yoq`ids =;$ @mod qnui{ qbmds f{mdi vyqqb =6$ Ibifs{ofmb bmkn{msn{ qnui{ vyqqb =3$ Viumei covqnvmb qy`q =9$ S{imsic umsi{ qy`q (ol q{n|ocic/ =<$ Ibi|msn{ `nsn{ eidi{msn{ vyqqb (ol q{n|ocic/ =5$ Vuosfhm{c qnui{ fo{fyos =8$ Qnui{ nysbis fo{fyos =?$ Boehsode qnui{ vyqqb [i}yo{i`idsv ln{ Myxobom{oiv Vyqqb

Shi qnui{ {i}yo{i`idsv ln{ shi hc{n qnui{ qbmds myxobom{oiv mv idy`i{msic mkn|i fmd ki ivso`msic ms md im{b vsmei nl civoed mdc ln{` shi lydcm`idsmb qm{m`isi{v nl shi vsmsond$ Nk|onyvb" os ov difivvm{ sn odfbyci m `m{eod od {msode nl qnui{ vsmsond myxobom{oiv mdc fndvi}yidsb `nvs myxobom{ `nsn{v {yd ms bivv shmd lybb bnmc ydci{ dn{`mb fndcosond$ M bnmc lmfsn{ ov shyv nksmodic uhofh {icyfiv shi mfsymb `mxo`y` ci`mdc sn mqq{nxo`msib <1-51 qi{fids nl shi {yddode odvsmbbic qnui{ ln{ shi myxobom{$ @mod fndvoci{msond od civoedode shi vvsi` ln{ vny{fi nl qnui{ ov mv lnbbnuv" kys ocimb myxobom{ vvsi` vhnybc {i`mod m vo`qbi vvsi`7 =$ ;$ 6$ 3$ 9$

Vi{|ofi vhnybc dns ki odsi{{yqsic k vvsi` covsy{kmdfiv$ Vi{|ofi fndsodyos ki `modsmodic ydci{ mbb fndcosondv$ Shi{i vhnybc ki q{n|ovond ln{ vsm{sode shi vsmsond l{n` fnbc$ Lo{vs fnvs" `modsidmdfi fnvs mdc nqi{msode fnvs vhnybc ki bnu$ Vmlis nl qi{vnddib" vo`qbofos nl nqi{msond mdc imvi nl `modsidmdfi ki idvy{ic$

Vny{fi nl `m ki7 (m/ (k/ (f/ (c/

vyqqb ‖ @mod vny{fiv nl myxobom{ qnui{ od m hc{n-ibifs{of vsmsond Hnyvi vsmsond vi{|ofi eidi{msn{v S{mdvln{`i{ fnddifsic sn eidi{msn{ bimcv Co{ifs vyqqb l{n` mdnshi{ vsmsond @mod vsmsond kyviv sh{nyeh hnyvi s{mdvln{`i{v

M fn`kodmsond nl shi `ishncv nl vyqqb ov yvic mdc shi myxobom{ kyv mdc vuosfhode m{{mdei`idsv `m cyqbofmsi md nl shi m{{mdei`idsv ln{ `mod ibifs{ofmb fnddifsond$

8-=6

Ydos Vyqqb

Shi ocim nl ydos qnui{ eidi{msond hmv kiid }yosi ydo|i{vmbb mcnqsic ivqifombb ln{ bm{ei{ ydosv$ Shi ydos myxobom{oiv vvsi` mvvnfomsic uosh ydos eidi{msond eidi{msond ov lic k sun odciqidcids vny{fiv nl qnui{ eidi{msond" ndi ci{o|ic l{n` shi eidi{msode ydos mdc shi nshi{ `m ki l{n` shi vsmsond kyv-km{v" vyqqbode vsmsond vi{|ofiv mv uibb mv q{n|ocode vsmdck ln{ shi ydos myxobom{oiv$ Sqofmb m{{mdei`ids ov vhnud od Loe$ 6$ Shov `ishnc hmv kiid }yosi ixsidvo|ib mcnqsic od shi {ifids |i{ bm{ei hc{n-ibifs{of hc{n-ibifs{of vsmsond od Y$V$V$[$ Shi {msode nl shi ydos s{mdvln{`i{ ov kmvic nd shi snsmb fnddifsic fmqmfos nl {yddode ydos myxobom{oiv o$i$ ixfbycode vsmdck c{o|iv$ c{o|iv$ Mv vyfh shi s{mdvln{`i{ ov nqi{msode ms mknys 59 qi{fids lybb bnmc sh{nyehnys `nvs nl osv boli$ Shi ydos vyqqb k s{mdvln{`i{v fnddifsic co{ifsb sn eidi{msn{ bimcv ov m {ibomkbi mdc ifndn`ofmb vny{fi nl qnui{ mdc hmv kiid |i{ ixsidvo|ib yvic od {ifids q{mfsofi$ Shov qnui{ vyqqb ov" hnui|i{" vyvfiqsokbi sn covsy{kmdfiv cy{ode vi|i{i lmybsv od shi `mod vvsi`" kys vvsi` covsy{kmdfiv m{i vn`iuhms fyvhondic k shi o`qicmdfi o`qicmdfi nl shi shi eidi{msn{ s{mdvln{`i{$ Mqqbofmsond nl  `nci{d hoeh vqiic q{nsifsond" fnyqbic uosh shi mkobos nl `nci{d `nsn{v sn {ifn|i{ osv vqiic mlsi{ `n`idsm{ |nbsmei c{nq" hmv `mci shov vny{fi nl qnui{ vyqqb mbb shi `n{i ciqidcmkbi$ Shi snsmb bnmc nl shi myxobom{oiv od hc{n-ibifs{of vsmsond kiode v`mbb (mv fn`qm{ic sn vsim` n{ dyfbim{ vsmsondv/ mbb shi ydosv od m bm{ei hc{n-ibifs{of vsmsond `m dns ki  q{n|ocic uosh ydos s{mdvln{`i{$ Odvsimc eidi{msn{ bimcv nl ndb m liu nl shi ydosv `m ki smqqic k s{mdvln{`i{v$ M sqofmb m{{mdei`ids ov ov vhnud od Loe$ ;$ Shi {msode nl shivi s{mdvln{`i{v ov eidi{mbb bm{ei idnyeh vn mv sn fmsi{ sn shi diicv nl {yddode ydos mdc vsmsond myxobom{oiv vsmdck vyqqb$ Ln{ ydos sqi vsmsond m vyqqb odciqidcids nl shi odco|ocymb ydosv ov difivvm{ mdc shi vsmsond vyqqb `yvs ki m|mobmkbi uhid mbb ydosv m{i vhys cnud$ Mv bm{ei vsmsondv yvymbb nqi{msi od odsi{fnddifsic vvsi`" shov vyqqb fnybc ki nksmodic l{n` shi `mod  kyv-km{v sh{nyeh vsiq-cnud s{mdvln{`i{v$ Md mccosondmb vsm{sode vyqqb ov difivvm{ od fmvi nl shi vsmsondv uhofh m{i odsidcic ln{ nqi{msondv nd ovnbmsic vvsi`v$ Shov vyqqb `m ki m v`mbb coivib qbmds n{ m vibl-fndsmodic hnyvi vis$  Dn{`mbb ndi vyfh vsmsond vi{|ofi s{mdvln{`i{ ov idnyeh ydbivv shi dy`ki{ nl  hc{n-ibifs{of ydosv ov ixfiqsondmbb ixfiqsondmbb bm{ei (vii Loe$ 3 ‖ K{msvj vsmsond od Y$V$V$[$/$ Shov s{mdvln{`i{ vhnybc hm|i m fmqmfos bm{ei idnyeh sn `iis shi `mxo`y` ci`mdc nl mbb shi myxobom{ bnmc nl shi qnui{ hnyvi$ Vibifsond nl \nbsmei

Shi covs{okysond |nbsmei sn ki yvic vhnybc ki vibifsic nd m fnvs kmvov$ Ln{ `nvs nl  shi bm{ei vsmsond" m sun-|nbsmei vvsi` yvode 6$6 j\ (n{ < j\/ mdc 3=9 \$ hmv kiid eidi{mbb mcnqsic$ Lmybs bi|ib" fy{{ids {msode" |nbsmei {ieybmsond mdc fnqqi{ bnvviv nl shi vvsi` m{i shi `mod lmfsn{v od|nb|ic od fn`qm{ode shi fnvsv$ Shi |nbsmei c{nq nd vsm{sode myxobom{oiv cniv dns dn{`mbb q{ivids md vqifomb  q{nkbi` ixfiqs od shi fnnbode umsi{ qy`qv (ol yvic/ od fmvi nl ydos myxobom{oiv n{ bm{ei ydumsi{ode qy`qv od fmvi nl vsmsond myxobom{oiv$ Shov fmd ki o`q{n|ic yqnd k {ivs{ofsode {ivs{ofsode 8-=3

vsm{sode fy{{ids ln{ shivi `nsn{v mdc k mcgyvsode shi vowi nl shi s{mdvln{`i{v liicode ydos myxobom{oiv vn shms m bm{ei coq od vyqqb |nbsmei ov m|nocic uhid shi `nsn{ ov vuosfhic nd$ Vn`iso`iv ol shi ydumsi{ode qy`qv m{i nl bm{ei fmqmfosoiv" os `m ki q{ili{mkbi sn liic shivi `nsn{v nd 6$6 j\ mdc shi `nsn{ nksmodic vhnybc hm|i vyllofoids mffibi{msond sn{}yi uosh |nbsmei cnud sn 81 qi{fids nl shi dn{`mb |mbyi$ Vn`i |nbsmei mcgyvs`ids ms shi s{mdvln{`i{ ov yvilyb mdc os ov m yvymb q{mfsofi sn  q{n|oci nll-fo{fyos smqqode nl ;$9 mdc 9 qi{fids nd ydos ydos mdc vsmsond vi{|ofi s{mdvln{`i{v$ Lmybs bi|ib

Shi |nbsmei vibifsic ln{ md myxobom{ vvsi` ov fbnvib mvvnfomsic uosh shi lmybs bi|ib mdc knsh hm|i sn ki fndvoci{ic od n{ci{ sn cisi{`odi shi `nvs ifndn`ofmb m{{mdei`ids" shi dixs hoehi{ vsmdcm{c |nbsmei kiode mcnqsic uhid shi {msode bo`os nl  m|mobmkbi vuosfheim{ nl m eo|id |nbsmei |nbsmei ov {imfhic$ Mv q{i|onyvb vsmsic" m sun-|nbsmei vvsi` jiiqv shi lmybs bi|ib od koe hc{n-ibifs{of ydos uoshod q{nqi{ q{nqi{ bo`osv$ Odvi{sond nl  {imfsn{v ln{ bo`osode lmybs fy{{idsv m{i bomkbi sn fmyvi |nbsmei {ieybmsond q{nkbi`v mdc vhnybc ki m|nocic$ Nd shi ydosv knm{cv" ol qm{mbbibode nl colli{ids vny{fiv nl qnui{ ov q{i|idsic k  q{n|ocode vyosmkbi odsi{bnfjv" vuosfheim{ vu osfheim{ nl m bnui{ k{imjode fmqmfos fmd ki yvic$ yv ic$ Shi odcyfsond `nsn{v fnds{okysi m lmybs fy{{ids nl vhn{s cy{msond cyi sn shi illifs nl {ivocymb `medisov`$ Shov fy{{ids mqq{nmfhiv shi `nsn{" `nsn{" vsm{sode fy{{ids (9 so`iv lybb bnmc fy{{ids/ ms lybb |nbsmei mdc mdc cifmv uoshod m liu liu ffbiv$ Os ov shi{iln{i civo{mkbi sn smji shov odsn mffnyds uhobi fmbfybmsode shi lmybs bi|ib nl shi myxobom{oiv vvsi`$ Im{shode

Shi q{mfsofi mdc nqodond nd shi sqi nl e{nydcode ln{ shi myxobom{oiv vvsi` |m{oiv$ Md yde{nydcic vvsi` `m `m ki nqi{msic uosh md mffocidsmb e{nydc nd ndi ndi qhmvi ydsob mbsi{dmso|i m{{mdei`idsv m{{mdei`idsv ln{ vyqqb fmd ki `mci$ Kys md yde{nydcic yde{nydcic vvsi` ov `n{i q{ndi sn m e{nydc lmybs" lmybs" uhofh ov collofybs sn bnfmsi$ M vifndc e{nydc lmybs nd m colli{ids qhmvi `m nffy{ kiln{i shi lo{vs ndi ov {iqmo{ic mdc od shi bmsi{ i|ids os ov bomkbi sn fmyvi bns nl cm`mei$ Nd shi nshi{ hmdc" m e{nydc lmybs nd md myxobom{ vvsi` uosh vnboc n{ {ivovsmdfi im{shode ov }yofjb ovnbmsic k {ibmv uosh dn bnvv nl vi{|ofi sn ydmllifsic qn{sondv nl shi vvsi`$ Uosh vnboc im{shode shi vvsi` |nbsmei vy{eiv m{i shi bnuivs" uhobi uosh {ivovsmdfi im{shode im{sh lmybs fy{{idsv fmd ki {icyfic sn fn`qm{mso|ib v`mbb |mbyiv$ Shi q{ivids s{idc s{idc ov sn yvi vnboc vnboc im{shode nd |nbsmei s{mdvln{`i{ im{shode$ Shi ixs{m fnvs nl {ivovsmdfi im{shode ov dns gyvsolomkbi$ Im{shode nl shi i}yoq`ids ov k fnddifsond sn shi fn`kodic vsmsond im{shode vvsi`$ Km{i fnqqi{ uo{iv n{ vs{oqv vnbocb fnddifsic fnddifsic sn `mod im{shode im{shode e{nydcode `msv `msv hm|i kiid yvic$ Od [yvvomd q{mfsofi" hnui|i{" hnui|i{" mbb im{shode ov kiode kiode cndi k @$V$ vs{oq-mbb fnddifsondv kiode uibcic$ Myxobom{oiv Fnds{nb

8-=9

Shi q{ivids-cm s{idc od `nci{d qnui{ qbmdsv ov snum{cv odf{imvic fids{mbowmsond nl fnds{nbv" mo`ode ms `n{i `n{i mdc `n{i nl mysn`msond$ mysn`msond$ Shov ov cyi sn shi lmybs shms hc{n  qbmdsv fmd ki vsm{sic ms |i{ vhn{s odsi{|mbv mdc m{i shyv ocimbb vyosic ln{ qyvh kyssnd vsm{sode n{ fbnvode$ Mysn`msof vsm{sode k c{nq c{nq nl vvsi` l{i}yidf l{i}yidf ov kiode }yosi uocib mcnqsic od [yvvom" mv m `imvy{i nl idhmdfode vsmsof vsmkobos nl shi qnui{ vvsi`$ Od Y$V$M$ vn`i bm{ei hc{n-ibifs{of eidi{msode vsmsondv m{i dnu kiode qbmddic ln{ {i`nsi fnds{nb l{n` m fids{mb fn`qysi{ fnds{nb vsmsond vn mv sn mbvn q{n|oci ln{ mysn`msof bnmcode" ydbnmcode mdc |nbsmei fnds{nb" kivociv nl fny{vi mysn`msof vsm{sode mdc vsnqqode nl shi ydos$ Shi vsmdck myxobom{oiv" o$i$ en|i{dn{ nob qy`q" kim{ode ln{fic byk{ofmsond byk{ofmsond  qy`qv" ydumsi{ode mdc c{modmei qy`qv" isf$" nd uhofh shi vmlis nl shi qbmds ciqidcv m{i m{{mdeic ln{ mysn`msof vsm{s yq" odosomsic ibifs{ofmbb nd lmoby{i nl shi `mod myxobom{ n{ k md mkdn{`mb fndcosond nl q{ivvy{i" umsi{ b i|ib" n{ si`qi{msy{i$ Shi fnds{nb mdc odvs{y`idsmsond nl shi hc{n sy{kodi mdc shi hc{n eidi{msn{ ydosv m{i fids{mbowic sn mbbnu ln{ n|i{mbb vyqi{|ovond k ndi nqi{msn{ uhn fmd `mji md difivvm{ mcgyvs`idsv uoshnys cibm$ Od `nvs nl shi bm{ei hc{n-ibifs{of hc{n-ibifs{of vsmsondv" os hmv mbvn kifn`i m q{mfsofi sn fids{mbowi mbb fnds{nbv nl myxobom{oiv mvvnfomsic uosh vsm{sode" {yddode mdc vsnqqode nl shi idso{i ydos nd viqm{msi knm{cv dm`ic ydos fnds{nb knm{cv$ Shivi knm{cv ln{ imfh qmo{ nl ydosv m{i bnfmsic ms n{ n{ dim{ shi sy{kodi lbnn{ bi|ib$ Od vn`i fmviv (Cmbbiv Cm` qnui{ qbmds/ q{n|ovond ln{ vdfh{ndowode shi eidi{msode ydosv hmv mbvn  kiid odfbycic$ Os" hnui|i{" vii`v shms vdfh{ndowmsond mv uibb mv bnmcode nl shi ydos fmd  ki fnd|idoidsb cndi l{n` `mod `mod ibifs{ofmb fnds{nb {nn`$ Shi `mod fnds{nb {nn` shyv mffn``ncmsiv i}yoq`idsv ln{ vdfh{ndowode" ydos bnmc fnds{nb mdc fnds{nb ln{ ln{ nysenode liici{v$ Shi fnds{nb ln{ shi `mod `mod vyqqb fo{fyosv ln{  shi myxobom{oiv ov mbvn q{n|ocic od shi `mod fnds{nb {nn`$ Sn hm|i ndb ndi fnds{nb {nn` mdc ibo`odmsode ydos fnds{nb knm{cv od hc{n vsmsondv hm|ode bm{ei dy`ki{ nl ydos `m ki  q{nlosmkbi mdc ov bomkbi sn {icyfi fnvs" fnvs" mdc dy`ki{ nl nqi{msn{v$ nqi{msn{v$ Mysn`msof vuosfhode nl vibifsic vsmdck mdc i`i{eidf myxobom{oiv ov difivvm{ sn  q{i|ids cmdei{nyv fndcosondv m{ovode nd lmoby{i nl {yddode myxobom{oiv$ myxobom{oiv$ Mysn`msof fhmdein|i{ nl idso{i ydos myxobom{oiv sn shi mbsi{dmsi vny{fi nl vyqqb ov md yddifivvm{ fn`qbofmsond mdc ov md m|nocmkbi mccosondmb ixqidcosy{i ln{ vsmsondv uosh bm{ei ydosv" mv lmoby{i nl shi `mod vyqqb ov yvymbb shi {ivybs nl m `mgn{ lmybs" uhofh vhnybc ki od|ivsoemsic$ Sqofmb M{{mdei`idsv nl Myxobom{ Vvsi`v

Shi m{{mdei`ids nl myxobom{oiv vvsi` ciqidcv yqnd m |m{ois nl fndcosondv" i$e$ bmnys vny{fi nl qnui{ vyqqb" covs{okysond vvsi` mvvnfomsic uosh m qm{sofybm{ qnui{  vsmsond" isf$ Shi m{{mdei`ids mv kmvic yqnd shivi fndvoci{msondv ov vibifsic vibifsic vn mv sn eo|i shi kivs mdc `nvs ifndn`of ifndn`of vnbysond$ Od shov m{sofbi os ov qnvvokbi qnvvokbi sn {ili{ ndb sn vn`i {ibi|mds mvqifsv nl shi shi myxobom{ vvsi`v ln{ m qm{sofybm{ vsmsond$ Shi m{{mdei`idsv nl  nl  myxobom{ vvsi`v {ili{{ic sn od shov m{sofbi ln{ shi qnui{ qbmdsv od Y$V$V$[$ hm|i kiid mcnqsic l{n` shi c{muodev vsycoic cy{ode shi myshn{‟v |ovos sn Y$V$V$[$ mdc {iq{ivids shi  kmvof vvsi` ndb$ Loev$ = mdc ; vhnu shi myxobom{ vvsi`v ln{ Khmj{m qnui{ qbmdsv uhofh fndsmod 9 visv nl =11 @\M imfh od qnui{ qbmds O nd shi bils kmdj mdc 9 ydosv nl =63 @\M imfh nd  qnui{ qbmds OO nd shi {oehs kmdj (ydci{ fndvs{yfsond/$ Shi `mod vny{fi nl qnui{ vyqqb 8-=<

ov shi vsmsond s{mdvln{`i{v fnddifsic sn eidi{msn{ bimcv" uhobi shi vsmdck vyqqb ov ivvidsombb l{n` shi vsmsond vi{|ofi s{mdvln{`i{ fnddifsic sn shi si{som{ uodcode nl shi odsi{bodjode s{mdvln{`i{ fnddifsode shi `mod vsmsond kyviv ms colli{ids |nbsmeiv" od qnui{   qbmds O$ Ly{shi{" mv fmd ki viid l{n` shi come{m`" |nbsmeiv nl 6$6 j\ mdc 3=9 \$ hm|i  kiid mcnqsic$ Lmybs bi|ib nd 3=9 \$ od qnui{ qbmds O umv jiqs ;9 @\M k vqifolode `n{i shmd dn{`mb o`qicmdfi o`qicmdfi ln{ shi 6$6 j\.3=9 \$ s{mdvln{`i{v$ s{mdvln{`i{v$ Od qnui{ qbmds OO" shi dy`ki{ nl s{mdvln{`i{v ui{i ln{ shi vm`i {imvnd odf{imvic sn lny{ mdc hoehi{ shmd dn{`mb o`qicmdfiv mcnqsic sn jiiq cnud shi lmybs bi|ib sn =9"111 m`qv$ mdc shyv ifndn`owi nd `yfh fhimqi{ 3=9 \$ vuosfheim{ v uosfheim{ mdc fmkbiv$

Loe$ = Khmj{m Qnui{ Qbmds O (9 ydosv nl ?1 ?1 @U Imfh/

8-=5

Loe$ ; Khmj{m Qnui{ Qbmds OO (9 (9 ydosv nl nl =;1 @U imfh/

Loe$ 6 vhnuv shi kmvof myxobom{ vvsi` ln{ shi eomds J{mvdmm{vjmm qnui{ qbmds od shi imvsi{d {ieond nl Y$V$V$[$ Shi kmvof vvsi` mcnqsic hi{i ov m sqofmb ydos vvsi`$ Shi fmqmfosoiv nl ydos s{mdvln{`i{v m{i }yosi v`mbb mdc m{i bomkbi sn un{j ms mknys 51-81  qi{fids nl osv {msode$ Shi vsmsond vi{|ofi s{mdvln{`i{ fmqmfos ov mbvn i}ymb sn vsmsond vi{|ofi diicv qbyv-myxobom{oiv nl ndi ydos$ ydos$ Shyv shi fmqmfos nl s{mdvln{`i{v s{mdvln{`i{v odvsmbbic fmd  ki vm|ic yqnd$ Shov vvsi` nl myxobom{oiv hmv kiid mb`nvs ydo|i{vmbb mcnqsic od Y$V$V$[$ od shio{ {ifids bm{ei hc{n-ibifs{of qnui{ qbmdsv" i$e$ K{msvj ‖ =8 ydosv nl ;;9 @U imfh (qm{sb fn``ovvondic ‖ Loe$ 3/ mdc mbvn ln{ Kyjhsm{`odvjmm ‖ 5 ydosv nl  5;"911 j\M imfh$ Loe$ 9 vhnuv shi myxobom{ vvsi` q{nqnvic ln{ Cmbbiv Cm` od Y$V$M$ uhofh hmv  kiid {ifidsb fn``ovvondic mdc fndsmodv ;; ydosv nl 8;"=19 j\M imfh$ Mv fmd ki viid l{n` shov

Loe$ 6 Kmvof Myxobom{ Vvsi` Vvsi` ln{ J{mvdmm{vjmm J{mvdmm{vjmm =; x 911 @\M @\M Vsmsond (Q{nqnvic (Q{nqnvic od YVVV[/

8-=8

Loe$ 3 Kmvof Myxobom{ Vvsi` ln{ K{msvj Qnui{ Vsmsond (YVV[/" =8 Ydosv nl ;;9 @U Imfh

loey{i" shi q{o`m{ vny{fi nl qnui{ ov k smqqode eidi{msn{ bimcv nl ydosv 5 mdc 8$ Sn bo`os shi odsi{{yqsode fmqmfos nl shi k{imji{ nd =6$8 j\ voci" m {imfsn{ vii`v sn hm|i  kiid odvi{sic vn mv sn cif{imvi lmybs bi|ib$ Cnykbi kyv-km{ ln{ 3=<1 mdc 381 \$ q{n|ociv ln{ `n{i {ibomkobos mdc lbixokobos nl nqi{msond$

Loe$ 9 Kmvof Myxobom{ Vvsi` ln{ Cmbbiv Cm` Qnui{ hnyvi (YVM/" ;; Ydosv nl  8;"=19 j\M Imfh

8-=?

Ibifs{ofmb I}yoq`ids

Os `m dns ki nys nl qbmfi sn `idsond hi{i od k{oil vn`i limsy{iv ln{ vibifsond nl  shi ibifs{ofmb i}yoq`ids i}yoq`ids ln{ qnui{ vsmsond myxobom{oiv$ Od qnui{ vsmsondv ciqidcidf vhnybc ki qbmfic nd vsy{c mdc uibb-odvybmsic i}yoq`ids {mshi{ shmd nd fn`qbofmsic vuosfhode mdc {ibm m{{mdei`idsv civoedic sn {i`n|i lmybs fndcosondv$ Hoeh \nbsmei Vuosfheim{

Shi hoeh |nbsmei vuosfheim{ od qnui{ vsmsond ln{ 6$6" <$< mdc == j\ ov mb`nvs ydo|i{vmbb vqifoloic mv mo{-k{imj mo{-k{imj vuosfheim{$ Hoeh cie{ii cie{ii nl nl vmlis nl mo{-k{imj  mo{-k{imj  vuosfheim{" vyosmkbi qi{ln{`mdfi fhm{mfsi{ovsofv mdc hoeh cie{ii nl m|mobmkobos fn`kodi sn `mji os vn mffiqsmkbi ln{ shi gnk$ Shi lo{i loehsode loehsode i}yoq`ids fmd shi{iln{i ki covqidvic uosh$ Ly{shi{ mkvidfi nl fy{{ids fhnqqode {icyfiv shi n|i{|nbsmeiv od shi vvsi` mdc `odo`owiv `odo`owiv nysmeiv cyi sn odvybmsond lmoby{iv$ lmoby{iv$ Uoshc{mumkbi sqi" fykofbi `nydsic" vnbidnoc nqi{msic nqi{msic l{n` shi kmssi{ ov yvymbb vqifoloic sn ki q{n|ocic$ q{n|ocic$ M snsmb nqidode nl mqq{nx$ 9-8 ffbiv ov yvymbb vmsovlmfsn{ ln{ q{nsifsond nl i}yoq`ids mdc ln{  `modsidmdfi nl vvsi` vsmkobos ydci{ lmybs fndcosondv$

Bnu \nbsmei Vuosfheim{

Ln{ bnu |nbsmei mbvn myxobom{oiv mo{-k{imj vuosfheim{ ov `nvs vyosmkbi ln{ vo`obm{  {imvndv sn shnvi eo|id ln{ shi shi hoeh |nbsmei |nbsmei eim{$ M fn`kodmsond nl vuosfh mdc hoeh {yqsy{ode fmqmfos lyvi lyvi ov yvic od Idebovh q{mfsofi$ Kys od M`i{ofmd mdc [yvvomd q{mfsofi ndb mo{-k{imj vuosfheim{ ov yvic sn shi mb`nvs snsmb ixfbyvond nl vuosfh-lyvi ydosv$ @nsn{ fo{fyosv odfn{qn{msi od mccosond fndsmfsn{v uosh shi{`mb `nsn{ q{nsifsond$ Ln{ `nsn{v nl =91 h$q$ n{ `n{i os ov q{ili{mkbi sn q{n|oci fo{fyos k{imji{v odvsimc nl  fndsmfsn{v$ Os hmv kifn`i m l{i}yids q{mfsofi sn fids{mbowi shi bnu |nbsmei vuosfheim{ sneishi{  uosh shi `nsn{ fnds{nbv od fn`qbisi vuosfhknm{cv uhofh m{i bnfmsic ms fnd|idoids qnodsv uoshod shi qnui{ vsmsond$ Uosh shov m{{mdei`ids m{{mdei`ids `imdv nl ovnbmsond ms shi `nsn{ `nsn{ m{i civo{mkbi ln{ vmlis$ vmlis$ Mdnshi{ q{mfsofi ov fids{mbowmsond nl covs{okysond uhobi fndsmfsn{v fndsmfsn{v mdc ovnbmsn{v m{i qbmfic dim{ shi `nsn{$ Od ioshi{ fmvi fmvi o`qn{smds fndsmfsn{v fndsmfsn{v `m ki fnds{nbbic l{n` shi {i`nsi fnds{nb qmdibv od mccosond sn bnfmb fnds{nb$ S{mdvln{`i{v

Shi s{mdvln{`i{v od hc{n-ibifs{of qnui{ vsmsondv nl 6$6 j\ mdc mkn|i (ln{ vsmsond vi{|ofi/ m{i nl vsmdcm{c civoed mdc nl shi nob odvybmsond sqi uosh dmsy{mb fo{fybmsond fnnbode ln{ odf{imvic {ibomkobos$ Od fmvi nl shi bnu |nbsmei s{mdvln{`i{v ln{ s{mdvln{`ode shi |nbsmei sn 3=9 \$" shi q{ivids s{idc ov sn yvi c{ sqi s{mdvln{`i{v vn shms lo{i hmwm{c ov {icyfic mdc shi s{mdvln{`i{v fnybc ki bnfmsic odvoci shi qnui{ hnyvi kyobcode uoshnys enode odsn ixqidvo|i FN ; lo{i loehsode i}yoq`ids$

8-;1

Uhid vibifsode shi s{mdvln{`i{ {imfsmdfi fndvoci{msond vhnybc ki eo|id sn |mbyiv nksmodic l{n` m vsmdcm{c civoed$ Hoehi{ n{ bnui{ |mbyiv fmd ki nksmodic kys `m od|nb|i odf{imvic fnvs" mdc uhid hoehi{ fo{fyos {imfsmdfi |mbyiv m{ i {i}yo{ic fndvoci{msond vhnybc mbvn ki eo|id sn viqm{msi {imfsn{v$ @nsn{v

Shi qnui{ vsmsond myxobom{ `nsn{v {mdei od vowi l{n` l{mfsondmb hn{vi-qnui{ yvic ln{ fnds{nb nl |mb|iv sn vi|i{mb hydc{ic hn{vi-qnui{ ln{ c{o|ode ydumsi{ode n{ ydos fnnbode umsi{ qy`qv$ Shi `nsn{v m{i eidi{mbb nl nl v}yo{{ib fmei sqi uosh co{ifsond-nd co{ifsond-nd bodi vsm{sode ln{ }yofj vsm{sode$ Vsm{sode fy{{ids ln{ shivi `nsn{v hmv sn ki jiqs uoshod {imvndmkbi bo`osv$ Shi `nsn{ vhnybc `iis `iis uoshnys collofybs m |nbsmei |m{omsond nl *9  qi{fids mdc l{i}yidf |m{omsond nl *3 qi{fids$ Kivociv {icyfsond nl uoci{ |nbsmei lbyfsymsond (vm 59 qi{fids nl dn`odmb ln{ =1 `od$/ mdc s{mdvoids |nbsmei coqv nl e{imsi{  `medosyci cy{ode vvsi` lmybsv `yvs dns mllifs shi nqi{msond nl shi `nsn{v$ Fmkbiv

Fmkbode ov md o`qn{smds qm{s nl myxobom{oiv odvsmbbmsond$ Shi vowi nl fmkbiv ov cisi{`odic k shi `mxo`y` fndsodynyv bnmc fy{{ids$ Shi nshi{ lmfsn{v uhofh odlbyidfi shi vowi m{i `ishnc nl bmode" q{nxo`os nl nshi{ fmkbiv mdc m`koids si`qi{msy{i$ Ly{shi{`n{i" fndvoci{msond vhnybc ki eo|id sn vhn{s-fo{fyos {msode ln{ shi v`mbbi{ vowi mv uibb mv |nbsmei c{nq ln{ bnde bideshv sn {i`nsi i}yoq`ids$ Smkbi = eo|iv eo|iv shi {ifn``idcic `odo`y` fmkbi vowiv ln{ |m{onyv vhn{s-fo{fyos fndcosondv kmvic nd m lmybs cy{msond nl 1$;9 vif$ Shivi vowiv fmd ki {icyfic ol lmybs fbim{ode so`i ov bivv$ Smkbi = ‖ [ifn``idcic @odo`y` Fmkbi Vwoiv (Fnqqi{/ od V}ym{i Odfhiv ln{ Vhn{sFo{fyos fndcosondv nl 1$;9 Vif$ Cy{msond Mqq{nxo`msi fmkbi vowi 0 1$1=69 x s x O j  uhi{i Oj  0 vhn{s-fo{fyos fy{{ids od {$`$v$ mdc s 0 cy{msond nl vhn{s-fo{fyos od vifndcv$

Lmybs =9"111 m`qv$ ;9"111 m`qv$ 91"111 m`qv$ =91 @\M =91 @\M 911 @\M

3=9 \$ 1$= v}$ od$ 1$; v}$ od$ 1$69 v}$ od$ -

Vvsi` |nbsmei 6$6 j\ <$< j\ 1$;1 1$= 1$61 1$; 1$6

== j\ 1$1< 1$= 1$;

Ln{ hoeh sidvond fmkbiv qmqi{-odvybmsic bimc-vhimshic sqi m{i eidi{mbb yvic$ Sh{ii-fn{i fmkbiv m{i vmsovlmfsn{ yq sn mknys 1$9 v}$ od$ fndcyfsn{ vowi mdc shivi m{i eidi{mbb m{`ny{ic ln{ `ifhmdofmb q{nsifsond$ q{nsifsond$ Nob-bivv fmkbiv vhnybc ki yvic ln{ |i{sofmb {ydv nl shi fmkbi mdc ln{ shov {imvnd |m{dovhic fm`k{of-odvybmsic fmkbiv m{i q{ili{{ic mv  qnui{ fmkbiv$

8-;=

Ln{ v`mbb bnmcv yq sn 61 h$q$" o$i$ odfbycode boehsode" fnds{nb" isf$" Q$\$F$ odvybmsic fmkbiv m{i dnu kiode yvic cyi cyi sn shi imvi mdc ifndn` ifndn` nl odvsmbbmsond$ Shov sqi nl fmkbi fmd nqi{msi od hoeh si`qi{msy{i mdc ov |i{ {nkyvs `ifhmdofmbb$ Shi {nysode nl fmkbiv hmv sn ki fm{ilybb qbmddic ms md im{b vsmei nl qnui{ vsmsond civoed sn idvy{i ennc {ivybsv l{n` shi ideodii{ode mdc mivshisof qnodsv nl |oiu$ Fndfbyvond

Ixm`odmsond nl shi myxobom{oiv vvsi` nl vn`i nl shi bm{ei{ eidi{msode vsmsondv vhnuv shms s{mdvln{`i{ fnddifsic sn eidi{msn{ bimcv ov m {ibomkbi vny{fi nl qnui{ ln{  vsmsond vi{|ofi diicv$ diicv$ Ydos myxobom{ vvsi` `m mc|mdsmeinyvb ki ixsidcic sn hc{n vsmsondv$ Shi myxobom{oiv bnmc ln{ |i{ bm{ei qnui{ vsmsondv fmd ki fnd|idoidsb mffn``ncmsic nd m sun-|nbsmei myxobom{oiv vvsi`$ Im{shode nl shi myxobom{ vvsi` ov civo{mkbi ln{ {mqoc ovnbmsond nl lmybs vifsondv$ Fids{mbowic fnds{nb nl shi ydosv ov fndcyfo|i sn e{imsi{ ifndn`ofv$ Mo{-k{imj vuosfheim{  ln{ myxobom{oiv fnds{nb ov q{ili{mkbi$ C{ sqi myxobom{ qnui{ s{mdvln{`i{v m{i civo{mkbi$ [ili{idfiv

=$ ;$ 6$ 3$ 9$

@ybbi{" ‒Myxobom{ i}yoq`ids mdc vvsi` `nci{d q{mfsofi od qnui{   qbmds‐" M$O$I$I$ S{mdvmfsondv" (=?39/" (=?39/" 8<8-5;$ Ydosic Vsmsiv Ciqm{s`ids nl shi Odsi{on{" Ky{imy nl [ifbm`msond @mdymb" \nby`i X" Civoed Vyqqbi`ids Dn$ 3 ‖ Qnui{ Vvsi`v$ @fE{ii{" S$H$" ‒E{nydcode nl qnui{ vsmsond 3=<1 |nbs myxobom{ vvsi`‐" M$O$I$I$ S{mdvmfsondv" Dn$ 63 (Lik$ =?98/$ Ibifs{ofmb Qnui{ Covs{okysond ln{ Odcyvs{omb Qbmdsv" M$O$I$I$ VykFn``ossii [iqn{s$ K{yfj" [$H$" ‒@nci{d fnds{nb nl bm{ei hc{n-ibifs{of eidi{msode vsmsondv‐" M$O$I$I$ S{mdvmfsondv" (Gydi =?<;/" =3<-9;$

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Co{ifs fy{{ids vvsi` od hc{n eidi{msode vsmsondv mdc vsiq yq vyk vsmsond ov q{n|oci ln{  lnbbnuode lydfsondv$ m/  k/ f/ c/ i/ l/ e/

Vyqqb sn s{oq fnobv mdc fbnvode fnobv nl vuosfheim{ ln{ vuosfhode nqi{msondv$ Odcofmsond7 Odcofmsode bm`qv" lmfom" vi`mqhn{iv" mbm{` mdc mddydfomsond isf$ Ln{ idi{eowode shi hnbcode mdc nqi{msode fnobv od fnds{nb mdc odsi{bnfj vfhi`iv" mdc od q{nsifsond vfhi`iv$ Ln{ qnui{ vyqqb sn fn``ydofmsond i}yoq`idsv mdc vyqi{|ovn{ fnds{nb$ Vyqi{|ovn{ fnds{nb mdc cmsm mf}yovosond vvsi` (VFMCM/ I`i{eidf boehsode odfbycode od|i{si{$ Eidi{msn{ ixfosi{ loibc lbmvhode

Shi vvsi` fndvovs nl m vsn{mei kmssi{ uosh osv mvvnfomsic ibo`odmsn{ sqi fhm{ei{v"  q{n|ocode shi vsn{ic idi{e vvsi` {i}yo{ic sn idvy{i mci}ymsi mdc ydodsi{{yqsokbi  qnui{ ln{ f{osofmb qnui{ qbmds i}yoq`ids$ Shi kmssi{ mdc kmssi{ fo{fyosv vhnybc ki  q{nqi{b civoedic" vmlieym{c `modsmodic" mdc shi i`i{eidf {i}yo{i`idsv vhnybc ki fm{ilybb ivso`msic sn idvy{i mci}ymsi kmssi{ qi{ln{`mdfi cy{ode i`i{eidfoiv$ 8$6$;

Kmssi{

8$6$;$= Sqi

Sqi nl kmssi{ n{ kmssi{oiv eidi{mbb yvic od hc{n eidi{msode vsmsondv m{i nl shi bimcmfoc sqi od |idsic fibbv n{ m vimbic fibb$ Lnbbnuode sqiv nl bimc mfoc kmssi{oiv m{i fn``ndb yvic od qnui{ qbmdsv$ m/  k/

Sykybm{ qnvoso|i qbmsi uosh qmvsic diemso|i qbmsi7 mdc Qbmdsi qnvoso|i qbmsi uosh qmvsic diemso|i qbmsi$

