Cs1014 Information Security

INFORMATION SECURITY - CS1014

CS1014 INFORMATION SECURITY

PREPARED BY

A.SHERLY ALPHONSE L/CSE EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

©Einstein College of Engineering Page 1

The world’s largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
















UNIT - 1 : INTRODUCTION Learning Objectives

Upon completion of this material, you should be able to: Define information security Relate the history of computer security and how it evolved into information security Define key terms and critical concepts of information security as presented in this chapter Discuss the phases of the security systems development life cycle Present the roles of professionals involved in information security within an organization     

Introduction Information security: a ―well -informed sense of assurance that the information risks and controls are in balance.‖ — Jim Anderson, Inovant (2002) Necessary to review the origins of this field and its impact on our understanding of information security today 


















The 1970s and 80s

 

ARPANET grew in popularity as did its potential for misuse Fundamental problems with ARPANET security were identified No safety procedures for dial-up connections to ARPANET Nonexistent user identification and authorization to system Late 1970s: microprocessor expanded computing capabilities and security threats Information security began with Rand Report R-609 (paper that started the study of computer security) Scope of computer security grew from physical p hysical security to include: Safety of data Limiting unauthorized access to data Involvement of personnel from multiple levels of an organization  

 



  

The 1990s Networks of computers became more common; so too did the need to interconnect networks Internet became first manifestation of a global network of networks In early Internet deployments, security was treated as a low priority The Present The Internet brings millions of computer networks into communication with each other — many of them unsecured 

 


















What is Security? ―The quality or state of being secure—to be free from danger‖ A successful organization should have multiple layers of security in place: Physical security Personal security Operations security Communications Communications security Network security Information security  

     

Critical Characteristics of Information Information The value of information comes from the characteristics it possesses: Availability Accuracy Authenticity Confidentiality Integrity Utility Possession



      

NSTISSC Security Model
















Components of an Information System 

Information system (IS) is entire set of software, hardware, data, people, procedures, and networks necessary to use information as a resource r esource in the

organization

Balancing security and access
















SDLC Systems Development Life Cycle

The Security Systems Development Life Cycle The same phases used in traditional SDLC may be adapted to support specialized implementation of an IS project Investigation Analysis Logical design Physical design Implementation



    


















Senior Management Chief Information Officer (CIO) Senior technology officer Primarily responsible for advising senior executives on strategic planning Chief Information Security Officer (CISO) Primarily responsible for assessment, assessment, management, management, and a nd implementation implementation of IS in the organization Usually reports directly to the CIO 

 







Information Security Project Team A number of individuals who are experienced in one or more facets of required technical and nontechnical areas: Champion Team leader Security policy developers Risk assessment specialists Security professionals professionals Systems administrators End users



      

Data Ownership Data owner: responsible for the security and use of a particular set of information Data custodian: responsible for storage, maintenance, maintenance, and protection of information Data users: end users who work with information to perform their daily jobs supporting the mission of the organization Information Security: Is it an Art or a Science? Implementation of information security often described as combination of art and science ―Security artesan‖ idea: based on the way individuals perceive systems technologists since computers became commonplace   

 

Security as Art No hard and fast rules nor many universally accepted complete solutions No manual for implementing security through entire system  

Security as Science


















Unit – II II THE NEED FOR SECURITY

Dealing with technology designed to operate at high levels of performance Specific conditions 

Learning objective Upon completion of this chapter you should be able to: – Understand the business need for information security. – Understand a successful information security program is the responsibility of an organization‘s general management and IT management. – Understand the threats posed to information security and the more common attacks associated with those threats. – Differentiate threats to information systems from attacks against information systems. Business Needs First, Technology Needs Last Information security performs four important functions for an organization: – Protects the organization‘s ability to function – Enables the safe operation of applications implemented on the organization‘s IT systems – Protects the data the organization collects and uses – Safeguards the technology assets in use at the organization Protecting the Ability to Function r esponsible ble  Management is responsi  Information security is – a management issue – a people issue  Communities of interest must argue for information security in terms of impact and cost Enabling Safe Operation

















INFORMATION SECURITY - CS1014 

 

