CURRENT STATUS OF VEGETABLE RESEARCH IN INDIA A.S.Sidhu Punjab Agricultural University BR> Punjab Agricultural University Regional Research Station, Bathinda Punjab, India
ABSTRACT Our country has achieved self sufficiency and a good degree of stability of food production. This created an urgent need for providing health security to our population by supplying nutrition through balanced diet. Vegetables form the most important component of a balanced diet. We can grow variety of vegetables all the year round. The country is the world's second largest producer of vegetables next only to China. However our per capita consumption is quite low. In the post partition period a good infrastructure for vegetable research has been created. At present vegetable research is being carried out at four central institutes, one National Research Centre and 26 State Agricultural Universities. The All India Coordinated Research Programme of the Project Directoreate of Vegetable Research provides facilities for multidisciplinary, area specific research on 23 vegetable crops and provides a national grid for multilocation testing of technologies developed by various institrutions. As a result research on various aspects of major vegetable crops is being undertaken in order to improve existing varieties and standardise production techniques. The investment in vegetable research is insignificant compared to cereals so is the manpower deployment. Through intensive research ewer deployment. Through intensive research efforts 119 improved varieties in 16 vegetable crops have been released. Of these, nine are F1 hybrids, two are synthetic cauliflower varieties and 24 varieties are resistant to different diseases and insect pests. Some of these varieties have already made significant impact/contribution in revolutionising the production of vegetables in the country. Besides developing new varieties several agro-techniques and plant protection measures against diseases and insect pests have been standardised and recommended. Systematic efforts are also on to achieve self sufficienty in seed production, though the goal is quite far. Several biotic constraints
pertaining to non availability and erosion of germplasm ge rmplasm and its evaluation, diseases and insect pests, manpower, abiotic factors such as limited availability of funds, physical environmental and soil factors and seasonal problems, socio-economic factors and limitations of infrastructure are limiting vegetable research in India. The priorities of research in years to come have been identified as breeding for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, heterosis breeding,breeding for improvement of nutritional quality and procesing, seed technology research, development of technology for growing vegetables in protected environment, use of biotechnology, insecticidal residues and off season vegetable production etc.
1. Introduction
1. Introduction India has taken a bold step towards self sufficiency in food. However, self sufficiency in the true sense can be achieved only when each individual in the country is assured of balanced diet. Varied agro-climatic conditions in India make it possible to grow a wide variety of vegetable crops all the year round in one part of the country or another. India can claim to grow the largest number of vegetable crops compared to any other country of the world and as many as 61 annual and 4 perennial vegetable crops are commercially cultivated. Some of the important vegetable crops grown are: Solanaceous crops Cole Cole Crops Crops Bulbous vegetable Okra Cucurb Cucurbits its
Brinjal, tomato, chillies, sweet pepper (Capsicum). Cabbage Cabbage,, caulifl cauliflowe ower, r, knol knol khol. khol. Onion, garlic Okra Longmel Longmelon, on, muskme muskmelon lon,, snapme snapmelon lon,, waterm watermelo elon, n, cucumb cucumber, er, pumpki pumpkin, n, summer summer squash, bitter gourd, bottle gourd, pointed gourd (parwal), ridge gourd, round gourd, snake grourd, sponge gourd, wax gourd (ash gourd)
RTD> Root vegetables Carrot, radish, turnip Leguminous Broad bean, cluster bean, cowpea, dolichos bean, French bean, peas vegetables Leafy Amaranthus, beet leaf, fenugreek, spinach vegetables Salad Lettuce
vegetables Perennial vegetables
Drumstick, curry leaf, agathi, paii
India is the second largest producer of vegetables in the world next only to China with an estimated production of about 50.09 million tonnes from an area of 4.5 million hectares at an average yield of 11.3 tonnes per hectare. India shares about 12% of the world output of vegetables from about 2.0% of croppped area in the country. Statewise area and production of vegetable crops and area and production of different vegetable crops in india is given in Table 1 & 2 respectively. The per capita consumption in India is only about 140 gm which is far below the minimum dietry requirement of 280 g/day/person. In the independent India, systematic efforts have been made to upgrade vegetable production technology. Hoe to upgrade vegetable production technology. However, such efforts were quite inadequate due to priority given to food grain production programmes so far. Inspite of this vegetable production In India has steadily increased from about 28 m.tonnes during 1969-71 to its present level. The demand of vegetables has been increasing fast in the urban areas with an gradual rise in standard of living coupled with development of communication and transport facilities. It therefore calls fo a major research and development effort to achieve our target (83 million tonnes) for the supply of 200 gms of vegetables per capita per day to an estimated population of 1 billion by 2000 A.D. through suitable reserch programmes.