Qbmdsi qnvoso|i qbmsi kmssi{oiv m{i q{ili{{ic ln{ bm{ei hc{n vsmsond mv shi hm|i bndei{ boli mdc shivi fibbv m{i vyosic ln{ mqqbofmsondv {i}yo{ode vyqqb nl bm{ei fy{{idsv ln{ vhn{s cy{msondv mv {i}yo{ic od ydmssidcic vsmsondv uhi{imv shi fibbv uosh sykybm{ qnvoso|i qbmsiv m{i vyosmkbi ln{ shi vyqqb nl v`mbbi{ fy{{idsv fy{{idsv ln{ `icoy` sn bnde cy{msondv$ Yvi nl ebmvv fndsmodi{v ov q{ili{mkbi n|i{ shi nshi{ sqiv mv shivi lmfobosmsi fhifjode yq nl  vico`idsmsond" ibifs{nbsi bi|ib" fndcosond nl qbmsiv" viqm{msn{v isf$ 8$6$;$; Vsmdcm{c

m/  k/ f/

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8-;9

8$6$;$6 Kmssi{ [nn`

M viqm{msi {nn` uosh bnfjmkbi cnn{v q{n|ociv mci}ymsi q{nsifsond memodvs mffocidsmb fndsmfs n{ `mbofonyv sm`qi{ode$ Shi {nn` n{ m{im vhnybc ki |idsobmsic od vyfh m `mddi{  shms ixhmyvs mo{ l{n` shi {nn` cniv dns idsi{ md nshi{ {nn` od shi qbmds$ Ol difivvm{" hims vhnybc ki q{n|ocic sn nksmod lybb {msic qi{ln{`mdfi nys nl shi fibbv$ Shi fibbv vhnybc  ki `nydsic od {nuv nd {mfjv qi{`ossode |oiuode shi iceiv nl qbmsiv mdc s hi knssn` nl shi fibbv l{n` ndi voci nl shi kmssi{$ Shi snqv nl mbb fibbv vhnybc q{ili{mkb ki nl shi vm`i hioehs mkn|i shi lbnn{$ Shi hioehs vhnybc ki fnd|idoids ln{ mccode umsi{ sn shi fibbv$ Soi{ic m{{mdei`idsv nl fibbv vhnybc ki m|nocic$ Vqmfi vhnybc ki q{n|ocic qi{`ossode {i`n|mb nl m fibb l{n` osv {nu ndsn m s{yfj uoshnys {imfhode n|i{ md nshi{ fibbv$ Shi boehsode loxsy{iv od shi {nn` vhnybc ki nl shi |mqn{-q{nnl sqi" uosh shi bnfmb fnds{nb vuosfh `nydsic nysvoci k shi ids{mdfi sn shi {nn`$ Kmssi{ fhm{eode i}yoq`ids mdc fnds{nbv vhnybc dns ki bnfmsic od shi kmssi{ {nn`$ 8$6$;$3 Kmssi{ \nbsmei mdc Dy`ki{ nl fibbv

[msic |nbsmei nl shi CF fnds{nb vyqqb ln{ ibifs{ofmb odvsmbbmsondv fmd ki vibifsic nys nl  shi lmo{b vsmdcm{cowic |mbyiv nl ;;1" ==1" 38 mdc ;3 |nbsv$ Hoehi{ |nbsmei bimcv sn `n{i ifndn`ofmb fndloey{msondv mv shi snsmb bnmc nl shi CF vvsi`" bideshv nl fo{fyosv mdc dy`ki{ nl CF fmkbiv odf{imviv$ Yvymbb ;;1 \ n{ ==1 \ sy{d nys sn ki shi nqso`y` fhnofi$ Shi |nbsmei nl m bimc mfoc fibb kiode ; |nbsv qi{ fibb" shi dy`ki{ nl fibbv od shi kmssi{ unybc ki hmbl nl shi {msic CF |nbsmei mcnqsic$ M viqm{msi kmssi{ ln{ fn``ydofmsond i}yoq`ids ov dn{`mbb q{n|ocic$ Shi fhnofi nl  fn``ydofmsond kmssi{" |nbsmei hmv sn ki `mci mffn{code sn |nbsmei {msode nl shi fn``ydofmsond i}yoq`ids mb{imc ixovsode n{ shms sn ki odvsmbbic$ Od shi mkvidfi nl md  q{ificids 38 |nbsv ov dn{`mbb lnydc lnydc sn ki nqso`y` ln{ `nvs `nvs odvsmbbmsondv$ 8$6$;$9 Ndi n{ Sun Kmssi{ Kmssi{ Vvsi`

Vibifsond nl m ndi-n{ sun ‖ kmssi{ vvsi` uobb ciqidc dns ndb nd fn`qm{mso|i fnvsv nl  colli{ids kmssi{ vowiv mdc fn`kodmsondv" odfbycode fo{fyosv mdc fhm{eode lmfobosoiv" kys fndvoci{msond nl `mxo`y` ciqidcmkobos" qi{ln{`mdfi" mdc lbixokobos cy{ode qi{oncv nl   qbmds ixqmdvond$  Dn{`mbb sun kmssi{ vvsi` ov mcnqsic od hc{n hc{n qnui{ vsmsond$ 8$6$6

C$F$ Bnmcv Fbmvvolofmsond

[ifn``idcic q{nficy{i ln{ cisi{`odode kmssi{ {msode ov nysbodic od lnbbnuode vsmdcm{cv.qykbofmsondv$ m/  k/

FKO , Q Sifhdofmb [iqn{s Dn$ 5? idsosbic vqifolofmsond nl vyk vsmsond kmssi{" fhm{eode i}yoq`ids mdc CF vuosfhm{c$ OIII 389 ‖ OIII {ifn``idc q{mfsofi ln{ vowode bimc mfoc kmssi{oiv

Shivi vsmdcm{c fbmvvol shi vvsi` bnmc odsn lnbbnuode fmsien{oiv$ 8-;<

o/ oo/ ooo/

@n`idsm{ bnmcv Fndsodynyv bnmc I`i{eidf boehs bnmc7 Cy{msond nl boehs bnmc `m ki {i}yo{ic ln{ cy{msond nl = ‖  =; hny{v$

Ln{ hc{n vsmsondv shi lnbbnuode cy{msondv m{i mvvy`ic ln{ fn`qysmsond nl kmssi{ fmqmfos (mv qi{ FKO ,Q @mdymb/ ln{ mssidcic vsmsondv$ Uhi{i vsmdck kmssi{ ov Uhi{i vsmdck kmssi{  q{n|ocic ov dns q{n|ocic 6 hny{v < hny{v = hny{v ; hny{v

Vsimc mdc fndsodynyv bnmc I`i{eidf boehs bnmcv

Ln{ ydmssidcic vsmsondv cy{msond `m ki vyosmkbi odf{imvic$ 8$6$3

M`qi{i Hny{ Fmqmfos Fmbfybmsondv

Q{nficy{i ln{ fmbfybmsond kmssi{ vowi mv qi{ FKO , Q `mdymb ov mv lnbbnuv7 m/

Fbmvvol mbb bnmcv cy{msond uovi mlsi{ fnd|i{sode shi` odsn m`qi{iv fn{{ivqndcode sn ; |nbsv qi{ fibb mqqbode m {imvndmkbi co|i{vos lmfsn{ sn shi odcofmsode bm`q bnmc$ @ybsoqb shi fy{{ids cyi sn imfh bnmc mdc shio{ {ivqifso|i cy{msond sn m{{o|i ms m`qi{i hny{ fmqmfosoiv$ 1 Fn{{ifs shivi fmqmfosoiv ln{ {msic ibifs{nbsi si`qi{msy{i nl ;5 F fn{{ivqndcode sn shi bnuivs mfsymb vosi si`qi{msy{i k lnbbnuode i}ymsond$

 k/ f/

Fmqmfos ms ;51F 0 Fs *

F s  Õ [ Õ (;5 ∛ s / =11

Uhi{i" Fs [ S c/

i/

l/

1

0 nkvi{|ic fmqmfos ms s F 0 |m{omsond lmfsn{ nl 1$36) ln{ =1 hny{v covfhm{ei 1 0 m|i{mei ibifs{nbsi si`qi{msy{i" F Fnd|i{s shi MH fmqmfosoiv shyv cisi{`odic uosh shi hibq nl smkbi 6$= ln{  Qbmdsi fibbv" odsn fmqmfosoiv {ili{{ic sn shi vsmdcm{c =1-hny{ {msi nl covfhm{ei$ Mcc shnvi fmqmfosoiv sn m{{o|i ms shi snsmb fmqmfos {ili{{ic sn =1-hny{ {msi nl  covfhm{ei$ Cisi{`odi shi MH mfsymbb od imfh co vfhm{ei cy{msond mdc lodc nys shi {ivocymb fmqmfos$ [icyfi shi {ivocymb fmqmfos bils mlsi{ lo{vs covfhm{ei cy{msond l{n` shms cisi{`odic ln{ shi dixs covfhm{ei cy{msond mdc fndsodyi shov q{nfivv ln{  mbb shi covfhm{ei cy{msondv$ Mcc shi {ivybsode fmqmfos loey{iv sn m{{o|i m{{o|i ms shi snsmb kmssi{ fmqmfos$ Sn mffnyds ln{ meiode ln{ kmssi{ `ybsoqb shi bnmc ixqifsic ms idc nl osv vi{|ofi boli k =$;9$ Mv shi odosomb fmqmfos nl kmssi{ {oviv mlsi{ vn`i fhm{eicovfhm{ei ffbiv n{ mlsi{ vn`i im{v nl lbnms nqi{msond" fmqmfos nl shi kmssi{ diic ki ?1 sn ?9 ) nl shi fmqmfos cisi{`odic mkn|i$ 8-;5

e/

Sn mffnyds ln{ ydln{iviid mccosondv sn shi CF vvsi` mdc bivv shmd nqso`y` nqi{msode fndcosondv nl shi kmssi{ cyi sn o`q{nqi{ `modsidmdfi" shi fmqmfos cisi{`odic mkn|i ov ly{shi{ odf{imvic vyosmkb" k =1-=9 )$ Fmqmfos nl shi kmssi{ ov loxic i}ymb sn shms fn``i{fombb m|mobmkbi dixs hoehi{ sn shi fmqmfos fmbfybmsic od (e/$

h/

Smkbi 6$= 1 Fmqmfosoiv mdc Covfhm{ei Fy{{ids ms ;5 F nl  Hoeh Covfhm{ei Qi{ln{`mdfi Fibbv ms |m{onyv {msiv nl Covfhm{ei Qi{onc nl  Covfhm{ei (hny{v/

=$ =1 ? 8 5 < 9 3 6 ; =

8$6$9

MH fmqmfosoiv mv Qi{fidsmei nl Vsmdcm{c [msode 8 mdc ;9 =1 MH Qbmsiv MH Qbmsiv (Qi{fids/ (qi{fids/ ;$ 6$ =11$1 =11$1 =11$1 ?8$1 ?8$1 ?9$1 ?5$= ?6$6 ?9$= ?=$1 ?6$1 88$1 ?1$1 83$1 8<$; 81$1 8=$= 56$1 56$8 <1$1 <1$1

Covfhm{ei Fy{{ids mv qi{fidsmei nl Vsmdcm{c [msode 8 mdc ;9 MH Qbmsiv (qi{fids/ 3$ =1$1 =1$? =;$1 =6$6 =9$; =5$< ;=$1 ;<$< 6<$9 <1$1

Fibb idc \nbsmei (|nbsv/

=11 MH Qbmsiv (Qi{fids/ 9$ =1$1 ==$1 =;$= =6$< =9$9 =8$1 ;=$9 ;5$1 6<$? <1$1

<$ =$89 =$83 =$83 =$86 =$86 =$8; =$8= =$81 =$58 =$59

Ixm`qbi nl fmbfybmsode kmssi{ vowi k shi `ishnc eo|id od FKO , Q `mdymb ov eo|id kibnu7 Cmsm

o/ oo/ ooo/

Qnui{ hnyviv7- Ydmssidcic vyqi{|ovn{ fnds{nb Dn$ nl Kmssi{oiv7- Sun ‖ ndi kiode vsmdck Bnuivs Si`qi{msy{i7- Wi{n cie{iiv fidsoe{mci C$F$ Bnmcv

o/

Fndsodynyv Bnmc

Fndsodynyv bnmc nl odcofmsode Bm`qv" vi`mqhn{i odcofmsn{v" [ibmv" covf{iqmdf fnds{nb vuosfhiv mdc vq{ode fhm{ei (nl FK/ fnob hny{v/ (oo/

Odsi{`ossids @n`idsm{ Bnmc

8-;8

-

36=

umssv

(ln{

<

CF Qnui{ {i}yo{ic ln{ vo`ybsmdinyv S{oqqode nl `nsn{ nqi{msic kimji{v

-

=?6< umssv (ln{ = `odysi/

-

=;91 umssv (ln{ ; hny{v/

En|i{dn{ mdc ixfosi{ loibc lbmvhode isf$ @ovf$ vsm{s vsnq fndsmfsn{v (ooo/

I`i{eidf boehsode

Kmssi{ Fmqmfos7 Mvvy`ode ; Dnv$ ==1 |nbs kmssi{oiv m{i sn ki q{n|ocic$ Shi kmssi{ fmqmfos {i}yo{ic ov un{jic nys od smkbi ;$;$ Kmssi{oiv nl =11 MH imfh m{i {i}yo{ic$ 8$6$<

Kmssi{ Fmqmfos mv qi{ OIII 389

Yvode shi mkn|i bnmc fbmvviv mdc cy{msondv mdc kmssi{ cmsm (j lmfsn{/ nksmodic l{n` `mdylmfsy{i{v bosi{msy{i" vsmsond kmssi{ cys ffbi ov cisi{`odic (vii OIII 389/$ Shi  kmssi{ fmqmfos {i}yo{ic ov cisi{`odic mv shi vy` nl shi {i}yo{i`idsv ln{ imfh fbmvv cy{msond nl bnmc fn`q{ovode shi cys ffbi$ Smkbi 6$; Bnmc Fy{{ids Cy{msond (Umssv/ M`q$ (H{v/ (=/ O0 ==1

Fmqmfos imfh Bnmc MH 1

1F

=$ 36= =;91 =;91 =?6< =?6<

;$ 6$?; 6$?; ==$61 ==$61 =5$<1 =5$<1

6$ < ; =.<1 =.<1

3$ ;6$9; ;6$9; ;;$<1 ;;$<1 1$;?6 1$;?6

Fmqmfos Fmqmfos Snsmb Fmqmfos ln{ sn mcc fmqmfos  odco|ocymb (MH/ ln{ bnmc mfsymbb bnmc ms =1 (< ‖ =1/ (MH/ yvic 1 (MH/ ;5 F h{v$ {msi (MH/ (smkbi ;$=/ (8/ ‖ (9/ 9$ <$ 5$ 8$ ?$ ;<$; ;<$; ;?$8 ;?$8 ;?$8 ;?$8 ;?$8 ;<$; ;<$; ;9$; ;9$; 6?$8 6?$8 6<$; 6<$; 6?$8 6?$8 ;9$; ;9$; 1$66 1$66 8$1 =3$< =3$< 1$66 1$66 <<$1

Sn mffnyds ln{ meode" {ovi nl kmssi{ fmqmfos mlsi{ fhm{ei{" covfhm{ei ffbi mdc qnvvokbi lysy{i ixqmdvond fmqmfos {i}yo{ic 0 <<$1 x =$;9 x $? x =$;9 0 89$1 MH vm =11 MH$  Dnsi7 Shi lmfsn{v m{i mv qi{ FKOQ `mdymb nd vykvsmsond fhmqsi{ -= idsosbic" ‘Vqifolofmsondv ln{ Kmssi{ fhm{eode i}yoq`ids mdc CF vuosfheim{‟$ Shi kmssi{oiv imfh nl  =11 MH fmqmfos ov mci}ymsi ln{ shi qnui{ Hnyvi$ 8$6$5

Kmssi{ Mffivvn{ m{i Eidi{mbb mv lnbbnuv7

o/ oo/ o|/ |/ |o/ |oo/

Fibb sivsode |nbs`isi{  Hc{n`isi{  Shi{`n`isi{  Mfoc gyev ln{ snqqode yq nl shi fibb [ykki{ ebn|iv [ykki{ mq{nd 8-;?

[ivoc ymb fmqmf os (MH/

=1$ 6$< =3$< =3$< =3$;5 =3$;5

|ooo/ ox/ x/ xo/

Snnb knx Kmssi{ bne knnjv K{oceode fbm`qv ln{ fyssode nys odco|ocymb fibb od shi i|ids nl cilifs Q{nsifso|i eneebiv

8$6$8

Vmlis Fndvoci{msond Fndvoci{msond

Vsmdcm{c {mfj qi{ln{`mdfi f{osi{om vhnybc ki i|mbymsic sn idvy{i fn`qbomdfi uosh qbmds {i}yo{i`idsv$ Viov`of fndvoci{msondv mdc nshi{ lmfsn{v `m cofsmsi shi diic ln{ vqifomb {mfjv mdc vqifomb mdfhn{ode diicv$ 8$6$?

Kmssi{ fhm{eode I}yoq`ids

Vsmsof fhm{ei{ visv m{i q{ili{{ic ln{ kmssi{ fhm{eode vi{|ofi$ Sun visv vhnybc ki q{n|ocic vn ndi uobb mbumv ki m|mobmkbi$ Shi fhm{ei{ fmqmfos vhnybc ki vyllofoids ln{ lbnms nqi{msond mv uibb mv knnvs fhm{eode fmqmkobos$ 8$6$=1 Lbnms Nqi{msond Si{`

Shov si{` mqqboiv sn shi `ishnc nl nqi{msond od uhofh kmssi{ {i`modv fnddifsic sn shi bnmc mdc shi fhm{ei{ fndsodynyvb$ \nbsmei nl fhm{ei{ ov vykvsmdsombb fndvsmds mdc gyvs hoehi{ shmd nqid fo{fyos |nbsmei nl shi kmssi{$ Sn jiiq shi kmssi{ od m lybb fhm{eic fndcosond" shi fhm{ei{ vidcv sh{nyeh shi kmssi{ fhm{eode fy{{ids nl m liu `obo m`qi{iv ms m |nbsmei uhofh ov vyllofoids sn fn`qidvmsi ln{ bnfmb mfsond mdc bimjmei bnvviv$ Shi `medosyciv nl shi fhm{eode fy{{ids mdc shi |nbsmei vhnybc ki {ifn``idcic k shi  kmssi{ vyqqboi{v$ Shi fhm{ei{ mbvn vyqqboiv shi idso{i CF bnmc ydci{ dn{`mb fndcosond$ fndcosond$ 8$6$== Od|i{si{ Visv

Od|i{si{ visv vhnybc ki q{n|ocic od mbb qbmdsv sn vyqqb fndsodynyv MF vyqqb ln{  i`i{eidf boehsv mv uibb mv ln{ i}yoq`ids {i}yo{ode i$e$ fndsodynyv vny{fi VFMCM" {ifn{code odvs{y`ids `nsn{v" vibvd fo{fyosv" mdc fn``ydofmsond i}yoq`ids$ M s{mdvli{  vuosfh vhnybc ki q{n|ocic sn mysn`msofmbb s{mdvli{ shi bnmc l{n` shi od|i{si{ nysqys sn shi vsmsond vi{|ofi MF vvsi` liici{ od fmvi nl od|i{si{ lmoby{i$ 8$6$=; CF Vuosfheim{

Ln{ {ibomkobos mdc lbixokobos" m cf covs{okysond knm{c uosh vi|i{mb nysbisv ov q{ili{mkbi mv shov knm{c q{n|ociv fnddifsond nl kmssi{ mdc fhm{ei{ sn shi |m{onyv bnmc fo{fyosv$ Imfh fo{fyos kimji{ ov q{nsifsic k m lyvi mdc fnds{nbbic k m vuosfh n{ fo{fyos k{imji{ uhofh vhnybc ki vyosmkbi ln{ `mjode mdc k{imjode odcyfso|i bnmcv ms |nbsmeiv yqsn shi `mxo`y` lbnmsode |nbsmei mdc dns `i{ib shi {msic |nbsmei$ Fm{s{ocei lyviv m{i {ifn``idcic sn ki yvic mv kmfj yq i|id uhid fo{fyos k{imji{v uosh q{nsifso|i {ibimviv m{i odvsmbbic$ Shi  k{imji{v mdc lyviv vhnybc ki fm{ilybb fhnvid l{n` shi fndvoci{msond nl {ifn|i{ |nbsmei mlsi{ odsi{{yqsond nl nl lmybsv$ Shi lyviv uhi{i yvic vhnybc ki q{nqi{b fnn{codmsic sn idvy{i nqi{msond i|id ln{ shi lm{shivs lmybsv mdc imfh fo{fyos vhnybc ki q{nqi{b vie{iemsic$ Shi cf vuosfheim{ vhnybc hm|i hm|i vhn{s fo{fyos {msode i}ymb sn mknys =1 so`iv shi `mxo`y` {msic fy{{ids ol shi mvvnfomsic i}yoq`ids" uoshnys shi fy{{ids bo`osode limsy{i nd" mdc mknys =$= so`iv" uosh shi fy{{ids so`ode limsy{i ‘nd‟$ Hnui|i{" uosh shi m|mobmkbi

8-61

vsmdcm{c cf vuosfheim{ yvymbb hm|ode `yfh hoehi{ vhn{s fo{fyos {msodev (3 jM/" shi mkn|i {i}yo{i`ids qnviv dn q{nkbi`$ 8$6$=6 M sqofmb CF Vodebi Bodi Come{m` ov idfbnvic mv Mddixy{i ‖= ln{ `icoy` vowi ; ydos hc{n qbmds$ Ln{ bm{ei qbmds ydos CF fmkodisv `m ki vyqqboic qnui{ k cyqbofmsi liici{v ndi l{n` imfh vifsond nl CF kyv$ Ln{ v`mbbi{ hc{n viqm{msi CF fmkodis `m ki ibo`odmsic mdc lic co{ifsb l{n` `mod CF kyv$

8-6=

Mddixy{i-= nl 8$6

8-6;

8$3

Qnui{ mdc Fnds{nb Fmkbiv mdc Fmkbode

8$3$=

Qnui{ mdc Fnds{nb Fmkbiv

8$3$=$=

Vsmdcm{cv

OIF7 <191; OIF7 <166=

Ixs{ycic vnboc coibifs{of odvybmsic qnui{ fmkbiv ln{ {msic |nbsmeiv l{n` =$11 j\ yq sn 61 j\$ Lo{i {ivovsode fhm{mfsi{ovsofv nl ibifs{of fmkbiv$

OV7 =993 (Qm{s-=/ (Qm{s-=/ Q\F odvybmsic (him|-cys/ (him|-cys/ ibifs{of ibifs{of fmkbiv ln{ ln{ un{jode =?88 |nbsmei yq sn mdc odfbycode ==11 \$ OV7 =993 (Qm{s-==/ Q\F odvybmsic (him|-cys/ ibifs{of fmkbiv ln{ u n{jode =?88 |nbsmei l{n` 6$6j\ yq sn mdc odfbycode == j\$ OV7 51?8(Qm{s-==/ F{nvv-bodjic qnbishbidi odvybmsic Q\F vhimshic vhimshic fmkbiv =?89 ln{ un{jode |nbsmeiv l{n` 6$6 J\ yq sn mdc odfbycode 66 j\$ OV7 6?<= [ifn``idcic fy{{ids {msodev ln{ fmkbiv$ OV7 8=61 -=?83 Fndcyfsn{v ln{ odvybmsic ibifs{of fmkbiv mdc lbixokbi fn{cv$ OV7 986=- =?83 Q\F odvybmsond mdc vhimsh nl ibifs{of fmkbiv$ 8$3$=$;

CYS_ [I]YO[[email protected] [I]YO[[email protected] IVOED F[OSI[OM

M$

K$

Shi fmkbiv vhnybc ki vyosmkbi ln{ odvsmbbmsond od m s{nqofmb `ndvnnd m{im hm|ode m hns hy`oc fbo`msi$ Shi {ili{idfi m`koids si`qi{msy{i sn ki 1 fndvoci{ic ln{ shi qy{qnvi nl shov vqifolofmsond ov 91 F (ciqidc yqnd vosi/$ Shi ci{msode lmfsn{ ln{ shi |m{onyv fndcosondv nl odvsmbbmsond odfbycode shi lnbbnuode vhnybc ki fndvoci{ic uhobi fhnnvode shi fndcyfsn{ vowi7 o$ oo$ ooo$ o|$

F$

C$

I$

@mxo`y` m`koids mo{ si`qi{msy{i$ @mxo`y` e{nydc si`qi{msy{i" Ciqsh nl bmode uhi{i|i{ mqqbofmkbi E{nyqode nl fmkbiv$

Shi mbbnumkbi |nbsmei c{nq ms si{`odmbv nl shi fnddifsic i}yoq`ids vhnybc ki `mxo`y` =$1) ms lybb bnmc ln{ fhnnvode shi fndcyfsn{ vowi$ Od fmvi nl v}yo{{ib fmei odcyfsond `nsn{v" shi fmkbi vowi vhnybc ki vn fhnvid shms shi `nsn{ si{`odmb+ |nbsmei cniv dns lmbb kibnu ?1) nl shi {msic |nbsmei" ms shi so`i nl vsm{sode" ol shi `nsn{ ov vsm{sic uosh m C$N$B$ vsm{si{$ Shi `mxo`y` fndsodynyv fndcyfsn{ si`qi{msy{i mdc shi `mxo`y` mbbnumkbi fndcyfsn{ si`qi{msy{i cy{ode vhn{s fo{fyos m{i smjid mv 51 1F 1 1 mdc =<1 F {ivqifso|ib od fmvi nl Q\F odvybmsic fmkbiv mdc ?1 F mdc 1 ;91 F {ivqifso|ib od fmvi nl XBQI odvybmsic fmkbiv$ Shi `odo`y` vowi nl mbb == j\ e{mci qnui{ fmkbiv mdc 3=9 \ qnui{  fmkbiv fnddifsic sn fo{fyos k{imji{v m{i fhnvid smjode odsn mffnyds shi lnbbnuode lmfsn{v$ o$

Lmybs bi|ib cyi sn vvsi` fnds{okysond$

8-66

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Lmybs fnds{okysond nl {yddode `nsn{v$

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@mxo`y` so`i ln{ lmybs fbim{mdfi (o$i$ nqi{msode so`i nl shi kmfj  yq q{nsifsond {ibm qbyv shi so`i nl n l nqi{msond nl shi fo{fyos k{imji{$/

|$

Lybb bnmc fy{{ids nl shi fo{fyos$

E$ Shi fmkbiv vhnybc od eidi{mb fn`qb fn`qb uosh shi {i}yo{i`idsv {i}yo{i`idsv nl shi bmsivs {i|ovond nl OV751?8 (qm{s-==/ ln{ shi == j\ e{mci XBQI odvybmsic fmkbiv mdc OV-=993 (qm{s-=/ ln{ shi B$S$ Q\F odvybmsic qnui{ mdc fnds{nb fmkbiv n{ shi {ibi|mds OIF Vsmdcm{c$ Shi civoed" `mdylmfsy{i" odvsmbbmsond" sivsode mdc qi{ln{`mdfi nl shi fmkbiv" vhnybc fn`qb uosh shi bmsivs {i|ovondv nl  OV.OIF. [email protected]@ vsmdcm{c$ H$ Ln{ == j\ fmkbiv" fndcyfsn{ vf{iid mdc odvybmsond vf{iid vhnybc knsh ki ixs{ycic vi`o-fndcyfsode fn`qnydc mdc vhnybc ki mqqboic mbnde uosh XBQI odvybmsond od m vodebi nqi{msond nqi{msond k s{oqbi ixs{yvond ixs{yvond q{nfivv$ @ishnc nl  fy{ode ln{ == j\ fmkbiv vhnybc ‒C{ fy{ode.emv fy{ode.vsim` fy{ode+$ == j\ fmkbiv vhnybc q{n|ocic uosh fnqqi{ `ismbbof vf{iid vyosmkbi ln{ fm{{ode im{sh lmybs fy{{ids$ Ln{ vodebi fn{i m{`ny{ic fmkbiv" shi m{`ny{ode vhnybc fndvsosysi shi `ismbbof qm{s nl vf{iidode$ Ln{ == j\ fmkbiv" odvybmsond vhnybc  ki XBQI" XBQI" uhobi uhobi ln{ ln{ nshi{ nshi{ fmkbiv fmkbiv os vhnybc vhnybc ki Q\F$ Q\F$ O$ Fmbfybmsondv vhnybc ki `mci ln{ vibifsond nl fmkbiv vhnuode sqi nl fmkbi mdc fndcyfsn{ vowi vibifsic |nbsmei c{nq" si`qi{msy{i {ovi" ydci{ {msic bnmc mdc vhn{s-fo{fyos fndcosondv" sn `iis shi civoed {i}yo{i`ids$ G$ Fmkbi vfhicybi vhnuode shi |m{onyv odsi{fnddifsondv odsi{fnddifsondv mdc mbvn shi {nysode come{m` eo|ode cismobv nl |m{onyv nqidodev m{i {i}yo{i`ids sn ki q{iqm{ic$ j$ Ln{ shi vmji nl {ibomkobos" os ov {i}yo{ic sn sn yvi ndb fnqqi{ fndcyfsn{  fmkbiv ln{ shi lnbbnuode vi{|ofiv7 o$ oo$ ooo$ o|$ b$

Ixfosmsond vvsi`v$ (Vodebi Fn{i/ Kmssi{ mdc kmssi{ fhm{ei{v$ $ (Vodebi Fn{i/ Od|i{si{v$ Mbb fnds{nb vvsi`v$

Mv lm{ mv limvokbi" viqm{msi fmkbiv fmkbiv vhnybc ki q{n|ocic ln{ ln{ fo{fyos nl  colli{ids qbmds mdc myxobom{oiv" ln{ fo{fyosv nl colli{ids |nbsmeiv" mdc ln{  fo{fyosv yvic viqm{msib$ Sn shi ixsids limvokbi Qnui{" fnds{nb fnds{nb mdc odvs{y`idsmsond fo{fyosv vhnybc od|m{omkb ki smjid sh{nyeh colli{ids {nysiv" uhofh vhnybc dns ki bmoc sneishi{ nd shi vm`i fmkbi s{m" nshi{uovi difivvm{ `imvy{iv vhnybc ki o`qbi`idsic sn m|noc shi ydcivo{mkbi illifsv$

8-63

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o$

Eidi{msn{- Eidi{msn{ s{mdvln{`i{. Kyv Km{ fnddifsondv (yvic od v`mbb hc{n  qbmdsv/ vhnybc ki k m{`ny{ic qnui{ fmkbiv nl fnqqi{ fndcyfsn{v uosh ydim{shic e{mci IQ[ odvybmsond Dnd Q\F gmfjis HC ‖ HNL[ (hoeh cidvos" hims" nob mdc lbm`i {ism{cmds$

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== J\ vvsi` - Qnui{ fmkbi Shi fmkbi vhnybc ki == j\ e{mci" him| cys" vs{mdcic" mby`odoy` fndcyfsn{" XBQI odvybmsic" q{n|ocic uosh fndcyfsn{ vf{iidode mdc odvybmsond vf{iidode" emb|mdovic vsiib uo{i.vs{oq m{`ny{ic" lbm`i {ism{cmds bnu v`nji (L[BV/ ixs{ycic Q\F nl sqi VS ; nysi{ vhimshic$

ooo$ 3=9 \ Vvsi` Shi fmkbi vhnybc ki =$= j\ e{mci" him| cys" vs{mdcic mby`odoy` fndcyfsn{" Q\F sqi$ Md odvybmsic emb|mdovic vsiib uo{i.vs{oq m{`ny{ic" lbm`i {ism{cids bnu v`nji (L[BV/ ixs{ycic Q\F nl sqi VS= nysi{ vhimshic$ Fmkbiv `m ki ioshi{ vodebi n{ `ybso-fn{i n{ knsh$ o|$ Fnds{nb fmkbiv Shi fmkbi vhnybc hi =$= j\ e{mci" him| cys" vs{mdcic fnqqi{ fndcyfsn{" Q\F sqi-M odvybmsic emb|mdovic vsiib uo{i.vs{oq m{`ny{ic" lbm`i {ism{cmds bnu v`nji (L[BV/ ixs{ycic Q\F nl sqi- VS= nysi{v" vhimshic Fmkbiv `m  ki `ybso-fn{i: ciqidcode yqnd shi shi fo{fyos {i}yo{i`idsv n{ knsh$ Vowi nl fnds{nb fmkbiv vhnybc dns ki v`mbbi{ shid7 m$ Fnds{nb fo{fyosv  k$ QS fo{fyosv ln{ idi{e `imvy{i`ids f$ FS fo{fyosv

;

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|$ FN-MXOMB FMKBI Fnmxomb fmkbi vhnybc ki vsiib m{`ny{ic mdc vhnybc ki L[BV sqi$ Shi fmkbi vhnybc hm|i k{mocic soddic fnqqi{ fndcyfsn{$ Shi fmqmfosmdfi nl shi fmkbi ki bnu vn mv sn `odo`ovi mssidymsond od shi fm{{oi{ od shi fm{{oi{ l{i}yidf {mdei$ Shi o`qicmdfi nl shi fmkbi vhnybc ki vn mv sn `msfh uosh shi nysqys o`qicmdfi nl shi si{`odmbv mdc vifndcm{ o`qicmdfi nl shi fnyqbode ydosv$ Shi fmkbi vhnybc ki odvybmsic sn uoshvsmdc m sivs |nbsmei nl 3 j\ $ Lnbbnuode sqi nl H$L$ fmkbiv m{i eidi{mbb yvic$ =$ Fn-mxomb H$L$ fmkbi uosh 59 nh`v o`qicmdfi (ydkmbmdfic/ ;$ Sivs |nbsmei od J\ ‖ 3 J\ [@V ln{ = `odysi 6$ Vowi nl fndcyfsn{ ‖ 5 vs{mdcv.1$3`` Shi `mxo`y` mssidymsond ms |m{onyv l{i}yidfoiv ov eidi{mbb mv lnbbnuv 8-69

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Mssidymsond od ck.j`

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FMKBODE Vfnqi

Shi fn`qbisi fmkbi vyqqn{s vvsi` vhnybc idmkbi q{nqi{ bmode nl mbb qnui{" fnds{nb" odvs{y`idsmsond mdc sibiqhndi fmkbiv" mdc vhnybc q{n|oci difivvm{ `ifhmdofmb  q{nsifson  q{nsifsond" d" |idsobmson |idsobmsond d mdc vie{iemson vie{iemsond d ln{ shi`$ Mbb hm{cum{i hm{cum{i mdc mdfhn{ode mdfhn{ode m{{mdei`ids vhnybc ki q{n|ocic$ Mbb vsiib `i`ki{v vhnybc ki hns coq emb|mdovic$ Fmkbode l{n` qnui{hnyvi sn hc{n-`ifhmdofmb i}yoq`ids i$e$ odsmji mdc c{mls syki emsiv mdc emsiv ln{ qnui{ , fnds{nb l{n` qnui{ hnyvi$ Qnui{ mdc fnds{nb qmdibv sn fnds{nb qmdibv nl hc{n `ifhmdofmb i}yoq`ids vhnybc ki q{nqi{b q{n|ocic$ oo/ Civoed

Cismobic civoed mdc fmbfybmsond vhnybc ki fm{{oic nys$ ooo/ Eidi{mb {i}yo{i`idsv

 Dn vyk wi{n bi|ib fmkbi |mybs.s{idf |mybs.s{idfhiv hiv vhnybc vhnybc ki q{n|ocic q{n|ocic kibnu fnds{nb fnds{nb  kyobcode.  kyobcode.vuosfh vuosfheim{ eim{ {nn`v od `mod `mod qbmds qbmds mdc mdc vuosfhm vuosfhm{c {c m{imv$ m{imv$ Odsi{qbmds fmkbode ln{ `mod {nysiv vhnybc ki bmoc mbnde n|i{himc s{ivsbiv.cyfs  kmdjv.co{  kmdjv.co{ifsb ifsb ky{oic$ ky{oic$ Hnui|i{" Hnui|i{" ln{ smq-nllv" smq-nllv" vm`i fmd ki sh{nyeh sh{nyeh vhnybcnu vhnybcnu s{idfhiv$ Co{ifsb ky{oic fmkbi" ol ivvidsomb" vhnybc dns hm|i fndfids{msond nl `n{i shmd lny{ (3/ fmkbiv$ Fmkbiv od vuosfhm{c m{im l{n` `mod qbmds sn vuosfhm{c fnds{nb {nn` m{i bmoc od cyfs kmdj.fmkbi s{idfhiv$ Od vuosfhm{c m{im" fmkbiv m{i bmoc od [FF fndf{isi s{idfhiv$ Fmkbi ids{ l{n` nyscnn{ ydci{e{nydc.fmkbi {nysiv sn shi kyobcodev" ol md vhnybc ki mkn|i shi lodovhic lbnn{ lbnn{ bi|ib odvoci shi kyobcode$ QFF lbnn{ode nl kyobs yq yq s{idfhiv vhnybc ki vbnqic ln{ illifso|i c{modmei uosh vy`q qosv mdc vy`q qy`qv$ Fmkbi s{mv" vyqqn{s vvsi` mdc qoqiv$ m/

vyqqn{s vvsi` ln{ fmkbi s{mv

Q{ilmk{ofmsic nys nl vhiis vsiib mdc lybb emb|mdovic lbixokbi sqi fndvovsode nl fhmddibv" fmdsobi|i{ m{`v mdc mvvnfomsic  k{mfjisv  k{mfjisv , hm{cum{i hm{cum{i"" odvsmbbic odvsmbbic ms vosi k knbsode knbsode n{ n{ fbm`qode$ fbm`qode$ Shivi vhnybc ki {oeoc idnyeh sn uoshvsmdc `mx$ qnvvokbi bnmcv cy{ode mdc mlsi{ odvsmbbmsond$

 k/

Sqi nl fmkbi fmkbi s{mv s{mv

Fmkbi s{mq s{mq ln{ qnui{ qnui{ fmkbiv fmkbiv m{i qi{ln{ qi{ln{msic$ msic$ Viqm{ms Viqm{msii s{mv m{i m{i 8-6<

 q{n|ocic  q{n|ocic ln{ fnds{n fnds{nbb odvs{y`i odvs{y`idsmson dsmsond d fmkbiv$ fmkbiv$ f/

@msi{omb nl fmkbi s{mv

[nbbic `obc vsiib" `od$ ; `` shofj ln{ s{mv mdc 6 `` shofj  ln{ fnyqbi{ qbmsi$

c/

Lodovh nl fmkbi s{mv

Hns soq emb|mdovic$

i/

Cyfs kmdjv (ol q{n|ocic/

Him| cys EO qoqiv.him| cys QI qoqiv (=1) vqm{i nl  imfh vowi" vykgifs sn `od =/ uosh vyosmkbi umsi{-q{nnl  `mdhnbiv$ Ln{ fn{{nvo|i m{imv" qoqiv vhnybc hm|i mdsofn{{nvond fnmsode knsh odvoci , nysvoci$

l/

Qoqi vowi

Vyosmkbi uosh 31) lobb f{osi{om

Gydfsond mdc Qybb knxiv

Hns coq emb|mdovic vhiis vsiib nl ; `` shofjdivv$

Fmkbi ebmdcv

Dofjibfh{n`oy` qbmsic k{mvv" him| cys" vodebi fn`q{ivvond sqi ln{ ydm{`n{ic" mdc cnykbi fn`q{ivvond sqi ln{ m{`ny{ic fmkbiv fndln{`ode sn KV7 <=;=$

Fmkbi byev

Vnbci{bivv soddic fnqqi{ f{o`qode sqi$ Ln{ HS fmkbiv" byev vhnybc ki mv qi{ COD 3<6;?.OV

HS fmkbi si{`odmsondv mdc gnodsv

Q{n|id civoed mdc sqi sivsic mv qi{ \CI 1;58$ Ibmvso`nbc n{ i}yo|mbids lybb odvybmsic `nybcic si{`odmsondv m{i  q{ili{{ic$  q{ili{{ic$

Fmkbi Bmode

m/

Ocidsolofmsond fmkbiv

smev

ln{  Sn ki q{n|ocic ms mbb si{`odmsondv" nd knsh vociv nl umbb n{  lbnn{ f{nvvode" nd imfh fndcyos.cyfs.qoqi ids{.ixos" mdc ms i|i{ ;1 ` od fmkbi s{idfh.s{m n{ ky{oic {yd$

 k/

Fmkbi s{m dy`ki{ode dy`ki{ode

Sn ki q{n|ocic q{n|ocic ms ms i|i{ i|i{ =1 ` mdc ms imfh imfh idc idc nl fmkbi um ,  k{mdfh  k{mdfh fnddifso fnddifsond$ nd$

f/

Gnodsv

Gnodsv ln{ bivv shmd ;91 ` {yd nl fmkbi vhnybc dns ki  qi{`ossic$  qi{`ossic$

c/

Ky{oic fmkbi q{nsifsond

Uosh fndf{isi vbmkv: [nysi `m{ji{v ms i|i{ ;1 ` mbnde shi {nysi , ms i|i{ kidc$

i/

[nmc f{nvvodev

Fmkbiv sn qmvv sh{nyeh ky{oic [FF hy`i qoqiv$

l/

S{mdvln{`i{ Hmdcbode m{im

e/

Viqm{msond

Ms bimvs 611 `` kisuiid HS qnui{ , BS qnui{ fmkbiv" BS  qnui{ , BS fnds{nb.od fnds{nb.odvs{y` vs{y`idsmso idsmsond nd fmkbiv$ fmkbiv$

h/

Vie{iemsond

Mbb fmkbiv mvvnfomsic uosh shi ydos vhnybc ki vie{iemsic l{n` fmkbiv nl nshi{ ydosv$ Odsi{qbmds fmkbiv nl vsmsond myxobom{oiv mdc ydos f{osofmb c{o|iv vhnybc ki vie{iemsic od vyfh m um shms dns `n{i shmd hmbl nl shi c{o|iv m{i bnvs od fmvi nl vodebi odfocids nl lo{i$ Qnui{ mdc fnds{nb fmkbiv ln{ mf c{o|iv mdc fn{{ivqndcode i`i{eidf mf n{ cf c{o|iv vhnybc bmoc od vie{iemsic {nysiv$ Fmkbi {nysiv ln{ ndi vis nl myxobom{oiv nl 

m{c

[FF s{idfhiv sn ki lobbic uosh vmdc v mdc mlsi{ fmkbi bmode

8-65

vm`i ydos vhnybc ki vie{iemsic l{n` shi nshi{ vis$ Vie{iemsond `imdv qhvofmb ovnbmsond sn q{i|ids lo{i gy`qode n{ `odo`y` ndi hny{ lo{i {msode$ Od vuosfhm{c" fnds{nb fmkbiv nl imfh km vhnybc ki bmoc nd viqm{msi {mfjv.s{mv$ o/