Organizations must have secure infrastructure services based on the size and scope of the enterprise Additional security services may have to be provided More robust solutions may be needed to replace security programs the organization has outgrown

Threats  Management must be informed of the various kinds of threats facing the organization  A threat is an object, person, or other entity that represents a constant danger to an asset  By examining each threat category in turn, management effectively protects its information through policy, education and training, and technology controls  The 2002 CSI/FBI survey found: – 90% of organizations responding detected computer security breaches within the last year – 80% lost money to computer breaches, totaling over $455,848,000 up from $377,828,700 reported in 2001 – The number of attacks that came across the Internet rose from 70% in 2001 to 74% in 2002 – Only 34% of organizations reported their attacks to law enforcement  The 2002 CSI/FBI survey found: – 90% of organizations responding detected computer security breaches within the last year – 80% lost money to computer breaches, totaling over $455,848,000 up from $377,828,700 reported in 2001 – The number of attacks that came across the Internet rose from 70% in 2001 to 74% in 2002 – Only 34% of organizations reported their attacks to law enforcement




















– Inexperience – Improper training assumptions – Incorrect assumptions circumstances – Other circumstances Employees are greatest threats to information security – They are closest to the organizational organizational data

Acts of Human Error or Failure  Employee mistakes can easily lead to the following: – revelation of classified data – entry of erroneous data – accidental deletion or modification of data – storage of data in unprotected areas – failure to protect information  Many of these threats can be prevented with controls


















When an organization outsources its web servers, the outsourcer assumes responsibility for – All Internet Services – The hardware and operating system software used to operate the web site

Services  Other utility services have potential impact  Among these are – telephone – water & wastewater – trash pickup – cable television – natural or propane gas – custodial services  The threat of loss of services can lead to inability to function properly Power Irregularities Irregularities Voltage levels can increase, decrease, or cease: – spike – momentary increase – surge – prolonged increase – sag – momentary low voltage – brownout – prolonged drop – fault – momentary loss of power – blackout – prolonged loss  Electronic equipment is susceptible to fluctuations, controls can be applied to manage power quality Espionage/Trespass  Broad category of activities that breach confidentiality – Unauthorized accessing of information – Competitive intelligence (the legal and ethical collection and analysis of information regarding the capabilities, vulnerabilities, and intentions of business competitors) vs. espionage – Shoulder surfing can occur any place a person is accessing confidential






































INFORMATION SECURITY - CS1014 Sabotage or Vandalism  Individual or group who want to deliberately sabotage the operations of a computer system or business, or perform acts of vandalism to either destroy an asset or damage da mage the image of the organization  These threats can range from petty vandalism to organized sabotage  Organizations rely on image so Web defacing can lead to dropping consumer confidence and sales  Rising threat of hacktivist or cyber-activist operations – the most extreme version is cyber-terrorism Deliberate Acts of Theft  Illegal taking of another‘s property - physical, electronic, or intellectual  The value of information suffers when it is copied and taken away without the owner‘s knowledge  Physical theft can be controlled - a wide variety of measures used from locked doors to guards or alarm systems  Electronic theft is a more complex problem to manage and control - organizations may not even know it has occurred Deliberate Software Attacks  When an individual or group designs software to attack systems, they create malicious code/software called malware – Designed to damage, destroy, or deny service to the target systems  Includes: macro virus



















INFORMATION SECURITY - CS1014 Compromises to Intellectual Property  Intellectual property is ―the ownership of ideas and control over the tangible or virtual representation of those ideas‖  Many organizations are in business to create intellectual property – trade secrets – copyrights – trademarks – patents br eaches involve software software piracy  Most common IP breaches  Watchdog organizations investigate: Association (SIIA) – Software & Information Industry Association – Business Software Alliance (BSA) mechanisms  Enforcement of copyright has been attempted with technical security mechanisms Forces of Nature  Forces of nature, force majeure, or acts of God are dangerous because they are unexpected and can occur with very little warning  Can disrupt not only the lives of individuals, but also the storage, transmission, and use of information  Include fire, flood, earthquake, and lightning as well as volcanic eruption and insect infestation  Since it is not possible to avoid many of these threats, management must implement controls to limit damage and also prepare contingency plans for continued operations Technical Hardware Failures or Errors  Technical hardware failures or errors occur when a manufacturer distributes to users



