2. Research Infrastructure 2.1 Institutions/Programmes:
Research on vegetable crops in India, was initiated by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) during 1947-48 soon after independence with the sanctioning of a nucleus Plant Introduction Scheme at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi. Simultaneously, the ICAR starrted ad-hoc schemes in different states like Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Maharashtra, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. The Govt. of India also established a Vegetable Breeding Station at Katrain in Kulu Valley, Himachal Pradesh, during 1949. This station which was subsequently transferred to the Indian Agricultural Ressequently transferred to the Indian Agricultural Research Institute during 1955, has been primarily carrying out intensive research on temperate vegetables and their seed production. Systematic research on vegetables was organised with the creation of Division of Horticulture at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, during 1956-57. However, it
received a real boost with the establishment of the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research with a full fledged Division of Vegetable Crops at Bangalore in 1968. A separate Division of Vegetable Crops and Floriculture was also started at IARI, New Delhi in 1970. In 1982, the Floriculture work was separated from the Division of Vegetable Crops which was assigned research work exclusively on Vegetable Crops. Besides IARI, IIHR and their Regional Stations at Katrain, Ranchi and Godhara, the Central Institute of Horticulture for Northern Plains at Lucknow has also been given the mandate to work on Vegetaqble Crops of the region. Further, Vivekanand Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Shala, Almora, Central gricultural Research Instirtute, Port Blair and ICAR Research Complex for NEH Regtion Shillong are also carrying out some research work on Vegetable Crops to meet regional needs. Establishment of 26 Agricultural Universities in 17 States from 1960 onwards, gave further fillip to Vegetable Research which is being carried by their Deptts. of Horticulture and in 9 cases by separate Departments of Veand in 9 cases by separate Departments of Vegetable Crops. An All India Coordinated Vegetable Improvement Project was also started by the ICAR in 1970-71 (Fourth Plan) to provide a national grid for testing of technologies developed by various research institutes and agricultural universities through inter-disciplinary multi-location research approach. The project was started with 7 main and ten sub-centres. Three centres were added to it during the fifth, two in the sixth and two in the seventh plan. At present there are 23 centres working under this project. This project was upgraded as a Project Directorate of Vegetable Research during the VII Plan in 1987 and is undertaking multidisciplinary, multilocation research at 23 regular centres besides 42 voluntary centres. The project at present headquartered in Varanasi (U.P.). In addition to this, a number of short term time bound and result oriented ad-hoc schems on area specific problemks of selected vegetable crops are also being supported by the ICAR at various Central Institutes and State Agricultural Universities. There is also one foreign aided project on Post-harvest technology of some Fruits and Vegetables. A project on Protected Cultivation and Green Houses has been decided to be implemented with USAID support. The deetails of Infrastructure available for vegetable research vis-a-vis other horticultural crops & field crops is given in Table 3Table 3. By and large vegetable research has been carried out in India by Public Institutions. However, in recent years there has been an effort to start R & D activities by some private companies with foreign collaboration. Some private companies conducting research include M/s Indo-American Hybrid Seed Co. Bangalore; M/s Mahyco, Jalna, Maharashtra; Nath Seeds, Aurangabad. Maharashtra; Suttons & Sons, Calcutta, West Bengal; Bejo Sheetal Hybrid Seeds, Jalna, Maharashtra; Biogene; Bangalore,
Karnataka & Unicorn Group in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.
2.2 Investment in Research
An idea of Budget allocation to different groups of horticultural and other important food crops is given in Table 4. The amount represents allocations only to ICAR programmes and is by no way exhaustive as expenditure on vegetable research by other Institutres/Agricultural Universities has not been included. The data in the table will show that by and large investment in vegetable research is insignificant compared to cereals and is the fourth highest amongst horticultural crops next to fruit, tubercrops and plantation crops and higher only to floriculture and spices. 2.3 Manpower
The total manpower deployed for research on different hoticultural crops is given in Table 5. It will be given in Table 5. It will be seen that a total of 505 persons are engaged in vegetable research of which 163 are scientists the remaining being technical, administrative and supporting staff. Against this 1076 persons with 306 scientis are employed for research on fruits, 1295 with 347 scientists for potato and other tuber crops and 9139 with a component of 2213 scientists for cereal crops during the VII Plan.