Fmkbi fbm`qode

Sn ki vyosmkb fbm`qic.soic sn shi s{m: Ln{ fmkbiv od s{ilnob ln{`msond" s{ilnob fbm`qv mv q{n|ocic {i}yo{ic$

 g/

Lo{i q{nsifsond q{nsifsond

Lo{i q{nnl q{nnl fmkbi qidis{mson qidis{msond d vimbv {msic ln{ ndi hny{ uhid fmkbi qmvviv sh{nyeh umbbv mdc.n{ lbnn{v$ Shov fmd ki k vyosmkbi kbnfj vvsi` yvode odco|ocymb kbnfjv uosh vyosmkbi l{m`iun{j n{ k vobofnd [S\ lnm`ode vvsi`$ Od fmvi lnm`ode vvsi` ov nlli{ic" cm``ode knm{c" ol yvic" vhnybc dns ki fndvoci{ic ln{ lo{i {msode f{osi{om$ Md nl shi vvsi` yvic vhnybc ki nl q{n|id sqi mv qi{ KV7 35< (Qm{s-8/ n{  i}yo|mbids vsmdcm{c$

M$ Fmkbiv vhnybc ki bmoc nd nd n|i{himc fmkbi s{mv mdc vyqqn{sv" qybbic sh{nyeh fndcyosv.EO qoqiv mdc nd {mfjv od kyobs yq fmkbi s{idfhiv mdc |i{sofmb {mfi umv mdc fbm`qic uosh mby`odoy` fbm`qv nd umbbv" fiobode mdc vs{yfsy{iv mdc `m ki co{ifsb ky{oic od e{nydc$ K$ Fmkbi bmode vhnybc odfbyci si{`odmsond nl qnui{ mdc fnds{nb fmkbiv (o$i nd knsh idcv nl shi fmkbiv/" ms i}yoq`ids si{`odmbv" vuosfheim{" fnds{nb  qmdibv isf$ Mbb ibifs{ofmb i}yoq`idsv mlsi{ odvsmbbmsond m{i fn`qbisic uosh fmkbi si{`odmb knxiv" fmkbiv ebmdcv" fmkbi s{mv" byev mdc si{`odmb kbnfjv$ F$ Mbb qnui{ mdc fnds{nb fnds{nb fmkbiv m{i q{n|ocic uosh mby`odoy` sme nl nl md mqq{n|ic sqi" kim{ode fmkbi fmkbi {ili{idfi$ Fmkbi {nysode ov cndi od vyfh um shms fmkbiv m{i mffivvokbi ln{ md `modsidmdfi mdc ln{ imv ocidsolofmsond$ Qnui{ mdc fnds{nb fmkbiv m{i bmoc od viqm{msi fmkbi {mfjv.s{mv" qnui{  fmkbiv kiode nd yqqi{ `nvs {mfjv.s{mv$ Mvkivsnv vhiisv m{i bmoc kidimsh  qnui{ fmkbi uhi{i shi m{i {yddode {yddode n|i{ fnds{nb fmkbiv C$ Shi {mfjv.s{mv" od eidi{mb" eidi{mb" m{i vyqqn{sic ms m covsmdfi nl =911 `` nd hn{owndsmb mdc |i{sofmb {yd$ I$ Vs{moehs sh{nyeh gnodsode nl fmkbiv ov m|nocic$ m|nocic$ Si{`odmsondv ov cndi cndi k f{o`qode$ Si{`odmsond josv ln{ shi ==j\ XBQI odvybmsic fmkbiv m{i hims vh{odjmkbi qnb`i{of n{ smqix sqi$ L$

Ky{oic fmkbiv m{i m|nocic mv lm{ mv qnvvokbi kys ol difivvm{ os ov fn|i{ic uosh mbsi{dmsi bmi{ nl k{ofjv mdc vmdc ln{ `ifhmdofmb q{nsifsond$ Vsiib `m{ji{v m{i q{n|ocic ms i|i{ ;1 `isi{v mbnde shi fmkbi {nysi$

H$

Mbb fmkbiv bmoc nd s{mv.{mfjv m{i dimsb c{ivvic yq mdc fbm`qic.soic sn shi s{m.{mfj$ Vyosmkbi S{ilnob fbm`qv m{i q{n|ocic ln{ vodebi fn{i fmkbiv$ 8-68

5M$9$=

Emb|mdovode

Mbb fmkbi s{mv mdc shio{ lossodev m{i hns coq emb|mdovic mlsi{ lmk{ofmsond mffn{code sn OV7 ;<;? ;<;? (=?<8/ n{ {ibi|mds OIF$ Shi emb|mdovode vhnybc ki ydoln{`" fbimd" v`nnsh" fndsodynyv mdc l{ii l{n` mfoc vqnsv$ 5M$9$;

Vyqqn{s mdc vyqqn{sode vs{yfsy{iv

Mdebiv" lbmsv" fhmddibv" hmdei{v" k{mfjisv fbm`qv" dysv" knbsv mdc nshi{  mdfhn{mei `msi{omb m{i yvic ln{ shi odvsmbbmsond nl fmkbiv" fmkbi s{mv" {mfi umv mdc fndcyosv$ Mbb vsiib `i`ki{v m{i vyosmkb s{imsic mdc emb|mdovic n{ qmodsic uosh ; fnmsv nl mqq{n|ic qmods$ 8$3

BOEHSODE V_VSI@

8$3$=

Eidi{mb [i}yo{i`idsv

M fn`q{ihidvo|i obby`odmsond vvsi` vhnybc ki q{n|ocic od shi idso{i q{ngifs o$i$ mbb m{imv uoshod shi qbmds knydcm{$ Shi vvsi` vhnybc odfbyci boehsode loxsy{iv" covs{okysond knm{cv" boehsode qmdibv" gydfsond knxiv" boehsode qnbiv" {ifiqsmfbiv" vuosfhknm{cv" fmkbiv mdc uo{iv" fndcyosv" qnbiv mdc `mvsv" isf$ Shi vvsi` vhnybc fn|i{ mbb odsi{on{ mdc ixsi{on{ boehsode vyfh mv m{im boehsode" m{c boehsode" vs{iis boehsode" vify{os boehsode" isf$ 8$3$;

Vsmdcm{cv

OV 7 6<3< Fnci nl Q{mfsofi ln{ odsi{on{ obby`odmsond (obby`odmsond ebm{i odcix/ OV 7
Civoed F{osi{ond

Shi obby`odmsond vvsi` vhnybc ki civoedic nd kmvov nl kivs ideodii{ode q{mfsofi mv  qi{ OV7 mdc vhnybc vhnybc idvy{i idvy{i ydoln{`" ydoln{`" {ibomkbi" {ibomkbi" mivshisofmbb mivshisofmbb qbimvode" qbimvode" ebm{i l{ii obby`odmsond$ Shi civoed vhnybc q{i|ids ebm{i.by`odnyv qmsfh viid nd \CY vf{iidv" uhid |oiuic l{n` md mdebi$ Qnui{ vyqqb vhnybc ki lic l{n` 3=9.;31 \ dn{`mb mf qnui{ vyqqb" vsmsond vi{|ofi  knm{c"  knm{c" mdc ==1 \ cf vyqqb vyqqb ln{ i`i{eidf i`i{eidf boehsode$ boehsode$ Boehsode Boehsode qmdibv qmdibv vhnybc vhnybc ki bnfmsic ms colli{ids fnd|idoids bnfmsondv ln{ liicode |m{onyv fo{fyosv$ Shivi qmdibv vhnybc ki {nkys od fndvs{yfsond uosh bnfjmkbi m{{mdei`idsv mdc @FK ln{ colli{ids fo{fyosv$ ==1 \ cf i`i{eidf boehsode vhnybc ki q{n|ocic od lnbbnuode m{imv7 m/  k/ f/

Eidi{msn{ {nn` Nqi{msode Nqi{msode lbnn{v lbnn{v nl sy{kod sy{kodii hmbb hmbb Vuosfheim{ {nn` 8-6?

-;1 byx -;1 byx byx - =9 byx (`od$ ndi boehsode loxsy{i

c/ i/ l/ e/ h/

kisuiid sun {nuv nl vuosfheim{/ Fnds{nb mdc {ibm {nn` -=11 byx Fmkbi vq{imci{ {nn` -ms bimvs =1) nl obby`odmsond (`od$ ndi boehsode loxsy{i ms fnd|idoids bnfmsond$/ Kmssi{ {nn` -ms bimvs =1) nl obby`odmsond Ixos qnodsv mdc vsmo{ fmviv -Ndi boehs loxsy{i Mbb nshi{ vs{msieof bnfmsondv ln{ vmli qi{vnddib `n|i`ids cy{ode md i`i{eidf$

CF boehsode vhnybc fn`i nd mysn`msofmbb nd lmoby{i nl dn{`mb mf vyqqb$ Shivi vhnybc ki vuosfhic nll mysn`msofmbb mlsi{ shi dn{`mb mf vyqqb ov {ivsn{ic mdc by`odm{oiv hm|i mssmodic shio{ lybb ebnu$ Od nll-vosi m{imv.kyobcodev cf boehsode ov sn ki  q{n|ocic  q{n|ocic sh{nyeh sh{nyeh vibl fndsmodic fndsmodic 3 hny{ cy{msond cy{msond loxsy{iv loxsy{iv bnfmsic bnfmsic vs{msieofmb vs{msieofmbb$ b$ Os vhnybc ki q{n|ocic uosh Do-Fc kmssi{$ Boehsode qmdibv" loxsy{iv" {ifiqsmfbiv" qnbiv" `mvsv" covs{okysond knm{cv" vuosfh knxiv" fndcyosv" gydfsond knxiv isf$ vhnybc ki q{nqi{s odvsmbbic mdc im{shic$ Mbb nyscnn{ loxsy{iv vhnybc ki uimshi{ q{nnl sqi$ Lbyn{ivfids loxsy{iv" odvsmbbic od nshi{ shmd fnds{nb {nn` m{imv vhnybc hm|i ibifs{ndof kmbbmvsv$ Ln{ fnds{nb {nn`v" shi  kmbbmvsv  kmbbmvsv vhnybc vhnybc ki fnqqi{ fnqqi{ unydc odcyfso|i" odcyfso|i" him| cys sqi" lobbic lobbic uosh shi{`nshi{`nvissode odvybmsode `novsy{i {iqibbids qnbivsi{$ Mbb by`odm{oiv mdc shio{ mffivvn{oiv mdc fn`qndidsv vhnybc ki nl shi sqi {imcob {iqbmfimkbi k shi m|mobmkbi odcomd `mjiv$ Mbb loxsy{iv mdc mffivvn{oiv vhnybc ki nl  {iqysic `mji mdc dnd-fn{{nvo|i sqi$ Mf{bof fn|i{v.bny|{iv vhnybc ki nl dndibbnuode sqi$ Shi fndvs{yfsondmb limsy{iv nl boehsode covs{okysond knm{cv vhnybc ki vo`obm{ sn MF.Cf covs{okysond knm{cv civf{okic ibviuhi{i$ Nysenode fo{fyosv od QBV vhnybc ki  q{n|ocic  q{n|ocic uosh @FKv @FKv nl nl mci}ymsi mci}ymsi {msodev$ {msodev$ Uo{ode vhnybc ki k `ybso-vs{mdcic Q\F odvybmsic fnbny{ fnci fmkbi bmoc od EO fndcyosv$ Uo{ode ln{ boehsode fo{fyosv nl mf" mdc cf vvsi`v vhnybc ki {yd od viqm{msi fndcyosv sh{nyehnys$ @odo`y` vowi nl shi uo{i vhnybc dns ki bivv shmd =$9 v}$`` fnqqi{ n{ 3 v}$`` mby`odoy`$ Uo{i vhnybc fndln{` sn OV7
Vs{iis boehsode vhnybc ki uosh vumeic.vsiiqic sykybm{ vsiib qnbiv nl vumd diu fndvs{yfsond$ Shi qnbiv vhnybc ki fnmsic uosh mdso-fn{{nvo|i s{ims`ids mdc qmods$ M{im boehsode vhnybc ki uosh vyosmkbi boehsode `mvsv$ @mvsv nl mci}ymsi hioehs vhnybc hm|i bmssofi vs{yfsy{i uosh bmcci{" fmei mdc snq qbmsln{`$ Mbsi{dmso|ib shi vhnybc hm|i bmdsi{d fm{{omei nl {movi.bnui{ sqi uosh ibifs{ofmb uodfh q{n|ocic odvoci shi sykybm{ `mvs$ Mbb nyscnn{ boehsode vvsi`v vhnybc ki mysn`msofmbb fnds{nbbic k vdfh{ndnyv so`i{ n{ qhnsnfibb$ M{{mdei`ids vhnybc ki q{n|ocic od shi qmdib sn kqmvv shi so`i{.qhnsnfibb ln{ `mdymb fnds{nb$ 8$3$3

Obby`odmsond Bi|ibv Mdc Sqi Nl Loxsy{iv Mdc By`odm{oiv

Bnfmsond

M|i{mei Obby`odmsond bi|ib (Byx/

Sqi nl Loxsy{i

m/ Sy{kodi Hmbb Nqi{msode lbnn{ 

;11

 k/ Vuosfheim{ Vuosfheim{ {nn`v

;11

f/ Fnds{nb {nn`" fn`qysi{ {nn`

611

c/ Nllofiv" fndli{idfi {nn`v isf$

611

HQV\ hoeh.`icoy` km Odcyvs{omb s{nyeh sqi lbyn{ivfids @o{{n{ nqsofv uosh mdsoebm{i limsy{i Cifn{mso|i `o{{n{ nqsofv sqi -Cn-

i/ Kmssi{ {nn`v

=11

l/ Vuosfhm{c

=1(eidi{mb/ 91 (nd i}yoq$/ =91

e/ Fn`q{ivvn{ {nn`" qy`q hnyvi" isf$

Snsmbb idfbnvic fn{{nvond {ivovsmds . |mqny{ q{nnl$ HQV\ lbnnc boehs" uimshi{ q{nnl  HQV\ `icoy`  km.odcyvs{omb  km.odcyvs{omb s{nyeh s{nyeh sqi sqi lbyn{ivfids Lbm`i q{nnl lbyn{ivfids loxsy{iv vyosmkbi ln{  hmwm{cnyv m{im Odcyvs{omb s{nyeh sqi lbyn{ivfids HQV\ vs{iis boehsv

h/ Sy{kodi" myxobom{oiv boji NQY isf$

=91

o/ Fmkbi embbi{oiv

91

 g/ Vs{iis Vs{iis boehsode boehsode {nmcv {nmcv

;1

j/ Nyscnn{ vsn{mei hmdcbode

;1

b/Qi{`mdids vsn{iv

=91

`/ Un{jvhnq" eidi{mb un{j kidfh

=91

HQV\ lbnnc boehs" uimshi{ q{nnl$ Odcyvs{omb s{nyeh sqi lbyn{ivfids @o{{n{ nqsofv lbyn{ivfids

d/ Bmkn{msn{ - Eidi{mb -Mdmbvov m{im

=91 611

Fn{{nvond {ivovsmds" |mqny{ q{nnl lbyn{ivfids

8-3=

n/ Em{mei.Fm{ qm{jode

8$3$9

51

Odcyvs{omb s{nyeh lbyn{ivfids

sqi

By`id `ishnc nl obby`odmsond fmbfybmsondv7

By`id `ishnc nl obby`odmdfi fmbfybmsond mv qi{ OV7 6<3< qm{s ‖O sn ivso`msi shi obby`odmsond q{ncyfic k shi odvsmbbmsond od m qnui{ hnyvi$ I0

(ό Õ d Õ D / Õ Y Õ BBL   M

Uhi{i" ό - Snsmb }ymdsos nl boehs {mcomsode k m boehs vny{fi qi{ ydos so`i mv i|mbymsic  qhnsn`is{ofmbb mdc ov eo|id od by`idv (b`/ (b`/ k bm`q `mdylmfsy{i{ ln{ colli{ids by`odmo{v o$i$ lbyn{ivfids sykiv isf$ I ‖ obby`odmsond nd (by`idv qi{ ydos m{im/ od byx m vy{lmfi ndi v}ymsi `isi{ od m{im od byx ό  Uhi{i L ov shi m{im$  L  d ‖ Dy`ki{ nl bm`qv qi{ by`odmo{   D ‖ Dy`ki{ nl by`odmo{v ; M ‖ M{im sn ki bos od vi} `isi{ (` / Y ‖ Ysobovmsond lmfsn{  BBL ‖ Boehs Bnv Lfmsn{  Ixm`qbi Fnds{nb [nn` Boehsode ‖ Fnds{nb Qmdib Boehsode Bi|ib Sqi nl boehsode Co`idvond nl shi boehsode (B x K x H/

-

611 Byx ; x 31 U =6 9 B K

Un{jode qmbdi M{im nl shi {nn` @modsidmdfi lmfsn{ (@L/ Ysobowmsond by`idv (YL/

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9$1 ‖ 1$89 0 6$=9 <9 1$59 1$<6

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M{im nl [nn` x Byx M{im nl boehsode {i}yo{ic

0 Bm`q By`id x YL x @L 0

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Vm 5 dnv$ nl (; x 31/ Umssv nl suod lby{nvfids lossodev fndvoci{ic

8-36

FHMQSI[ ‖ ?

@IFHMDOFMB MYXOBOM[OIV EIDI[MB

Shi `ifhmdofmb osi`v nl Un{jv nl shi myxobom{ vvsi`v ibifs{ofmb odfbycode odvsmbbmsondv vhnybc eidi{mbb lyblobb shi {i}yo{i`idsv mv eo|id kibnu$ Mbb fn`qndidsv vhnybc ki nl  {ibomkbi civoed$ Knbsv" Vf{iuv" Dysv isf$7 Mbb knbsv" vsycv" vf{iuv" dysv" mdc umvhi{v vhnybc ki mv qi{ OVN `is{of vvsi`$ @obc vsiib knbsv mdc dysv vhnybc ki nl shi q{ifovond fnbc ln{eic n{ hns ln{eic sqi uosh `mfhodic lmfiv qm{mbbib sn ndi mdnshi{$ Mbb knbsv mdc vsycv uhofh uobb ki vykgifs sn hoeh vs{ivv mdc.n{ si`qi{msy{i vhnybc ki nl hoeh sidvobi `msi{omb uosh dysv nl mqq{nq{omsi `msi{omb$

Lossic knbsv vhnybc ki m c{o|ode los od shi {im`ic hnbiv mdc vhnybc hm|i shi vf{iuic qn{sond nl m com`isi{ vyfh shms os uobb dns ki cm`meic cy{ode c{o|ode$ Shi vhnybc ki q{nqi{b `m{jic od m fndvqofynyv qnvosond sn idvy{i fn{{ifs mvvi`kb ms vosi$ Mbb qm{sv (nshi{ shmd vs{yfsy{mb vsiib un{j/ knbsic sneishi{" vhnybc ki vqns lmfic nd shi kmfj  sn idvy{i shms dysv mdc knbs himcv kic cnud vmsovlmfsn{ob$ @obc vsiib dysv mdc knbsv vhnybc ki wodf n{ fmc`oy` qbmsic$ Vsmodbivv vsiib knbsv" dysv" umvhi{v mdc vf{iuv vhnybc ki yvic ln{  hnbcode {idiumkbi qm{sv od umsi{ n{ uhid ixqnvic sn hoeh hy`ocos$ Vimbv7 [ykki{ vimbv vhnybc ki `mci nl vdshisof {ykki{ vyosmkbi ln{ qm{sofybm{ mqqbofmsond mdc vhnybc ki civoedic od vyfh m `mddi{ shms shi m{i mcgyvsmkbi" umsi{ soehs mdc {imcob {iqbmfimkbi$ Vimbv vhnybc ki `mdylmfsy{ic k `nbcode q{nfivv mdc dns ixs{ycic$ Mbb mcgyvsode vf{iuv mdc knbsv knbsv ln{ vify{ode shi vimbv mdc vimb mvvi`kb vhnybc ki nl dndfn{{nvo|i vsmodbivv vsiib$ Nobv mdc Byk{ofmdsv 7 Colli{ids sqiv nl nobv" byk{ofmdsv" isf$ vhnybc ki vykgifs sn shi u{ossid mqq{n|mb nl shi Ideodii{$ Ydbivv nshi{uovi vsmsic od shi Qm{sofybm{ Sifhdofmb Vqifolofmsondv" shi nob n{ e{imvi ln{ kim{odev" q{ivvy{i nob vvsi`v" s{mdvln{`i{v" isf$" odfbycode shi difivvm{ }ymdsos ln{ lbyvhode mdc }ymdsos ln{ lo{vs nob fhmdei uosh ;1) ixs{m vhnybc ki nksmodic$ Qoqode" Lossodev" \mb|iv mdc Emsiv Eidi{mb7 Mbb {i}yo{ic qoqode vhnybc ki ly{dovhic fn`qbisi uosh lbmdeiv" gnodsv" ixqmdvond  gnodsv" emvjisv" qmfjode" |mb|iv" c{modv" |idsv" qoqi vyvqidvondv" vyvqidvon dv" vyqqn{sv" isf$ Lbmdeic  gnodsv n{ fnddifsondv vhnybc ki q{n|ocic ndb mv {i}yo{ic ln{ s{mdvqn{s" odvsmbbmsond odvsmbbm sond n{ ln{  cov`mdsbode mdc {imvvi`kb$ Vsmdcm{c `is{of lbmdeiv mdc fnddifsondv vhnybc ki yvic ln{ mbb  qoqi un{jv$ Mci}ymsi fbim{mdfi vhnybc ki eo|id sn qm{mbbib qoqiv sn mbbnu ln{ imv `modsidmdfi uoshnys covsy{kode nshi{ bodiv$ Mbb n|i{himc qoqode vhnybc hm|i m `odo`y` fbim{mdfi nl ;$= ` l{n` nqi{msode lbnn{v mdc qbmsln{`v$

Mbb qoqiv vhnybc ki vyqqn{sic.{ivs{modic.mdfhn{ic od n{ci{ sn q{i|ids md ydcyi bnfmbovic vs{ivv mdc cilbifsond.vmeeode mduhi{i mbnde shi qoqode bidesh cyi sn shi mqqboic ln{fiv.`n`idsv$ Ln{  shi mkn|i qy{qnvi vsmdcm{c vyqqn{s mssmfh`idsv vyfh mv fbm`qv" vmccbi qbmsiv" k{mfiv" mdebiv.fbimsv" eyociv isf$ mdc vyqqn{s fn`qndidsv vyfh mv hmdei{v" {ncv" sy{d kyfjbiv" vq{ode  knxiv isf$ vhnybc vhnybc ki yvic$

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@msi{ombv nl Qoqiv , Lossodev 7 Umsi{" mo{ mdc c{mod qoqode bivv shmd ;9 `` dn`odmb kn{i vhnybc ki nl emb|mdovic him| e{mci sn OV-=;6?" Qm{s-O n{ i}yo|mbids vsmdcm{cv vsiib qoqi$ Qoqiv i}ymb sn n{ e{imsi{ shmd ;9 `` dn`odmb kn{i vhnybc ki emb|mdowic him| e{mci sn OV=;6?" Qm{s O.OV-698? n{ i}yo|mbids$

Nob qoqode e{imsi{ shmd ;9 `` dn`odmb kn{i vhnybc ki nl vim`bivv hoeh }ymbos vsiib qoqi fndln{`ode sn OV =;6? n{ MQO-9B E[$K n{ i}yo|mbids e{mci mv qi{ q{nfivv {i}yo{i`ids" uhi{imv qoqiv bivv shmd ;9`` kn{i vhnybc ki nl vsmodbivv vsiib$ Vsiib qoqiv nl com`isi{ =11 `` mdc mkn|i ln{ m q{ivvy{i yqsn QD =1" `m ki yvic od uibcic sqi$ Shi `odo`y` umbb shofjdivv nl qoqiv vhnybc ki shi +dn{`mb+ n{ +vsmdcm{c+ umbb shofjdivv mv qi{ mqqbofmkbi vsmdcm{cv$ Qoqi Un{j Lmk{ofmsond 7 Vsiib qoqi un{j v`mbbi{ shmd ;9 DK mdc ln{ nqi{msode q{ivvy{i `n{i shmd QD =1 vhnybc ki gnodic k vf{iuic lossodev mdc qoqi un{j ln{ ;9 DK mdc n|i{ vhnybc ki  gnodic  gnodic k uibcic lbmdeiv$ lbmdeiv$ Qoqi un{j ln{ nqi{msode nqi{msode q{ivvy{i q{ivvy{i yqsn QD =1 `m ki gnodic k vf{iuic lossodev yqsn 91 DK vowi$ vo wi$ Soe uibcode `yvs ki yvic ln{ lmk{ofmsode qoqi un{j$ Qoqi un{j Fbimdode 7 Nob qoqi un{j odsi{dmb kn{iv vhnybc ki fhi`ofmbb fbimdic mdc  qmvvo|msic  qmvvo|msic q{on{ sn yvi$$ Umsi{" mo{ mdc c{mod qoqode vhnybc ki kbnud sh{nyeh uosh hoeh  q{ivvy{i mo{ mdc lbyvhic uosh umsi{ q{on{ sn yvi$

vhnybc ki q{ivvy{i sivsic ms m q{ivvy{i 91) e{imsi{ shmd Q{ivvy{i Sivsode 7 Mbb q{ivvy{i qoqode vhnybc `mxo`y` nqi{msode q{ivvy{i mlsi{ i{ifsond mdc fbimdode kys kiln{i qmodsode ms vosi$ Shi sivs  q{ivvy{i  q{ivvy{i vhnybc vhnybc ki `modsmod `modsmodic ic uoshnys uoshnys bnvv ln{ hmbl hmbl md md hny{$ hny{$ Qmodsode 7 Mbb vsiib qoqode vhnybc vhnybc ki qmodsic nd shi ixsi{on{ sn q{i|ids {yvsode$ Shi qmods s{ims`ids vhnybc ki nl shi vm`i vvsi` mv yvic ln{ shi sy{kodi ixsi{on{$ Fnbny{ fncode nl qoqi un{j vhnybc ki mcnqsic mv qi{ mqqbofmkbi Odcomd Odcomd Vsmdcm{c$ Qmods cm`meic cy{ode i{ifsond mdc fn``ovvondode vhnybc vhnybc ki {iqmo{ic q{on{ sn hmdcode-n|i{ shi qbmds$ Q{nsifsond ln{ S{mdvqn{s mdc Vsn{mei 7 Nob qoqode vhnybc hm|i m q{nsifso|i fnmsode mqqboic sn q{i|ids fn{{nvond nffy{{ode cy{ode s{mdvqn{s mdc vsn{mei$ Shi idcv nl shi qoqi bideshv vhnybc ki qbyeeic sn q{i|ids ode{ivv nl umsi{$ \mb|iv , Emsiv 7 Eidi{mbb" |mb|iv vhnybc ki bimj-q{nnl od ioshi{ lbnu co{ifsond (ixfiqs ln{ dnd-{isy{d |mb|iv/ uhid shi dn`odmb q{ivvy{i ov mqqboic$ Mbb |mb|iv uosh civoed  q{ivvy{iv hoehi{ shmd QD =1 mdc com`isi{v bm{ei{ shmd CD =11 vhnybc ki un{jvhnq-siv sic ln{ soehsdivv mdc vnydcdivv nl `msi{ombv$ \mb|iv vhnybc fbnvi fbnfjuovi mdc ki q{n|ocic uosh qnvosond odcofmsn{v.`m{jv nd hmdc uhiib$ Shi c{o|i ydosv nl `nsn{-c{o|id |mb|iv vhnybc mbvn ki q{n|ocic uosh hmdc uhiibv ln{ `mdymb nqi{msond$ Sn lmfobosmsi nqi{msond" bm{ei |mb|iv mdc emsiv vhnybc ki q{n|ocic uosh k-qmvv bodiv ln{ q{ivvy{i kmbmdfode" ol  {i}yo{ic$ \mb|iv vqodcbiv mdc qodv vhnybc ki nl vsmodbivv vsiib" vqodcbi dysv mdc kyvhiv nl   k{ndwi" shi knc nl fmvs vsiib$ Dn D n |mb|i od fmvs o{nd knc uobb ki mffiqsic$

Mbb q{ivvy{i {icyfsond |mb|iv: vmlis |mb|iv mdc vo`obm{ fn`qndidsv vhnybc ki un{jvhnqsivsic$

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@ifhmdofmb Odvs{y`idsv 7 Mbb `ifhmdofmb qm{sv nl odvs{y`idsv vhnybc ki vyosmkb q{nsifsic memodvs vhnfjv mdc |ok{msondv" hims" hy`ocos mdc vqbmvh umsi{" isf$ Q{ivvy{iv emyeiv vhnybc  ki q{n|ocic uosh m cm`qode bo}yoc" i$e$" ebfi{odi" ebfi{odi " sn fn`qidvmsi |ok{msondv$ |ok{msond v$ Q{ivvy{i emyeiv uoshnys cm`qode `imdv vhnybc dns ki dn{`mbb qi{`ossic$ Qy`qv 7 @msi{ombv nl shi `mod qm{sv nl qy`qv vhnybc ki 7 ∛

Fmvode

Fmvs vsiib

∛

O`qibbi{

vsmodbivv vsiib

∛

Vhmls

vsmodbivv vsiib

∛

Vbii|iv

vsmodbivv vsiib

∛

Uim{ {odev

k{ndwi

∛

Jiv

vsmodbivv vsiib

∛

Shi fmqmfos nl shi c{o|ode ibifs{of `nsn{ vhnybc ki =9 ) hoehi{ shmd shi `mxo`y` qnui{  {i}yo{ic k shi qy`q ms md nqi{msond nqi{msond qnods Shi n|i{mbb qy`q-`nsn{ qy`q-`nsn{ illofoidf ln{ shi vqifoloic {msic himc mdc covfhm{ei covfhm{ei vhnybc dns ki bivv shmd <1)$ Shi qy`qv vhnybc uoshvsmdc fn{{nvond mdc uim{ k mk{mvo|i `mssi{v uoshod {imvndmkbi bo`osv$ Vhmlsv vimbic k qmfjode ebmdcv vhnybc ki lossic uosh vbii|iv$ Qy`q vimbv vhnybc ki {iqbmfimkbi uoshnys ixsidvo|i cov`mdsbode nl shi qy`q$ Bimjmei umsi{ vhnybc ki co{ifsic sn vyosmkbi c{modmei lmfobosoiv$ @ovfibbmdinyv @ismbun{j 

Ixfiqs uhi{i nshi{uovi odcofmsic ibviuhi{i od shi Qm{sofybm{ Sifhdofmb Vqifolofmsondv" shi Fnds{mfsn{ vhnybc vyqqb shi lnbbnuode7 •

•

•

?$=

Mbb qbmsln{`v" bmcci{v" eym{cv" hmdc{mobv nl sykybm{ fndvs{yfsond mdc hmsfh fn|i{v difivvm{ ln{ imv mdc vmli mffivv sn Un{jv$ Vmlis eym{cv ms imfh qnods uhi{i dn{`mb mffivv q{n|ovond unybc qi{`os qi{vnddib sn fn`i uoshod {imfh nl md `n|ode i}yoq`ids$ Mbb fn|i{v ln{ qoqi un{j" fmkbi s{idfhiv mdc mffivv hmsfhiv" {i}yo{ic ln{ fn`qbisode shi lbnn{v m{nydc mdc n|i{ shi i}yoq`ids uobb ki vyqqboic mdc odvsmbbic$ Ydbivv nshi{uovi mqq{n|ic" lbnn{ fhi}yi{ic qbmsiv vhnybc ki nl md mdeybm{ qmssi{d$ I$N$S$ f{mdi

F{mdiv m{i yvic od shi qnui{ hnyvi ln{ nqi{msondmb lydfsond mdc ln{ `modsidmdfi mdc {iqmo{$ Qnui{ hnyvi k{ocei f{mdi (ibifs{ofmb n|i{ himc s{m|ibode f{mdi INS/ ov shi q{odfoqmb n|i{himc s{m|ibode f{mdi ln{ sy{kodiv" eidi{msn{v mdc myxobom{oiv od sqofmb vy{lmfi qnui{  hnyvi$ Shi f{mdi fn`q{oviv nl `mod hnovs fndvovsode n{ ndi n{ `n{i f{mdiv uosh fn`kodic fmqmfos sn bols shi him|oivs mvvi`kb nl shi eidi{msode ydosv$ Md myxobom{ hnovs nl `yfh bnui{  fmqmfos ov q{n|ocic ln{ hmdcbode v`mbbi{ qm{sv$ Dy`ki{ nl F{mdiv7 Shi fhnofi nl q{n|ocode ndi n{ sun f{mdiv uosh m bolsode kim` ov md o`qn{smds fndvoci{msond od qnui{ hnyvi kifmyvi nl lnbbnuode {imvndv ivqifombb od qnui{  hnyvi uosh bm{ei dy`ki{ nl ydosv (eidi{mbb 9 ydosv n{ `n{i/$

?-6

o/ oo/ ooo/ o|/

 qnui{ hnyvi vs{yfsy{mb fnvsv fndvs{yfsond mdc i{ifsond mc|mdsmei ; f{mdiv uosh bolsode kim` uobb diic mccosondmb f{mdi fbim{mdfi mdc odf{imvi od hioehs nl qnui{ hnyvi$ \mbyi nl cnud so`i

F{mdi Fmqmfos7 F{mdi fmqmfos vhnybc ki kmvic fnd|idsondmbb nd ivso`msic bnmc mdc mbbnu ms bimvs =1) n|i{bnmc ln{ odl{i}yids vqifomb him| bolsv vyfh mv eidi{msn{ {nsn{ bolsode$ Shi {msic bnmc fmqmfos nl shi `mod hnovs vhnybc ki fmqmkbi nl bolsode shi him|oivs mvvi`kb vqifoloic mdc dns bivv shmd uioehs nl shi eidi{msn{ {nsn{ mvvi`kb odfbycode qnbiv" vhmls mdc sy{kodi {yddi{$

Od fmvi nl kybk sy{kodiv sun f{mdiv m{i dns gyvsoloic$ Vsmdcm{c7

OV7 6=55 ‖ =??? ‖Fnci nl q{mfsofi ln{ Ibifs{ofmb N|i{himc S{m|ibode F{mdiv mdc Emds{ F{mdiv OV7 815 ‖ Vs{yfsy{mb civoed nl f{mdi

C{muode7 Sqofmb qnui{ hnyvi INS f{mdi mdc fn|i{mei come{m` ov vhnud od loe$ ?$=$ Ln{ |i{ v`mbb qnui{ hnyviv" `mdymb `ndn{mob hnovs `m ki yvic$ Sqofmb INS F{mdiv Vqifolofmsond ln{ m qnui{ hnyvi uosh kybk sy{kodiv ov eo|id kibnu$ Vfnqi nl Vyqqb •

•

•

•

Ndi (=/ Qnui{ Hnyvi <1.=1S INS f{mdi fn`qbisi uosh K{ocei" Nqi{msn{%v Fmk" S{nbbi" @mod Hnovs" Ibifs{ofmb Fnds{nbv" vmlis ci|ofiv" lossodev , fnddifsondv mdc mbb difivvm{ mffivvn{oiv sn hmdcbi i}yoq`idsv$ Ndi (=/ f{mcbi" vbodev" isf$ ln{ bnmc sivsode ms vosi$ Ndi (=/ vis nl `mod {yd um {mobv uosh kmvi qbmsiv" mdfhn{ knbsv" {mob fboqv" bnfj  dysv idc" vsnqv" bo`os vuosfhiv" vs{oji{ qbmsiv" isf$ ln{ Qnui{ Hnyvi , Kyssi{lb |mb|i fm|i{d (\mb|i Hnyvi/$ Ndi (=/ vis `mod {yd mum fndcyfsn{v fn`qbisi uosh k{mfjisv" lossodev" odsi{  fnddifsode uo{ode isf$ ln{ Qnui{ Hnyvi , \mb|i Hnyvi$

•

Mbb vqifomb snnbv" ci|ofiv" vqmddi{v isf$ ln{ mvvi`kb mdc odvsmbbmsond nl f{mdiv$

•

Uo{i {nqiv" ln{ `mod hnovsv mdc Myxobom{ hnovsv nl f{mdiv$

•

Ndi (=/ vis nl vqm{iv ln{ 9 im{v nl dn{`mb nqi{msond nl f{mdiv$

•

Md nshi{ osi`v dns vqifoloic mkn|i kys m{i difivvm{ ln{ q{nqi{ nqi{msond nl  f{mdiv$

?-3

LOE$ ?$= Civoed [i}yo{i`idsv

Mbb qm{sv nl shi f{mdi mdc {ydum {mobv vhnybc ki civoedic sn vyvsmod shi bnmcv mdc shi fn`kodmsond nl bnmcv bovsic kibnu uosh cyi mbbnumdfiv ln{ iffids{ofos nl bnmcode uoshnys ixfiicode vmli qi{`ovvokbi vs{ivviv$ @ifhmdofmb qm{sv nl shi f{mdi odfbycode s{yfjv mdc s{nbbi l{m`iv vhnybc ki civoedic ln{ shi vqifolof bnmcv yvode m lmfsn{ nl  vmlis nl 9 (Lo|i/ kmvic nd shi ybso`msi vs{idesh$ m/

Bnmcv7 o$

Cimc bnmc7 Shi uioehs nl mbb illifso|i qm{sv nl shi k{ocei vs{yfsy{i" `mfhodi{ qm{sv mdc loxic i}yoq`ids vyqqn{sic k shi vs{yfsy{i$

?-9

 k/

oo$

Bo|i bnmc7 Shi uioehs nl s{nbbi mdc bolsic bnmc ({msic fmqmfos/ fndvoci{ic mv fndfids{msic `n|ode bnmcv ms uhiibv od vyfh qnvosondv mv sn q{ncyfi shi `mxo`y` `n`ids mdc vhim{$

ooo$

\i{sofmb o`qmfs bnmc7 =9 (Lolsiid/ qi{ fids nl shi snsmb bo|i bnmc$

o|$

K{mjode bnmc7 Shi ln{fi q{ncyfic nd vyccid mqqbofmsond nl k{ocei s{m|ib k{mjiv uhid fm{{ode {msic bnmc mdc s{m|ibode ms lybb vqiic uosh shi qnui{ nll$

|$

Bmsi{mb bnmc cyi sn s{nbbi s{mfso|i illn{s7 =1 (Sid/ qi{ fids nl shi vy` nl s{nbbi uioehs mdc shi {msic f{mdi fmqmfos mqqboic i}ymbb nd shi s{nbbi {mobv$

|o$

Bndeosycodmb bnmc cyi sn k{ocei s{mfso|i illn{s7 =1 (Sid/ qi{ fids nl shi vy` nl shi uioehs nl f{mdi mdc osv {msic fmqmfos uosh shi bolsic bnmc bnfmsic ms shi ixs{i`i ixsids nl s{m|ib nl imfh idc nl k{ocei$

|oo$

Im{sh}ymji bnmc7 Im{sh}ymji ln{fi sn ki smjid i}yo|mbids sn 1$6 e od hn{owndsmb co{ifsond mdc 1$=3 e od |i{sofmb c o{ifsond$

|ooo$

Nshi{ bnmcv7 Vyfh mv civoed lbnn{ bnmc" vqifomb civoed bnmc ln{  hn{owndsmb l{m`i civoed$

Fn`kodmsond nl bnmcv7 Ydbivv nshi{uovi vsmsic" shi f{mdi vhnybc ki civoedic sn vyvsmod shi fn`kodmsond nl bnmcv bovsic kibnu uoshnys ixfiicode shi vmli  qi{`ovvokbi vs{ivviv$ o$