INFORMATION SECURITY - CS1014 It is accomplished by a threat-agent to damage or steal a n organization‘s information or physical asset – An exploit is a technique to compromise a system – A vulnerability is an identified weakness of a controlled system whose controls are not present or are no longer effective – An attack is then the use of an exploit to achieve the compromise of a controlled system – Malicious Code  This kind of attack includes the execution of viruses, worms, Trojan horses, and active web scripts with the intent to destroy or steal information  The state of the art in attacking systems in 2002 is the multi-vector worm using up to six attack vectors to exploit a variety of vulnerabilities in commonly found information system devices 




















 







Back Doors - Using a known or previously unknown and newly discovered access mechanism, an attacker can gain access a ccess to a system or network resource Password Crack - Attempting to reverse calculate a password Brute Force - The application of computing and network resources to try every possible combination of options of a password Dictionary - The dictionary password attack narrows the field by selecting specific accounts to attack and uses a list of commonly used passwords (the dictionary) to guide guesses Denial-of-service (DoS) – c onnection or information requests to a target – attacker sends a large number of connection so many requests are made that the target system cannot handle them – successfully along with other, legitimate requests for service – may result in a system crash, or merely an inability to perform ordinary functions Distributed Denial-of-service (DDoS) - an attack in which a coordinated stream of requests is launched against a target from many locations at the same time













































– when the buffer overflows, the attacker can make the target system execute instructions, or the attacker can take advantage of some other unintended consequence of the failure Timing Attack – – – relatively new – works by exploring the contents of a web browser‘s cache – can allow collection of information on access to pa ssword-protected ssword-protected sites – another attack by the same name involves attempting to intercept cryptographic elements to determine keys and encryption algorithms





















INFORMATION SECURITY - CS1014 UNIT-III RISK MANAGEMENT: IDENTIFYING AND ASSESSING RISK Learning Objectives:

Upon completion of this chapter you should be able to: – Define risk management and its role in the SecSDLC – Understand how risk is identified – Assess risk based on the likelihood of occurrence and impact on an organization – Grasp the fundamental aspects of documenting risk identification and assessment
























For information security this means identifying, examining, and understanding the threats that most directly affect our organization and the security of our organization‘s information assets We then can use our understanding of these aspects to create a list of threats prioritized by importance to the organization

Accountability for Risk Management  It is the responsibility of each community of interest to manage risks; each community has a role to play: – Information Security - best understands the threats and attacks that introduce risk into the organization – Management and Users – play a part in the early detection and response process they also insure sufficient resources are allocated – Information Technology – must assist in building secure systems and operating them safely













































Asset Information for People  For People: – Position name/number/ID – try to avoid names and stick to identifying positions, roles, or functions















































Data Classification and Management


































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































secure level of encryption possible with 3DES In 1998, it took a dedicated computer designed by the Electronic Freedom  Frontier (www.eff.org) over 56 hours to crack DES  The successor to 3DES is Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), based on the  Rijndael Block Cipher, a block cipher with a variable block length and a key length of either128, 192, or 256 bits It would take the same computer co mputer approximately 4,698,864 quintillion years to  crack AES Digital Signatures

An interesting thing happens when the asymmetric process is reversed, that is the private key is used to encrypt a short message The public key can be used to decrypt it, and the fact that the message was sent by  the organization that owns the private key cannot canno t be refuted This is known asnonrepudiat ion, which is the foundation of digital signatures  Digital Signatures are encrypted messages that are independently verified by a  central facility (registry) as authentic aut hentic 

PKI or Public Key K ey Infrastructure

Public Key Infrastructure is the entire set of hardware, software, and cryptosystems necessary to implement public key encryption PKI systems are based on public-key cryptosystems cr yptosystems and include digital certificates and certificate authorities (CAs) and can: Issue digital certificates  Issue crypto keys  Provide tools to use crypto to secure information  Provide verification and return of certificates  PKI Benefits