3. Research on vegetables The major objectives of research on vegetables in India is improving production per unit area by solving chronic problems of production through breeding high yielding, disease & pest resistant varieties, developing F1 hybrids, standardisation of agrotechniques for different agro-ecological situations, disease and insect pest management and post-harvest studies with a view to reduce post-harvest losses. Twenty three vegetable namely, amaranthus, bitter kgourd, bottle gourd, brinjal, cabbaage, carrot, cauliflower, chillies, coepea, cucumbefr, Dolichos, frenchbean, garlic, Luffa, muskmelon, okra, onion, peas, pointed gourd, pumpkin, sweet pepper, tomato and watermelon have been included in the national reslearch programme on vegetable crops. The salient research achievements in vegetable research are given below.
3.1 Crop Improvement i) New Varieties Released:
The evaluation of indigenous and exotic germplasm intP> The evaluation of indigenous and exotic germplasm introductions, and their hybridization resulted in the selection of over 30 superior varieties of different vegetables during fiftees. Of these, varieties 'Pusa Sawani' of okra, 'Pusa Ruby' and 'Pusa Early Dwarf' of tomaton, 'Pusa Purple Long' of bnrinjal and 'Booneville' of garden peas still continue to be the main vegetable varieties due to their high yield potential and consumer's preference. As a result of multi-disciplinary, multi-location testing of new research materials during the last two decades, 119 improved varieties in 16 major vegetable crops have been identified and recommended for cultivation in various agro-climatic regions of the country (Table 6). These include 20 varieties of tomato, 22 of brinjal, 13 each of onion and cauliflower, 12 of garden pea, 9 of chillies, 8 of muskmelon 4 each of water melon, pumpkin & okra, 3 frenchbean (bush type) 2 of garlic and 1 each of Dolichos bean, cabbage, carrot, cowpea and capsicum. It is interesting to note that out of 119 varieties recommended by All India Coordinated vegetable Improvement Project, 52 varieties/hybrids have been released through Central Variety Release Committee for commercial cultivation in different zones of India. Moreover, the foundation and certified seeds of these varieties are being produced by the National Seeds Corporation Government of India. Besides, 74 varieties of differnt of India. Besides, 74 varieties of different vegetables have been released by different states and their list is given in Table 7. ii) F1 Hybrids Developed:
In India, even though the first report of hybrid vigour in chillies came in 1933 from Indian Agricultural Research Institute, the first F1 hybrid of tomato and capsicum was available for commercial cultivation only in 1973. Since then, there has been an increasing interest in growing hybrids in vegetable crops among the Indian farmers. Heterosis breeding in vegetable crops in India has received serious attention only in recent years. As a result the progress in developing and popularising hybrid varieties has been very slow. The first F1 hybrid of tomato (Karnataka Hybrid) and capsaicum (Bharat) were released for commercial cultivation in 1973 by a private seed company M/s Indo-American Hybrid Seeds followed by 28 other Hybrids in 9 vegetable crops. Of the 21 F1 hybrids in 11 vegetable crops developed so far by public research institutions (Table 8).