Ln{ f{mdi od vsmsof hnovsode qnvosond uosh cimc bnmc" bo|i bnmc mdc |i{sofmb o`qmfs bnmc$

oo$

Ln{ f{mdi od `nsond uosh cimc bnmc" bo|i bnmc" mdc md ndi hn{owndsmb bnmc bovsic ydci{ bmsi{mb" bndeosycodmb n{ vqifolof civoed bnmcv$

ooo$

Ln{ f{mdi od `nsond uosh m fn`kodmsond nl cimc bnmc mdc k{mjode bnmc$

o|$

Ln{ f{mdi od vsmsof qnvosond uosh cimc bnmc qbyv im{sh}ymji bnmc$

|$

Ln{ f{mdi od `nsond uosh cimc bnmc" bo|i bnmc mdc md ; (sun/ n{ `n{i hn{owndsmb bnmcv bovsic ydci{ bmsi{mb bndeosycodmb n{ vqifomb civoed bnmcv uosh {ivybsode ydos vs{ivviv dns `n{i shmd 66-=.; (Sho{s sh{ii mdc ndi hmbl/ qi{ fids od ixfivv nl vmli vs{ivv$

|o$

Ln{ f{mdi od vsmsof hnovsode fndcosond" uosh m fn`kodmsond nl bnmc mdc ln{fiv q{ncyfic k shi `mxo`y` n{ k{imjcnud sn{}yi nl shi `mod hnovs `nsn{ uosh {ivybsode vs{ivviv dns ixfiicode ?1 (Dodis/ qi{ fids nl shi ibmvsof bo`os nl `msi{ombv fndfi{dic$

?-<

?$;

Fnnbode Umsi{ Vvsi`

Fnnbode umsi{ vvsi` `m ki {i}yo{ic od m qnui{ hnyvi ln{ shi s hi lnbbnuode$ o/ oo/ ooo/

Eidi{msn{ mo{ fnnbi{v mdc kim{ode fnnbi{v$ Sy{kodi kim{ode fnnbi{v" uim{ode {odev mdc ebmdc$ Sy{kodi ebmdcv mdc uim{ode {ode {i}yo{i umsi{ nl vyosmkbi }ymbos$ S{mdvln{`i{ fnnbode

Umsi{ [i}yo{i`idsv7

(o/

oo/ ooo/

Shi umsi{ lbnu {i}yo{i`idsv m{i cisi{`odic k eidi{msn{ mdc sy{kodi vyqqboi{v kys m{i ciqidcmds nd umsi{ vyqqb si`qi{msy{i mdc vhnybc smji odsn mffnyds ixs{i`iv od fbo`msi fndcosondv ln{ shi vosi$ Lbnu {i}yo{i`idsv m{i yvymbb bm{ei mdc {i}yo{i ciqidcmkbi vny{fiv$ Qy{os {i}yo{i`idsv m{i `nci{msi qi{`ossode dnd qnsmkbi vyqqboiv uosh bo`osic vobs fndsids$ Ebmdc mdc uim{ode {ode {i}yo{i`idsv m{i nksmodic l{n` sy{kodi vyqqboi{$ ]ymbos {i}yo{i`idsv m{i dn`odmb {i}yo{ode shi {i`n|mb nl mk{mvo|i `msi{omb$ S{mdvln{`i{ Fnnbode7 @nvs qbmds ysobowi mo{ fnnbic s{mdvln{`i{$ Bm{ei s{mdvln{`i{ m{i eidi{mbb NLU o$i$ umsi{ fnnbic$ Umsi{ q{ivvy{i od hims ixfhmdei{v ov jiqs bivv shmd shi nob q{ivvy{i sn q{i|ids umsi{ l{n` idsi{ode s{mdvln{`i{ nob$ S{mdvln{`i{ fnnbode umsi{ vvsi` `yvs ki q{nsifsic l{n` l{iiwode uhi{i l{iiwode fmd nffy{$ [i}yo{i`ids nl umsi{ ov nksmodic l{n` s{mdvln{`i{ vyqqboi{$

VNY[FIV Vqo{mb Fmvi ‖ Ln{ ydosv uosh himcv yqsn mknys 59 `" shi q{ili{{ic vny{fi nl fnnbode umsi{ ov m e{m|os vyqqb l{n` md odbis od shi vqo{mb fmvi vqo{mb fmvi ixsidvond$ Od `ybsoydos qbmdsv" md odbis ov q{n|ocic ln{ imfh ydos uosh m f{nvvn|i{ himci{ fnddifsode mbb ydosv sn q{n|oci m  kmfjyq umsi{ vyqqb sn md ndi ydos$ F{nvv-n|i{v kisuiid qmo{v nl ydosv ndb m{i dns {iem{cic mv mci}ymsi vodfi shi{i unybc ki dn i`i{eidf i`i{eidf vny{fi l{n` md ydumsi{ic ydos$ Shi vqo{mb fmvi vny{fi ov yvymbb vmsovlmfsn{ ln{ ydos kim{ode fnnbi{v" mv uibb mv shi eidi{msn{ mo{  fnnbi{v" mdc fmd ki mci}ymsi ln{ ebmdc mdc uim{ode {ode yvi uosh q{nqi{ lobsi{ode mdc mci}ymsi himc$ (;/ Smobumsi{ ‖ Ln{ hoehi{ himc q{ngifsv" mkn|i 5< ` (;91 ls$/" shi yvymb vny{fi nl fnnbode umsi{ ov m qy`qic vyqqb l{n` smobumsi{$ Shov dn{`mbb q{n|ociv q{n|ociv umsi{ nl ivvidsombb shi vm`i }ymbos mv shi vqo{mb fmvi e{m|os vvsi`$ (6/ Nshi{ vny{fiv ‖ Os ov ydbojib shms nshi{ vyosmkbi vny{fiv uobb ki m|mobmkbi n{ {i}yo{ic ln{  fnnbode {i}yo{i`idsv" kys mbsi{dmsi vny{fiv vhnybc ki fndvoci{ic ln{ ebmdc {i}yo{i`idsv$ Vobs n{ nshi{ mk{mvo|i `msi{omb ov yvymbb q{ivids od |m{ode cie{iiv od {ivi{|no{ umsi{" ms bimvs vimvndmbb" mdc vodfi mk{mvo|i `msi{omb ov odgy{onyv sn ebmdcv" md mbsi{dmsi vny{fi n{ mccosondmb s{ims`ids ov yvymbb {i}yo{ic$ {i}yo{ic$ Shi qnsmkbi umsi{ vvsi` ov dn{`mbb shi kivs mbsi{dmsi ol shi vyqqb ov mci}ymsi n{ fnybc ki ifndn`ofmbb odf{imvic$ odf{imvic$ Shov unybc yvymbb ki od shi fmvi nl  m uibb vyqqb {i}yo{ode {i}yo{ode bossbi fhbn{odmsond$ Uhi{i qnsmkbi umsi{ ov yvic" f{nvv fnddifsondv fnddifsondv l{n` shi fnnbode umsi{ vny{fi" uosh kmfjlbnu q{nsifsond" vhnybc ki q{n|ocic ln{ i`i{eidf yvi$

?-5

Himc {i}yo{i`idsv ‖ Dn{`mbb shi fnnbode umsi{ vyqqb vhnybc q{n|oci m `odo`y` nl  <8$?-jQm (=1-qvo/ colli{idsomb mf{nvv shi fnddifsond sn shi odco|ocymb fnnbi{ himci{v$ M|mobmkbi e{m|os himc" fnvs nl m qy`qic vyqqb" mdc fnvs nl fnnbi{v mbb idsi{ odsn md nqso`y` fnnbi{ colli{idsomb {i}yo{i`ids mdc {i}yo{i im{b civoed fndvoci{msond sn mvvy{i m {imvndmkbi loey{i ln{ shi eidi{msn{ mdc sy{kodi vqifolofmsond$ Ebmdc mdc uim{ode {ode colli{idsomb himc {i}yo{i`idsv vhnybc ki nksmodic l{n` shi sy{kodi vyqqboi{$ S{ims`ids ‖ Umsi{ ln{ fnnbi{v" ebmdcv" mdc uim{ode {odev uobb dn{`mbb {i}yo{i ndb vs{modode n{ lobs{msond$ Shov vhnybc ki |i{oloic |i{oloic l{n` nqi{msode ixqi{oidfi ms dim{k ixovsode  qbmdsv nd shi vm`i vs{im`$ Uhi{i ixovsode qbmdsv m{i {i`nsi n{ shi q{ngifs ov nd m q{i|onyvb ydci|ibnqic vs{im`" m umsi{ mdmbvov vhnybc ki shi kmvov nl cisi{`odode shi bojibohnnc nl  fn{{nvond n{ vfmbi ciqnvosv mdc shi diic nl mccosondmb mccosondmb s{ims`ids$ Sqofmb vs{modi{  {i}yo{i`idsv ln{ fnnbi{v qi{`os 6-`` (=.8-od$/ qi{ln{msondv" kys vs{modi{ vqifolofmsondv ln{  ixovsode q{ngifsv vhnybc ki nksmodic mv m eyoci sn fn`qbisi civoed civoed {i}yo{i`idsv$ Vs{modi{v vhnybc ki shi mysn`msof sqi ydbivv shi vvsi` q{n|ociv nshi{ kmfjyq q{n|ovondv ln{  fndsodynyv umsi{ vyqqb n{ n{ shi q$ h$ ov v`mbb$ Yddifivvm{ob lodi vs{modi{v {i}yo{ode `n{i l{i}yids vi{|ofode vhnybc ki m|nocic$ Lobsi{v m{i {i}yo{ic ln{ ebmdc umsi{ ydbivv shi vyqqb ov shi qnsmkbi umsi{ vvsi`$ vvsi`$ Shi vvsi` vhnybc q{n|oci q{n|oci ln{ fndsodynyv fndsodynyv nqi{msond uhid uhid md odco|ocymb lobsi{ {i}yo{iv fbimdode$ Qy`qv ‖ M qy`qic fnnbode umsi{ vyqqb {i}yo{iv m vsmdck vyqqb ln{ m qy`q nys nl  vi{|ofi$ Shov fmd ki q{n|ocic q{n|ocic uosh sun qy`qv qi{ ydos" imfh nl uhofh ov fmqmkbi nl  vyqqbode fnnbi{ {i}yo{i`idsv" n{ ndi qy`q qi{ ydos fndvovsode nl m fn``nd qy`q covfhm{ei himci{ sn mbb ydosv mdc ndi n{ `n{i kmfjyq kmfjyq qy`qv$ Nshi{ m{{mdei`idsv sn q{n|oci kmfjyq fmqmfos `m mbvn ki mffiqsmkbi$ Qy`qv vhnybc ki bnfmsic vyfh shms lbnncic vyfsondv nffy{  ms `odo`y` smobumsi{$ Fndsodynyvb {ovode qy`q qy`q qi{ln{`mdfi fy{|iv fy{|iv m{i {i}yo{ic" mdc mdc shi  qy`q vhnybc dns ixfiic ="811 ="811 {q`$ Qoqode -

(=/ Civoed fndvoci{msondv ln{ qoqode odfbyci" |ibnfos" q{ivvy{i bnvv" qy`qode fnvsv" fn{{nvond mbbnumdfi" i}yoq`ids fnddifsond vowiv mdc {i}yo{i`ids" `ifhmdofmb vs{idesh" si`qi{msy{i" si`qi{msy{i" ixqmdvond isf$ $ (;/ Umsi{ smjinllv l{n` shi vqo{mb fmvi n{ shi vqo{mb fmvi ixsidvond vhnybc ki uoshod 61 cie nl hn{owndsmb fidsi{ bodi sn `odo`owi cik{ov mdc mo{$ (6/ M |mb|i vhnybc ki bnfmsic mv fbnvi sn shi fmvode mv q{mfsofmkbi ln{ i`i{eidf vhysnll$ (3/ Kmbmdfode |mb|iv vhnybc ki bnfmsic od fnnbi{ vyqqb bodiv$ (9/ M {i`n|mkbi 1$?-` (6-ls/ vifsond nl vs{moehs qoqi vhnybc ki q{n|ocic od shi eidi{msn{   kim{ode vyqqb bodi ln{ si`qn{m{ si`qn{m{ odvsmbbmsond nl m lbnu `isi{$ Sqofmb Fnnbode Umsi{ Vvsi`v Vqifolofmsond ln{ m qnui{ hnyvi uosh kybk sy{kodiv ov eo|id kibnu$ Vfnqi nl Vyqqb

Smqqode m{{mdei`ids l{n` odsmji Qy`q @nsn{ Visv @nsn{ovic vibl fbimdode vs{modi{ Vi{|n nqi{msic hc{n |mb|i uosh vnbidnocv  Difivvm{ |mb|iv" qoqiv" vyqqn{sv isf$

?-8

-

; 6 6 ; =

visv visv visv visv bns

Eidi{mb Civoed mdc Fndvs{yfsondmb Fndvs{yfsondmb [i}yo{i`idsv o/

Fnnbode umsi{ vvsi` vhnybc ki fn``nd ln{ knsh shi ydosv$ Fnnbode umsi{ uobb ki smqqic l{n` odsmji yqvs{im` nl shi kybkv nl knsh sy{kodiv sh{nyeh i`kiccic qoqiv mdc fnddifsic sn m fn``nd himci{ sh{nyeh ovnbmsode |mb|iv$ Sh{ii qy`q `nsn{ visv (sun `modv" ndi ln{ imfh ydos mdc ndi vsmdck/ vhnybc ki yvic sn vyqqb mci}ymsi fnnbode umsi{ sn eidi{msn{ mo{ fnnbi{v mdc eyoci kim{odev nl shi ydosv$ Shi vvsi` vhnybc q{n|oci =11 ) {icydcmdf nqi{msond nl shi ydos qy`qv$ Fnnbode umsi{  {i}yo{i`ids nl ndi ydos vhnybc ki `is k ndi qy`q$ Shi sho{c qy`q vhnybc ki yvic mv vsmdck qy`q ln{ knsh ydosv$ Fnnbode umsi{ mlsi{ qmvvode sh{nyeh vs{modi{v uobb  ki lic sn m fn``nd himci{ mdc covs{okysic sn imfh ydos$

oo/

Shi F$U$ vvsi` uobb ki odvsmbbic ms IB ;68$111 mdc umsi{ mlsi{ qmvvode sh{nyeh hims ixfhmdei{v vhnybc ki covfhm{eic odsn smob {mfi ms IB ;6?$111" mkn|i `mxo`y` SUB$

ooo/

Shi qy`qv vhnybc ki fids{olyemb sqi co{ifsb c{o|id k 6 qhmvi 3=9\MF v}yo{{ib fmei odcyfsond `nsn{v$ Shi qy`q `nsn{ vhnybc ki `nydsic nd fn``nd kmvi qbmsi$ Shi o`qibbi{ nl qy`qv uobb ki `mci od vsmodbivv vsiib" qy`q fmvode od vsiib fmvsode mdc vhmls od vsmodbivv vsiib$ Shi Shi covfhm{ei fmqmfos nl imfh imfh qy`qv vhnybc `iis `iis shi snsmb {i}yo{i`ids nl fnnbode umsi{ nl ndi ydos$

o|/

@nsn{owic vibl fbimdode vs{modi{ uosh covfhm{ei fmqmfos = ° so`iv shi qy`q covfhm{ei vhnybc ki q{n|ocic mlsi{ imfh qy`q sn vyqqb vobs l{ii fbimd umsi{ sn |m{onyv fnnbode fo{fyosv$ Shi vs{modi{v vhnybc ki fbim{ic nll mffy`ybmsic vobs mysn`msofmbb sh{nyeh m `nsn{ovic {nsmsode m{` `ifhmdov`$ Fbimdode nqi{msond uobb  ki nqi{mkbi sh{nyeh q{ivvy{i colli{idsomb colli{idsomb vuosfh mdc so`i{v$

|/

Vi{|n nqi{msic hc{n |mb|i fnds{nbbic k ==1 \CF vnbidnocv n{ `nsn{ nqi{msic |mb|i vhnybc ki q{n|ocic nd liicode bodi nl imfh ydos sn fnds{nb fnnbode umsi{  vyqqb cy{ode vsm{sode.vhys cnud nl ydosv$

|o/

Fnds{nb nl shi qy`qv vhnybc ki kyobs od Ydos Fnds{nb Qmdibv mdc shio{ vsm{si{ qmdibv uobb ki bnfmsic dim{ shi qy`qv$

|oo/

\mb|iv" Qoqiv mdc Lossodev 7 Mbb emsi |mb|iv mdc dnd-{isy{d dnd-{isy{d |mb|iv vhnybc hm|i hnyvode od vsiib fmvsode mdc |mb|i vims od vsmodbivv vsiib$ Qoqode vhnybc ki fn`qbisi uosh vyllofoids dy`ki{ nl kidcv" ibknuv" siiv" fbm`qv" lbmdeiv mdc lmvsidi{v$

?$6

Ciumsi{ode mdc c{modmei Vvsi`

Eidi{mb

Shi Ciumsi{ode vvsi` q{n|ociv shi `imdv ln{ ciumsi{ode `mod ydos sy{kodiv mdc shio{  mvvnfomsic umsi{ qmvvmeiv ln{ odvqifsond mdc `modsidmdfi qy{qnviv$ C{modmei vvsi`  q{n|ociv ln{ shi fnbbifsond mdc covqnvmb nl mbb qnui{hnyvi bimjmei mdc umvsiumsi{ nshi{ shmd

?-?

vmdosm{$ Shi vmlis nl qi{vnddib mdc qbmds ov nl |osmb fndfi{d od shov vvsi` mdc vhnybc hm|i fndsodyode q{on{os sh{nyehnys shi civoed$ Ciumsi{ode Vvsi` m$ Eidi{mb$ Shi q{odfoqmb |nby`iv sn ki ciumsi{ic od mbb qnui{hnyviv m{i shi vqo{mb fmvi mdc c{mls syki$ Od mccosond" shi{i ov yvymbb m fndvoci{mkbi |nby`i cnud vs{im` nl shi himcemsiv n{ shi qidvsnfj |mb|i$ Ciumsi{ode Q{nficy{i$ Dn{`mb q{nficy{i mlsi{ ydos vhyscnud {i}yo{iv7 fbnvode nl shi himcemsiv n{ qidvsnfj |mb|i: c{modmei nl mbb ydos umsi{ mkn|i smobumsi{ sn smobumsi{ ibi|msond sh{nyeh shi c{mod: mdc vqo{mb fmvi n{ vqo{mb fmvi ixsidvond c{mod: qbmfi`ids nl c{mls syki emsiv n{ vsnqbnev: mdc c{modode shi {i`modode ydos umsi{ sn vy`q uosh shi vy`q qy`qv nqi{msode$ Ciumsi{ode So`i$ Mvoci l{n` vmlis" shi {i}yo{ic ibmqvic so`i ln{ fn`qbisode m ydos ciumsi{ode ov shi `mgn{ lmfsn{ od ciumsi{ode vvsi` civoed$ Ydos cnudso`i uobb yvymbb ki nl  m |mbyi gyvsolode lmfobosoiv sn qi{ln{` ciumsi{ode od 3 h{$ n{ bivv$ Shov fmd `imd shms od m sqofmb qbmds mbb difivvm{ |mb|i" emsi" mdc vsnqbne n{ emsi nqi{msondv vhnybc ki cndi od mqq{nxo`msib = h{ mdc c{modode nl shi qy`qode vvsi` od mqq{nxo`msib 6 h{$ Ciumsi{ode Vy`qv $ Vy`q q{n|ovond od `nvs q{ngifsv {i}yo{i ioshi{ gnods yvmei od knsh shi ciumsi{ode mdc c{modmei vvsi`v" n{ viqm{msi vy`qv uosh shi ciumsi{ode vy`q vi{|ode mv m  kmfjyq n{ n|i{lbnu ln{ shi c{modmei vy`q$ Vy`qv vhnybc ki civoedic ln{ `mxo`y` smobumsi{  himc$ Ciumsi{ode Qy`qv$ Sun ciumsi{ode qy`qv vhnybc ki q{n|ocic$ Ciumsi{ode qy`q fmqmfos vhnybc qi{`os ydumsi{ode od 6 h{ n{ bivv nl qy`qode so`i uosh snsmb fmqmfos co|ocic od sun  qy`qv nl shi vm`i fmqmfos$ Ioshi{ qy`q yvic mbndi vhnybc v hnybc ki fmqmkbi nl mffn`qbovhode shi ciumsi{ode$ Vodfi ydos ciumsi{ode uobb dns ki vfhicybic ydci{ qnui{hnyvi civoed lbnnc fndcosondv" {msic ciumsi{ode qy`q covfhm{ei vhnybc ki ln{ m `mxo`y` qbmddic smobumsi{  ydci{ uhofh ciumsi{ode uobb nffy{$

Qy`qv nl shi ciiq uibb umsi{ byk{ofmsic sqi m{i dn{`mbb yvic$ Vyk`i{vokbi `nsn{ mdc  qy`q fn`kodmsondv ydosv `nydsic nd eyoci {mobv qi{`ossode shi qy`q ydosv sn ki {movic n{  bnui{ic k shi qnui{hnyvi f{mdi hm|i mbvn kiid yvic$ Eidi{mbb lbnms-sqi fnds{nbv m{i yvic ln{ qy`q fnds{nb$ Mysn`msof bimc-bme uosh `mdymb vibifsond nl shi bimc qy`q ov q{n|ocic$ C{modmei Vvsi`7

Shi c{modmei vvsi` hmdcbiv sh{ii eidi{mb sqiv nl c{modmei mv lnbbnuv7 {mod mdc vdnu umsi{  l{n` {nnlv mdc cifjv" bimjmei sh{nyeh vs{yfsy{mb f{mfjv mdc fnds{mfsond gnodsv" mdc umvsiumsi{ l{n` i}yoq`ids$ Covfhm{ei ov sn smobumsi{ ioshi{ k e{m|os n{ k qy`qode l{n` m c{modmei vy`q$ [nnl mdc Cifj c{modmei vhnybc dn{`mbb ki co{ifsb sn smobumsi{ k e{m|os$ C{modmei nl umsi{ vq{odjbi{ lo{i q{nsifsond vvsi` ol yvic vhnybc ki odfbycic od shi c{modmei vvsi` od shi civoed$ Lbnms C{modmei7 C{modmei embbi{oiv vhnybc ki q{n|ocic ln{ lbnms c{modmei mdc fndcyosv mdc  qoqiv fnddifsode shi s{idfhiv sn shi c{modmei c{modmei vy`q vhnybc ki q{n|ocic$ q{n|ocic$

?-=1

Nob Vsn{mei n{ Qy{oloi{ [nn`v7 Nob Vsn{mei n{ Qy{oloi{ [nn`v q{n|ocic uosh umsi{  vq{odjbi{ lo{i q{nsifsond vvsi` vhnybc hm|i fhobbode c{mod uosh m e{m|ib qnfjis nl vyllofoids fmqmfos sn hmdcbi shi vq{odjbode vvsi` lbnu$ Kmssi{ [nn`7 Kmssi{ {nn` lbnn{ mdc vodj c{modv vhnybc ki nl mfoc {ivovsode `msi{omb" hm|i m `odo`y` ;) vbnqi$ @ovfibbmdinyv M{im Lbnn{ C{modv7 @ovfibbmdinyv lbnn{ m{imv o$i$ sy{kodi {nn`" embbi{oiv" `mfhodi vhnq" snobis {nn`v isf$ uhi{i bimjmei {modumsi{ umsi{ l{n` covmvvi`kb" lbyvhode" isf$ ov dn{`mbb ixqifsic vhnybc hm|i lbnn{v uosh fndsodynyv vbnqi sn shi c{mod bnfmsond$ Md c{modv shms fn`i l{n` m vny{fi shms fmd mcc nob sn shi umsi{ vhnybc dns c{mod co{ifsb sn smobumsi{ kys vhnybc lo{vs ki {nysic sn md nob viqm{msn{ lmfobos$ Q{ivvy{i umvsiumsi{7 umvsiumsi{ l{n` eidi{msn{ mo{ fnnbi{v mdc kim{ode fnnbi{v isf$ m{i dn{`mbb qoqic co{ifsb sn shi smob{mfi$ Vn`i qnui{hnyviv mbvn {i}yo{i q{ivvy{i c{modv ln{  s{mdvln{`i{ fnnbode umsi{ mdc mo{ fndcosondode fnnbode umsi{$ C{modmei Qoqode7 C{modmei qoqode civoed fndvoci{msondv vhnybc ki kmvic nd {ibi|mds nd vsmdcm{cv$ Vn`i nl shi fndvoci{msondv m{i eo|id od shi fnnbode umsi{ vvsi` qoqode civoed (Qm{m ?$;/$ C{modmei Vy`q7 Shi c{modmei vy`q n{ gnods ydumsi{ode- c{modmei vy`q vhnybc ki bnfmsic bnu idnyeh sn q{n|oci e{m|os lbnu l{n` mbb c{modic m{imv ydci{ mbb c{ qnui{hnyvi civoed smobumsi{ fndcosondv mdc yq sn shi lbnms-nqi{msic mbm{`" vy`q umsi{ ibi|msond$ Sqofmb C{modmei mdc Ciumsi{ode Vvsi`v Vqifolofmsond ln{ m qnui{ hnyvi uosh kybk sy{kodiv ov eo|id kibnu$ Vfnqi nl Vyqqb •

•

\i{sofmb Sy{kodi Sy{kodi Qy`qv ln{ ln{ ciumsi{ode ciumsi{ode - ; visv 6 (Fmqmfos <11 ` .h{$/ Bi|ib Fnds{nbbi{ ln{ ciumsi{ode qos$

- = vis

\i{sofmb Sy{kodi Qy`qv ln{ C{modmei ( Fmqmfos =91 ` 6.h{ /

- ; visv

•

Bi|ib fnds{nbbi{ ln{ c{modmei qos$

- = vis

•

Qoqiv" |mb|iv , lossodev$

- = bns

•

Vqifomb snnbv mdc ci|ofiv ln{ mvvi`kb mvv i`kb . cov`mdsbode nl qy`qv

•

Vyk`i{vokbi sqi qy`q-`nsn{ visv nl {ibomkbi `mji `m ki nlli{ic mv mbsi{dmso|i od  qbmfi nl \i{sofmb \i{sofmb Sy{kodi Sy{kodi qy`qv$ qy`qv$ Eidi{mb Civoed , Fndvs{yfsondmb [i}yo{i`idsv

?-==

o/

Ciumsi{ode Vvsi`

Ln{ ciumsi{ode shi ydci{umsi{ qm{sv" shi{i vhnybc ki m vy`q uhnvi knssn` ibi|msond uobb ki vyllofoidsb bnui{ shmd shi bnuivs qnods nl shi c{mls syki uhi{i shi c{mod knx ov lossic sn qi{`os lbnu nl umsi{ k e{m|os sn shi vy`q k nqidode m bnde vqodcbi sqi emsi |mb|i q{n|ocic ms shi vy`q$ Shi ciumsi{ode uobb ki cndi lo{vs k mbbnuode shi umsi{ od shi odsmji , shi kybk kybk sn lbnu odsn shi smob{mfi sh{nyeh uofjis emsiv sobb shi umsi{ od shi odsmji {imfhiv shi smob umsi{ bi|ib mdc shid k nqidode shi c{mod |mb|i od shi vy`q ln{  c{mls syki ciumsi{ode mlsi{ fbnvode shi c{mls syki emsi$ Shi ciumsi{ode vy`q vhnybc ki  q{n|ocic  q{n|ocic ndi vimbic fn|i{ fn|i{ mdc fn|i{ic fn|i{ic `md-hnbi$ `md-hnbi$ Shi fn|i{v" fn|i{v" qy`q kmvi mdc bi|ib vidvn{‟v kmvi vhnybc ki civoedic sn uoshvsmdc lybb smob {mfi umsi{ q{ivvy{i$ Ciumsi{ode vvsi` vhnybc fndvovs nl sun dy`ki{v |i{sofmb sy{kodi qy`qv (ndi `mod , ndi vsmdck/" ndi vis nl bi|ib fnds{nbbi{v" qoqi bodiv mdc |mb|iv$ Imfh qy`q vhnybc ki fmqmkbi nl ciumsi{ode shi sy{kodi od 3-9 h{v$ Bi|ib fnds{nbbi{v vhnybc ki q{n|ocic od shi ciumsi{ode vy`q sn vsm{s.vsnq shi qy`qv mysn`msofmbb , sn eo|i mbm{` ms m q{ivis bi|ib$ Bimjmei nl umsi{ l{n` odsmji , C$S$ emsiv `m ki mvvy`ic mv 1$=9) nl {msic covfhm{ei nl sy{kodi$ Knsh shi qy`qv vhnybc covfhm{ei odsn m fn``nd covfhm{ei qoqi mlsi{ shi emsi |mb|iv mdc dnd-{isy{d |mb|iv$ Vyosmkbi umbb `nydsic fnds{nb qmdib uosh vsm{si{" isf$" vhnybc ki vyqqboic$ oo/

C{modmei Vvsi`

M viqm{msi c{modmei vy`q uobb ki `mci m|mobmkbi vn mv sn qi{`os c{modmei nl umsi{ k e{m|os odsn shov vy`q$ Shi umsi{ l{n` shi c{modmei vy`q vhnybc ki covfhm{eic odsn shi smob{mfi mkn|i shi `mxo`y` smob{mfi umsi{ bi|ib$ Knsh shi ciumsi{ode mdc c{modmei vy`qv vhnybc ki odsi{-fnddifsic sh{nyeh m emsi |mb|i mdc dnd-{isy{d |mb|i sn mbbnu {ovode umsi{ od shi c{modmei vy`q sn ki c{modic odsn shi ciumsi{ode vy`q nd lmoby{i nl   knsh c{modmei c{modmei qy`qv qy`qv sn fnqi fnqi uosh uosh vsmsond vsmsond c{modmei c{modmei umsi{$ umsi{$ Shi c{modmei vvsi` (fn``nd ln{ Qnui{ hnyvi/ vhnybc fndvovs nl sun |i{sofmb sy{kodi qy`qv (ndi (ndi `mod `mod , ndi vsmdc k/" ndi ndi vis nl bi|ib fnds{nbbi{v" qoqi bodiv mdc |mb|iv$ Shi qy`qv vhnybc ki nl mci}ymsi fmqmfos sn {i`n|i dn{`mb viiqmei , c{modmei umsi{ kys dns bivv shmd =91 fy$`.h{$ Shi ibifs{of `nsn{" qoqiv , |mb|iv vhnybc  ki vyosmkbi ln{ shi qy`q {msode$ {msode$ Mysn`msof fnds{nb nl shi qy`qv vhnybc v hnybc ki m{{mdeic sh{nyeh bi|ib ibifs{nciv$ Q{n|ovond ln{ `mdymb nqi{msond vhnybc ki `mci nd shi fnds{nb qmdib$ Shi ciumsi{ode , c{modmei qy`qv mdc bi|ib vidvn{v vhnybc ki odvsmbbic ms IB ;68$111 mdc shi umsi{ vhnybc ki covfhm{eic odsn smob {mfi ms IB ;6?$111" mkn|i `mxo`y` SUB$ Fnds{nb nl shi qy`qv vhnybc ki kyobs od Ydos Fnds{nb Qmdibv mdc shio{ vsm{si{ qmdibv uobb ki bnfmsic dim{ shi qy`qv$ ooo/

Qy`q ‖ @nsn{ Visv

Shi o`qibbn{v nl qy`qv vhnybc ki `mdylmfsy{ic l{n` vsmodbivv vsiib mdc shi fmvode nl  o`qibbn{ l{n` vsiib fmvsode$ Shi qy`q fmvode mdc o`qibbn{v vhnybc ki q{n|ocic uosh {i`n|mkbi sqi nl vsmodbivv vsiib bodi{v$ Shi vhmls vhnybc ki nl mbbn vsiib uosh vsmodbivv vsiib vbii|iv uhi{i os qmvviv sh{nyeh kyvhiv$ Shi ibifs{of `nsn{v vhnybc ki

?-=;

v}yo{{ib fmei odcyfsond `nsn{v uosh hnbbnu vhmls mdc {msfhis m{{mdei`ids sn q{i|ids {i|i{vi {nsmsond$ Shi idfbnvy{i nl shi `nsn{v vhnybc ki c{oq q{nnl sqi$ o|/

\mb|iv" Qoqiv mdc Lossodev

Mbb emsi |mb|iv mdc dnd-{isy{d |mb|iv vhnybc hm|i hnyvode od vsiib fmvsode mdc |mb|i vims od vsmodbivv vsiib$ Qoqode vhnybc ki fn`qbisi uosh vyllofoids dy`ki{ nl kidcv" ibknuv" siiv" fbm`qv" lbmdeiv mdc lmvsidi{v$ ?$3

Fn`q{ivvic Mo{ Vvsi`

Fn`q{ivvic mo{ vvsi` m{i {i}yo{ic od qnui{hnyvi ln{ nqi{msond mdc sn lmfobosmsi `modsidmdfi mdc {iqmo{$ Vi{|ofi mo{" k{mji mo{ mdc en|i{dn{ mo{ fn`q{oviv shi sh{ii vvsi`v diicic od mbb qnui{hnyviv$ [ibomkobos" lbixokobos mdc vmlis m{i q{o`i civoed fndvoci{msondv$ ?$3$=

K{mji Mo{ Vvsi`

m$

Eidi{mb $ Shi k{mji mo{ vvsi` fn`q{oviv ndi n{ `n{i vi`o-odciqidcids vsn{mei mdc covs{okysond odvsmbbmsond ln{ q{n|ocode m {ibomkbi nl vyqqb nl mo{ sn mfsymsi shi eidi{msn{ k{mjode vvsi`v$ Mo{ ov vyqqboic l{n` shi vi{|ofi mo{ vvsi`" vsn{ic od {ifio|i{v" mdc covs{okysic sh{nyeh shi en|i{dn{ mfsymsn{ fmkodisv sn shi eidi{msn{   k{mji vvsi`v$ Mo{ [i}yo{i`ids$ Mo{ ov {i}yo{ic od shi vvsi` sn vsnq mbb eidi{msn{-sy{kodi ydosv vo`ybsmdinyvb uoshnys mccode mo{ sn shi vv si` mdc uoshnys {icyfode vvsi` q{ivvy{i  kibnu 9;1jQm (59 qvo/$ Vsn{mei fmqmfos mdc q{ivvy{i ciqidcv yqnd dy`ki{ nl k{mji mqqbofmsondv qi{ vsnq" k{mji fbodci{ fmqmfos mdc |nby`i {i}yo{ic ln{ qoqode mdc |i{oloic k eidi{msn{ `mdylmfsy{i{$ Qoqode-[ifio|i{v$ Imfh vykvvsi` odfbyciv m {ifio|i{" qoqode l{n` shi vi{|ofi mo{  vvsi` sn shi {ifio|i{" qoqode l{n` shi {ifio|i{ sn shi en|i{dn{ fmkodisv" mdc qoqode l{n` imfh en|i{dn{ fmkodis sn shi {ivqifso|i eidi{msn{ k{mji vvsi` dn{`mbb$ Fnds{nb$ Fnds{nb ln{ mqqbofmsond nl shi k{mjiv ov dn{`mbb odfbycic od shi en|i{dn{  fmkodisv mdc q{n|ocic k shi en|i{dn{ vyqqboi{$

k$

f$

c$

?$3$; En|i{dn{ Mo{ Vvsi`

m$ Eidi{mb$ Shi en|i{dn{ mo{ vvsi` q{n|ociv shi mo{ fyvhond od shi en|i{dn{ q{ivvy{i smdjv$ Uhid shi en|i{dn{ vvsi` ov sn ki qbmfic od nqi{msond" shi q{ivvy{i smdj ov lobbic mqq{nxo`msib ndi-lny{sh lybb uosh nob" mdc shi smdj ov shid q{ivvy{owic sn en|i{dn{-nqi{msode q{ivvy{i l{n` shi en|i{dn{ mo{ vvsi`$ Fn{{ifsondv sn `modsmod shi  q{nqi{ nob-mo{ {mson m{i {i}yo{ic ms odsi{|mbv cy{ode qbmds nqi{msond$ Shi en|i{dn{   q{ivvy{i smdj vowi mdc nqi{msode q{ivvy{i uobb ki cisi{`odic k shi sy{kodi vi{|n`nsn{ |nby`i$  k$ Mo{ {i}yo{i`idsv$ o/ ]ymdsos7 Fn`q{ivvn{ cibo|i{ vhnybc ki vyllofoids sn illifs m fn`qbisi q{ivvy{owmsond nl m en|i{dn{ smdj uosh shi q{nqi{ nob bi|ib od 3-< h{$ oo/ Vvsi` Q{ivvy{i$ Shi nqi{msode q{ivvy{i vhnybc ki mqq{nxo`msib =1) mkn|i shi {msic en|i{dn{ vvsi` q{ivvy{i$ ooo/ Fn`q{ivvn{$ Shi snsmb mo{-cibo|i{ {i}yo{i`ids vhnybc ki q{n|ocic k sun ocidsofmb fn`q{ivvn{" imfh {msic ms dns bivv shmd 91) nl  shi {i}yo{i`ids$ Fn`q{ivvn{ vhnybc ki him| cys" {ifoq{nfmsode" umsi{ n{ mo{ fnnbic" mdc {msic ln{ fndsodynyv cys$

?-=6

?$3$6

Vi{|ofi Mo{ Vvsi`

m/

Eidi{mb$ Shi vi{|ofi mo{ vvsi` ov m dn`odmb 511-jQm (=11-qvo/ vvsi` q{n|ocode mo{  ln{ `modsidmdfi mdc {iqmo{" fnds{nb mo{" hc{nqidy`msof smdj mo{" fhm{eode mo{ ln{ shi  k{mji mo{ vvsi`" mdc od vn`i fmviv" mo{ ln{ ofi fnds{nb kykkbi{v$ Vi{|ofi Mo{ [i}yo{i`ids$ o/ [nysodi @modsidmdfi$ Vyqqb ;9-31 B.v (91-81 fl`/ ln{ u{idfhiv" e{odci{v" hm``i{v" uodfhiv" c{obbv" |ok{msn{v" fbimdode" ydqbyeeode odsmjiv mdc bodiv" isf$ oo/ @mgn{ @modsidmdfi mdc [iqmo{$ Vyqqb =31-=?1 B.v (611311 fl`/ ln{ vmdckbmvsode" qmodsode" fbimdode isf$ Dn{`mbb shov fmqmfos vhnybc ki  q{n|ocic uosh qn{smkbi i}yoq`ids$ Ln{ q{ngifsv snn {i`nsi l{n` m en|i{d`ids n{  fn``i{fomb vny{fi nl si`qn{m{ qn{smkbi i}yoq`ids" odvsmbbic fmqmfos ki q{n|ocic$ ooo/ Ofi Fnds{nb Kykkbi{v$ Vyqqb =-; B.v qi{ 6-` (;-3 fl` qi{ =1 ls/ uocsh nl  s{mvh{mfj uosh kykkbi{v nqmi{sode nd odsmjiv ln{ yqsn lny{ ydosv vo`ybsmdinyvb (ol  {i}yo{ic/$ o|/ Nqi{msondmb [i}yo{i`idsv$ Vyqqb 5-=; B.v (=9-;9 fl`/ uosh odco|ocymb mvvy`qsond mv lnbbnuv7

 k/

•

•

•

•

|/

K{mji vvsi` fhm{eode mo{  =-; B.v

(; ‖ 3 fl`/ qi{ ydos

Hc{nqidy`msof smdj  6-9 B.v

(9 ‖ =1 fl`/ qi{ ydos

Fnds{nb Kykkbi{  =-6 B.v

(; ‖ 9 fl`/ qi{ ydos

Bimjmei =-6 B.v

(6 ‖ 9 fl`/ qi{ ydos

Vsmdcm{c Q{n|ovond Kmvov$ Os ov lnydc shms shi fn`qysic kmvov uobb yvymbb {i}yo{i vi|i{mb m{kos{m{ mvvy`qsond mdc vi{|ofi lmfsn{v sn m{{o|i ms m snsmb vi{|ofi mo{ {i}yo{i`ids$ od boiy nl shi fn`qnydc kmvov" shi lnbbnuode vsmdcm{c  q{n|ovondv `m ki yvic mv shi kmvov nl snsmb mo{ {i}yo{i`ids7 {i}yo{i`ids7 • • •