PKI protects information assets in several ways: Authentication  Integrity  Privacy  Authorization  Nonrepudiation 
















into e-mail: S/MIME builds on the Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)  encoding format by adding encryption and authentication Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM) was proposed by the Internet Engineering  Task Force (IETF) as a standard to function with the public key cryptosystems PEM uses 3DES symmetric key encryption and RSA for key exchanges  and digital signatures Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) was developed by P hil Zimmerman and uses  the IDEA Cipher along with RSA for key exchange Seven Major Sources of Physical Loss

Temperature extremes Gases Liquids Living organisms Projectiles Movement Energy anomalies Secure facility

A secure facility facility is is a physical location that has has been engineered with with controls designed to minimize the risk of attacks from physical threats A secure facility can use the natural terrain; traffic flow, urban development, and can complement these features features with with protection mechanisms such as fences, gates, walls, guards, and a larms Controls for Protecting the Secure Facility  Walls, Fencing, and Gates  Guards  Dogs, ID Cards, and Badges  Locks and Keys  Mantraps  Electronic Monitoring  Alarms and Alarm Systems  Computer Rooms  Walls and Doors
















Ties physical security to information access with identification cards (ID) and/or name badges ID card is typically concealed  Name badge is visible  These devices are actually biometrics (facial recognition) Should not be the only control as they can be easily duplicated, stolen, and modified Tailgating occurs when unauthorized individuals follow authorized users through the control 

Locks and Keys

There are two types of locks mechanical and electro-mechanical  Locks can also be divided d ivided into four categories manual, programmable, electronic, and biometric  Locks fail and facilities need alternative procedures for access Locks fail in one of two ways: 

when the lock of o f a door fails and the door becomes unlocked, that is a fail-safe

lock 

when the lock of o f a door fails and the door remains re mains locked, locked, this t his is a fail-secure

lock Electronic Monitoring

Records events where other types of physical controls are not practical May use cameras with video recorders  Drawbacks:  o reactive and do not prevent access or prohibited activity o recordings often not monitored in real time and must be reviewed to have any value 

Alarms and Alarm Systems

Alarm systems notify when an event occurs Used for fire, intrusion, environmental disturbance, or an interruption in services These systems rely on sensors sensors that detect the event: motion motion detectors, smoke detectors,















INFORMATION SECURITY - CS1014 Computer Rooms and Wiring Closets  Computer rooms and wiring and communications closets require special attention  Logical controls are easily defeated, if an attacker gains physical access to the

computing equipment  Custodial staff are often the least scrutinized of those who have access to offices and are given the greatest degree of o f unsupervised access Interior Walls and Doors

The walls in a facility are typically either: o standard interior o firewall All high-security areas must have firewall grade walls to provide physical secur ity  from potential intruders and improves the t he facility's resistance to fires Doors that allow access into secured rooms should also a lso be evaluated  Doors that allow access into secured rooms should also a lso be evaluated  Computer rooms and wiring closets can have push or crash bars installed to meet  building codes and provide much higher levels of security than the standard door pull handle Fire Safety The most serious threat to the safety of the people who work in the organization is  the possibility possibilit y of fire Fires account for more property damage, personal perso nal injury, and death than any ot her  threat It is imperative that physical security plans examine and implement strong  measures to detect and respond to fires and fire fire hazards hazards 

Fire Detection and Response Fire suppression systems are devices installed and maintained to detect and  

respond to a fire They work to deny an environment of one of the three requirements for a fire to burn: heat, fuel, and oxygen

Water and water mist systems reduce the temperature and saturate some fuels to prevent ignition Carbon dioxide systems rob fire of its oxygen  Soda acid systems deny fire its fuel, preventing spreading 















INFORMATION SECURITY - CS1014 Chief Information Security Officer 

        

The top information security position in the organization, not usually an executive and frequently reports to the Chief Information Officer The CISO performs the following functions: Manages the overall InfoSec program Drafts or approves information security po licies Works with the CIO on strategic plans, develops tactical plans, and works w ith security managers on operational plans Develops InfoSec budgets based on funding Sets priorities for InfoSec projects & technology Makes decisions in recruiting, hiring, and firing of security staff Acts as the spokesperson for the security team

Cs1014 Information Security

Recommend Documents