In addition to F1 hybrids, two synthetic cauliflower varieties, n amely, 'Pusa Synthetic' in and 'Pusa Early Synthetic' have also been recommended for release. The F1 hybrids developed have not been fully exploited so far due to inadequate facilities for their seed production. At present there is an urgent need to simplif production. At present there is an urgent need to simplify the technique of hybrid seed production. Various genetic mechanisms like male sterility, self-incompatibility and sgnoecious sex forms need special attention to exploit them as female presents of the hybrids. Pioneer research work has been carried out in the Division of Vegetable Crops, IARI, New Delhi and some female parents like self -incompatible lines in cauliflower and cabbage anbd gynoecious sex forms in muskmelon and cucumber have been developed and are being utilized in heterosis breeding.Very good hybrid research work has been carried out at Punjab Agricultural University on muskmelon,brinjal,tomato,chilli and onion. In general, there is acute deartrh of good hybrid seeds in cauliflower, cabbnage, tomato and onion and taking up heterosis breeding in these crops is an immediate need.Work on hetrosis will be strengthened after the implement of NATP project. Several private seedsmen have also been marketing hybrid vegetable varieties, either directly imported and relabelled or developed by crossing exotic parents and hybrid seeds produced indigenously. Some of these F1 hybrids are in tomato "Rupali", "Vaishali", and "Naveen" from Bangalore, "Hybrid S-15", "Hybrid S-16" and "Samirudhi" from Jalna and SG-12" and SG-9" from Calcutta; in capsicum "Bharat" from Bangalore; 'Early Bounty' and Sutquot; from Bangalore; 'Early Bounty' and Suttons Gen Gant from Calcutta; in watermelon "Madhu and Milan" from Bangalore; in cabbage "Ganesh Gole", "No. 8" and "Hirirani" from Jalna". in cucumber "Priya" from Bangalore. There are many more being offered by other seedsmen as well but their adoiption is comparatively slow. iii) Disease and Pest Resistant Varieties
Research on breeding for disease/pest resistance has resulted in the release of twenty four varieties. 'Pusa Sawani' variety of okra developed as resistant to yellow-veinmosaic virus is the first example of successful disease resistance breeding in vegetable crops in India. A list of resistant varieties of different crops released so far is given in Table 9. 3.2 Agrotechniques
Besides the development of a number of high yielding varieties, efforts have been made to devbelop package of practices for getting maximum economic returns. A large number of agronomical practices have also been developed to grow almost all vegetable crops under varied agro-climatic conditions. Similarly several control measures for protecting these crops from the attack of various diseases and insect pests have been found out. Under the All India Coordinated Research Project alone 34 agronomical recommendations relating to spacing, nutritional requirements, idations relating to spacing, nutritional requirements, irrigation and weed control in 11 vegetable crops, namely brinjal, cabbage, cauliflower, chillies, muskmelon, okra, onion, peas, radish, tomato, and watermelon have been made. For chemical control of major diseases and insect-pests recommendations have been made in 11 vegetable crops namely; bottle gourd, brinjal, cauliflower chillies, muskmelon, okra onion, peas, tomato, turnip and watermelon. Thus 55 measures against major diseases and insectpests have been standardised. Recommendations have also been made for increasing yield of tomato and brinjal by application of chemical growth regulators like mixatgalol and 2,4-D respectively. Technology has been developed and prefected for the production of vegetable seeds in general and that for temperate vegetables in the hilly region of the country in particular. Techniques for post-harvest management are also being developed.
3.3. Breeder Seed Production
Since available of superior quality seeds is the most important single input for production of vegetable crops tremendous attention is required to be paid on strengthening of research on seed production technology of these crops. Therefore, the efforts for research and production of Breeder's seed of these crops are being intensified. Accordingly, production of Breederf's Seed of vegetables has been included in the National Seeds Project during the Seventhded in the National Seeds Project during the Seventh Plant which is operating at elevel centres, namely; IARI Karnal (Haryana), IARI- Katrain (H.P.), IIHR Bangalore (Karnataka); PAU Ludhiana (Punjab), CSAUAT, Kanpur (U.P.), BCKVV Pedong (W.B.), MPKV Rahuri (M.S.), YSPUHF Solan (H.P.), JNKVV Jabalpur (M.P.), APAU Lam (A.P.), and TNAU Coimbatore (T.N.). About 100 tonnes of breeders seed is being produced annually against an average requirement of 36 tonnes which forms the basis of multiplication of superior quality foundation and certified seed. Even this limited quantity of breeder seed is not being utilised properly. The largest beneficiary of the breederf seed viz. N.S.C. is presently producing only about 650 tonnes of certified seed whereas private seed industry contributes about 2000 tonnes besides contribution of other cerftified state seed agencies amount to 500-1000 tonnes. Thus present quality of breedr seed
could have fulfilled. Certified seed requirement to the extent of 30% it is doing so only to the extent of 13-15%. Recently the Govt. of India has launched a scheme on intensification of vegetable production through which funds have been put at the disposal of central institutes and the state agricultural universities to intensify production of breeders, foundation and certified seed to overcome the wide gap in seed requirement. The result of these efforts are yet to be known. The new seed policy of the Govt. of India affords enough licy of the Govt. of India affords enough opportunity of introducing new useful genes through the import of improved vegetable varieties and F1 hybrid seeds. This may pave the way for utilizing these promising genes for developing new high yielding, disease and insect-pest resistant varieties and F1 hybrids possessing tolerance to abiotic factors.