= ‖ ; ydos qbmdsv 6 - 3 ydos qbmdsv N|i{ 3 ydos qbmdsv

31 B.v (59 fl`/ 91 B.v (=11 fl`/ <1 B.v (=;9 fl`/

Od mccosond" q{n|oci =59 B.v (659 fl`/ ln{ `mgn{ `modsidmdfi mdc {iqmo{$ Ol shov uobb  ki vyqqboic uosh qn{smkbi i}yoq`ids" mcc fn`qysic ofi fnds{nb kykkbi{ {i}yo{i`ids sn shi mkn|i vsmdcm{c q{n|ovondv$ Ol shi =59 B.v (659 fl`/ ov sn ki odvsmbbic" mvvy`i shms ofi fnds{nb mdc `mgn{ `modsidmdfi uobb ki dndvo`ybsmdinyv {i}yo{i`idsv" mdc shi =59 B.v (659 fl`/ uobb fn|i{ shi s hi ofi fnds{nb kykkbi{ {i}yo{i`idsv$ |/

Vi{|ofi Mo{ Q{ivvy{i$ M dn`odmb 511-jQm ?=11 qvo/ q{ivvy{i uosh vvsi` |m{omsondv l{n` 981-5<1 jQm (89 ‖ ==1 qvo/ ov vmsovlmfsn{$

f$ Fn`q{ivvn{v$ Fn`q{ivvn{v vhnybc ki him| cys" umsi{ fnnbic" lbnnc byk{ofmsic" mdc fnnbic {nsm{ vf{iu sqi {msic ln{ fndsodynyv cys$ Dn{`mbb" mvoci l{n` `mgn{  `modsidmdfi" vi{|ofi mo{ vhnybc ki vyqqboic k sun ocidsofmb fn`q{ivvn{v imfh nl  uhofh ov fmqmkbi nl vyqqbode mqq{nxo`msib 59) nl shi {i}yo{i`ids$ uhi{i ofi ?-=3

fnds{nb kykkbi{ ci`mdc ixfiicv =; B.v (;9 fl`/ mdc shi{i ov dn odvsmbbic `mgn{  `modsidmdfi fn`q{ivvn{" os uobb yvymbb ki q{ili{mkb sn vyqqb shi kykkbi{ ci`mdc l{n` viqm{msi fn`q{ivvn{$ Odvsmbbic `mgn{ `modsidmdfi mdc {iqmo{ fmqmfos vhnybc ki  q{n|ocic uosh m vodebi fn`q{ivvn{$ fn`q{ivvn{$ c$ [ifio|i{v$ Imfh mo{ {ifio|i{ vhnybc fndln{` sn civoed fndvs{yfsond" mdc sivsode {i}yo{i`idsv nl shi MV@I" ‒ Knobi{ mdc q{ivvy{i \ivvib Fnci$‐ [ifio|i{ fmqmfos vhnybc q{n|oci m `odo`y` 9 `od-{yddode so`i uosh dn mo{ kiode yvic l{n` shi vvsi` ln{ shi bm{eivs fnddifsic fn`q{ivvn{ nd mysn`msof vsm{s-vsnq fnds{nb$ Ndi n{  `n{i {ifio|i{v `m ki yvic ln{ shi vvsi`$ Hnui|i{" emb|mdowic {ifio|i{v m{i  q{ili{{ic" mdc vowiv vhnybc ki ki fhifjic memodvs emb|mdowode qbmds fmqmkobosoiv$ i$ Fnds{nbv$ Shi sun vi{|ofi mo{ fn`q{ivvn{v vhnybc imfh ki q{n|ocic uosh vibifso|i `mdymb n{ mysn`msof fnds{nb$ Shi vhnybc hm|i q{ivvy{i vuosfh bimc-bme fnds{nb mysn`msof vibifsond mdc fnd|idsondmb bnmc- bme fnds{nb mysn`msof vibifsond mdc fnd|idsondmb bnmc-ydbnmc nqi{msond ln{ ln{ `mdymb vibifsond$ M `mgn{ `modsidmdfi fn`q{ivvn{ n{ m viqm{msi ofi fnds{nb kykkbi{ fn`q{vvn{ vhnybc ki nd `mdymb fnds{nb uosh fnd|idsondmb bnmc-ydbnmc q{n|ovondv$ q{n|ovondv$ Fnnbode umsi{ vhnybc ki fnds{nbbic sn sn lbnu ndb uhid shi fn`q{ivvn{ `nsn{ ov idi{eowic$ Mysn`msof vhyscnud vhyscnud vhnybc ki  q{n|ocic ln{ bnu nob q{ivvy{i" q{ivvy{i" bnu nob bi|ib" mdc hoeh-covfhm{ei mo{ si`qi{msy{i$ ?$9

LO[I Q[NSIFSOND V_VSI@

?$9$=

Eidi{mb

M{{mdei`ids nl lo{i q{nsifsond od hc{n qnui{ vsmsond ov dn{`mbb co|ocic odsn lnbbnuode sh{ii e{nyqv$ o/ oo/ ooo/

Lo{i q{nsifsond ln{ eidi{msn{v Lo{i q{nsifsond ln{ eidi{msn{ s{mdvln{`i{v Lo{i q{nsifsond nl m{im mdc i}yoq`ids mdc qnui{ hnyvi dns fn|i{ic ydci{ mkn|i sun e{nyqv$

Vsmdcm{c

OV 6163 ‖ =?8= ‖ Fnci nl q{mfsofi ln{ lo{i vmlis nl odcyvs{omb kyobcodev ibifs{ofmb eidi{msode.covs{okysond vsmsond$ ?$9$;

Eidi{msn{v

m$ Eidi{mb7 Eidi{msn{v uosh fbnvic mo{-fo{fybmsond vvsi`v m{i dn{`mbb dn{`mbb q{n|ocic uosh mysn`msof FN; ixsodeyovhode vvsi`v$ Yq sn lny{ eidi{msn{v `m ki nd ndi vvsi`" uosh FN; fbodci{ vsn{mei kmvic nd covfhm{ei od m vodebi ydos$  k$ Vvsi` civoed7 (=/

Eidi{mb civoed fndvoci{msondv m{i mv lnbbnuv7

(o/

FN; fndfids{msond nl 61 qi{fids vhnybc ki `modsmodic uoshod shi eidi{msn{  hnyvode ln{ m `odo`y` qi{onc nl ;1 `od uoshnys shi yvi nl md ixsidcic covfhm{ei$

?-=9

(oo/

FN; {ibimvi vhnybc ki mfsymsic k shi lnbbnuode7 Eidi{msn{ colli{idsomb myxobom{ {ibm Shi{`n-vuosfhiv od shi hns mo{ cyfsv nl imfh mo{ fnnbi{$ @mdymb nqi{msond ms shi fbodci{v$ [i`nsi `mdymb ibifs{ofmb fnds{nb$ • • • •

Shi FN; lo{i ixsodeyovhode vvsi` dn{`mbb fndvovs nl m vyllofoids m`nyds nl FN ; sn `modsmod md odi{s ms`nvqhi{i cy{ode shi cifibi{msond nl shi `mfhodi$ Sun {msiv nl  covfhm{ei nl FN ;" m{i q{n|ocic k sun e{nyqv nl FN ; fbodci{v ndi e{nyq nl  fbodci{v" q{n|ocode shi odosomb covfhm{ei" sn idvy{i m {mqoc kyobc-yq nl FN ; fndfids{msond" sn qys nys lo{i mdc nshi{ e{nyq nl fbodci{v" q{n|ocode shi cibmic covfhm{ei sn idvy{i fndfids{msond nl FN ; `modsmodic ln{ md ixsidcic qi{onc$ Fmqmfos nl shi kmdj ov vowic ln{ q{nsifsond nl ndb ndi odco|ocymb eidi{msn{ mdc FN ; fbodci{v ov m{{mdeic ln{ shi covfhm{ei sn md ndi nl shi `mod ydosv$ Shi m`nyds nl FN ;" ln{  odosomb mdc cibmic covfhm{ei" vhnybc ki cisi{`odic k shi `mdylmfsy{i{" smjode odsn mffnyds shi |nby`i nl shi mo{ vqmfiv od shi eidi{msn{ idfbnvy{i mdc shi cifibi{msond so`i nl shi `mfhodi$ Vowi mdc shi dy`ki{ nl fbodci{v {i}yo{ic od imfh kmdj m{i mffn{codeb cisi{`odic$ M vis nl ocidsofmb {imvndv vis nl fbodci{v ov q{n|ocic ln{  o``icomsi {iqbmfi`ids mlsi{ yvi$ f/

[ili{ sn Loey{i ?$3$= ln{ m sqofmb FN ; lo{i q{nsifsond vvsi` mdc Loey{i ?$3$; osv fnds{nb$ Ln{ kybk eidi{msn{v umsi{ vq{odjbi{ vvsi` ov yvic$

c/ S{mdvln{`i{v

m$ Eidi{mb7 Lo{i q{nsifsond ms m s{mdvln{`i{ s{mdvln{`i{ ov q{n|ocic sn bo`os cm`mei sn sn nshi{ dim{k s{mdvln{`i{v" i}yoq`ids" mdc vs{yfsy{i$ Os ov mvvy`ic shms m s{mdvln{`i{ lo{i uobb {ivybs od bnvv nl shi s{mdvln{`i{$ s{mdvln{`i{$ Umsi{ vq{odjbi{ vvsi`v vvsi`v m{i q{n|ocic ln{ nyscnn{  nob-lobbic s{mdvln{`i{v mdc FN ; vvsi`v ln{ odcnn{ nob-lobbic s{mdvln{`i{v$  k$ Nyscnn{ s{mdvln{`i{v7 (=/ Eidi{mb7 @mod qnui{ s{mdvln{`i{v m{i fn``ndb bnfmsic nyscnn{v" nd odsmji n{ smob{mfi cifjv" od shi vuosfhm{c" n{ nd md m{im mcgnodode shi qnui{hnyvi yqvs{im` umbb$ Shi m{i vn`iso`iv vn`iso`iv odco|ocymbb vi`o-ovnbmsic k umbbv nd sh{ii vociv$ Shi l{i}yidf nl s{mdvln{`i{ s{mdvln{`i{ lo{iv ov ixs{i`ib bnu" kys shi shi bm{ei }ymdsosoiv nl nob od|nb|ic mdc mkvidfi nl nshi{ illifso|i lo{i fnds{nb `imvy{iv dn{`mbb gyvsol odvsmbbmsond nl m cibyei vvsi` uhi{i shi{i ov m hmwm{c sn vs{yfsy{iv$ (;/ Vvsi` civoed7 (o/ Shi vvsi` I`ybvoloi{ Umsi{ Vq{odjbi{ Vvsi`$ Cibyei |mb|iv vhnybc ki mfsymsic mysn`msofmbb k m shi{`n-vsms" `mdymbb k m vuosfh od m k{imj-ebmvv vsmsond bnfmsic od m vmli bnfmsond dim{ shi s{mdvln{`i{" n{ `mdymbb ms shi |mb|i$ Uhi{i ixqnvic s{mdvln{`i{v (uoshnys ovnbmsode umbbv/ m{i bnfmsic fbnvi{ sneishi{  shmd shi e{imsi{ nl ;-=.; so`iv s{mdvln{`i{ hioehs n{ ? `" shi vvsi` vhnybc ki civoedic ln{ vq{mode shi mcgnodode s{mdvln{`i{v vo`ybsmdinyvb uosh shi s{mdvln{`i{ odosomsode cibyei$

?-=<

Loe$ ?$9$= Eidi{msn{ FN ; Lo{i Q{nsifsond (3 ydos/

?-=5

Loe$ ?$9$; Eidi{msn{ Q{nsifsond Fnds{nb Vvsi` (sqofmb/

?-=8

(oo/

Shi umsi{ vq{odjbi{ vvsi` vvsi` umsi{ vyqqb ov dn{`mbb l{n` shi  qnnb n{ umsi{ smdj mdc vhnybc ki m e{m|os vyqqb ol q{mfsofmkbi$ M  knnvsi{ qy`q vhnybc ki q{n|ocic ol {i}yo{ic$ m qy`qic smobumsi{  vny{fi ov md mffiqsmkbi mbsi{dmsi$ Sun umsi{ odsmjiv m{i {i}yo{ic ioshi{  nl uhofh fmd vyqqb shi {msic cibo|i{ nl shi qy`q$ Fndvoci{msond `yvs ki eo|id sn q{n|ocode m vny{fi nl qnui{ ln{ qy`qode uhid shi fo{fyos k{imji{v vyqqbode shi s{mdvli{ m{i mysn`msofmbb s{oqqic  kifmyvi nl m s{mdvln{`i{ lmybs$

f$ Odcnn{ s{mdvln{`i{v7 Nob-lobbic odcnn{ s{mdvln{`i{v vhnybc ki q{nsifsic k FN ;" myxobom{ s{mdvln{`i{v odvsmbbic$ c$ Nyscnn{ nob-odvybmsic7 Nob-odvybmsic qnui{ s{mdvln{`i{v s{mdvln{`i{v bnfmsic nyscnn{v vhnybc ki  q{n|ocic uosh fhobbode vy`qv uhofh fndvovs nl m fmsfh`ids kmvod ydci{ shi s{mdvln{`i{ lobbic uosh fnm{vi f{yvhic vsndi nl vyllofoids fmqmfos sn m|noc vq{imcode md nob lo{i od fmvi nl m smdj {yqsy{i$

Qn{smkbi Lo{i Ixsodeyovhi{v

Qn{smkbi FN; hmdchibc ixsodeyovhi{v m{i shi lo{vs bodi nl lo{i q{nsifsond ln{ qnui{hnyvi m{imv mdc i}yoq`ids nshi{ shmd shnvi vqifolofmbb fn|i{ic mkn|i mdc vhnybc ki q{n|ocic od bnfmsondv mv qi{ {ibi|mds Odcomd Vsmdcm{c$ V smdcm{c$ Lo{i Cisifsondv

m$ Shi{`mb cisifsn{v7 Shi{`mb cisifsn{v m{i kivs kivs vyosic ln{ bnfmsondv uoshod i}yoq`ids vyfh mv eidi{msn{v n{ dim{ lbm``mkbi lbyocv$  k$ Ondowmsond cisifsn{v7 cisifsn{v7 Ondowmsond cisifsn{v m{i kivs vyosic ln{ emviv eo|id nll k n|i{himsode" vyfh mv ibifs{ofmb fmkbiv n{ m v`nbci{ode lo{i$ lo{i$ Bnfmsond dim{ dim{ m{f q{ncyfode i}yoq`ids vhnybc ki m|nocic$ Shi m{i dns vyosic ln{ mfso|msode FN ; vvsi`v$ f$ Qhnsnibifs{of cisifsn{v7 Qhnsnibifs{of cisifsn{v m{i kivs vyosic ln{ shi qm{sofbiv eo|id nll k md nqid nqid lo{i mv fmyvic k m vhn{s fo{fyos od ibifs{ofmb fmkbiv$ Shio{ yvi od vsmeei{ic bnfmsondv uosh ondowmsond cisifsn{v mbnde m fmkbi s{m odvsmbbmsond unybc  q{n|oci im{boivs cisifsond$ Shi m{i dns vyosic ln{ mfso|msode FN ; vvsi`v$ c$ Bnfmsond7 Cisifsn{v vhnybc ki bnfmsic ms n{ dim{ shi q{nkmkbi lo{i vny{fi vyfh mv dim{  fmkbi s{mv n{ od shi qmsh nl himsode mdc |idsobmsode mo{ `n|i`ids$ Od m{imv uhi{i fn`kyvsokbi `msi{ombv m{i dns dn{`mbb q{ivids" vyfh mv bnui{ odvqifsond embbi{oiv" dn fn|i{mei `m ki mqq{nq{omsi$ i$ [ibomkbi cisifsond7 Shi im{boivs ‒{ibomkbi‐ cisifsond ov {i}yo{ic$ Shi cisifsn{ sqi n{  sqiv" bnfmsond bnfmsond mdc mcgyvs`ids vhnybc ki fm{ilybb fndvoci{ic$ Shi cisifsn{  cisifsn{  vidvoso|os mcgyvs`ids vhnybc ki mcgyvsic sn ibo`odmsi mbb lmbvi mbm{`v$ M lo{i cisifsn{  vvsi` vhnybc ki q{n|ocic od shi fmkbi embbi{ mdc vq{imcode {nn`v nl mbb  qnui{hnyvi$ l$ Mbm{` vvsi`7 Shi qnui{ qbmds mddydfomsond mdc" ol mqqbofmkbi" shi {i`nsi mbm{` vvsi` vhnybc ki yvic yvic sn `ndosn{ shi lo{i cisifsond mbm{`v$ Md mbm{` vvsi` vhnybc  ki q{n|ocic ln{ imfh m{im$ Q{nqi{b mqqboic" shivi vvsi`v uobb q{n|oci `n{i {ibomkbi mdc yvilyb mbm{` cmsm shmd shi mbm{` `ndosn{ vqifoloic od shi lo{i fnciv$

?-=?

Ovnbmsond mdc V`nji Fnds{nb

V`nji mdc lo{i ovnbmsond ov ov q{nkmkb shi `nvs o`qn{smds o`qn{smds lo{i fnds{nb osi`$ V`nji odhmbmsond ov ndi nl shi `mgn{ fmyviv ln{ bnvv nl boli$ Shi snxof ly`iv l{n` m `odn{ `odn{ lo{i fnybc {i}yo{ic snsmb i|mfymsond nl shi qnui{hnyvi$ @md nl shi shi ixovsode himsode" himsode" |idsobmsode" mdc mo{  fndcosondode vvsi`v fnds{okysi sn vq{imcode shi v`nji mv shi idfn`qmvv shi idso{i  qnui{hnyvi n{ hm|i m |i{sofmb wndi fn`qnvic nl vi|i{mb lbnn{v$ Shi lo{i m{im vhnybc ki ovnbmsic k vhyssode cnud shi |idsobmsode vvsi` n{ ixhmyvsode shi mo{ sn shi nysvoci uhi{i limvokbi sn q{i|ids shi vq{imc nl v`nji v `nji mdc sn q{n|oci |ovokobos ln{ lo{i loehsode {iids{ sn shi m{im$ Od `nvs fmviv" shi m|mobmkbi nxeid ov vyllofoids sn vyqqn{s fn`kyvsond" mdc bossbi fmd  ki emodic k dns ixhmyvsode shi v`nji$ V`nji mdc lo{i ovnbmsond vhnybc ki q{n|ocic od m{imv uhi{i ovnbmsond fmd q{n|oci m {imb kidilos$ kidilos$ Shi {i}yo{i`idsv ln{ lo{i vsnqv vhnybc ki fndvoci{ic nd m fmvi-k-fmvi kmvov$ Uhi{i fmkbi s{m qmvv qmvv sh{nyeh m lbnn{ lbnn{ n{ umbb uhofh fnybc ki fndvoci{ic m lo{i umbb" n{ uhi{i fmkbiv bim|i m s{m mdc idsi{ m vuosfheim{ n{  vuosfhknm{c sh{nyeh m vbns" m lo{i-vsnq vhnybc ki fndvoci{ic$ M =;$5 `` `` mvkivsnv-l{ii lo{iq{nnl odvybmsond lo{iknm{c fmd q{n|oci shi kmvof vimb uosh shi |nocv kiode fbnvic k  qmfjode uosh m hoeh-si`qi{msy{i fi{m`of loki{$ Vodebi fndcyos n{ vodebi fmkbiv uhofh  qidis{msi m lo{i umbb fmd ki vimbic uosh m vqifomb lossode$ Shofj vimbv vhnybc ki m|nocic mv shi fnybc fnds{okysi sn md ixfivvo|i fmkbi odvybmsond nqi{msode si`qi{msy{i$ ?$<

\IDSOBMSOND MDC MO[ FNDCOSONDODE

?$<$=

Eidi{mb

Qnui{ hnyvi mdc |idsobmsond mdc mo{ fndcosondode ov {i}yo{ic sn `modsmod si`qi{msy{i mdc }ymbos mo{ fndcosondv vyosmkbi ln{ nqi{msode {i}yo{i`ids" qbmds qi{vnddib mdc |ovosn{v$ \idsobmsond mdc mo{ fndcosondode vvsi` ln{ vy{lmfi hcib qnui{ vsmsondv vhnybc ki civoedic od mffn{cmdfi uosh OV7 35;1 ‖ =?8; idsosbic fnci nl q{mfsofi ln{ |idsobmsond nl vy{lmfi hcib  qnui{ vsmsondv mv eo|id kibnu$ ?$<$;

Sqiv nl \idsobmsond

Shi |idsobmsond `m ki nl lnbbnuode sqiv7 m/  k/ ?$<$6

Dmsy{mb" shms ov" k ln{fiv vis od `nsond k shi hims nl vyd" dm`ib" uodcv: mdc Ln{fic n{ m{solofomb" shms ov" k ixs{mfsond n{ q{nqybvond$

EIDI[MB [YBIV LN[ CIVOED

?$<$6$= Dmsy{mb \idsobmsond

o/ oo/

Shn{nyeh |idsobmsond nl qnui{ hnyvi kyobcode vhnybc ki mo`ic ms k shi q{n|ovond nl mci}ymsi uodcnuv mdc |idsobmsn{v$ Q{n|ovond nl Uodcnuv mdc \idsobmsn{v - Shi nkgifs nl q{n|ocode uodcnuv mdc |idsobmsn{v ov sun-lnbc" shms ov" sn eis l{ivh mo{ mdc boehs$ Shi `odo`y` m{im nl  uodcnuv mdc |idsobmsn{v sn ki q{n|ocic od qnui{ hnyvi kyobcode vhnybc ki ndisidsh nl shi lbnn{ m{im$ Hnui|i{" illn{sv vhnybc ki `mci sn odf{imvi os sn ndi-lolsh nl shi lbnn{ m{im$ Uodcnuv vhnybc ki uibb covs{okysic mdc ki bnfmsic nd uodcum{c voci ms bnu bi|ib m{oc vhnybc dns" mv lm{ mv qnvvokbi" ki nkvs{yfsic k mcgnodode

?-;1

vs{yfsy{iv n{ qm{sosondv$ Uhid uodc co{ifsond ov |m{omkbi" uodcnuv vhnybc ki  q{n|ocic nd mbb vociv" ol qnvvokbi$ Illn{s vhnybc ki `mci sn ci|ibnq f{nvv|idsobmsond$ Ln{ q{nsifsond memodvs lo{i" os ov q{ili{mkbi sn q{n|oci vsiib cnn{v mdc uodcnuv od qnui{ hnyvi mdc myxobom{ {nn`v$ [ili{idfi `m ki `mci sn OV 7=168-=?59l mdc OV 7=6
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Ln{fic |idsobmsond vvsi` ov civoedic jiiqode shi odbis lmd fmqmfos =1 qi{fids `n{i shmd shi ixhmyvs lmd fmqmfos$ 'Fnci nl q{mfsofi ln{ odcyvs{omb |idsobmsond (lo{vs {i|ovond/$ Vsiib cnn{v" uodcnuv mdc |idsobmsn{v (vifndc {i|ovond/$ Vsiib uodcnuv ln{ odcyvs{omb kyobcodev (lo{vs {i|ovond/$

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Ydmvvoedic {nn`v mdc vsn{mei {nn`v vhnybc ki fm{ilybb fndvoci{ic" vn shms vyllofoids |idsobmsond `m ki q{n|ocic od shnvi uhofh `oehs ki yvic ln{ qy{qnvi {i}yo{ode mccosondmb |idsobmsond od shi lysy{i$ Od qn{sondv nl shi qnui{ vsmsond kyobcode uhi{i `novsy{i fndcidvmsond ov mdsofoqmsic" cihy`ocoloic mo{ vhnybc ki vyqqboic sn q{i|ids fndcidvmsond" mv fndcidvmsond fmyviv cisi{on{msond nl qnods" fn{{nvond nl `ismb vy{lmfiv mdc  k{imjcnud nl odvybmsond nd ibifs{ofmb i}yoq`ids$ Shi }ymdsos nl mo{ {i}yo{ic ln{ shi qnui{ vsmsond kyobcode vhnybc ki un{jic nys l{n` shi dy`ki{ nl mo{ fhmdeiv q{ili{{ic ln{ shi |m{onyv q{i`oviv nl shi kyobcode mv eo|id od Smkbi =$ Od mccosond sn shov shi qnodsv eo|id od 6$;$3$= sn 6$;$3$? vhnybc mbvn ki jiqs od `odc$

SMKBI = Q[ILI[[IC DY@KI[ NL MO[ FHMDEIV QNUIY HNYVI Q[I@OVIV

Q[ILI[[IC MO[ FHMDEIV QI[ Hny{

@mod eidi{msn{ {nn`" cm{j {nn`" boehs mdc him| vsn{mei {nn`v" ciumsi{ode mdc c{modmei vy`qv" {ifn{c {nn`

;

Qmvvmei" mqq{nmfh embbi{" qoqi embbi{" |idsobmsond i}yoq`ids {nn`" en|i{dn{ embbi{" fmkbi embbi{" ciumsi{ode c{modmei-qy`q {nn` n{ embbi{

3

Nob vsn{mei mdc nob qy{olofmsond {nn`v" vi{|ofi (qy`q / embbi{" nob vbycei {nn`" fn`q{ivvn{ {nn`" si{`odmb knm{c {nn`" `mfhodi vhnq" snnb {nn`" qoqi

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vhnq" ibifs{ofmb bmkn{msn{" lmd {nn`" kmssi{ {nn`" sibiqhndi mdc fn``ydofmsond i}yoq`ids {nn` MH nllofiv" {ifiqsond {nn`" snobisv" vhnui{" 8 josfhid" lo{vs-moc {nn` mdc fnds{nb {nn`

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8

Ndi mo{ fhmdei qi{ hny{ `imdv shms shi }ymdsos nl mo{ i}yo|mbids sn shi snsmb |nby`i nl shi {nn` ov vyqqboic sn mdc ixhmyvsic l{n` shi {nn` imfh hny{$ Shov mo{ `m ki mbb nysvoci mo{ n{ m qm{s nl shi-fo{fybmsic mo{" ciqidcode yqnd shi nxeid fndsids$ Shi q{nqn{sond nl nysvoci mo{ sn shi fo{fybmsic mo{ vyqqboic sn m {nn` ciqidcv yqnd si`qi{msy{i fndcosondv" dy`ki{ nl nffyqmdsv mdc jodc nl i}yoq`ids odvsmbbic od shi {nn`$ Shi dy`ki{ nl mo{ fhmdeiv qi{ hny{ q{n|ocic ln{ md {nn` ov ciqidcids yqnd shi dy`ki{ nlnffyqmdsv$ Shi mo{ vhnybc ki fhmdeic ms shi {msi nl b%9` v.`od qi{ qi{vnd v mdc dns bivv shmd 1'6` .dood nl shov mo{ vhnybc fn`i l{n` nysvoci vny{fiv$ Shi dy`ki{ nl mo{ fhmdeiv qi{ hny{ q{n|ocic ln{ {nn`v fndsmodode i}yoq`ids eidi{msode hims vhnybc difivvm{ob ki odf{imvic" ciqidcode nd shi m`nyds nl hims sn ki fm{{oic nys k shi |idsobmsode vvsi`$ Ln{ `icoy` fbo`msiv" shi `mxo`y` si`qi{msy{i {ovi nl mo{ fm{{ode nll hims nl  s{mdvln{`i{v vhnybc ki bo`osic sn ;1±E" mdc ln{ hns fbo`msiv shi si`qi{msy{i {ovi vhnybc ki bo`osic sn =<±F : hnui|i{" shi lodmb si`qi{msy{i nl shi mo{ ixhmyvsic vhnybc dns ixfiic 39±F$ Mo{ vyqqboic sn {nn`v fndsmodode vqifomb `ifhmdofmb n{ ibifs{ofmb i}yoq`ids vhnybc ki lobsi{ic m{ocfo{fybmsond `modsmodic ms m `odo`y`" sh{nyeh collyvi{v" sn  q{i|ids shi mffy`ybmsond nl cyvs nd vidvoso|i `ifhmdov`v$ Shi {ibmso|i hy`ocos nl mo{ vyqqboic vhnybc dns ki hoehi{ shmd <9 qi{fids$ [nn`v uhofh `m fndsmod mo{ fndsm`odmsic uosh nkgifsondmkbi n{ hm{`lyb ncny{v" fm{knd conxoci emv n{ v`nji" vhnybc ki ixhmyvsic co{ifsb sn shi nysvoci nl shi  kyobcode$ Uhid himsode n{ fnnbode ydosv m{i q{n|ocic od shi qnui{ hnyvi" shio{ illifs nd shi }ymdsos mdc si`qi{msy{i n{ mo{ fo{fybmsode sh{nyeh shi kyobcode vhnybc ki fndvoci{ic$ Shi vqmfode nl vyqqb mdc ixhmyvs nqidodev od bnde {nn`v n{ embbi{oiv vhnybc ki vyfh shms vyllofoids mo{ fhmdeiv qi{ hny{ m{i q{n|ocic mbnde shi lybb bidesh nl shi {nn`$

LMDV

Ln{fic mo{ |idsobmsond ov q{n|ocic k q{nqibbi{" mxomb n{ fids{olyemb sqi lmdv qnui{ic  k ibifs{of `nsn{v$ Q{nqibbi{ lmdv `m ki yvic ioshi{ sn vyqqb n{ ixhmyvs uhi{i dn cyfs vvsi`" lobsi{v n{ nshi{ {ivs{ofsondv m{i od shi mo{ qmvvmei$ Uhid cyfs vvsi` ov yvic" mxomb n{ fids{olyemb lmdv `m ki yvic ln{ md sqi nl nqi{msond od|nb|ode shi `n|i`ids nl mo{ mdc `m ki mffn`qmdoic k lobsi{v" mdc fnnbi{v n{ himsi{v uhi{i fbimdode mdc si`qi{ode nl vyqqb mo{ ov {i}yo{ic$ {i}yo{ic$ Fhnofi nl m qm{sofybm{ sqi nl  lmd `m ki `mci k fndvybsode shi lmd `mdylmfsy{i{v cmsm" uhofh eo|i lybb nqi{msode fhm{mfsi{ovsofv uosh m q{ili{{ic {mdei nl nqi{msond ln{ m qm{sofybm{ lmd$

?-;;

?$<$9 MO[ ODSMJI MDC IXHMYVS -NQIDODEV

?$<$9$= Nqidodev m{i q{n|ocic ln{ odsmji mdc ixhmyvs nl mo{ uhi{i nysvoci mo{ ov {i}yo{ic ln{  |idsobmsond$ Uhi{i dmsy{mb |idsobmsond ov yvic" shi nqidode nl uodcnuv ov vn`iso`iv vyllofoids$ Ln{ ln{fic |idsobmsond" vqifomb nqidodev m{i {i}yo{ic$ Shi dy`ki{ nl  nqidodev ln{ odsmji mdc ixhmyvs nl mo{ ciqidcv nd shi vqmfi m{{mdei`ids od shi $kyobcode" nd shi vowi nl shi kyobcode mdc shi civoed nl shi |idsobmsond vvsi`$ V`mbb$ OV7 35;1 - =?8;

 qnui{ qbmdsv `m hm|i ndi nqidode nl imfh sqi$ Ln{ bm{ei{ qnui{ qbmdsv" viqm{msi nysvoci mo{ odsmji vhnybc ki odvsmbbic ln{ shi fnds{nb" vi{|ofi mdc `mod ydos kmv$ Imfh odsmji vhnybc ki q{n|ocic uosh vsn{` bny|i{v" vf{iidv" mdc cm`qi{v ln{ fnds{nbbode shi `oxsy{i nl nysvoci mdc fo{fybmsic mo{$ Shi nkvs{yfso|i illifs nl shi bny|i{v vhnybc  ki fn`qidvmsic ln{ k `mjode shi e{nvv m{im nl shi odosomb odsmji suofi shi m{im nl shi fnddifsode cyfs$ Uhid lobsi{v m{i yvic" shi m{im vhnybc ki odf{imvic sn mffn``ncmsi shi {i}yo{ic lobsi{ m{im$ ?$<$9$; Mo{ nqidode `m ki qbmfic md uhi{i nd shi ixqnvic umbbv n{ {nnl nl shi qnui{ qbmds  kyobcode" ixfiqs shms" od n{ci{ sn {icyfi cyvs odsmji" mo{ odsmji vhnybc ki ms bimvs =';9 ` mkn|i e{nydc n{ cifj bi|ib$ ?$<$9$6 Mo{ ov ixhmyvsic l{n` shi kyobcode sh{nyeh ixhmyvs nqidodev q{n|ocic uosh bny|i{v n{   k mxomb-lbnu ixhmyvs lmdv bnfmsic dim{ shi {nnl od shi `mod eidi{msn{ {nn`$  Dn{`mbb" shi dy`ki{ nl ixhmyvs nqidodev `m ki `n{i shmd shi mo{ odbis nqidodev" vodfi shi vqmfiv sn ki ixhmyvsic m{i vibcn` bnfmsic od shi vm`i eidi{mb m{im" dn{ cn shi hm|i fn``nd {i}yo{i`idsv$ Odco|ocymb fids{olyemb lmdv mdc fnddifsode cyfsv m{i yvymbb odvsmbbic sn ixhmyvs mo{ l{n` snobisv" kmssi{ {nn`v mdc nob vsn{mei {nn`v$ ?$<$9$3 Shi vowi nl mo{ nqidodev ov ciqidcids nd dnovi bi|ib" mdc sn m bivvi{ cie{ii" nd hn{vi  qnui{ {i}yo{i`idsv" vodfi v odfi shi v`mbbi{ shi nqidode shi hoehi{ uobb ki shi dnovi bi|ib mdc shi {ivovsmdfi$ Shi vowi nl mo{ nqidodev `m mbvn ki un{jic nys l{n` shi mo{  |ibnfos mv {ifn``idcic od Smkbi ;" uhofh uobb ki lnydc sn eo|i vmsovlmfsn{ {ivybsv od civoedode fnd|idsondmb vvsi`v$ ?$<$<$ MO[ FBIMDODE

Os ov civo{mkbi sn fbimd shi mo{ idsi{ode shi qnui{ qbmds kyobcode od n{ci{ sn {i`n|i shi mo{-kn{di cyvs qm{sofbiv uhofh" ol mbbnuic sn idsi{ shi kyobcode" `m hm|i md mk{mvo|i illifs nd {nsmsode `mfhodi{" odsi{li{i uosh shi nqi{msond nl ibifs{of n{ ibifs{ndof ci|ofiv" mdc `m" nshi{uovi vissbi nd i}yoq`ids" eo|ode m co{s mqqim{mdfi$ Shi mo{  lobsi{v m{i yvymbb bnfmsic yqvs{im` nl shi lmd$ Shi vowi nl shi mo{ lobsi{v `m ki cisi{`odic k shi {ifn``idcic |ibnfos nl mo{ qmvvode mv eo|id od Smkbi ;$ Shi fhnofi nl shi mo{ lobsi{ `m ki `mci k {ili{idfi sn shi `mdylmfsy{i{%v fmsmbneyiv$ ?$<$5 MO[-FNDCOSONDODE

?$<$5$= Uhid shi civo{ic si`qi{msy{iv mdc hy`ocosoiv odvoci shi hcib qnui{ vsmsond m{i dns nksmodmkbi k n{codm{ |idsobmsond" mo{-fndcosondode `m ki {ivn{sic sn k| himsode n{  fnnbode shi idsi{ode mo{ sn shi civo{ic si`qi{msy{i sn `modsmod fn`ln{smkbi un{jode fndcosondv od shi q{i`oviv nffyqoic k un{jode qi{vnddib$ Shi q{i`oviv uhi{i os uobb  ki civo{mkbi

?-;6

SMKBI ; [IFN@@IDCIC MDC @MXO@Y@ CYFS \IBNFOSOIV LN[ V_VSI@V OD QNUI[ HNYVI KYOBCODEV ( Fbmyviv 9$3 mdc <$= / Vb CIVOEDMSOND [ifn``idcic @mxo`y` \ibnfosoiv  Dn$ \ibnfosoiv o/ Nysi{ mo{ odsmjiv =91 651

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Lobsi{v' Himsode fnobv' Mo{ umvhi{v Lmd nysbisv @mod cyfsv K{mdfh cyfsv K{mdfh {ovi{v

==1 =81 =91 911-561 651-991 ;91-611 ;91

==1 ;=1 =91 891 <51 991 911

'Shivi |ibnfosoiv m{i ln{ snsmb lmfi m{im mdc dns shi dis l{ii m{im: nshi{ |ibnfosoiv od shi smkbi m{i ln{ dis l{ii m{im$ Shi dis l{ii m{im ov shi snsmb `odo`y` m{im nl shi nqidode od shi lmfi nl m fnob" e{obbi" {ieovsi{  n{ bny|i{ sh{nyeh uhofh mo{ fmd qmvv$

sn q{n|oci mo{-fndcosondode m{i fnds{nb" {nn`" `mfhodi vhnq" nllofiv" {ifiqsond {nn`" lo{vs-moc {nn`" cm{j {nn`" ibifs{ofmb bmkn{msn{" vuosfheim{ -mdc si{`odmb knm{c {nn` mdc sibiqhndi mdc fm{{oi{ fn``ydofmsond {nn`$ Ln{ mo{-fndcosondode {ili{idfi `m  ki `mci sn OV7 <9?-=?<3'$ <9?-=?<3'$ ?$<$5$; Od eidi{mb" mbb {nn`v" yvic k vicidsm{ qi{vnddib vhnybc ki `modsmodic ms ;;±F uosh m {ibmso|i hy`ocos nl mknys 91 qi{fids" n{ od vqifomb fmviv bnfmb {mcomds sqi qn{smkbi himsi{v `m ki yvic ln{ shi vqmfi mfsymbb nffyqoic$ Nqi{msond nl shi mo{-fndcosondode vvsi` vhnybc ki odciqidcids nl shi `mod |idsobmsode vvsi` mdc shi fnds{nb nl shi vvsi` vhnybc ki mysn`msof k `imdv nl shi{`nvsmsof ci|ofiv$ Himsode mdc fnnbode bnmc fn`qysmsondv `m ki kmvic nd fy{{idsb mffiqsic vsmdcm{c q{mfsofi$ ?$<$8$ CYFSV

?$<$8$= Uhi{i qnvoso|i |idsobmsond {i}yo{iv cyfsv ln{ q{nqi{ mo{ covs{okysond" fndvoci{mkbi mc|mdsmei `m ki mfhoi|ic k odfn{qn{msode shi cyfsv odsn shi kyobcode vs{yfsy{i mdc  k hm|ode shi odsi{on{ vy{lmfiv vy{lmfiv fm{ilybb lodovhic sn {idci{ shi` v`nnsh mdc mo{-soehs$ ?$<$8$; Uhi{i `ismb cyfs un{j ov odvsmbbic" os%vhnybc ki lmk{ofmsic l{n` emb|mdowic vsiib n{  mby`odoy` vhiisv" mdc vhnybc fndln{` sn OV 7<99-=?<6'$ ?$<$8$6 Shi s{mdvli{ nl mo{ k cyfsv: l{n` vny{fi sn cibo|i{ qnods" vhnybc ki mv co{ifs mv  q{mfsofmkbi uosh shi liuivs qnvvokbi kidcv$ Lbixokbi fnddifsondv vhnybc ki q{n|ocic  kisuiid lmdv mdc cyfs un{j sn qli|ids shi dnovi nl lmd |ok{msond kiode s{mdv`ossic co{ifsb sn shi vhiis-`ismb cyfsv$ ?$<$8$3 Shi vowi nl shi mo{ cyfsv vhnybc ki un{jic nys l{n` shi qi{`ovvokbi mo{ |ibnfosoiv eo|id od Smkbi ;$ ?$<$8$9 Vyqqb mdc ixhmyvs cyfsv nl mfoc kmssi{ {nn`v vhnybc ki qmodsic uosh mfoc {ivovsmds  qmods knsh odvoci mdc nysvoci$ ?$<$8$< Cyfsv vhnybc ki vyosmkb odvybmsic uhi{i|i{ {i}yo{ic$

?-;3

?$<$? MO[ COVS[OKYSOND FNDS[NB

Sn {ieybmsi shi lbnu nl mo{ od m |idsobmsode vvsi`" fnds{nb cm`qi{v vhnybc ki  q{n|ocic sh{nyehnys$ Ms nysvoci mo{ odsmjiv" `ybso-bny|i{ cm`qi{v vhnybc ki yvic sn fnds{nb shi m`nyds nl mo{ mc`ossic$ M vo`obm{ cm`qi{ ov {i}yo{ic nd odvoci mo{ odsmjiv sn fnds{nb shi m`nyds nl {ifs{fybmsic mo{$ Shivi sun cm`qi{v vhnybc ki odsi{fnddifsic sn qi{`os {ieybmsond nl shi q{nqn{sond nl nysvoci mo{ sn odvoci mo{ yvic od shi |idsobmsode vvsi`$ Shivi `m ki nqi{msic `mdymbb n{ mysn`msofmbb$ Kmfj-c{mls cm`qi{v m{i yvic uhi{i os ov civo{ic sn q{i|ids m {i|i{vi lbnu nl shi mo{" vyfh mv shi mo{ vyqqb cyfs sn m kmssi{ {nn`$ Ixhmyvs cyfsv l{n` {nn`v fndsmodode m lo{i hmwm{c vhnybc hm|i cm`qi{v uhofh fmd ki mysn`msofmbb mdc `mdymbb fbnvic od fmvi nl lo{i$ Covfhm{ei nqidodev" q{n|ocic uosh q{nqibbi{ ixhmyvs lmdv" vhnybc ki lossic uosh `nsn{ n{  `ifhmdofmbb nqi{msic sqi `ybso-bny|i{ cm`qi{v" uhofh uobb nqid mdc fbnvi mysn`msofmbb uhid shi lmd `nsn{ vsm{sv mdc vsnqv$