4. Impact of vegetable research and management Development of a large number of improved varieties and wider adaptability and standardisation of their production technologies for various agro-climatic conditions has made it possible to produce vegetables in wider areas and has improved the prospects of their supply tremendously as follows. i) Garden pea: ii) Cauliflower:
iii) Watermelon:
iv) Okra:
v) Tomato:
vi) Radish: vii) Onion:
variety 'Arkel' has revolutionised the production of early peas in all pea growing areas. variety 'Pusa Early Synthetic' has adapted to warm climatic conditions of Tamil Nadu and has made it possible to grow cauliflower commercially in this non-traditional area. variety 'Sugar Baby' has spread fast in entire Northern and Eastern India and has benefitted both the growers with better remuneration and the consumers witth better remuneration and the consumers with superior quality. Another variety 'Arka Manik' has made a dent in the Southern and South-Western parts of the country. variety 'Pusa Sawani' bred for resistance to yellow vein mosaic virus prone areas/seasons replaced all other local varieties from cultivation all over the country. variety Pusa 'Sel-120' has made it possible to achieve high yields of quality produce in root-know nematode infested soils. With the released of cold tolerant variety 'Pusa Sheetal', we can now grow tomatoes all the year round. with appropriate choice of suitable varieties for specific seasons now we can grow radish round the years. Until 1978, Kharif onion cultivation was only grown in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. However, identification of variety N-53 and ADR and development of technology for kharif onion has enabled to get two crops of onion annually in Northern India where it used to be only a winter/spring crop.
viii) F1 Hybrids:
There has been an alroere has been an alround appreciation of growing of F1 hybrids in vegetable crops. Sizeable area of 20,000 ha. is estimated to be covered under tomato hybrids in Karnataka, Maharashtra & Southern Gujarat. Similarly the area under F1 hybrid of cabbage is estimated at about 8,000 ha.
5. Gaps and constraints Despite a large number of varieties and hybrids developed, the productivity of vegetable crops has not improved. Varieties with longer shelf life and suitable for processing are very few. Multiple disease resistant varieties are yet to be developed. Although a lot of work on heterosis breeding in vegetable crops has been done in the country, yet there is acute dearth of real good hybrids in crops like tomato, cabbage, cauliflower, onion etc. Vegetable based cropping systems have not been developed so far, which puts these crops at a disadvantage for fitting them in crop rotations. Excessive use of pesticides has created problems of pesticide residues and hence there is a need for integrated pest and disease control. Briefly, these gaps are identified as follows: 1. Insufficient germplasm in different vegetable crops and the need to augment indigenous and exotic-collections. 2. Lack of new high yielding vegetable varieties/hybrids, carrying high degree of resistance to diseases, pests, environmental stresses etc. 3. Absence of basicts, environmental stresses etc. 4. Absence of basic/fundamental research programmes to accelerate the work on applied aspects. 5. Lack of competent scientific manpower to manage the research programmes. 6. Lack of infrastructure and fund availability for research on vegetables.
6. Future research priorities While significant progress has already been made there are still several kproblems to be tackled. For this, the following research priorities have been identified. 1) Breeding for resistance to abiotic factors viz. diseases and insect-pests such as:Tomato Brinjal
leaf curl virus, TMV bacterial wilt,phytopthora blight, fruit borer. fruit and shoot borer, bacterial wilt, little leaf.
Okra Chillies Onion Cucurbits Cole crops Peas Beans Beans
yellow vein mosaic and pod borer virus and pest complex purple blotch, stemphylium (moth and thrips). downy mildew, powdery, CMV, fruit fly. Sclerotinia, Alternaria and soft rot. Powdery mildew Septoria, mosaic virus and b Septoria, mosaic virus and bruchus
2) Breeding for resistance to abiotic stresses eg. salinity, alkalinity, salt tolerance and stress environment e.g. hot set and cold set tomatoes. 3) Heterosis breeding in onion, tomato, cabbage, cauliflower, cucurbits, brinjal, and capsicum. 4) Breeding for nutritional and processing qualities in vegetables like tomato, onion, peas and garlic (dehydration). 5) Use of biotechnology for incorporation of resistance to disease/pests/abiotic stresses. 6) Intensification of research on seed production of temperate, tropical and subtropical vegetables and intensification of breeders seed production programme. 7) Export oriented research on vegetables like onion, chillies, okra, peas, tomato, brinjal, cucumber, cauliflowr and cabbage. 8) Developing efficienht cropping systems. 9) Research on growing vegetables in protected environments. 10) Research on off-season vegetable production and under exploited vegetables. 11) Studies on insecticidal residues.
REFERENCES Attavar, M., 1988. Vegetables - Hybrid Seeds Catching up. Survey of Indian Agriculture. The Hindu pp. 147-149.
Chadha, K.L. and Ramphal, 1990. Vegetable Research in India In Proceedings of Workshop held at Islamabad, Pakistan, Sept. 24-29, 1990 pp 106-ia In Proceedings of Workshop held at Islamabad, Pakistan, Sept. 24-29, 1990 pp 106-119. Chadha, K.L. Seshaderi, V.S., 1989. Vegetable Crops. Hybrid Seeds hold the key. The Hindu Suvey of Indian Agriculture, pp. 209-214. Chowdhary, B., 1978. Three decades of vegetable research. Indian Horticulture 44: 38-40.
Table 1. Statewise area and production of vegetable crops (ex. Potato and tuber crops) States
Area (ha)
Production (tonnes)
316030
1200211
Arunachal Pradesh
26300
69360
Assam
91497
205151
Bihar
368000
444500
170
590
Gujarat
97000
1277700
Haryana
55400
418700
Himachal Pradesh
25680
249150
Jammu & Kashmir
13600
93000
121260
1876358
15250
143484
Madhya Pradesh
854442
1372077
Maharashtra
309300
115700
Andhra Pradesh
Goa
Himachal Pradesh
Karnataka Kerala
Manipur
1450
60500
40130
111360
Mizoram
2100
6263
Nagaland
62700
42820
Orissa
566320
4200390
Punjab
99800
2146000
Rajasthan
41876
3800
23000
Tamil Nadu
51295
551200
Tripura
22500
174000
Uttar Pradesh
757966
9774900
West Bengal
376000
2760914
2700
16200
Chandigarh
-
1970
Dadar Nagar Haveli
-
13460
3325
266522
Lakhshadweep
325
368
Pandicherry
141
1128
Meghaglaya
Rajasthan Sikkim
Andaman and Nicobar
Delhi
143381
Table 2. Area and productionH1>Table 2. Area and production of different vegetable crops in india Crops
Area (ha)
Production (tonnes)
Productivity (t/ha)
Ashgourd
2497
15326
6.13
Beet root
2164
36260
16.75
Bittergourd
26004
162196
6.23
Bottle gourd
116939
1428296
12.21
Brinjal
299770
3124487
10.46
Cabbage
113450
1631690
4783
42230IGN="RIGHT" WIDTH=80>4783
42230
20124
2870007
14.26
Cauliflower
238632
3394897
14.22
Chilli
441050
919339
l2.02
Cowpeas
23012
133587
5.80
Cucumber
16288
105690
6.48
600
9000
15.00
4268
24778
5.80
41842
218985
5.23
111840
731158
731158
500
7500
15.00
Luffa
73273
685224
9.35
Methi
13510
83600
6.19
Muskmelon
28484
625414
21.95
Okra
369684
2326616
6.28
Onion
280915
3181067
11.32
Other beans
168645
349490
2.52
16007
195424
12.20
109846
659239
14.32
146991
2105686
12.35
Pumpkin
43137
532779
11.91
Radish
67345
802529
12.77
Ridge gourd
10040
128310
15.85
290279
4603446
15.85
16194
205884
12.71
Capsicum Carrot
Dolichos French bean Garlic Leaf vegetables Longmelon
Other cole crops Other gourds
14.38 8.83
6.53
14.32 Peas
Tomato Watermelon
Table 3: Existing facilities of research on vegetable crops Field Crops
Institute & NRC
Project
AICRP
Directorate
SAU
OLSPAN=2 WIDTH=190> Directorate Cereal Crops
7
3
8
26
Commercial crops
5
-
5
26
Oilseeds
5
1
7
26
Fruits
6
-
3
26
Vegetables
4
1
-
26
Potato & tuber Crops
2
1
-
26
Floriculture & Medicinal Plants
3