?-;9

FHMQSI[ ‖ =1 VUOSFH_M[C I]YOQ@IDS MDC BM_NYS (Ovnbmsn{" Qnsidsomb S{mdvln{`i{v" Fy{{ids S{mdvln{`i{v mdc Vuosfhm{c Vs{yfsy{iv/ =1$=

Vykvsmsond @mod I}yoq`ids

Nyscnn{ vsiq yq vykvsmsond ms hc{n ibifs{of vsmsondv fn`q{oviv nl `modv" mdfobbm{ i}yoq`ids mdc vuosfhm{c vs{yfsy{iv$ vs{yfsy{iv$ @mod Fhm{mfsi{ovsofv Fhm{mfsi{ovsofv nl shi |m{onyv i}yoq`idsv m{i mv lnbbnuv7 =1$=$= Kyv km{v

Shi nys cnn{ kyv-km{v m{i ioshi{ nl shi {oeoc sqi n{ shi vs{mod sqi$ Od shi {oeoc sqi" qoqiv m{i yvic ln{ kyv-km{v mdc mbvn ln{ `mjode fnddifsondv m`nde shi |m{onyv i}yoq`idsv uhi{i|i{ {i}yo{ic$ Shi kyv-km{v mdc shi fnddifsondv m{i vyqqn{sic nd qicivsmb odvybmsn{v$ Shov bimcv sn m bnu bi|ib sqi nl vuosfhm{c uhi{iod i}yoq`ids mv uibb mv shi kyv-km{v m{i vq{imc nys$ Vodfi shi kyv-km{v m{i {oeoc$ Shi fbim{mdfiv {i`mod fndvsmds$ Hnui|i{ mv shi kyv-km{v mdc fnddifsondv m{i dns |i{ hoeh l{n` shi e{nydc" shi `modsidmdfi ov imv$ Cyi sn bm{ei com`isi{ nl shi qoqiv" shi fn{ndm bnvv ov mbvn vykvsmdsombb bivv$ Os ov mbvn fbmo`ic shms shov vvsi` ov `n{i {ibomkbi shmd shi vs{mod kyv$ Shov sqi ov hnui|i{ dns vyosmkbi ln{ im{sh}ymj i q{ndi m{im cyi sn {oeocos$ Shi vs{mod sqi kyv-km{v m{i md n|i{himc vvsi` nl uo{iv vs{yde kisuiid sun vyqqn{sode vs{yfsy{iv mdc vyqqn{sic k vs{mod sqi odvybmsn{v$ Shi vs{odeode sidvond `m ki bo`osic sn 911-?11 je$ ciqidcode yqnd shi vowi nl shi fndcyfsn{ yvic$ =1$=$; Kyv km{ @msi{omb ‖ Shi `msi{ombv od fn``nd yvi ln{ kyv-km{v mdc fnddifsondv nl shi vs{mod sqi m{i MFV[ mdc mbb mby`ody` fndcyfsn{$ Kydcbi fndcyfsn{v m{i yvic uhi{i  kyv-km{v uosh hoeh fy{{ids n{ sn bo`os fn{ndm m{i {i}yo{ic (3;1 j\/$ Shi S hi lnbbnuode vowiv m{i fn``ndb yvic$

5;$9 j\: =39 j\: ;39 j\: 3;1 j\:

61 x ;$5? * 5 x ;$5? MFV[  61 x 3$;5 * 5 x 3$;5 MFV[  93 x 6$96 * 5 x 6$96 MFV[  93 x 6$96 * 5 x 6$96 Suod n{ }ymc MFV[ 

n{  3; x 3$=6 * 5 x ;$61

=1-=

O shi fmvi nl {oeoc kyv m{{mdei`ids" mby`ody` qoqiv nl E{mci <631= UQ fndlo{`ode sn OV7 918; m{i fn``ndb yvic$ Shi vowiv nl qoqiv fn``ndb yvic ln{ |m{onyv |nbsmeiv m{i eo|id kibnu7 31 `` <9 `` 81 `` 81 `` =11 `` Vodfi mby`ody` nxociv {mqocb e{ims fm{i ov difivvm{ od `mjode fnddifsondv$ Od shi fmvi nl bnde vqmdv ixqmdvond gnodsv vhnybc ki q{n|ocic sn m|noc vs{mod nd shi vyqqn{sode odvybmsn{v cyi sn shi{`mb ixqmdvond n{ fnds{mfsond n l qoqi$ Shi kyv km{ vowiv vhnybc `iis shi ibifs{ofmb mdc `ifhmdofmb {i}yo{i`idsv nl shi vqifolof mqqbofmsond ln{ uhofh shi m{i fhnvid$ =1$=$6 Fo{fyos K{imji{v

Fo{fyos k{imji{v nl shi sqiv odcofmsic kibnu ki bnu m{i eidi{mb yvic od Odcom7 == j\ Mo{ fo{fyos k{imji{v mdc \mfyy` fo{fyos k{imji{v 6< j\ \mfyy` mdc VL-< fo{fyos k{imji{v 5;$9 j\ VL-< fo{fyos k{imji{v =39 j\ mdc mkn|i vybqhm{ hixm lbyn{oci (VL-
Ovnbmsode vuosfhiv m{i yvic sn ovnbmsi i}yoq`ids ln{ `modsidmdfi$ Ovnbmsode vuosfhiv nd bodi voci m{i q{n|ocic im{shode kbmci ln{ fnddifsond sn im{sh od nll qnvosond ln{ vmlis$ Shi m{i mbvn yvic ln{ s{mdvli{ nl bnmc l{n` ndi kyv sn mdnshi{$ Shov ov dns {ifn``idcic  kifmyvi shi ovnbmsode vuosfhiv m{i civoedic ln{ dn bnmc nqi{msond$ Odmc|i{sids fhmdei n|i{ nd bnmc uobb cm`mei shi vuosfh$ Mbshnyeh m |m{ois nl covfnddifs vuosfhiv m{i m|mobmkbi" shi lmfsn{ uhofh hmv shi `mxo`y` odlbyidfi nd shi vsmsond bmnys ov uhishi{  shi covfnddifs vuosfh ov nl shi |i{sofmb k{imj sqi n{ hn{owndsmb k{imj sqi$ Hn{owndsmb  k{imj sqi dn{`mbb nffyqoiv `n{i vqmfi shmd shi |i{sofmb

=1-;

Sifhdofmb vqifolofmsondv ‖ ovnbmsn{ {msodev" civoed" Si`qi{msy{i {ovi mdc sivsode isf$ vhnybc ki od mffn{cmdfi uosh OV7 ??;= (qm{s O sn O\/$ Imfh ovnbmsode vuosfh vhnybc hm|i shi lnbbnuode qm{sofybm{v ydci{ shi vosi fndcosondv ln{  shi vvsi` ydci{ civoed (sqofmb |mbyiv ln{ 5;$9 j\ vvsi` m{i eo|id/$ = ;$ 6$

3$ 9$

5$ 8$

Hoehivs vvsi` |nbsmei [msic l{i}yidf [msic odvybmsond bi|ib uoshnys m{fode hn{dv (kmvic nd vvsi` odvybmsond fnn{codmsond/ (m/ O`qybvi uoshvsmdc sivs |nbsmei uosh =$;.91 `of{n-vifndc" *|i mdc ‖|i um|i sn im{sh mdc  kisuiid qnbiv (k/ Ndi `odysi qnui{ l{i}yidf (uis/ uoshvsmdc |nbsmei memodvs e{nydc mdc kisuiid qnbiv$ Fndsodynyv {msic fy{{ids (kmvic nd vvsi` vsycoiv/ Vhn{s so`i fy{{ids {msodev (kmvic nd vvsi` vsycoiv/ m/ Ln{ ndi vifndc  k/ Ln{ sh{ii vifndcv [msic CF |nbsmei ln{ myxobom{ fo{fyosv (vsmsond CF |nbsmei/ [msic vyqqb l{i}yidf mdc |nbsmei nl M$F$ nqi{msode ci|ofiv$

5;$9 j\ 91 ffbiv.vifndc

6;9 j\ (Qimj/ =31 j\ ({`v/ =<11 M`qv$

Dns bivv shmd ;1 jM({`v/ Mfsymb |mbyi sn ki vsmsic$ ==1 |nbsv ½=1) C$F$ 6 qhmvi" 3=9 |nbsv mdc Vodebi qhmvi ;;1 |nbsv" ms 91 f.v

Shi bnfmsond nl covfnddifs vuosfhiv od vykvsmsondv mllifsv vykvsmsond bmnysv$ @modsidmdfi nl shi covfnddifs fndsmfsv ov mbvn m fndvoci{msond od shi bmnys$ Od vn`i vykvsmsondv" shi covfnddifsv m{i `nydsic ms hoeh qnvosondv ioshi{ |i{sofmbb n{  hn{owndsmbb$ Mbshnyeh vyfh vykvsmsondv nffyq v`mbbi{ m{imv" shi `modsidmdfi nl  covfnddifs vuosfh fndsmfsv od vyfh vykvsmsondv ov `n{i collofybs mv shi fndsmfsv m{i dns imvob mffivvokbi$ Odsi{bnfjv 7 Shi qy{qnvi nl odsi{bnfjv od vykvsmsondv ov sn idvy{i shi vmlis nl i}yoq`ids mdc nqi{msode qi{vnddib mdc sn q{i|ids ydmyshn{owic n{ odmc|i{sids nqi{msond nl  i}yoq`ids$

Odsi{bnfjv `m ki nl shi `ifhmdofmb sqi ji n{ ibifs{ofmb sqi$ Od shi ji sqi" m ji ov yvic" shi `ifhmdov` kiode vn civoedic shms os fmd ki nqi{msic k shi fn{{ifs ji" dy`ki{  nl uhofh ov ide{m|ic nd shi ji mv uibb mv nd shi bnfj$ Shi ibifs{ofmb odsi{bnfj ov  q{n|ocic ln{ nqi{msondmb qy{qnviv mv covsodeyovhic l{n` `modsidmdfi qy{qnviv kifmyvi fn`qbix odsi{bnfjode vfhi`iv {i}yo{ode yvi nl `md jiv unybc nshi{uovi kifn`i difivvm{$ Dn{`mbb" myxobom{ vuosfhiv m{i q{n|ocic ln{ ovnbmsn{ {i`nsi qnvosond odcofmsond nd fnds{nb qmdib mdc ln{ ibifs{ofmb odsi{bnfjode vmlis$

=1-6

M sqofmb odsi{bnfjode vfhi`i ln{ vodebi vifsondmbowi kyv mdc ydos fnddifsic eidi{msn{v (loe$ =1$;/ ov eo|id kibnu$ ‒Ln{ shi qy{qnvi nl `mjode shi nqi{msond nl shi ovnbmsn{ ciqidcids yqnd shi qnvosond nl  shi mvvnfomsic fo{fyos k{imji{ n{ nshi{ i}yoq`ids mv `m ki {i}yo{ic ms vosi" m vyosmkbi ibifs{ofmb odsi{bnfj vhnybc ki q{n|ocic nd imfh ovnbmsn{$ Shi odsi{bnfjv vhnybc ki nl  {nkyvs civoed nl vn`i {iqysic `mji mdc fndsmodic od m uimshi{ q{nnl mdc cyvs soehs hnyvode$ Kivociv shi ibifs{ofmb odsi{bnfjv" shi im{shode vuosfhiv vhmbb ki q{n|ocic uosh `ifhmdofmbb nqi{msic odsi{bnfj vn mv sn idvy{i shms 7(m/ (k/ (f/

Os vhmbb ki qnvvokbi sn fbnvi shi im{shode vuosfh ndb uhid shi ovnbmsode vuosfh ov od shi lybb nqid qnvosond$ Os vhmbb ki qnvvokbi sn fbnvi shi ovnbmsode vuosfh ndb uhid shi im{shode vuosfh ov od shi lybb nqid qnvosond$ Shi im{sh vuosfh vhnybc dns nqid mysn`msofmbb uhobi mssi`qsode sn fbnvi shi ovnbmsn{$ Shi nqi{msond nl shi im{sh vuosfhiv vhmbb mbvn ki odsi{bnfjic uosh shi F\Sv.FSv vyqqboiv l{n` shi s{mdv`ovvond bodi o$i$ os vhmbb ki qnvvokbi sn fbnvi shi im{sh vuosfh ndb uhid shi bodi ov cimc l{n` shi liicode liicode idc" mdc shi{i ov dn vyqqb l{n` shi vifndcm{oiv nl shi bodi F\Sv.FSv$

(c/

Shi nqi{msond nl im{sh.ovnbmsode vuosfh vhmbb dns smji qbmfi uhid shi fn{{ivqndcode ovnbmsn{.im{sh vuosfh ov od nqi{msode vs{nji$ Od mccosond sn shi mkn|i" shi bodi mdc shi kyv ovnbmsn{v vhmbb lyblob shi lnbbnuode {i}yo{i`idsv7-

(o/ (oo/ (ooo/ (o|/

Shi fo{fyos k{imji{ nl fn{{ivqndcode km ov nqid$ Shi kyv ovnbmsn{ nl shi kyv fnyqbi{ km vhmbb fbnvi ndb uhid shi kyv fnyqbi{ fo{fyos  k{imji{ ov nqid$ Shi bodi ovnbmsn{ vhmbb fbnvi ndb uhid shi fn{{ivqndcode fo{fyos k{imji{ mdc shi im{shode vuosfh nl shi fn{{ivqndcode bodi m{i nqid$ Ibifs{n `medisof sqi odsi{bnfjode vhmbb mbvn ki q{n|ocic sn m|noc u{nde bnfmb nqi{msond nl shi ovnbmsn{ (`mdymb n{ `nsn{/ uhid shi fn{{ivqndcode fo{fyos k{imji{ ov od fbnvic  qnvosond$ Ovnbmsn{v mdc im{sh vuosfhiv vhmbb ki vn civoedic shms shi mkn|i dnsic {i}yo{i`idsv fmd ki fnd|idoidsb `is$ Cismobic fnds{nb vfhi`msofv odfn{qn{msode mbb shi difivvm{ odsi{bnfjode limsy{iv ln{ m kyv fnyqbi{ km" m s{mdvln{`i{ km" m bodi fnds{nb km vhmbb ki  q{iqm{ic" mdc vyk`ossic uosh shi sidci{ ln{ shi mqq{n|mb nl qy{fhmvi{$ I}yoq`ids ixfbycic od shi vfnqi nl vyqqb nd shi kmvov nl fnds{nb vfhi`msofv vhmbb ki fbim{b `m{jic nd shi c{muodev‐$

=1-3

=1$=$9 Fy{{ids S{mdvln{`i{v

Fy{{ids s{mdvln{`i{v `m ki ioshi{ nl shi kyvhode sqi n{ unydc sqi$ Shi kyvhode sqiv m{i dn{`mbb mffn``ncmsic uoshod shi s{mdvln{`i{ kyvhodev mdc shi unydc sqiv m{i od|m{omkb viqm{msib `nydsic$ Shi bnfmsond nl shi fy{{ids s{mdvln{`i{ uosh {ivqifs sn mvvnfomsic fo{fyos k{imji{ hmv md o`qn{smds kim{ode yqnd shi q{nsifsond vfhi`i mv uibb mv bmnys nl" vykvsmsond$ Fy{{ids s{mdvln{`i{ fbmvv mdc {mson ov cisi{`odic k ibifs{ofmb  q{nsifsond" `isi{ode fndvoci{msond$ Sifhdofmb vqifolofmsondv ‖ Fy{{ids {msodev" civoed" Si`qi{msy{i {ovi mdc sivsode isf$ vhnybc ki od mffn{cmdfi uosh OV7 ;519 (qm{s O sn O\/$ Imfh fy{{ids s{mdvln{`i{v vhnybc hm|i shi lnbbnuode qm{sofybm{v ydci{ shi vosi fndcosondv ln{ shi vvsi` ydci{ civoed (sqofmb |mbyiv |m byiv ln{ 5;$9 j\ vvsi` m{i eo|id/$ o/

Dn`odmb vvsi` |nbsmei

<< j\

oo/

Hoehivs vvsi` |nbsmei

5;$9 j\

ooo/

L{i}yidf

91 Hw

o|/

Odvybmsond bi|ib (kmvic nd vvsi` odvybmsond fnn{codmsond/ (m/ O`qybvi uoshvsmdc sivs |nbsmei uosh =$;.91 `of{n-vifndc" *|i mdc ‖|i um|i sn im{sh mdc  kisuiid qnbiv (k/ Ndi `odysi qnui{ l{i}yidf (uis/ uoshvsmdc |nbsmei memodvs e{nydc mdc kisuiid qnbiv$

|/

Vhn{s so`i fy{{ids {msode

6;9 j\ (Qimj/ =31 j\ ({`v/

6=$9 jM

(kmvic nd vvsi` vsycoiv/ |o/

[msic cdm`of fy{{ids qimj

58$59 Jm

(kmvic nd vvsi` vsycoiv/ |oo/

Snsmb `odo`y` f{iiqmei nl FSv kyvhodev

=859 ``

(kmvic nd id|o{nd`ids/ =1$=$9 Qnsidsomb S{mdvln{`i{

Shi |nbsmei s{mdvln{`i{ `m ki ioshi{ nl shi ibifs{n-`medisof sqi n{ shi fmqmfosn{ sqi$ Shi ibifs{n-`medisof sqi \Sv m{i fnvsboi{ shmd shi fmqmfosn{ sqi mdc m{i fn``ndb yvic uhi{i hoehi{ mffy{mf ov {i}yo{ic mv od shi fmvi nl {i|idyi `isi{ode$ Ln{ nshi{  mqqbofmsondv fmqmfosn{ sqi ov q{ili{{ic qm{sofybm{b ms hoeh |nbsmeiv cyi sn bnui{ fnvs mdc os vi{|iv shi qy{qnvi nl m fnyqbode fmqmfosn{ mbvn ln{ shi fm{{oi{ i}yoq`ids$ Ln{ e{nydc lmybs {ibmode md mccosondmb fn{i n{ m uodcode ov {i}yo{ic od shi \nbsmei s{mdvln{`i{v uhofh fmd ki fnddifsic od nqid cibsm$ Shi |nbsmei s{mdvln{`i{v m{i fnddifsic nd shi liici{ voci nl shi fo{fyos k{imji{$ k{imj i{$ Hnui|i{" mdnshi{ vis nl |nbsmei s{mdvln{`i{ ov dn{`mbb

=1-9

{i}yo{ic nd shi kyv-km{v ln{ qy{qnvi nl vdfh{ndowmsond$ Qnsidsomb s{mdvln{`i{ fbmvv mdc {mson ov cisi{`odic k ibifs{ofmb q{nsifsond" `isi{ode fndvoci{msond$ Sifhdofmb vqifolofmsondv ‖ Qnsidsomb s{mdvln{`i{" civoed" Si`qi{msy{i {ovi mdc sivsode isf$ vhnybc ki od mffn{cmdfi uosh OIF7 =8< Imfh qnsidsomb s{mdvln{`i{v vhnybc hm|i shi lnbbnuode qm{sofybm{v ydci{ shi vosi fndcosondv ln{ shi vvsi` ydci{ civoed (sqofmb |mbyiv ln{ 5;$9 j\ vvsi` m{i eo|id/$ =

[msic |nbsmei

-

5;$9 j\

;

[msic l{i}yidf

-

91 f.v

6

Mffy{mf fbmvv nl  -

=$1

Uodcode

<< j\.∗6.==1\.∗6

3$

\nbsmei {mson

9$

E{mci nl nob

7

Mv qi{ OV7 669

<$

@mxo`y` qhmvi mdebi i{{n{ uosh ;9) mdc ==1) nl {msic ky{cid ms 1$8 q$l$ bmeeode ms md |nbsmei kisuiid 81) mdc =;1)

7

31 `od$

5$

Si`qi{msy{i {ovi ms =-= so`iv {msic |nbsmei uosh {msic ky{cid (NF/

7

Mv qi{ OV7 6=9<

8$

[msic |nbsmei lmfsn{ , so`i (kmvic nd vvsi` vsycoiv/

7

Fndsodynyv ‖ =$; 61 vifndcv-=$9

?$

Odvybmsond Bi|ib (kmvic nd vvsi` odvybmsond fnn{codmsond/

o/

= `odysi qnui{ l{i}yidf (uis.c{/ uoshvsmdc sivs |nbsmei

7

=31 j\ {$`$v$

oo/

=$;.91 `of{n vifndcv o`qybvi um|i uoshvsmdc sivs |nbsmei Ndi `odysi qnui{ l{i}yidf uoshvsmdc sivs |nbsmei nd vifndcm{oiv

7

6;9 j\ (Qimj/

7

; j\

@odo`y` f{iiqmei covsmdfi nl kyvhodev (kmvic nd id|o{nd`ids/

7

=8=9 ``

=1$

==$

=1-<

=1$=$5 S{mdvln{`i{v

S{mdvln{`i{ ov shi bm{eivs qoifi nl i}yoq`ids od m vykvsmsond mdc os ov" shi{iln{i" o`qn{smds l{n` shi qnods nl |oiu nl vsmsond bmnys$ Od vsiq yq vykvsmsond nl hc{n eidi{msode vsmsond" eidi{msn{ s{mdvln{`i{v m{i eidi{mbb bnfmsic nd shi s{mdvln{`i{ cifjv od shi qnui{ hnyvi vn mv sn {icyfi him| fnvs nl eidi{msn{ s{mdvln{`i{ fnddifsondv k  kyv cyfsv$ Shi s{mdvln{`i{ m{i fnddifsic sn shi vuosfheim{ od shi vuosfhm{c k odsi{bodjode n|i{ himc bodiv mdc od vn`i fmviv (ydci{e{nydc qnui{ hnyvi/ k H\ fmkbiv od syddibv$ Od v`mbb hc{n vsmsondv s{mdvln{`i{ m{i odvsmbbic od shi vuosfhm{c mdc shi km uocsh ov cisi{`odic k s{mdvln{`i{ co`idvondv$ M{{mdei`ids ln{ {i`n|mb nl s{mdvln{`i{  od fmvi nl {iqmo{.`modsidmdfi uoshnys covsy{kode nshi{ i}yoq`ids ov {i}yo{ic mdc mbvn mllifsv bmnys$ Od n{ci{ sn {icyfi shi fhmdfiv nl vq{imc nl lo{i" bm{ei s{mdvln{`i{v m{i  q{n|ocic uosh m vnmjode qos nl mci}ymsi fmqmfos sn fndsmod shi snsmb }ymdsos nl nob$ Kivociv" viqm{msond umbb m{i q{n|ocic od kisuiid shi s{mdvln{`i{v mdc mbvn kisuiid shi s{mdvln{`i{ mdc {nmcv uoshod shi vykvsmsond$

Ndi nl shi o`qn{smds lmfsn{v en|i{dode shi bmnys nl shi vykvsmsond ov uhishi{ shi s{mdvln{`i{ ov sh{ii qhmvi n{ m kmdj nl 6 vodebi s{mdvln{`i{v$ Vodebi qhmvi s{mdvln{`i{v m{i q{o`m{ob q{n|ocic kifmyvi nl s{mdvqn{smsond collofybsoiv$ Shi vqmfi {i}yo{i`idsv od shi fmvi nl vodebi qhmvi kmdjv m{i `yfh bm{ei{ shmd shi sh{ii qhmvi s{mdvln{`i{$ Kivociv" od shi fmvi nl vodebi qhmvi kmdjv" os ov yvymb sn q{n|oci ndi vqm{i vodebi qhmvi s{mdvln{`i{  uhofh ov jiqs od shi vi{|ofi km mdc yvic od fmvi nl m lmybs n{ `modsidmdfi nl ndi nl shi vodebi qhmvi ydosv$ Mbsi{dmso|ib shi vqm{i ydos `m ki qi{`mdidsb odvsmbbic od shi vuosfhm{c {imc sn {iqbmfi shi ydos uhofh ov nys nl vi{|ofi$ Shov {i}yo{iv ibmkn{msi kyv m{{mdei`ids$ Os ov {ifn``idcic shms vqm{i s{mdvln{`i{ ki jiqs idi{eowic n{ ibvi os `m 1  ki jiqs jiq s od md idfbnvic idf bnvic vqmfi mdc si`qi{msy{i ov `modsmodic mknys 9 F mkn|i m`koids sn jiiq os c{$ Ln{ sifhdofmb vqifolofmsond {ili{ fhmqsi{ 3$ =1$=$8 Boehsdode M{{ivsn{v

Boehsdode m{{ivsn{v m{i shi kmvov nl odvybmsond fn-n{codmsond od shi vvsi` mdc m{i odvsmbbic ms nyscnn{ s{mdvln{`i{ si{`odmbv ln{ co{ifs q{nsifsond memodvs boehsdode o`qybvi n|i{|nbsmei vqm{j n|i{ (=$;.91 `of{n vifndc um|i/ mdc m{i fmqmkbi nl uoshvsmdcode covvoqmsond nl idi{e mvvnfomsic uosh boehsdode o`qybvi ndb$ Shov o`qbovi shms si`qn{m{ n|i{|nbsmeiv (ms n{ dim{ qnui{ l{i}yidf/ uhofh m{i nl shi n{ci{ nl `obo-vifndc `yvs ki uoshvsnnc sn m|noc cm`mei$ @nci{d `ismb nxoci (emqbivv/ boehsdode m{{ivsn{ fndlo{`ode sn lnbbnuode vsmdcm{cv m{i dnu kiode vqifoloic$ OIF7 ??-3 OV7 6151

-

Vqilofmonsdv qm{s ‖ 3 ln{ vy{ei m{{ivsn{ uoshnys emq ln{ MF vvsi` Vqifolofmsond ln{ boehsdode m{{ivsn{v

Sqofmb qm{m`isi{v ln{ m << j\ vvsi` m{i eo|id kibnu$

=1-5

VO Dn$

Qm{sofybm{v

= ; 6

3

9

< 5 8$

Vvsi` \nbsmei(j\ {`v/

Dn`odmb vvsi` |nbsmei (j\ {`v/ Hoehivs vvsi` |nbsmei (j\ {`v/ =$;.91 `of{nvifndc o`qybvi |nbsmei uoshvsmdc bi|ib m S{mdvln{`i{v (j\q/  k Nshi{ i}yoq`ids mdc bodiv(j\q/ @odo`y` q{nvqifso|i v``is{ofmb lmybs fy{{ids ln{ = vifndc ms M{{ivsn{ bnfmsond (jM {`v/ (kmvic nd vvsi` vsycoiv/ Mdsofoqmsic bi|ibv nl si`qn{m{ n|i{|nbsmei mdc osv cy{msond (kmvic nd vvsi` vsycoiv/ m4 \nbsmei(q$y$/  k4 Cy{msond (vifndcv/ Vvsi` l{i}yidf(Hw/ Diys{mb E{nydcode Dy`ki{ nl Qhmviv

<< 5;$9

6;9 6;9 6=$9

=$9.=$; =.=1 91 ½;$9 f.v Illifso|ib im{shic Sh{ii

Eidi{mb Sifhdofmb [i}yo{i`idsv

= ;

6

3

Shi Vy{ei M{{ivsn{v vhmbb fndln{` sn shi sifhdofmb {i}yo{i`idsv mv qi{  Mddixic hi{i od mlsi{$ Shi idi{e hmdcbode fmqmkobos nl shi M{{ivsn{ nlli{ic" vyqqn{sic k fmbfybmsondv vhmbb ki ly{dovhic od shi nlli{ Shi Boehsdode M{{ivsn{ vhmbb ki lossic uosh q{ivvy{i {iboil ci|ofiv mdc m{f co|i{sode qn{sv mdc vhmbb ki sivsic mv qi{ shi {i}yo{i`idsv nl OIF vqifolofmsond ln{  `odo`y` q{nvqifso|i v``is{ofmb lmybs fy{{ids mv vqifoloic od fbmyvi =1$3$6$ Shi e{mcode {ode nd imfh fn`qbisi M{{ivsn{ ln{ q{nqi{ vs{ivv covs{okysond vhmbb ki  q{n|ocic ol {i}yo{ic ln{ mssmodode mbb shi {ibi|mds sifhdofmb qm{m`isi{v$

=1-8

SIFHDOFMB [I]YO[I@IDSV LN[ @ISMB NXOCI(EMQBIVV/ BOEHSDODE M[[IVSN[V

VO Dn$

=$ ;$ 6$ 3$ 9$ <$

5$

8$ ?$ =1 ==$ =;$

=6$ =3 =9$

=<$ =5$

=8$

=?$

Qm{sofybm{v

[i}yo{i`ids nl qm{m`isi{v <
[msic [m sic M{{ivsn{ \nbsmei j\ {`v $(j\ {`v/ @mx$ fndsodynyv nqi{msode |nbsmei Odvsmbbmsond Fbmvv Sqi nl fndvs{yfsond ln{ =1 jM Qhmvi {msic m{{ivsn{  Dn`odmb covfhm{ei fy{{ids fn{{ivqndcode sn 8.;1 `of{n vif um|i vhmqi(jM {`v/ @od$ covfhm{ei fmqmkobos

<1 3? Nyscnn{  Vsmsond Fbmvv Vodebi Fnby`d" Vodebi =1

9 jg.j\ ([ili{{ic sn {msic m{{ivsi{ |nbsmei sn @od$covfhm{ei fhm{mfsi{ovsofv/ Qicivsmb Qhmvi Sn Im{sh 6 =31

Sqi nl `nydsode Fnddifsond Bnde cy{msond covfhm{ei fbmvv @mx$Vuosfhode Vy{ei j\(Q/ Q{nsifso|i bi|ib |nbsmei ms =111 m`q$ @mx$ {ivocymb |nbsmei j\(Q/ ln{ dn`odmb =51 covfhm{ei fy{{ids =1 jM uosh 8.;1 `of{n vifndc um|i @mx$ {ivocymb |nbsmei j\(Q/ vsiiq l{ndsicfy{{ids =8< o`qybvi nl =1jM @odo`y` q{nvqifso|i v``is{ofmb lmybs fy{{ids 6=$9 ln{ q{ivvy{i {iboil sivs(jM {`v/ m$ Si{`odmb Fnddifsn{ vyosmkbi ln{ MFV[ fndcyfsn{ vowi  k$ Smji nll \nbsmei (j| {`v / ( fn{ndm ixsodfsond/ @mxo`y` {mcon odsi{li{idfi |nbsmei (@of{n|nbs/ uhid idi{eovic ms @FN\ Uhishi{ odvybmsode kmvi mdc covfhm{ei fnydsi{ uosh `obbom``isi{ m{i {i}yo{ic @odo`y` f{iiqmei covsmdfi nl M{{ivsn{ hnyvode(``/

=1$=$? Boehsdode Q{nsifsond

=1-?

Vodebi Wik{m \i{sofmb.Hn{owndsmb [msic |nbsmei nl shi m{{ivsn{  911 @of{n|nbs

iv

=8=6 ``

M vykvsmsond hmv sn ki vhoibcic memodvs co{ifs boehsdode vs{njiv k q{n|ovond nl n|i{himc im{sh uo{iv n{ vqojiv$ Shov i}yoq`ids ov ivvidsomb o{{ivqifso|i nl shi ovnfi{mydof bi|ib nl  shi m{im cyi sn $vi{onyv fndvi}yidfiv mdc cm`mei sn fnvsb i}yoq`ids od fmvi vykvsmsond ov hos k m co{ifs vs{nji$ Shi fhnofi kisuiid shivi sun `ishncv ciqidcv yqnd vi|i{mb lmfsn{v ifndn` kiode shi `nvs o`qn{smds fndvoci{msond$ Knsh shi `ishncv hm|i kiid yvic vn`iso`iv i|id od shi vm`i vsmsond$ Eidi{mbb" shi vqojiv `ishnc od|nb|iv smbbi{  vs{yfsy{iv shmd shi mbsi{dmso|i nl yvode im{sh uo{iv$ Mdnshi{ `ishnc% fn`q{oviv shi yvi nl  viqm{msi boehsdode `mvsv uhofh m{i q{n|ocic ms bnfmsond cisi{`odic nd shi kmvov nl vyk vsmsond m{im mdc hioehs nl kyv-km{v$ - Kivociv q{n|ocode boehsdode q{nsifsond" shivi `mvsv vi{|i mv vyqqn{sv ln{ by`odmo{iv {i}yo{ic ln{ vuosfhm{c obby`odmsond$ Vqojiv mdc shi im{sh-uo{i $hm|i sn ki vyosmkb qbmfic vn mv sn q{n|oci fn|i{mei sn shi idso{i vykvsmsond i}yoq`ids$ Eidi{mbb md mdebi nl vhoibc nl mknys 39± ln{ shi m{im kisuiid e{nydc uo{iv mdc" 61± ln{ nshi{ m{imv ov fndvoci{ic mci}ymsi ln{ shi civoed nl boehsdode q{nsifsond vvsi`$ =1$=$=1

Odvybmsn{v

Q{n|ovond nl mci}ymsi odvybmsond od m vykvsmsond ov nl q{o`m{ o`qicmdfi l{n` shi qnods n l  |oiu nl {ibomkobos nl vyqqb mdc vmlis nl qi{vnddib$ Hnui|i{" shi vsmsond civoed vhnybc  ki vn i|nb|ic i|n b|ic shms shi }ymdsos nl odvybmsn{v {i}yo{ic ov shi `odo`y` fn``idvy{msi uosh shi vify{os nl vyqqb$ Md o`qn{smds fndvoci{msond od cisi{`odode shi odvybmsond od m vykvsmsond" qm{sofybm{b ol os ov bnfmsic dim{ vim n{ m shi{`mb qnui{ eidi{msode vsmsond n{ md odcyvs{omb qbmds ov shi bi|ib nl qnbbysond$ Mv m lo{vs vsiq sn fn`kms shov q{nkbi`" vqifomb odvybmsn{v uosh hoehi{ bimjmei covsmdfi vhnybc ki yvic$ Od fmvi shov cniv dns vyllofi" umvhode shi odvybmsn{v k yvode bo|i bodi i}yoq`ids hmv sn ki {ivn{sic sn mdc shov mvqifs hmv sn ki jiqs od `odc uhobi cifocode shi bmnys nl shi vykvsmsond$ Mdnshi{ `ishnc uhofh hmv q{n|ic sn ki vyffivvlyb od nshi{ fnyds{oiv od|nb|iv shi mqqbofmsond nl vyosmkbi sqi nl  e{imviv n{ fn`qnydcv nd shi vy{lmfi nl shi odvybmsn{v$ Shov" hnui|i{" mbvn {i}yo{iv fbimdode nl odvybmsond" shi l{i}yidf ciqidcode yqnd shi cie{ii mdc shi sqi nl   qnbbysond$ =1$=$==

Vs{yfsy{iv

Shi fnvs nl vs{yfsy{iv ov m `mgn{ fndvoci{msond uhobi cifocode shi bmnys nl m vykvsmsond$ Ln{ odvsmdfi" od shi fmvi nl vs{mod kyv-km{ m{{mdei`ids" fnvs nl vs{yfsy{iv ov `yfh hoehi{  shmd od shi fmvi nl {oeoc kyv sqi$ Vo`obm{b shi ln{` nl vs{yfsy{iv mbvn qbmv md o`qn{smds  qm{s mdc shi fhnofi ov yvymbb kisuiid yvode liu dy`ki{ nl him| vs{yfsy{iv n{ m bm{ei{  dy`ki{ nl v`mbbi{ vs{yfsy{iv$ Vsiib ov shi `nvs fn``ndb yvic `msi{omb od Odcom ln{ vykvsmsond vs{yfsy{iv$ Dn{`mbb shi vsiib vs{yfsy{iv m{i hns-soq emb|mdowic vn mv sn q{nsifs shi` memodvs fn{{nvond$ Hnui|i{" emb|mdowode vn`iso`iv hmv dns q{n|ic illifso|i" qm{sofybm{b od vykvsmsondv bnfmsic od fnvsmb n{ odcyvs{omb m{imv mdc od vyfh fmviv qmodsode kifn`iv ivvidsomb$ Od nshi{ fnyds{oiv vqifomb qmodsv hm|i kiid ci|ibnqic uhofh m{i mqqboic uoshod shi vhnq mdc shivi qmodsv hm|i q{n|ic }yosi illifso|i$

=1-=1

[iodln{fic fndf{isi vs{yfsy{iv hm|i vn`iso`iv kiid yvic od qbmfi nl vsiib mdc os hmv kiid lnydc shms `modsidmdfi nl shivi vs{yfsy{iv ov mb`nvs dieboeokbi$ Shi vs{yfsy{iv m{i fmvs od vosy$ =1$=$=;

Fm{{oi{ I}yoq`ids

Shi fm{{oi{ i}yoq`ids {i}yo{ic ln{ fn``ydofmsond" {ibmode mdc sibi-`isi{ode ov fnddifsic sn bodi sh{nyeh fnyqbode fmqmfosn{ mdc um|i s{mq$ Shi um|i s{mq odvsmbbic ms shi bodi ids{mdfi$ Shi fnyqbode fmqmfosn{v m{i odvsmbbic nd shi bodi voci nl shi um|i s{mq mdc m{i dn{`mbb kmvi `nydsic$

=1$;

Myxobom{oiv

Kivociv shi `mod i}yoq`ids m dy`ki{ dy `ki{ nl myxobom{ lmfobosoiv mdc vvsi` mv idy`i{msic  kibnu hm|i sn ki q{n|ocic mdc `m mllifs bmnys$ Od vsiq-yq vykvsmsondv `nvs nl shi lmfobosoiv m{i q{n|ocic od shi qnui{ hnyvi$ Civoed nl shivi vvsi`v m{i covfyvvic mbnde uosh shi qnui{ hnyvi myxobom{ vvsi`v$ m/  k/ f/ c/ i/ l/ e/ h/ o/

Im{shode mdc E{nydcode Nob Hmdcbode Vvsi` Obby`odmsond mdc boehsdode vvsi` Fn`q{ivvic mo{ vvsi` Lo{i q{nsifsond vvsi` MF Myxobom{ qnui{ vvsi` CF vvsi` Fmkbiv Fn``ydofmsond vvsi`

=1$;$= Fmkbode

S{idfhiv mdc fmkbi cyfsv m{i dn{`mbb i`qbnic ln{ fmkbi {ydv$ Od |i{ bm{ei vykvsmsondv"  qm{sofybm{b shnvi mvvnfomsic uosh qnui{ qbmdsv" fmkbi syddibv m{i eidi{mbb q{n|ocic sn fm{{ fmkbiv l{n` shi vuosfhm{c sn shi qnui{ hnyvi$ Shi qnui{ hnyvi ov eidi{mbb ms bnui{ bi|ib shid shi vuosfhm{c$ Mffn{codeb m{{mdei`idsv m{i `mci sn q{n|oci c{modmei mdc q{i|ids lbnncode nd shi qnui{ hnyvi cyi sn {mod umsi{$ Ixfiqs uhi{i fmkbiv idsi{  mdc smji nll l{n` s{idfh" co{ifsb ky{oic fmkbiv m{i eidi{mbb m|nocic cyi sn q{nkbi`v nl  bnfmsode shi lmybs mdc {mqocb {ivsn{ode shi vyqqb$ Shi vykvsmsond m{im vhnybc ki q{nqi{b e{mcic vn shms shi {mod umsi{ ov c{modic nll mum l{n` shi fmkbi s{idfhiv$ Ln{ c{modode nll md umsi{ shms `m idsi{" shi s{idfhiv vhnybc ki vbnqic od shio{ {yd sn c{mod l{iib mdc difivvm{ m{{mdei`idsv `mci sn {i`n|i shi mffy`ybmsic umsi{ mv mdc uhid {i}yo{ic$ Fmkbi s{idfhiv vhnybc ki q{n|ocic uosh vs{nde mdc illifso|i fn|i{v$ Fmkbiv vhnybc dns ki bmoc co{ifsb od shi s{idfh lbnn{$ Ms qnodsv nl  ids{ odsn odcnn{ m{imv" si{`odmsond fhm`ki{v isf$ umsi{q{nnl mdc lo{iq{nnl vimbode m{{mdei`idsv vhnybc ki `mci$ Fmkbi s{idfhiv vhnybc dns {yd sh{nyeh nob {nn`v$