ENTER>3
-
2
Plantation Crops and Cashew
3
-
2
11
Horticultural Crops
Table 4: Budget for research on vegetables vis-a-vis other crops (Rs. in Millions) Crops
Cereal Crops
Expenditure in VII Plan
Allocation for VIII Plan
1457.31
3311.68
Commercial Crops
497.42
1040.72
Oilseeds
154.16
511.79
2108.89
4864.19
168.74
594.20
78.03
269.81
201.33
499.69
29.30
127.77
196.27
549.59
Spices
39.25
138.40
Post-harvest Technology (Fruits & Vegetables)
43.06
69.80
Total Horticulture Crops
Fruits Fruits Vegetables Potato & Tuber Crops Floriculture & Medicinal Plants Plantation Crops
16
Total Horticulture
755.98
2249.26
Table 5: Existing manpower for research on vegetable crops vis-a-vis other crops. Field Crop
Total
Scientific
Food Crops Cerea Cereal Crops
9139
2213
Commercial Crops
2919
688
Oilseeds
1122
419
13180
3322
1076
306
505
163
1295
347
173
88
1201
232
212
212
4462
1207
Total
Horticulture Crops
Fruits Vegetables Potato & Tuber Crops Floriculture & Medicinal Plants Plantation Crops Post-harvest Technology (Fruits & Vegetables) Total
Table 6: List of varieties released at national level Crop
Varieties released through Central Variety Release Committee.
Others
71
A.SOLANACEOUS CROPS 1. Brinjal: a) Long Pusa Anupma, Pant Samart, PH-4, Pusa Kranti, Pusa purple cluster,Punjab Barasti
ARU-IC, ARU-2C, Azad Kranti, H-7, K-202-9,NDB-25,Pusa purple long
b) Round
Jamuni Gole Baingan, Pant Rituraj
Arka Navneet,BB-7 BWR-12,H-8, Pusa Hybrid-6, T-3.
c) Small Round
Aruna
-
d) Green
-
Arka Kusumkar
a) Capsicum
-
Kt-I
b) Chillies
Andhra Jyoti, J-218, K-2, Musalwadi,Pusa Jwala, X-235
Bhagyalakshmi, LDC-206, sel-I
2. Peppers
3.
Tomato a) Determinate
HS-101, Pusa Earli Dwarf BT-1,CO3, KS-2, LaPusa Gaurav, S-12 Bonita, Punjab ate Pusa Gaurav, S-12 Bonita,
Punjab
b) Indeteminate
Arka Vikas, Pant Bahar Pant T-3
Chhauhhara, Punjab Kesri, Sel-7. Arka Saurabh, Pusa Ruby, Sel-120 Sioux, Pant T-2.
B.COLE CROPS 1.
Cabbage
2.
Cauliflower a) Early
b) Mid season c) Late
Pusa Mukta
--
Early Kunwari, Pusa Deepali,
-Pusa Early Synthetic 235-S.
Pusa Pant Pusa Pusa Pusa
Synthetic, Shubhara Snowball-1, Snowball-2 Snowball-K-1.
C.LUGUMINOUS CROPS 1. Cowpea 2. Dolichos 3. French Bean VL-Boni, Arka Komal Pant Anupma. 4. Pea
Improved Japanese, Pusa Shubara. Snowball-16
Pusa Komal Deepaliwal -
a) Early
Arkel
b) Midseason
Jawahar Matar-I VL-3
Jawahar Matar-4, Early December,PM-2, Mattar Agata-6,JP-4 Bonneville, Lincoln, P-88, PRS-4, Pant Uphar.
D.CUCURBITACEOUS CROPS 1. Mu P-88, PRS-4, Pant Uphar.
D.CUCURBITACEOUS CROPS 1.
Muskmelon
2.
Pumpkin
3.
Watermelon
E.BULB CROPS 1. Garlic 2.
Onion a) Red
b) White
Hara madhu, Punjab Hybrid. Pusa Sharbati,Punjab sunheri Arka Chandan, Ambali, Pusa Vishwas
Arka Jeet, Arka Rajhans, Durgapura Madhu,Hybrid M-3, Pusa Madhuras. Arka Suryamukhi
Arka Manik, Sugar Baby
Arka Jyoti, Durgapoura Meetha.