=1-==

Fndcyosv vhnybc hm|i shi `odo`y` dy`ki{ nl kidcv od shio{ {yd$ Qybb knxiv sn lmfobosmsi fmkbi qybbode vhnybc ki q{n|ocic ms vyosmkbi bnfmsondv$ Fndcyosv vhnybc ki vbnqic mdc c{modic ms bnu qnodsv$ Fm{i `yvs ki ixi{fovic sn vii shms umsi{ cnivs dns mffy`ybmsi uoshod shi fndcyosv n{ c{mod odsn shi i}yoq`ids ms shi idc$ Od odcnn{ m{imv" {mfjv vyqqn{sic nd umbbv" fiobode n{ lbnn{" lbnn{ s{idfhiv" fbm`qode nl  fmkbiv sn umbbv n{ fiobode `m ki yvic$ Uhi{i|i{ m bm{ei dy`ki{ nl fmkbiv m{i od|nb|ic mdc fndcosond vn qi{`os m vvsi` nl {mfjv ov q{ili{mkbi mv os eo|iv }yofj mffivv$ Qm{sofybm{  fm{i vhnybc ki smjid od vykvsmsond civoed sn qi{`os imv ids{ nl fmkbi vuosfheim{ uosh fnd|idoidfi nl hmdcbode i|id mlsi{um{cv$ Fmkbi bmode vhnybc ki cndi od mffn{cmdfi uosh vvsi`msofmbb q{iqm{ic fmkbi vfhicybiv$ Od `mgn{ vykvsmsond shnyvmdcv nl viqm{msi fmkbiv uobb ki od|nb|ic" mdc }yofj s{mfode nl  cilifsv uobb ciqidc |i{ `yfh nd shi n{ci{bodivv ixi{fovic uhobi bmode$ Mbb fmkbi idcv vhnybc ki vyosmkb bmkibic sn lmfobosmsi imv ocidsolofmsond$ Vqm{i {mfjv vhnybc ki q{n|ocic ln{ i`i{eidf mdc ydln{iviid yvi$ Qnui{ fmkbiv mdc fnds{nb fmkbiv vhnybc ki vie{iemsic k {yddode od viqm{msi s{idfhiv n{  nd viqm{msi {mfjv" vn shms od shi i|ids nl m lo{i" shi fnds{nb fmkbiv m{i dns mllifsic$ Vie{iemsond sn vn`i ixsids nl Mf mdc CF fnds{nb fmkbiv ov mbvn yvilyb$ Viqm{msi fnds{nb fmkbiv vhnybc ki yvic ln{ imfh FS mdc QS$ Od shi fmvi nl 3;1 j\ vykvsmsond vi|i{mb fmkbiv vhnybc ki yvic ln{ FS mdc QS fo{fyosv mdc m{`ny{ic fmkbiv ln{ nshi{ fo{fyosv$ Shivi vhnybc dns ki odfbycic od shi fn{iv nl nshi{ `ybso fn{i fnds{nb fmkbiv$ Uhobi m{{mdeode fmkbi {ydv os vhnybc ki jiqs od `odc shms shi m{{mdei`ids vhnybc ki vyfh shms m lo{i ms vn`i qnods uobb dns bimc sn fn`qbisi vhyscnud nl shi uhnbi vykvsmsond ln{ m bnde so`i$ Lbixokbi fndcyosv vhnybc ki yvic ms si{`odmb fnddifsondv sn `nsn{v" qy`qv isf$ Shi `mod s{idfhiv vhnybc ki ln{`ic vyfh shms him| fy{{ids fm{{ode fndcyfsn{v cn dns {yd  qm{mbbib sn shi fnds{nb fmkbiv$ Shi fmkbi cyfsv vhnybc ki bmoc mum l{n` boehsdode m{{ivsn{ sn `odo`owi shi illifs nl  hoeh covfhm{ei fy{{ids lbnu$ Od `mod s{idfhiv m him| fy{{ids fm{{ode fndcyfsn{ vhnybc ki {yd qm{mbbib sn fnds{nb fmkbi$ Shov fndcyfsn{ vhnybc ki fbm`qic ms vyosmkbi uibcic odsi{|mbv sn shi vyqqn{s mdebiv mdc im{shic sn {nc ibifs{nci ms i|i{ ;1.;9 `isi{ odsi{|mbv$ Shov vhoibc fndcyfsn{  c{modv mbb odcyfic fy{{idsv mdc m|nocv eidi{msond nl him| odcyfic |nbsmei od shi fnds{nb fmkbiv$ Qnui{ fmkbiv m{i qbmfic od shi lo{vs {mfj$ Bnui{ {mfjv fndsmod fnds{nb fmkbiv$ Ol  ydm{`ny{ic fmkbiv m{i yvic shivi vhnybc lodc qbmfi od shi knssn` `nvs {mfjv$ =1$;$; F{mdi Lmfobosoiv

Bm{ei vykvsmsondv vn`iso`iv hmv shi lmfobosoiv nl {iqmo{ km mbndeuosh m f{mdi nl mci}ymsi fmqmfos ln{ hmdcbode shi him|oivs i}yoq`ids uhofh ov yvymbb shi s{mdvln{`i{$ Od |oiu nl 

=1-=;

him| fnvs mdc odl{i}yids yvi" hnui|i{" shov lmfobos ov dns q{n|ocic od mbb vykvsmsondv$ Od shi fmvi nl vykvsmsondv dim{ shi eidi{msode vsmsondv" shi vi{|ofi km mdc f{mdi lmfobosoiv dn{`mbb m|mobmkbi ms shi eidi{msode vsmsond m{i ysobowic$ Od shi fmvi nl vykvsmsondv" uhofh m{i dns dim{ m eidi{msode vsmsond" f{mdi mdc vi{|ofi km lmfobosoiv `m ki q{n|ocic ms ndi fids{mbb bnfmsic vykvsmsond sn vi{|i m e{nyq nl dim{k vykvsmsondv fnddifsic k {nmc n{  {mob$ Q{n|ovond nl m {mob s{mfj vhnybc ki `mci ln{ `n|i`ids nl s{mdvln{`i{ l{n` vuosfhm{c sn shi {iqmo{ km$ Qnodsv ln{ gmfjode" uodfhode vhnybc ki q{n|ocic ms shi s{mdvln{`i{  1 lnydcmsondv mdc ?1 sy{d nd shi {mob s{mfj ln{ fhmdeode fhm deode shi co{ifsond nl shi uhiibv$ =1$6

Vuosfhm{c Bmnys

M sqofmb bmnys nl shi << j\ vuosfhm{c vsiq yq vsmsond uosh vodebi vifsondmbowic kyv ov idfbnvic$

=1-=6

3<311 5<11

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6111 BM

;111

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F\S

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VODEBI BODI C OME[M@

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BIEIDC =

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BOEHSDODE M[[IVSN[

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Loe$ =1$; Bmnys nl << j\ Vuosfhm{c (Qbmd/

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5

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VIFSOND X -X

Loe$ =1$6 Bmnys nl << j\ Vuosfhm{c (vifsondv/

=1-=9

FHMQSI[ - == I[IFSOND" FN@@OVVONDODE" LOIBC SIVSODE" [IDN\MSOND MDC @NCI[DOVMSOND

==$=

FN@@OVVONDODE

Shi si{` ‒FN@@OVVONDODE‐ `imdv shi mfso|osoiv nl lydfsondmb sivsode nl shi fn`qbisi vvsi` mlsi{ i{ifsond" odfbycode sydode n{ mcgyvsode shi i}yoq`ids ln{  nqso`y` qi{ln{`mdfi `iisv shi {i}yo{i`ids nl shi vqifolofmsondv$ ==$=$= I{ifsond mdc Sivsode I}yoq`ids mdc I{ifsond Vqm{iv

Mbb i{ifsond mdc sivsode i}yoq`ids odfbycode snnbv" smfjbiv" vbodev" bolsode mdc nshi{ mqqbomdfiv$ ==$=$; Odvqifsond mdc Sivsv ms Vosi

Cy{ode i{ifsond" fn``ovvondode mdc s{omb nqi{msond" mbb odvqifsondv mdc sivsv m{i  qi{ln{`ic od n{ci{ sn q{n|i shi n{ci{b ixifysond nl shi un{jv od mffn{cmdfi uosh shi Vqifolofmsondv$ ==$;

SIVS MS VOSI

M vosi sivsode `mdymb bovsode od cismob shi sivsv sn ki qi{ln{`ic cy{ode fn``ovvondode smjode odsn fndvoci{msond loibc sivsv sn ki qi{ln{`ic ln{ sy{kodiv" eidi{msn{v" s{mdvln{`i{" k{imji{v" fnds{nb mdc q{nsifsond i}yoq`ids" vuosfhm{c i}yoq`ids mdc myxobom{ ov q{n|ocic$ ==$;$= Sivsv Q{on{ sn Lo{vs [nsmsond [nsmsond

Lnbbnuode i}yoq`ids ov fn{{ifsb mcgyvsic n{ fmbok{msic sn nqi{msi vmsovlmfsn{ob  kiln{i s{ode shi lo{vs {nsmsond nl shi eidi{msode ydos$ Shi sivsv dn{`mbb odfbyci lnbbnuode7 =$

Vvsi` Sivsv        

;$

En|i{dode vvsi` odfbycode nob q{ivvy{i ydos Fn`q{ivvic mo{ vvsi` Nqi{msond nl eyoci |mdiv uosh c{ vqo{mb fmvode Nqidode . fbnvode nqi{msondv nl odbis |mb|i uosh c{ vqo{mb fmvode Nqi{msond nl odsmji emsiv Fnnbode umsi{ vvsi` Nqi{msond nl i`i{eidf fbnvode ci|ofiv Nqi{msond nl eidi{msn{ k{mjiv Ibifs{ofmb Sivsv

m/

Lybb lydfsondmb fhifjode mdc vissode yq nl shi lnbbnuode

==-=

     

 k/

Mbb mdfobbm{ MF mqqm{msyv Mbb mdfobbm{ CF mqqm{msyv Mbb mbm{`v mdc s{oqv Mbb ibifs{ofmb q{nsifsondv Vuosfheim{  Mbb mvvnfomsic sy{kodi mdc eidi{msn{ fnds{nb mdc `ovfibbmdinyv osi`v

Qnbm{os sivsode" {mson sivsode mdc `medisowode fy{|iv nl mbb fy{{ids s{mdvln{`i{v$

f/

Qnbm{os sivsode mdc odvybmsond sivsode nl mbb |nbsmei s{mdvln{`i{v

c/

Hoeh |nbsmei odvybmsond sivsode nl shi lnbbnuode7    

Fmkbiv S{mdvln{`i{v Eidi{msn{v Vuosfheim{ 

==$;$; Odosomb [yd" Sivs [yd mdc Fn``ovvondode Sivs

Shi q{nficy{i ln{ odosomb {yd" sivs {yd mdc fn``ovvondode sivsv vhnybc ki fm{{oic nys nd mbb odco|ocymb vvsi`v.ibi`idsv nl shi qnui{ qbmds mdc shi eidi{msode ydosv od mffn{cmdfi uosh shi uosh OIF Qykbofmsond <1939 +Eyoci ln{ Fn``ovvondode" Nqi{msond mdc @modsidmdfi nl Hc{mybof Sy{kodiv+ n{ {ibi|mds OV n{ vsmdcm{cv nl  shi fnyds{ nl n{oeod sn |i{ol shi eym{mdsiic sifhdofmb qm{sofybm{v" fn{{ifsdivv nl  vi}yidfiv mdc bneofv" nqi{msond nl mbb vmlis mdc q{nsifsond ibi`idsv" sivsode nl  vqiic mdc q{ivvy{i s{mdvoidsv s{mdvoidsv nd bnmc mffiqsmdfi mdc mdc {igifsond mdc v`nnshdivv nl  nqi{msondv$ Shi fn``ovvondode sivs {iqn{sv m{i q{iqm{ic$ ==$;$6 S{omb [yd

O``icomsib yqnd fn`qbisond nl fn``ovvondode shi eidi{msode ydos ov jiqs nd s{omb nqi{msond cy{ode uhofh qi{onc mbb difivvm{ mcgyvs`idsv m{i `mci uhobi nqi{msode n|i{ shi lybb bnmc-{mdei idmkbode shi qbmds sn ki `mci {imc ln{   qi{ln{`mdfi mdc eym{mdsii sivsv$ Shi cy{msond nl s{omb nqi{msond nl shi fn`qbisi i}yoq`ids ov dn{`mbb 5; hny{v fndsodynyv {yd$ Shi s{omb nqi{msond ov fndvoci{ic vyffivvlyb" q{n|ocic shms imfh osi` nl shi i}yoq`ids fmd nqi{msi fndsodynyvb ms shi vqifoloic nqi{msode fhm{mfsi{ovsofv ln{  shi qi{onc nl s{omb nqi{msond$ Shi s{omb nqi{msond {iqn{s fn`q{ovode nl nkvi{|msondv mdc {ifn{codev nl |m{onyv  qm{m`isi{v `imvy{ic od {ivqifs nl shi mkn|i s{omb nqi{msond ov q{iqm{ic$ Shov {iqn{s" kivociv {ifn{code shi cismobv nl shi |m{onyv nkvi{|msondv cy{ode s{omb {yd" mbvn odfbyci shi cmsiv nl vsm{s mdc lodovh nl shi s{omb nqi{msondv$ Shi {iqn{s vhnybc {ifn{c mbb shi cismobv nl odsi{{yqsondv nffy{{ic" mcgyvs`idsv `mci mdc md `odn{  {iqmo{v cndi cy{ode shi s{omb nqi{msond$

==-;

Ol md cilifsv n{ o{{ieybm{osoiv mllifsode shi vmlis n{ {ibomkobos nl shi Un{jv m{oviv cy{ode shi s{omb {yd" shi s{omb {yd ov odsi{{yqsic mdc vsm{sic memod mlsi{ vyfh cilifsv n{ o{{ieybm{osoiv hm|i kiid fn{{ifsic$ ==$6

VOSI QI[LN[@MDFI SIVSV ND FN@QBISOND MDC HMDCODE N\I[ 

Sn q{n|i shi Eym{mdsiic Qi{ln{`mdfi Qm{m`isi{v i$e$ fmqmfos mdc illofoidf nl  shi i}yoq`ids" ndi eidi{msode ydos vibifsic k shi Qy{fhmvi{ mlsi{ fn`qbisond nl  fn``ovvondode mdc {yddode shi visv ln{ fn``i{fomb nqi{msond" ov sivsic od mffn{cmdfi uosh shi sivs q{ne{m``i vis nys od {ivqifso|i Sifhdofmb Vqifolofmsondv mdc shi me{iic q{nficy{i$ Shi fmbok{msond nl |m{onyv sivsode odvs{y`idsv ov cndi k amyshn{owic meidfoiv% mdc odvsosysondv$ Shi vosi qi{ln{`mdfi sivsv vhnybc ki fn`qbisic kiln{i shi ixqo{ nl shi Cilifsv Bomkobos Qi{onc n{ ovvymdfi nl Lodmb Mffiqsmdfi Fi{solofmsi$ ==$3

SIVS LN[ QM[M@ISI[ EYM[MDSIIC YDCI[ QIDMBS_

==$3$= Sivsv ln{ sy{kodi sy{kodi nysqys mdc Illofoidf Illofoidf

Shi eym{mdsiic {mdei nl nysqysv ln{ imfh vfhi`i vhnybc ki sivsic$ Shi sivsode vhnybc ki od mffn{cmdfi uosh OIF Qykbofmsond$ Dn$ 3= ‒Odsi{dmsondmb Fnci ln{ shi Loibc Mffiqsmdfi Sivsv nl Hc{mybof Sy{kodiv‐ n{ {ibi|mds OV n{ vsmdcm{c nl shi fnyds{ n{ n{oeod$ Q{ivvy{i emyeiv m{i fmbok{msic uosh m `i{fy{ `mdn`isi{ q{on{ sn shi sivsode$ Shi sy{kodi nysqys od imfh sivs ov cisi{`odic k `imvy{ode shi ibifs{ofmb nysqys nl  imfh ydos mdc vyks{mfsode eidi{msn{ bnvviv fmbfybmsic l{n` shi eidi{msn{ un{jv sivs {ivybsv$ Uhid fn`qm{ode shi vosi sivs {ivybsv uosh shi eym{mdsiic qi{ln{`mdfi" shi i{{n{ od shi sivs {ivybsv m{i mvvy`ic sn ki mv mbbnuic od OIF Qykbofmsond Dn$ 3= n{ {ibi|mds OV n{ vsmdcm{cv nl shi fnyds{ nl n{oeod$ ==$3$; Eidi{msn{ Nysqys mdc Si`qi{msy{i [ovi

Shi eidi{msn{ nysqys od {ibmsond sn eym{mdsiic si`qi{msy{i {ovi vhmbb ki sivsic ms vosi k qi{ln{`ode m hims {yd od mffn{cmdfi uosh {ibi|mds OV$ Shi {ivovsmdfi si`qi{msy{i cisifsn{ odvsmbbic od shi eidi{msn{ vsmsn{v m{i yvic sn `imvy{i `mfhodi si`qi{msy{i$ ==$3$6 Vyqi{|ovn{ fnds{nb mdc fn``ydofmsond i}yoq`ids ov sivsic mv qi{ vqifolofmsond$ ==$9

SIVSV ND FN@QBISOND MDC MFFIQSMDFI

==-6

Shi sivsv civf{okic od shi ln{ienode vykvifsond idsosbic ‒Loibc Sivsode‐ m{i shi ‒Sivsv nd Fn`qbisond‐$ Shi sivsv `yvs ki fn`qbisic kiln{i shi mffiqsmdfi fi{solofmsi ov ovvyic$ Ln{ vyffivvlyb fn`qbisond nl loibc sivsv nl shi `ifhmdofmb i}yoq`ids‟v" shi fmbok{msond nl |m{onyv odvs{y`idsv ov cndi k ‘myshn{owic meidfoiv‟$ M viqm{msi q{nsnfnb nl mffiqsmdfi ov ovvyic od {ivqifs nl imfh vis nl eidi{msode i}yoq`ids$ ==$<

[IDN\MSOND MDC @NCI[DOVMSOND

==$<$= Ods{ncyfsond

Shi sy{kodi-Eidi{msn{ visv od hc{n vsmsondv hm|i m dn{`mb boli nl mknys 69-31 im{v mlsi{ uhofh nqi{msondmb q{nkbi`v f{nq yq mdc nysmeiv odf{imvi$ K [idn|msond mdc @nci{dovmsond ([ , @/ m vifndc bimvi nl boli ov eo|id sn shi Sy{kodi Eidi{msn{ vis$ [idn|msond mdc @nc{idovmsond ([ , @/ od|nb|iv {iqbmfi`ids nl shi myxobom{oiv" en|i{dn{" ixfosmsond vvsi` , {iuodcode nl  eidi{msn{$ Knsh shi [ , @ fmd ki cndi ms `m{eodmb fnvs mdc e{imsb hibq od odf{imvode shi fnds{okysond sn shi e{oc k shi hc{n eidi{msond$ Nbc hc{nibifs{of qbmdsv diic {idn|msond mdc `nci{dowmsond cyi sn lnbbnuode {imvndv$ =$ ;$

6$ 3$

9$

<$

5$

8$

Nkvnbidfi mdc dnd m|mobmkobos nl vqm{iv$ Nbc eidi{msn{ uodcodev m{i eidi{mbb i}yoqqic uosh Fbmvv K odvybmsond uhofh cisi{on{msiv {ivybsode od ci{msode mdc ln{fic nysmeiv$ [iuodcode ov {i}yo{ic uosh `nci{d odvybmsond vvsi`$ Ci{msode nl shi ydos nysqys cyi sn uim{ mdc sim{$ Odf{imvi od ln{fic nysmeiv cyi sn cisi{on{msond od shi fndcosond nl uim{mkbi  qm{sv" ydos mdc vsmsond myxobom{oiv" odvs{y`idsv" q{nsifso|i {ibmv mdc fnds{nb i}yoq`ids$ Fhmdei od shi nqi{msode f{osi{om nl shi qnui{ qbmds od shi vvsi` o$i$ fhmdei od  qbmds bnmc lmfsn{ {i}yo{ode mccosondmb fmqmfos" {i}yo{i`ids nl hoehi{  ixfosmsond vvsi` cyi sn bm{ei{ e{oc `m {i}yo{i fhmdei n|i{ sn vsmsof ixfosmsond vvsi` isf$ @ifhmdofmb lbuhiib sqi en|i{dn{ ln{ sy{kodi fnds{nb ov dnu nkvnbisi mdc dns vyosmkbi ln{ `nci{d vvsi` ln{ odsi{fnddifsic bm{ei e{ocv ln{ vqiic fnds{nb mdc bnmc vhm{ode$ Os ov {i}yo{ic sn ki fhmdeic sn `nci{d coeosmb en|i{dn{  fnds{nb$ Nbc vhmls `nydsic ixfosmsond vvsi` ov |i{ vbnu mdc {i}yo{iv sn ki {iqbmfic  k `nci{d vsmsof ixfosmsond vvsi` n{ vhmls `nydsic k{yvh bivv vvsi` ln{  v`mbb eidi{msn{v$ Fnds{nb mdc q{nsifsond vvsi` fndfiqs mdc i}yoq`ids hm|i fhmdeic$ @nci{dowmsond ov {i}yo{ic sn fhmdei fnds{nb mdc q{nsifsond i}yoq`ids$

==-3

==$<$; Eidi{msn{ Vsmsn{ Uodcode7- @nvs fn``ndb mllifsic ibi`ids cy{ode bnde nqi{msond ov vsmsn{ uodcode$ Ciqidcode nd shi fndcosondv" nqi{msond mdc boli" os `m ki {i}yo{ic sn ki {iqbmfic$ Shi kidilos nl ci|ibnq`ids nl `nci{d odvybmsond vvsi` ov shms os smjiv yq bivv vqmfi od shi vsmsn{ vbns$ Os fmd ki ibifs{ofmbb vs{ivvic ms hoehi{ |nbsv.`ob nl shofjdivv mdc fmd uoshvsmdc hoehi{ si`qi{msy{iv$ Shov eo|iv `n{i {nn` od shi vsmsn{ vbns ln{ fnqqi{ mdc ms shi vm`i so`i mbbnuv kissi{ hims s{mdvli{ ln{ fnnbode$ [nsn{ Uodcode7- Odf{imvi od vsmsn{ nysqys {i}yo{iv odf{imvic nysqys nl qnbi uodcode: nffmvond `m m{ovi ln{ fn`qbisi {iuodcode nl loibc od n{ci{ sn jiiq shi si`qi{msy{i {ovi nl loibc uodcode uoshod qi{`ovvokbi bo`osv$ Vsmsn{ Fn{i7- Bnnvidivv nl vsmsn{ fn{i m{i fn``ndb idfnydsi{ic od nbc eidi{msn{v fmyvode vboqqmei nl qydfhodev mdc lmoby{i uodcode odvybmsond$ Shov  q{nkbi` fmd ki smfjbic illifso|ib k {ikyobcode shi vsmsn{ fn{i yvode hoehi{  fbm`qode q{ivvy{i$

Vsmsn{ Fn{i cm`mei cyi sn im{sh lmybs mdc lbmvhn|i{ sn shi fn{i" {ivs{ofsv nysqys nl  shi `mfhodi mdc {i}yo{iv sn ki mvvivvic mdc {iqbmfi`ids.{iqmo{ nl shi fn{i ov ivvidsomb sn {ivsn{i shi `mfhodi fmqmkobos sn osv lybb n{ idhmdfic {msic nysqys$ ==$<$6 \idsobmsond mdc Fnnbode

Shi illifso|idivv nl shi |idsobmsond vvsi` fmd ki odf{imvic k `ncolode .fhmdeode shi lnbbnuode$ o/ oo/ ooo/

Fhmdeiv od shi mo{ eyociv [iqbmfi`ids nl lmd kbmci uosh o`q{n|ic o `q{n|ic q{nlobi Mccosondmb mo{ kmllbi sn mbbnu shi lbnu nl mo{ sn f{osofmb qmshv$

==$<$3 Sy{kodi

M vo`qbi sivs nl eyoci |mdi nqidode memodvs nysqys uobb eo|i shi q{ivids illofoidf$ Dnd civs{yfso|i sivsv uobb {i|imb shi q{ividfi nl odhi{ids f{mfjv od vsm |mdiv" {yddi{ kbmciv" vqo{mb fmvodev" isf$" [yddi{ fmd ki fhmdeic ol os ov ifndn`ofmbb |omkbi" mv shi `nci{d {yddi{v hm|i m qimj illofoidf od shi n{ci{ nl  ?3)$ Eyoci \mdi7 Yq{msode ov mfhoi|ic qm{sb k um nl odf{imvode shi illofoidf mdc  qm{sb k q{n|ocode mccosondmb covfhm{ei$ Od `nvs nl shi nbci{ ydosv" ydosv" shi eyoci |mdi uobb ki bo`osode shi covfhm{ei$ Hidfi" sn q{n|oci mccosondmb covfhm{ei ms shi yq{msic nysqys" eyoci |mdiv hm|i sn ki {i`mfhodic sn f{imsi `n{i m{im nl nqidode n{ {iqbmfode shi eyoci |mdiv$ Ol umsi{ |ibnfos od shi umsi{ fndcyfsn{ vvsi` ov uoshod qi{`ovvokbi bo`os mdc vy{ei vhmls ov fmqmkbi nl `iisode mccosondmb vy{ei" {iqbmfi`ids nl eyoci |mdi ov q{ili{mkbi$

==-9

==$<$9 Ixfosmsond Vvsi`

Od nbci{ `mfhodiv" {nsmsode sqi ixfosi{v m{i civoedic ln{ shi fnds{nb nl ixfosmsond ln{ vdfh{ndnyv eidi{msn{v$ Hnui|i{ shov vvsi` fmd dns fnqi yq uosh shi fn`qbixos" lmvs {ivqndvi {i}yo{ic$ Shi ci|ibnq`ids nl vsmsof ixfosmsond vvsi` hmv `md mc|mdsmeiv$ o/ oo/ ooo/

Ibo`odmsond nl {nsmsode qm{sv vykvsmdsombb {icyfiv shi bnvviv mdc nqi{msode fnvs$ Os lmfobosmsi imv `modsidmdfi mdc {icydcmdf `mdmei`ids mdc {ivybsv od o`q{n|ic {ibomkobos mdc m|mobmkobos$ Shi vvsi` {ivqndvi uobb ki lmvsi{ mdc `n{i illifso|i cy{ode s{mdvoidsv$

==$<$< En|i{dn{v

Od eidi{mb shi en|i{dn{ nob q{ivvy{i vvsi` fmd ki {ismodic ol shi sy{kodi uofjis emsi mdc vi{|n`nsn{v {i`modv ydmbsi{ic" q{n|ocic shi en|i{dn{ ov od vi{|ofimkbi fndcosond$ Hnui|i{" m diu ibifs{ndof (coeosmb/ en|i{dn{ ov {i}yo{ic ln{ o`q{n|ic fnds{nb mdc mysn`msond$ ==$<$5 Myxobom{oiv

Shi vvsi` vyfh mv byk{ofmsond" lo{i q{nsifsond" k{mjode" vqiic vidvode" isf$ fmd ki `ncoloic vyosmkb mdc `mci fn`qmsokbi ln{ mysn`msof nqi{msond mdc {i`nsi fnds{nb$ Fnd|idsondmb k{mji vvsi` vylli{v l{n` shi q{nkbi` nl vsofjode nl qovsnd mdc  qnn{ {is{mfsond cyi sn {icyfsond od vsolldivv nl vq{ode uosh so`i$ Od cnykbi mfsode  k{mji mvvi`kb" mvv i`kb" shivi q{nkbi`v fmd ki n|i{fn`i uosh shi yvi nl fn`q{ivvic mo{  {is{mfsode shi qovsnd nl k{mji mvvi`kb$ ==$<$8 M fmvi vsyc nl [idn|msond" Yq{msode mdc @nci{dowmsond nl Vho|mvm`yc{m` Hc{n Qnui{ Vsmsond ivsmkbovhic od =?1; ov idfbnvic$ Fmvi Vsycoiv Ln{ [idn|msond mdc @nci{dovmsond nl Vho|mvm`yc{m` Hc{n Qnui{ Vsmsond (< x 6111 jU * 3 x <111 jU/

Shi Vho|mvm`yc{m` Hc{n Qnui{ Vsmsond {iq{ividsv shi q{ngifsv hm|ode qnsidsomb nl  mqq{nxo`msib 3;$1 @U" kys ci{msic ms q{ivids ms =8 @U ndb (kibnu ;9 @U/$ Embneo hc{n qnui{ vsmsond {iq{ividsv shi vfhi`iv hm|ode qnsidsomb nl mqq{nxo`msib 6$1 @U$ Shivi m{i sqofmb ixm`qbiv" uhofh m{i qnsidsomb fmviv ln{ {ily{kovh`ids mdc yq{msode$ [idn|msond mdc yq{msode nl nbc qnui{ hnyvi ov difivvm{ sn eis nqso`y` idi{e nysqys  k {iqbmfode ixovsode ydvi{|ofimkbi n{ bnu illofoidf qnui{ ydosv" `nci{dovi fnds{nbv sn `iis q{ivids cm {i}yo{i`idsv mdc yq{msi" uhi{i|i{ limvokbi" sn ysobovi mccosondmb umsi{  m|mobmkbi od ixfivv umsi{ lbnu qi{oncv ln{ idi{e eidi{msond n{ mcc qimjode fmqmfos$ =$=

VHO\MVM@YC[M@ H_C[N QNUI[ VSMSOND

=$=$=

Ods{ncyfsond

==-<

Vho|mvm`yc{m` qnui{ vsmsond ov ms m covsmdfi nl mknys =;9 j` l{n` Kmdembn{i$ Shov ov m |i{ nbc hc{n qnui{ vsmsond ivsmkbovhic od shi im{ =?1;$ Shi odosomb qbmds od shi Qnui{hnyvi fn`q{ovic vox Eidi{msode ydosv c{o|id k Umsi{ Uhiibv" imfh nl 5;1 jU fmqmfos mdc shi mee{iemsi illifso|i fmqmfos nl shi qbmds umv 6<11 jU (mbbnuode ndi nl  shi Eidi{msode visv mv vsmdc k/$ Shi kybj nl shov Qnui{ umv s{mdv`ossic sn Jnbm{ Enbc Loibcv ms m covsmdfi nl =38 j` l{n` shi Qnui{ Hnyvi mdc odfocidsmbb shov s{mdv`ovvond bodi umv shi bndeivs od shi Un{bc ms shms so`i$ Shi kmbmdfi nl shi Qnui{ eidi{msic umv s{mdv`ossic sn shi fosoiv nl Kmdembn{i mdc @vn{i n|i{ s{mdv`ovvond bodi nl ?< j` mdc 9< j` od bidesh {ivqifso|ib ms m bmsi{ cmsi$ Shi fndvs{yfsond nl J{ovhdm{mgm Vmem{ (J[V/ [ivi{|no{" ?< j` yqvs{im` mvvovsic shi e{nush nl shi Vho|mvm`yc{m` Qnui{ Vsmsond$ Shi lo{vs vsmei nl shov [ivi{|no{ uosh =="111 `fls umv idso{ib mbbnfmsic ln{ Qnui{ Qy{qnviv$ Shi lodmb vsmei uosh 39"111 `fls vsn{mei umv q{o`m{ob sn fmsi{ shi diicv nl o{{oemsond$ M `odo`y` nl ?11 fyvifv `imvy{ic ms Vho|mvm`yc{m` hmc sn ki bis cnud shi {o|i{ cy{ode vy``i{ mv qi{ shi =?;3 me{ii`ids uosh shi @mc{mv En|i{d`ids$ Shov umsi{ umv m|mobmkbi ln{ qnui{ eidi{msond fndsodynyvb$ Hnui|i{" mv shi qnui{ ci`mdc odf{imvic mdc o{{oemsond {i}yo{i`ids kiode bnu" m fndsodynyv covfhm{ei nl =;11 fyvifv umv `mci m|mobmkbi sn shi Ibifs{ofmb Ciqm{s`ids$ Shi Vho|mvm`yc{m` Eidi{msode Vsmsond uosh shi `ncivs kieoddode nl 6<11 jU od =?1; e{iu odsn 3;"111 jU nd fn`qbisond nl shi lodmb Vsmei od =?68$ Shi vsmsond umv fn``ovvondic od dodi qhmviv$ Shi odvsmbbic fmqmfos nl 3; @U fn`q{oviv nl < ydosv nl  6$1 @U mdc 3 ydosv nl <$1 @U$ Vmboids limsy{iv

Shi vsn{mei m|mobmkbi ms Jmkodo mdc J[V [ivi{|no{v" vqobb n|i{ umsi{ l{n` shivi {ivi{|no{v mdc covfhm{ei fn`ode odsn shi {o|i{ cnud vs{im` nl shivi {ivi{|no{v m{i ysobowic ln{ eidi{msond ms Vho|mvm`yc{m`$ Shi{i ov m qofj-yq cm` ms Himc Un{jv l{n` uhi{i umsi{ ov fndcyfsic sh{nyeh m Qnui{ Fhmddib ln{ m covsmdfi nl =$8 j` sn Vho|mvm`yc{m` Kmbmdfode [ivi{|no{ (VK[/$ L{n` VK[" umsi{ ov fndcyfsic sn shi ln{ikm sh{nyeh m Qnui{ Fhmddib nl bidesh =$; j`$ Od kisuiid" ; dnv$ {ieybmsn{ emsiv m{i  q{n|ocic sn {ieybmsi shi umsi{ bi|ib od ln{ikm$ L{n` ln{ikm" =1 dnv$ qidvsnfjv fm{{ umsi{ sn shi sy{kodiv$ Ln{ shi q{nsifsond nl qidvsnfjv" |i{sofmb sqi vbocode emsiv m{i  q{n|ocic ln{ 6 @U ydosv ydosv mdc Kyssi{lb |mb|iv m{i q{n|ocic ln{ ln{ < @U ydosv$ Shi{i m{i =1 dnv$ [imfsond sqi Hn{owndsmb L{mdfov Sy{kodiv$ Mbb shi sy{kodiv m{i  q{n|ocic uosh @O\ mdc q{ivvy{i [iboil |mb|iv$ Kibs c{o|id `ifhmdofmb en|i{dn{ ov  q{n|ocic ln{ imfh Eidi{msode Eidi{msode Ydos$ Shi ixovsode ixfosmsond Vvsi` ov nl fids{mbowic sqi$ Shi Qnui{ Hnyvi fndvovsv nl ; x ;91 jU C$F$ Eidi{msn{v c{o|id k 311 HQ Vodebi {yddode O`qybvi Sy{kodi mdc ; x ;91 jU @$E$ Vis c{o|id k 659 HQ" ;$; j\ Odcyfsond @nsn{$ ==9 \ C$F$ n|i{himc kyv ov  q{n|ocic od shi Eidi{msn{ hmbb uhofh ov smqqic ms imfh `mfhodi sn q{n|oci C$F$ ixfosmsond$ Shov vsmsond eidi{msiv qnui{ ms ;9 ;9 Hw mdc `modb vyqqboiv vyqqboiv qnui{ sn Jnbm{  Enbc Loibcv (JEL/ uhnvi fnds{mfs ci`mdc ov =3 @U$ Kmbmdfi qnui{ ov fnd|i{sic sn 91 Hw sh{nyeh ; x =9 @U vsmsof l{i}yidf fnd|i{si{ (VLF/$ Shi vmboids limsy{iv nl shi  q{ngifs m{i mv lnbbnuv7

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Bnfmsond

m/  k/ (f/

Vsmsi Covs{ofs Mffivv

(oo/

Co|i{vond

m/

Sqi

ooo/

Qnui{ fhmddib

m/

7 7 7

Jm{dmsmjm @vn{i =;9 j` l{n` Kmdembn{i

7

Qofj-yq cm` ms himc un{jv

Bidesh

7

 k/

Vny{fi nl Vyqqb

7

6111 ` (=;11 ` l{n` cm` sn VK[ mdc =811 ` l{n` VK[ sn ln{ikm/ (m/ J{ovhdm{mgm Vmem{ (J[V/ {ivi{|no{  (k/ Jmkodo {ivi{|no{ 

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Qidvsnfjv

m/

Dy`ki{

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Sy{kodi

m/  k/

Sqi Dy`ki{ mdc [msode

|o/

\mb|iv

m/  k/ f/

Q{ivvy{i odbis |mb|i @mod odbis |mb|i Kyssi{lb |mb|i

|oo/

Emsiv

m/  k/

Sqi Bnfmsond

|ooo/

En|i{dn{

m/

Sqi

ox/

Eidi{msn{

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Sqi

7

=1

7 7

Hn{owndsmb L{mdfov 3 ydosv nl <111 jU mdc < ydosv ydosv nl 6111 jU

7 7 7

=1 dnv$ q{n|ocic uosh mbb ydosv =1 dnv$ q{n|ocic uosh mbb ydosv < dnv$ q{n|ocic yqvs{im` nl qidvsnfjv nl  6111 jU ydosv

7 7

\i{sofmb vboci ; dnv$ od kisuiid VK[ mdc ln{ikm ln{ikm sn fnds{nb umsi{ bi|ib ms ln{ikm 3 dnv$ yqvs{im` nl qidvsnfjv nl  <$1 @U ydosv 6 dnv$ {o|i{ vbyofi emsiv mdc 9 dnv$ qnui{ fhmddib emsiv ms himc un{jv

7

Kibs c{o|id `ifhmdofmb en|i{dn{ 

7

Vdfh{ndnyv

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 k/ f/ f/

[msode Eidi{msode l{i}yidf Eidi{msode |nbsmei

x/

Vsmsof L{i}yidf Fnd|i{si{

m/  k/

Dy`ki{ Fmqmfos

xo/

S{mdvln{`i{

m/  k/

Dy`ki{ [msode

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Fnvs Ivso`msi

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Snsmb Q{ngifs Fnvs 7 (uoshnys OCF/ Eidi{msond Fnvs qi{ jUh

(k/

7 7 7

3 nl <111 jU mdc < nl 6111 jU ;9 Hw ;$; j\

7 7

; =9 @U imfh

7 7

9 6 nl =1 @\M mdc ; nl 9$;9 @\M

7

[v$ 95<6 bmfv

7

[v$ 1$58

=$=$6 Q{ivids Vsmsyv

Ms q{ivids qnui{ eidi{msic ms Vho|mvm`yc{m` ov mknys =; sn =8 @U ms ;$; j\ mdc ;9 Hw$ uhofh ov vsiqqic yq sn 58 j\ k 6 dnv$ =1 @\M mdc ; dnv$ 9$;9 @\M s{mdvln{`i{v$ Mknys =1 sn =; @U" ;9 Hw qnui{ ov i|mfymsic sh{nyeh ; dnv$ 58 j\ V.F bodiv sn J$E$L$ Mknys < sn 8 @U Qnui{ ov fnd|i{sic sn 91 Hw Qnui{ k Vsmsof L{i}yidf Fnd|i{si{v$ Shov Qnui{ ov i|mfymsic sh{nyeh ; dnv$ << j\ V.F bodiv$ Qmvs qi{ln{`mdfi cmsm nl imfh ydos ln{ shi bmvs lo|i sn vox im{v (=?8?-?1 sn =??6-?3/ hmv  kiid ly{dovhic od Smkbi =$=$9 =$=$9 sn Smkbi =$=$=3$ =$=$3

Hc{nbne

Shi qnui{hnyvi im{boi{ eidi{msic 3; @U od shi im{ =?68$ Shi hc{nbne nl shi q{ngifs ov ivsmkbovhic$ Shi covfhm{ei cmsm nl shi q{ngifs fnybc dns ki `mci m|mobmkbi$ =$=$9

Nysbodi nl shi q{nqnvmb

Mv os ov difivvm{ sn vyqqb ;9 Hw qnui{ sn JEL ln{ mdnshi{ =1 im{v$ Os ov q{nqnvic sn {ismod < dnv$ nl 6 @U eidi{msn{v sn eidi{msi qnui{ ms ;9 Hw" ;$; j\$ Os ov ndb q{nqnvic sn {ily{kovh shivi ydosv mv shi m{i ixqifsic sn vi{|i ndb ln{ mdnshi{ =1 im{v$ 3 dnv$ nl < @U eidi{msn{v m{i q{nqnvic sn ki {iqbmfic k diu ydosv 3 nl < @U" == j\" 91 Hw {msode$ Shyv mlsi{ [idn|msond mdc @nci{dovmsond ([,@/ un{jv" Vho|mvm`yc{m` Qnui{  Hnyvi uobb hm|i
==-?

sn 8 @U nl qnui{ sn 91 Hw$ Shi ;3 @U" 91 Hw qnui{ uobb ki co{ifsb lic sn shi vvsi` ms << j\ mlsi{ [,@ un{jv$ M diu << j\ nys-cnn{ m{c ov q{nqnvic$ Yq{msode nl shivi ydosv hmv kiid ixm`odic$ Kifmyvi nl shi fndvs{modsv od umsi{ |ibnfos od shi qidvsnfjv" yq-{msode ov dns qnvvokbi$ Shi qhvofmb kidilosv sn ki {imbovic mlsi{  [idn|msond mdc @nci{dovmsond un{jv m{i7 m/  k/ f/ c/ i/ l/

[ivsn{msond nl vsmsond fmqmfos kmfj sn osv odvsmbbic fmqmfos (3; @U/ [icyfsond nl cnud so`i so`i nl ydosv S{nykbi l{ii nqi{msond nl shi qnui{ vsmsond [icyfsond nl ciqidcidf nd vsmsof l{i}yidf fnd|i{si{v [iqbmfi`ids nl vn`i ;9 Hw ydosv k 91 Hw ydosv Boli ixsidvond nl nshi{ ;9 Hw ydosv k =1 im{v

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[i|oiu" Comednvsof Mdmbvov mdc Q{nqnvic Sifhdofmb Vnbysondv sn shi Q{nkbi`v

Mv mb{imc vsmsic" shov qnui{hnyvi ov md nbc ndi mdc shi{iln{i mbb shi i}yoq`ids m{i nkvnbisi$ Kivociv cyi sn meiode" vi|i{mb nqi{msondmb q{nkbi`v m{i mbvn libs$ Shi cismobv nl  shi un{j od|nb|ic m{i mv lnbbnuv7 =$ ;$ 6$ 3$ 9$ <$ 5$ 8$ ?$ =1$ ==$ =;$ =6$ =3$ =9$ =<$ =5$ =8$ =?$ ;1$ ;=$ ;;$ ;6$

[iqbmfi`ids nl s{mvh {mfjv ms ln{ikm [iqbmfi`ids nl Emsiv ms Himc un{jv [ily{kovh`ids nl Kyssi{lb |mb|iv [iqbmfi`ids nl @mod Odbis \mb|iv [ily{kovh`ids nl Q{ivvy{i [iboil \mb|iv [ily{kovh`ids mdc qmodsode nl C{mls sykiv Qmodsode nl qidvsnfjv mdc vqo{mb fmvodev [ily{kovh`ids.[iqbmfi`ids nl [yddi{v [ily{kovh`ids.[iqbmfi`ids nl Eyoci |mdiv [iqbmfi`ids nl En|i{dn{v [ily{kovh`ids.[iqbmfi`ids nl Kim{odev [ily{kovh`ids nl Fnnbode umsi{ vvsi` [i-odvybmsond nl vsmsn{ fnobv mdc q{n|ocode fbnvic |idsobmsond vvsi` sn < dnv$ nl 6 @U" ;9 Hw" ;$; J\ ydosv [ily{kovh`ids nl vboq {odev [iqbmfi`ids nl Eidi{msn{v nl 3 x < @U" ;9 Hw" ;$; j\ ydosv k diu 3x< @U" 91 Hw" == j\ Eidi{msn{v Q{n|ocode diu ==.<< j\ eidi{msn{ s{mdvln{`i{v" myxobom{ s{mdvln{`i{v" << j\ nys-cnn{ m{c mdc << j\ nys-cnn{ m{c i}yoq`ids ln{ 91 Hw vvsi`$ Q{n|ocode diu fnds{nb mdc {ibm qmdibv ln{ ;9 Hw mdc 91 Hw vvsi` Q{n|ocode vsmsof ixfosmsond vvsi` ln{ ;9 Hw mdc 91 Hw ydosv Q{n|ocode mccosondmb vis nl kmssi{oiv [ily{kovh`ids nl lo{i q{nsifsond vvsi` @ncolofmsond nl s{mdv`ovvond vvsi` Q{n|ocode E{nydc `ms ln{ shi vsmsond Nshi{ Fo|ob un{jv

Shi q{nkbi` lmfic mdc shio{ {i`icoiv m{i covfyvvic mv lnbbnuv7

==-=1

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FO\OB UN[JV 7

Shi{i ov him| vico`idsmsond mffy`ybmsic n|i{ shi qmvs <1 im{v od shi kmbmdfode {ivi{|no{" qnui{ fhmddib mdc ln{ikm$ Shi{i ov mbvn i{nvond nl i`kmdj`idsv$ Shivi m{i fmyvode bnvv nl m|mobmkbi vsn{mei fmqmfos$ Os ov q{nqnvic sn smjiyq civobsode mdc ciuiicode od shi himc un{jv" kmbmdfode {ivi{|no{" qnui{ fhmddib mdc ln{ikm$ Bns nl uiicv hm|i e{nud m{nydc shi qidvsnfjv mdc shov fmyviv q{nkbi`v od odvqifsond mdc `modsidmdfi nl qidvsnfjv$ Os ov q{nqnvic sn smji yq ciuiicode mdc {nyeh fndf{isode nl shi m{im vy{{nydcode imfh qidvsnfj$ Shi cismobv nl nshi{ fo|ob un{jv od|nb|ic m{i mv lnbbnuv7 (o/

Emsiv ms Himc un{jv

Shi{i m{i 6 dy`ki{v (dnv/ nl {o|i{ vbyofi emsiv mdc 9 dnv nl qnui{ fhmddib emsiv ms himc un{jv$ Shivi emsiv m{i `mdymbb nqi{msic$ Mbb shi qnui{ fhmddib emsiv m{i nqi{msode vmsovlmfsn{ob$ Shi{i ov dn bimjmei n{ |ovokbi cm` mei$ Ndi nl nl shi {o|i{ vbyofi emsi (Dn$6/ ov od-nqi{mkbi$ Mbb shi emsiv diic n|i{hmybode$ Shi {o|i{ vbyofi emsi uhofh ov od-nqi{mkbi ov sn ki {iqbmfic.{iqmo{ic mdc qys kmfj sn vi{|ofi$ Mbb shi emsiv m{i q{nqnvic sn ki `mdymbb nqi{msic mdc dn ibifs{ofmb nqi{msond ov q{nqnvic$ (oo/

S{mvh {mfjv" Emsiv mdc Qidvsnfj q{nsifsond |mb|iv ms Ln{ikm

Shi{i m{i =1 dnv$ nl s{mvh {mfjv mdc =1 dnv$ nl emsiv q{n|ocic ms Ln{ikm$ Shivi emsiv m{i `mdymbb nqi{msic$ Imfh qidvsnfj nl < @U ydosv ov q{nsifsic uosh m kyssi{lb |mb|i mv Qidvsnfj q{nsifsond |mb|i (QQ\/ mdc imfh qidvsnfj nl 6 @U ydos ov q{nsifsic k m |i{sofmb vbocode emsi hm|ode `ismb sn `ismb vimbode m{{mdei`ids$ Ms q{ivids shi kyssi{lb |mb|iv m{i dns od nqi{msode fndcosond$ Os ov mvfi{smodic l{n` shi vsmsond vsmll shms shivi |mb|iv hm|i dns kiid nqi{msic ln{ shi qmvs 61 im{v$ Shi kyssi{lb |mb|i nl Ydos Dn$ ;" uhofh umv ydci{ vhys cnud" umv odvqifsic$ Shi kyssi{lb |mb|i umv lnydc od ennc fndcosond$ Shi s{mvh {mfjv q{n|ocic kiln{i ln{ikm vbyofiv m{i kmcb {yvsic mdc cobmqocmsi$ Mbb shi =1 dnv nl s{mvh {mfjv m{i sn ki {iqbmfic$ Shivi emsiv {i}yo{i fn`qbisi n|i{hmybode$ Shi kyssi{lb |mb|iv m{i q{nqnvic sn ki {ily{kovhic" n|i{hmybic mdc `mci `nsn{ nqi{msic$ (ooo/

Qidvsnfjv

Shi{i m{i =1 dnv$ nl qidvsnfjv fndcyfsode umsi{ sn =1 Eidi{msode Ydosv$ Shi qidvsnfj nl  ydos Dn$;" uhofh umv ydci{ vhys cnud" umv odvqifsic |ovymbb$ Odvoci vy{lmfi nl shi  qidvsnfj ov od ennc fndcosond$ fndcosond$ Dn {yvs lbmjiv ui{i nkvi{|ic od shi oddi{ vy{lmfi$ vy{lmfi$ Os ov q{nqnvic sn fndcyfs dnd-civs{yfso|i sivs (DCS/ nd mbb shi =1 qidvsnfjv sn mvfi{smod shi himbshodivv mdc {ivocymb boli nl shi qidvsnfj$ Ol shi DCS {ivybsv vyeeivs o`q{n|i`ids un{jv sn qidvsnfjv" shivi un{jv m{i fndsi`qbmsic sn ki smjid yq bmsi{ od m qhmvic `mddi{  ciqidcode yqnd shi {i}yo{i`ids$

==-==

(K/

IBIFS[OFMB MDC @IFHMDOFMB UN[JV

(o/

@mod Odbis \mb|iv (@O\v/

\i{sofmb vbocode uosh smqi{ uicei emsi |mb|iv m{i q{n|ocic ln{ mbb shi ydosv mv @O\v$ Shi @O\v ui{i ixm`odic mdc nkvi{|ic$ Cyi sn meiode" bns nl q{nkbi`v m{i kiode lmfic cy{ode shi nqi{msond nl shi |mb|iv$ Od shi @O\v nl sun ydosv" os ov nkvi{|ic shms shi knc nl shi |mb|iv hm|i kifn`i uimj mdc `m qydfsy{i od cyi fny{vi$ Bns nl bimjmeiv m{i nkvi{|ic mdc mv {iqn{sic l{n` vosi ideodii{v" shi nqi{msond nl shi |mb|iv ov dns {ibomkbi$ Hidfi os ov q{nqnvic sn {iqbmfi shivi |mb|iv mbnde uosh k-qmvv |mb|iv mdc nshi{  fnddifsic |mb|iv k diu @O\v sn hm|i e{imsi{ {ibomkobos od shi nqi{msond nl shi @O\v$ (oo/

Sy{kodiv

Shi{i m{i =1 dnv$ nl {imfsond sqi Hn{owndsmb L{mdfov Sy{kodiv$ Shi {yddi{v m{i `mci nl  fmvs vsiib$ Shi{i ov m q{ivvy{i {iboil |mb|i q{n|ocic sn imfh sy{kodi$ Shi eyoci |mdiv m{i `mci nl fm{knd vsiib mdc shi kyvhodev nl eyoci |mdiv m{i dns vibl-byk{ofmsode sqi$ Kibs c{o|id `ifhmdofmb en|i{dn{v m{i q{n|ocic ln{ imfh `mfhodi$ En|i{dn{ nob ov vyqqboic l{n` m smdj vosymsic ms imfh ydos mdc shi q{ivvy{i nl en|i{dn{ nob ov ci|ibnqic k kibs c{o|id fnyqbode l{n` shi `mod vhmls$ Shi sy{kodi fmvodev m{i od ennc fndcosond$ Qossode ln{`msondv hm|i kiid nkvi{|ic nd shi {yddi{ vy{lmfiv$ Shi{i ov mbvn him| i{nvond nl vy{lmfi$ Shi{i ov him| bimjmei l{n` sy{kodi fmvode sh{nyeh uofjis emsi fnbbm{v$ Eyoci |mdiv m{i od ennc fndcosond$ Hnui|i{  shi kyvhodev m{i dns vibl-byk{ofmsode sqi$ Shi{i ov bimjmei od shi vimbv nl q{ivvy{i {iboil  |mb|i$ Shi c{mls sykiv m{i od ennc fndcosond$ Hnui|i{ m qodhnbi ci|ibnq`ids hmv kiid dnsofic od c{mls syki nl Ydos <$ Lossodev m{i nkvi{|ic od shi c{mls syki nl Ydos-=$ Sy{kodi Fmvode

Os ov q{nqnvic sn fndcyfs dnd-civs{yfso|i sivs (DCS/ nd shi sy{kodi fmvodev nl mbb shi ydosv sn mvfi{smod shi himbshodivv mdc {ivocymb vs{idesh nl shi sy{kodi fmvodev$ Ol shi DCS {ivybsv vyeeivs o`q{n|i`ids un{jv" shivi un{jv m{i fndsi`qbmsic sn ki smjid yq od m qhmvic `mddi{$ Os ov q{nqnvic sn fm{{ nys qmodsode un{j uosh mdso-{yvsode q{o`i{ , iqnx qmodsv mlsi{ fbimdode nqi{msond$ [yddi{v

Shi{i m{i ; dnv$ {yddi{v nl 6 @U ydosv , ; dnv$ {yddi{v nl < @U ydosv m|mobmkbi od vsn{i vsnfj$ Os ov q{nqnvic sn yvi shivi vqm{i (diu/ {yddi{v sn {ibimvi shi nbc {yddi{v$ Os ov dnu  q{nqnvic sn q{nfy{i ; dnv$ {yddi{v nl < @U ydosv , 3 dnv$ {yddi{v nl 6 @U ydosv sn {iqbmfi mbb shi {yddi{v uosh diu ndiv$ Nys nl shi {ibimvic {yddi{v" ; dnv$ {yddi{v nl < @U ydosv , 6 dnv$ {yddi{v nl 6 @U ydosv m{i q{nqnvic sn ki jiqs mv vqm{iv$ Eyoci \mdiv

Shi eyoci |mdiv m{i od ennc fndcosond , hidfi m{i dns q{nqnvic sn ki {iqbmfic$ Shi{i m{i 9= dnv nl eyoci |mdiv nl < @U ydosv , <1 dnv$ nl eyoci |mdiv nl 6 @U ydosv m|mobmkbi

==-=;

od vsn{i vsnfj$ Shivi fmd ki yvic sn {iqbmfi md cilifso|i eyoci |mdi cisifsic cy{ode [ , @ un{j$ Dn diu eyoci |mdiv m{i q{nqnvic sn ki q{nfy{ic$ Hnui|i{ os ov q{nqnvic sn {iqbmfi mbb shi kyvhodev nl Eyoci |mdiv uosh vibl byk{ofmsode sqi kyvhodev$ Os ov q{nqnvic sn n|i{hmyb shi q{ivvy{i {iboil |mb|i cyb {iqbmfode mbb shi vimbv$ ; dnv nl  vimbv ln{ < @U ydosv , 3 dnv nl vimbv ln{ 6 @U vhnybc ki jiqs mv vqm{iv$ Shyv os ov  q{nqnvic sn q{nfy{i < dnv dnv nl vimbv ln{ < @U ydosv , ? dnv nl vimbv ln{ 6 @U ydosv$ C{mls Sykiv

Shi c{mls sykiv m{i q{nqnvic sn ki {ily{kovhic , qmodsic uosh Wodf {ofh iqnx q{o`i{ ,  qmods$ (ooo/

EN\I[DN[V

Shi ixovsode en|i{dn{v m{i |i{ vbyeeovh mdc nkvnbisi$ Shi vqm{iv nl shivi en|i{dn{v m{i dns m|mobmkbi$ Shivi en|i{dn{v m{i hm|ode |i{ vbnu {ivqndvi so`i$ Shov vbnu {ivqndvi so`i nl en|i{dn{ mbvn fmyviv nqi{msondmb q{nkbi`v od VLF (Vsmsof L{i}yidf Fnd|i{si{/$ Shi kibs c{o|i ln{ en|i{dn{ hmv odhi{ids q{nkbi`v fmyvode cnud so`i$ Ln{ vqiic `imvy{i`ids {i}yo{ic ln{ En|i{dn{ nqi{msondv" m snnshic uhiib m{{mdei`ids n{ {ilbifso|i qhnsn conci m{{mdei`ids ov q{nqnvic$ (o|/ EIDI[MSN[V

Vho|mvm`yc{m` Qnui{ Hnyvi ov m ;9 Hw qnui{ vsmsond uosh odvsmbbic fmqmfos nl 3; @U$ Shi{i m{i 3 x < @U mdc < x 6 @U" ;$; j\" ;9 Hw hn{owndsmb Eidi{msn{v$ Uhobi ixm`odode shi q{nqnvmbv ln{ [ , @ un{jv nl Eidi{msn{v" lnbbnuode mbsi{dmso|iv hm|i  kiid fndvoci{ic$

Mbsi{dmso|i = Mbsi{dmso|i ;

Mbsi{dmso|i 6 Mbsi{dmso|i 3

[iuodcode nl mbb Eidi{msn{v sn ;9 Hw ndb mdc sn {ismod shi  qnui{hnyvi mv ;9 Hw Qnui{ Hnyvi$ Fnd|i{sode ;9 Hw" ;$; j\ Qnui{ Hnyvi sn 91 Hw" == j\ Qnui{  hnyvi k vyosmkb {iuodcode shi eidi{msn{v$ Od shov fmvi VLF ov  q{nqnvic sn ki yvic ln{ fnd|i{sode 91 Hw qnui{ sn ;9 Hw qnui{ sn liic JEL bnmcv$ Q{n|ocode ; diu ydosv nl ;9 @U fmqmfos imfh k q{n|ocode m diu bm{ei{ vowi qidvsnfj uosh %_% kidcv$ [ismodode vn`i ydosv sn eidi{msi qnui{ ms ;9 Hw , fnd|idode {i`modode ydosv sn eidi{msi qnui{ ms 91 Hw$ VLF ov q{nqnvic od shov fmvi sn ki yvic ln{ fnd|i{sode ixfivv ;9 Hw eidi{msond sn 91 Hw mlsi{ liicode JEL bnmcv$

Shi mkn|i mbsi{dmso|iv m{i covfyvvic od cismob mv lnbbnuv7 Mbsi{dmso|i =

Shov ov m vo`qbi mbsi{dmso|i" mv shov {i}yo{iv ndb {ivsmfjode" {i|m{dovhode nl fn{iv , {iuodcode nl vsmsn{v , {nsn{v$ Shi snsmb fnvs nl [ , @ un{jv nl Eidi{msn{v ndb unybc ki [v$ ;<1 bmjhv$

==-=6

Vho|mvm`yc{m` Qnui{ Hnyvi fndsodyiv sn ki m ;9 Hw Qnui{  Hnyvi mdc shi ;9 Hw qnui{ uobb hm|i sn ki fnd|i{sic sn 91 Hw  qnui{ k VLF$ Hnui|i{ shov mbsi{dmso|i hmv shi lnbbnuode covmc|mdsmeiv$ Mbsi{dmso|i ;

m/

 k/

f/

JEL ov shi ndb fndvy`i{ nl ;9 Hw qnui{" uhnvi ci`mdc ov enode cnud e{mcymbb$ Shi JEL bnmcv m{i mdsofoqmsic sn ki fndsodyic ln{  shi dixs =1 im{v ndb$ Shi fnds{mfs ci`mdc uobb ki =3 @U uhi{imv shi qimj bnmc uobb ki =1 @U$ Shi {i`modode qnui{ nl ;8 sn 6; @U eidi{msic ms ;9 Hw uobb hm|i sn ki fnd|i{sic sn 91 Hw  qnui{ k VLF$ @modsidmdfi nl VLF ov collofybs mv shi vqm{iv m{i sn ki o`qn{sic$ Md s{nykbi od ndi ydos nl VLF unybc {ivybs od k{imj cnud nl ;9 Hw eidi{msond$ ;9 Hw i}yoq`ids" {ibmv mdc odvs{y`idsv m{i nkvnbisi , dns {imcob m|mobmkbi$ Shi{iln{i `modsidmdfi nl ;9 Hw vsmsond ov collofybs$

Od |oiu nl shi mkn|i" shov mbsi{dmso|i ov dns fndvoci{ic$ Od shov mbsi{dmso|i os ov q{nqnvic sn fnd|i{s mbb shi ydosv sn 91 Hw" == j\ ydosv$ Shi un{j od|nb|ic hmv sun nqsondv7

Mbsi{dmso|i ;

m/  k/

Sn {iqbmfi shi nbc ;9 Hw eidi{msn{v uosh diu 91 Hw eidi{msn{v$ Sn fnd|i{s shi ixovsode ;9 Hw eidi{msn{v sn 91 Hw ydosv k vyosmkb `ncolode shi {nsn{ , vsmsn{$ Shi ivso`msic fnvs nl [ , @ un{jv nl eidi{msn{ ln{ nqsond (m/ ov [v$ 889 bmjh mdc ln{ nqsond (k/ ov [v$ ?11 bmjh$ Shi fnvs odfbyciv shi ixqidcosy{i nd [,@ un{jv nl ;9 Hw ydosv$ Shov mbsi{dmso|i unybc k{ode Vho|mvm`yc{m` Qnui{ Hnyvi od bodi uosh shi fnyds{ uoci vsmdcm{c nl bmsivs eidi{msond s{idcv uosh `nci` fnds{nb vvsi`$ Shov mbsi{dmso|i hmv shi mc|mdsmei nl co{ifsb liicode 91 Hw  qnui{ sn e{oc$ Hnui|i{" shov nqsond {i}yo{iv fnd|i{vond nl 91 Hw" == j\ qnui{ sn ;9 Hw" 58 j\ qnui{ sn liic JEL bnmcv$ @.V KHIB" uhn hmv vyqqboic shi VLF visv hm|i fndlo{`ic shms shi ixovsode VLF visv fmd dns ki `ncoloic sn fnd|i{s 91 Hw qnui{ sn ;9 Hw qnui{$ Shi{iln{i shov mbsi{dmso|i ov dns fndvoci{ic$

Mbsi{dmso|i 6

Shov q{nqnvmb umv fndvoci{ic vodfi shi ydosv hm|i vi{|ic ln{ `n{i shmd <1 im{v$ Od shov q{nqnvmb sun diu ydosv nl hoehi{ fmqmfos nl shi n{ci{ nl mknys ;9 @U umv shnyehs nll" vodfi nd odvqifsond os umv lnydc shms shi{i ov vqmfi q{n|ocic ln{  bmode mccosondmb qidvsnfjv$ Uhid fnvs ifndn`ofv umv un{jic nys" os ov lnydc shms shov fnvs uobb ki mb`nvs lny{ so`iv shi {idn|msond mdc `nci{dovmsond fnvs nl 

==-=3

shi ixovsode ydosv$ Mbvn vodfi bns nl vqm{iv ln{ ixovsode ydosv m{i m|mobmkbi od vsn{iv" vn shov q{nqnvmb umv c{nqqic$

Mbsi{dmso|i 3

Od |oiu nl shi fndvs{modsv od Mbsi{dmso|i =" ; , 6" os ov q{nqnvic sn {ismod < ydosv nl  6 @U visv sn eidi{msi qnui{ ms ;9 Hw mdc fnd|i{s {i`modode 3 dnv$ nl < @U ydosv sn 91 Hw ydosv ms == j\$ Shov mbsi{dmso|i hmv shi lnbbnuode mc|mdsmeiv$ m/

Mv shi{i ov =8 @U nl ;9 Hw eidi{msond" =1 sn =3 @U ci`mdc nl  JEL fmd ki co{ifsb `is uoshnys l{i}yidf fnd|i{vond$ I|id nysmei nl = n{ ; ydosv uobb dns mllifs shi vyqqb sn JEL$ Ndb shi ixfivv qnui{ nl ;9 Hw ov fnd|idic sn 91 Hw sh{nyeh VLF sn liic shi e{oc$

 k/

Cy{ode dn{`mb fny{vi" mv VLF ov ixqifsic sn fnd|i{s mknys 8 @U nl ;9 Hw Qnui{ sn 91 Hw" shi bnmc nd VLF ov {icyfic mdc i|id nysmei nl = ydos (; fhmddibv/ nl VLF uobb dns fmyvi q{nkbi`v$

f/

K fnd|i{sode 3 dnv$ nl < @U ydosv sn 91 Hw" shi eidi{msn{v fmd ki i}yoqqic uosh `nci{dovic fnds{nbv sn ki od bodi uosh bmsivs s{idcv$ 91 Hw qnui{ fmd shi{iln{i ki co{ifsb lic sn shi e{oc uoshnys ciqidcode nd VLF$

Mbsi{dmso|i 3 ov q{nqnvic sn ki mcnqsic mv os ov sifhdofmbb `n{i mc|mdsmeinyv mdc mbvn shi ;9 Hw bnmc {i}yo{i`ids nl JEL fmd ki `is uoshnys md odsi{{yqsond mdc shi ciqidcmkobos nd VLF ov {icyfic sn m e{imsi{ ixsids$ Vsmsn{ Uodcode

Shi vsmsn{ uodcode sn ki {iunydc uosh diu fnqqi{ fnobv uosh fbmvv 'L' iqnx odvybmsond mdc fbimdode nl [nsn{ ov mbvn q{nqnvic$ Mlsi{ nksmodode kyceism{ nlli{v l{n` @.V KHIB mdc @.V KMDEMBN[I IBIFS[OFMB UN[JV BSC$" os ov nkvi{|ic shms shi snsmb fnvs ln{ {iuodcode nl$ eidi{msn{ ov [v$ =6$89 bmjhv qi{ eidi{msn{ mdc shi fnvs ln{ {iqbmfode shi nbc eidi{msn{ k diu ndi ov [v$ =<; bmjhv qi{ eidi{msn{$ Hidfi os ov q{nqnvic shms v smsn{ uodcodev m{i sn ki {iqbmfic uosh diu fnqqi{ fnobv uosh fbmvv 'L% iqnx odvybmsond mdc shi q{nqnvmb ln{  {iqbmfi`ids nl nbc eidi{msn{ k diu eidi{msn{ ov dns fndvoci{ic$ Shi fn{i vsm`qode nl  vsmsn{ m{i sn ki {i`n|ic" {i `n|ic" fbimdic" {i|m{dovhic mdc {i-vsmfjic$ Ixfosmsond Vvsi`

Shi ixovsode ixfosmsond vvsi` ov nl fids{mbovic sqi$ Shi ixfosmsond vvsi` ov nkvnbisi" |i{ vbnu od {ivqndvi$ Cyi sn meiode" shi vvsi` ov dns lydfsondode vmsovlmfsn{ob$ Ly{shi{  cyi sn vbnu {ivqndvi nl shi ixfosi{" shi nqi{msond nl VLF ov mbvn mllifsic$ M_[ ov nkvnbisi mdc |i{ vbyeeovh od nqi{msond$

==-=9

[ifidsb" cyi sn bnvv nl ixfosmsond" shi ydos-; mssmodic {ydmum vqiic" vodfi dn q{nqi{  fnds{nbv m{i q{n|ocic" mdc shi lnydcmsond nl shi ydos umv vi|i{ib cm`meic$ Os ov q{nqnvic sn {iqbmfi shi ixfosmsond vvsi` uosh vsmsof ixfosmsond vfhi`i mdc bmsivs fnds{nbv sn imfh ydos$ Shi{i ov vqmfi od shi `mfhodi hmbb sn odvsmbb shi qmdib$ Os ov q{nqnvic sn q{n|oci {icydcmdf od Sh{ovsn{ `ncybiv$ Kim{odev

Imfh ydos ov hm|ode 6 qicivsmb kim{odev nl vowi ;<+" 61+ mdc ;8+ {ivqifso|ib$ Shivi  kim{odev m{i lobbic uosh nob ln{ byk{ofmsond mdc fnnbode$ Shi nob ov fnnbic k shi fnnbode umsi{ c{mud l{n` qidvsnfjv$ Shi bodode nl shi kim{ode ov un{d nys$ Os ov q{nqnvic sn {i`ismb shi kim{odev uosh uhosi `ismb mdc `mfhodi shi kim{odev$ Eidi{msond |nbsmei (;$; j\ Vvsi`/

Shi eidi{msond |nbsmei ov ;$; j\ mdc os ov fnddifsic sn ;$; j\ K{imji{ k Nob lobbic" bimc vhimshic" vodebi fn{i fnqqi{ fmkbiv m{{mdeic od s{o-lnob ln{`msond$ Sh{ii fn{i Fy{{ids S{mdvln{`i{v (FSv/ nl {mson =91179 m{i q{n|ocic ln{ q{nsifsond mdc `isi{ode$ Shi vhimsh nl shi fmkbiv nffmvondmbb eis qydfsy{ic uhofh fmyviv bimjmei nl nob$ Shi ;$; j\ k{imji{  fndsmfsv diic qi{oncof `modsidmdfi$ Shi{i m{i dn nshi{ `mgn{ q{nkbi`v od shov vvsi`$ v vsi`$ Os ov q{nqnvic sn {ismod shi ixovsode ;$; j\ k{imji{v mdc shi ;$; j\ fmkbiv mv shi vqm{iv m{i m|mobmkbi$ Os ov mbvn q{nqnvic% sn q{n|oci diu fnds{nb mdc odvs{y`idsmsond fmkbiv$ Hnui|i{ os ov q{nqnvic sn {iqbmfi ;"; j\ FSv sn mffn``ncmsi bmsivs Q{nsifso|i Vfhi`i$ Ln{ shi < @U ydosv" uhofh m{i enode sn eidi{msi qnui{ ms 91 Hw mdc == j\" os ov  q{nqnvic sn yvi diu FSv mdc fmkbiv$ Shi {ibimvic ;$; j\ fmkbiv l{n` < @U ydosv fmd ki yvic mv vqm{iv ln{ ;$; j\ vvsi` nl ;9 Hw ydosv$ (|/

FNDS[NB QMDIBV

Shi{i m{i ndb n|i{ fy{{ids mdc colli{idsomb fnds{nbv ln{ shi Ydosv$ Shi{i ov dn n|i{vqiic  q{nsifsond n{ bnvv nl ixfosmsond q{nsifsond$ Shi {ibmv mdc `isi{v m{i mbb {msic ln{ ;9 Hw$ Shi {ibmv mdc `isi{v m{i |i{ vbyeeovh mdc |i{ vbnu$ Shi m{i mbvn nkvnbisi$ Os ov collofybs sn `modsmod shi vvsi`" mv shi vqm{iv m{i dns m|mobmkbi$ Shi `isi{v cn dns eo|i mffy{msi {imcode fmyvode q{nkbi`v sn shi nqi{msode vsmll$ Shi{i m{i dn q{nsifsondv  q{n|ocic ln{ shi sy{kodi nqi{msondv$ Shi odmci}ymsi q{nsifsond hmv fmyvic lmoby{i nl  lnydcmsond nl Ydos-;" cm`mei sn vhmls nl ydos-? mdc lmoby{i nl uodcodev nl ydos-3" 9 mdc <$ Ln{ ;9 Hw ydos os ov q{nqnvic sn {iqbmfi shi Ydos qmdibv" Myxobom{ vyqqb qmdibv mdc Bodi  qmdibv (VO" V;" @b mdc @;/ uosh diu qmdibv hm|ode bmsivs fnds{nb" `isi{ode mdc  q{nsifso|i vfhi`iv$ Ln{ 91 Hw ydosv mdc bodiv" os ov q{nqnvic sn q{nfy{i diu qmdibv uosh bmsivs fnds{nb" `isi{ode" mdc q{nsifso|i vfhi`iv$ Os ov mbvn q{nqnvic sn q{nfy{i sy{kodi fnds{nb qmdib ln{ imfh ydos sn lmfobosmsi sy{kodi nqi{msondv l{n` shi `mfhodi hmbb$ Os ov q{nqnvic sn ysobowi shi vm`i vqmfi nl ixovsode fnds{nb {nn` ln{ `nydsode shi diu fnds{nb qmdibv$ Os ov q{nqnvic shms shi nqidode ms shi ids{mdfi mdc vociv ki fn|i{ic uosh vnydcq{nnl ebmvv qmdibv$ Os ov mbvn q{nqnvic sn q{n|oci

==-=<

Mo{ Fndcosondode lmfobos sn Fnds{nb [nn` uhi{i vnqhovsofmsic q{nsifso|i mdc `isi{ode vfhi`iv m{i odvsmbbic$

(|o/

K[IMJI[V

Ms Q{ivids ;$; j\ k{imji{v m{i q{n|ocic sn mbb shi =1 ydosv$ Mbb shi 9 s{mdvln{`i{ kmdjv m{i mbvn q{n|ocic uosh ;$; j\ k{imji{v$ Nd shi 58 j\ voci shi{i m{i 9 dnv 58 j\ k{imji{v ln{ S{mdvln{`i{v mdc 3 dy`ki{v 58 j\ k{imji{v ln{ VO" V;" @b mdc @; bodiv$ Mbb shi  k{imji{v m{i odcnn{ sqi nob nob k{imji{v$ Shnyeh shi K{imji{v hm|i vi{|ic shio{ boli" vodfi vn`i nl shi vqm{iv m{i m|mobmkbi od vsn{i mdc mbvn shi K{imji{v {ibimvic l{n` < @U ydosv fmd ki yvic mv vqm{iv" os ov q{nqnvic sn fndsodyi uosh shi ixovsode K{imji{v ln{ ;9 Hw" ;$; j\ vvsi`v$ Nd 58 j\ voci os ov  q{nqnvic sn {ismod mbb shi k{imji{v" mv shi{i m{i dn `mgn{ q{nkbi`v$ Ndb n|i{hmybode nl  shi k{imji{v ov q{nqnvic$ Os ov q{nqnvic sn q{nfy{i 3 dnv nl nyscnn{ VL<" << j\ k{imji{v ln{ ydosv , ; dnv$ nl nyscnn{ VL<" << j\ k{imji{v ln{ bodiv uosh difivvm{ nyscnn{ FSv ln{ 91 Hw vvsi`v$ (|oo/

Vsmsond Kmssi{

Ms q{ivids = vis nl 611 MH" ==1 \ Kmssi{ ov od vi{|ofi$ Shi Kmssi{ hmv vi{|ic osv boli$ Hidfi" os ov q{nqnvic sn q{n|oci sun visv nl 611 MH kmssi{ uosh fhm{ei{ sn hm|i m {ibomkbi C$F vyqqb od shi vsmsond$ (F/

EIDI[MB VI[\OFIV

(o/

Lo{i Q{nsifsond Vvsi`

@ybvol{i vvsi` uosh umsi{ q{ivvy{i ov q{n|ocic ln{ lo{i q{nsifsond od shi uhnbi  qnui{hnyvi$ Hnui|i{ shi vvsi` ov dns od nqi{msond ms q{ivids cyi cyi sn vn`i bimjmei od shi vvsi`$ Shi umsi{ {i}yo{ic ln{ shi vvsi` ov smqqic l{n` shi qidvsnfjv q{n|ocic ln{ < @U ydosv$ Shi vvsi` ov sn ki {ily{kovhic mdc `mci nqi{mso|i$ Os ov q{nqnvic sn q{n|oci mysn {ibimvi FN; lo{i q{nsifsond vvsi`$ (oo/

Obby`odmsond

Shi obby`odmsond nl qnui{ hnyvi" fnds{nb {nn`" eidi{msn{ hmbb" nyscnn{ m{c isf$ m{i uosh odfmdcivfids bm`qv uhofh {i}yo{i l{i}yids {iqbmfi`ids$ Shi |ovokobos ov mbvn qnn{$ Shi vvsi` ov q{nqnvic sn ki fhmdeic uosh vyosmkbi boehs lossodev mdc lbyn{ivfids bm`qv nl 91 Hw vvsi` sn hm|i kissi{ obby`odmsond$ Os ov mbvn q{nqnvic sn q{n|oci CF obby`odmsond ms vs{msieof qnodsv ln{ imvi nl nqi{msond cy{ode vhys cnud$ (ooo/

F{mdiv

Shi qnui{hnyvi ov i}yoqqic uosh ndi dn 39 snd INS f{mdi" = dn ;1 snd mdc = dn =1 snd n|i{himc f{mdiv (hmdc nqi{msic/$ Shi f{mdiv m{i sn ki sivsic ln{ ivsmkbovhode shi vmli un{jode bnmc$

==-=5

(o|/

Vsmsond Myxobom{ Vyqqb

Shi ixovsode Myxobom{ S{mdvln{`i{v uosh ;9 Hw vvsi` m{i q{nqnvic sn ki {ismodic sn `iis shi {i}yo{i`idsv nl Myxobom{oiv nqi{msode ms ;9 Hw$ Hnui|i{ os ov q{nqnvic sn hm|i ; dnv$ myxobom{ s{mdvln{`i{v nl ;91 j\M fmqmfos imfh uosh == j\" 91 Hw sn `iis shi {i}yo{i`idsv nl Myxobom{oiv qi{smodode sn 91 Hw vvsi`$ (|/

Vsmsond E{nydcode

Ms q{ivids shi vsmsond ov nqi{msode uosh yde{nydcic vvsi`$ Os ov libs difivvm{ sn hm|i e{nydcic diys{mb vvsi` sn `iis shi {i}yo{i`idsv nl shi bmsivs q{nsifsond vvsi`$ Hidfi os ov q{nqnvic sn q{n|oci diys{mb e{nydcode vvsi` k q{n|ocode e{nydc `ms od shi << j\ nyscnn{ m{c (NC_/ mdc fnddifsode mbb shi i}yoq`idsv sn e{nydc `ms$ Os ov q{nqnvic sn `imvy{i shi im{shode {ivovsmdfi od shi m{im mcgmfids sn shi Qnui{ Hnyvi mdc mbvn od shi q{nqnvic << j\ NC_ m{im$ (|o/

Fnnbode Umsi{ Vvsi`

Os ov q{nqnvic sn {ily{kovh shi fnnbode umsi{ vvsi` k vs{ideshidode shi smdj" {iqbmfi`ids nl qoqiv mdc |mb|iv$ (|oo/

S{nbbi mdc Uodfh Vvsi`

Os ov mbvn q{nqnvic sn n|i{hmyb shi odfbodic s{nbbi ln{ mffivv sn Qnui{ Vsmsond mdc Him|cys uodfh vvsi` ln{ s{mdvqn{sode `msi{ombv sn shi Qnui{ Vsmsond sn `mji shi` {ibomkbi sn m|noc ydixqifsic mdc fnvsb odsi{{yqsond nl [idn|msond mdc @nci{dowmsond un{jv$ (C/

NYSCNN[ _M[C

Shi ixovsode nyscnn{ m{c ov q{n|ocic uosh ndb =; dnv$ nl 58 j\ boehsidode m{{ivsi{v ln{  smjode nys 3 s{mdv`ovvond bodiv sn VLF vsmsond$ Os ov q{nqnvic sn q{n|oci odco|ocymb eidi{msn{ s{mdvln{`i{ ln{ imfh nl shi < @U eidi{msode ydosv" uhofh m{i kiode fnd|idic sn 91 Hw vvsi`" sn hm|i imv mffivv ln{ mssidcode shi nqi{msond mdc `modsidmdfi un{jv$ Mbsi{dmso|ib ol ndi s{mdvln{`i{ ln{ sun Ydosv `m ki q{n|ocic$ Hnui|i{ fndvoci{ode shi `modsidmdfi mvqifsv mdc ciqidcidf od {ibomkobos nl shi s{mdvln{`i{ mdc k{imji{v" os ov  q{nqnvic sn q{n|oci odco|ocymb eidi{msn{ s{mdvln{`i{ ln{ imfh nl shi < @U Eidi{msode Ydosv$ Shov nyscnn{ m{c ov q{nqnvic sn ki `ncoloic sn mffn``ncmsi mbb shi 3 ydos kmv" ; bodi  kmv mdc = QS km mv shi{i ov fndvs{mods nl nl vqmfi od nys cnn{ m{c ln{ ln{ shi << j\ vvsi`$ Os ov q{nqnvic sn q{nfy{i umsi{ fnnbic 8 @\M" ==.<< j\" 91 Hw" uosh nll bnmc smq fhmdei{ Eidi{msn{ S{mdvln{`i{v ln{ 3 dnv$ nl < @U Ydosv ln{ << j\" 91 Hw Vvsi`$ (I/

S[MDV@OVVOND BODIV

Uosh {iem{c sn 58 j\ vvsi`" shi ixovsode sun bodiv {yddode sn Jnbm{ Enbc Loibcv uobb ki {ismodic k vholsode shi bnfmsond nl boehsidode m{{ivsi{v ndb mdc mbvn sn mcnqs 58 j\

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vyqqb sn VLF vsmsond k q{n|ocode difivvm{ smqqode m{{mdei`idsv l{n` shi 58 j\ Vho|m-JEL bodiv ms VLF$ Shi nshi{ sun 58 j\ bodiv l{n` Vho|mvm`yc{m` Vsmsond sn VLF m{i q{nqnvic sn i|mfymsi  qnui{ l{n` shi NC_ ms << j\$ 91 Hw k `ncolode shi bodiv v yosmkb sn s{mdv`os << j\" 91 Hw qnui{ sn VL F l{n` nyscnn{ m{c$

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