Jamuna Safed, Agri-Found White
-
Agrifound Dark Red, Arka Niketan, Pusa Madhvi Punjab Red Round, Punjab Naroya
Arka Kalyan, N-2-4-1, N-257-9-1 Punjab Selection, Pusa Ratnar, Pusa Red, VL-3,ALR. Pusa White Flat, Pusa White Round PB-48.
-
F. ROOT Carrot
Pusa Yamdagni
--
G.OTHER CROPS Orka
--
P-7, Parbhani Kranti, Sel-2, Sel-10 (IIHR)
Table 7. List of vegetable varieties released by state va7">Table 7. List of vegetable varieties released by state variety release committee. Crops Solanaceous Crops
Variety
a) Brinjal
b) Tomato
c) Chillies
Annamalai, Azad B-1, Co-1, Gujarat Brinjal-6, Junagadh Oblong, Kalianpur Type 3, MDU-1. Punjab Neelam,Sada Bahar Bangan,Punjab Moti,BH-1,BH-2 Azad T-2, Kalianpur Angoorlata, Kalianpur-1, NTDR-1, PKM-1, Punjab Tropic,PNR-7,TH2312, TH802 Chanchal, Co-1, CO-2, DH-76-6, Gujarat Chillies, K-1, MDH-1, Pant C-1, Sindhur, CH-1,Punjab Gushedar,Punjab surkh,Punjab lal
Bulb Crops
Onion
CO-4, MDU-1, VL-Piaze-67, CO-1, CO3, Kalianpur Red Round, Punjab white.
Root Crops
Radish
CO-1, Kalianpur No.1, Punjab Safed. Co-1, Punjab pasand. ables. Co-1
Leafy Vegetables. Methi Leguminous Crops a) Cowpea Birsa Sweta b) French Bean Bisra Priya (Pole), Watex (Bush) c) Dolichos Bean Co-8 (bush), Co-9 (bush), CO-10 (bush), Kalianpur T-2 (Pole), Rajni (Pole). d) Cluster bean Durga bahar e) Garden peas Azad P-1, Hara Bona, JM-2, JM-3, JM-5 Madhu, Punjab-87,Mithi fali. Cucurbitaceous Crops a) Ashgourd CO-2 b) Bitter gourd Kalianpura Baramasi, MDH-1, & Piriya, CO-1. BG-14,C96. c) Bottle gourd Co-1, Kalianpur Long Green d) Cucumber Kalianpur Green
e) Muskmelon f) Ridge goud g) Summer Squash h) Snakegourd i) Sponge gourd j) Tinda
Gujarat Muskmelon-1, Gujarat Muskmelon-2, CO-1, CO-2, PKM-1, Punjab Sadabahar. Punjab Chappan Kaddu-1. PKM-1, CO-1. Kalianpura Hari Chikni S-48.
k) Watermelon
Durgapura Kesar.
Table 8. Synthetics and F1 Hybrids identified/released after assessment under AICVIP/PDVR Crop
Hybrid
Source
Year
Yield in MT. Realised
Eggplant
Arka Navneet Pusa Hybrid-6 Pusa Hybrid-5 ARBH-201 NDBH-1 ABH-1 MHB-10 MHB-39
IIHR IARI IARI ANKUR Faizabad Anand JALNA JALNA
1981 1990 1992 1993 1993 1993 1993 1993
Capsicum
KT-1
IARI
1990
IIHR IARI MAHYCO ANKUR ANKUR MAHYCO IARI IARI IARI Aurangabad IARI MAHYCO PAU IARI IIHR
1993 1993 1992 1992 1992 1992 1981 1990 1992 1993 1992 1992 1985 1990 1981
Tomato
FMH-2 Pusa Hyb.2 MTH-6 ARTH-4 ARTH-3 Carrot Hyb-1 Cauliflower Pusa Syn. Pusa Early synthetic Pusa hybrid-2 Cabbage Nath-401 Pusa syn. Sri ganesh gol Muskmelon Pb.Hybrid Pusa Rasraj Watermelon Arka jyoti Pusa Bottle-gourd meDTH=121>Bottlegourd Pusa Manjari Summer Pusa Alankar squash
Pusa meghdut IARI
Potential
30 1981 40 61 50 90 78 126 59 93 53 76 60 137 52 116 24 24 <=53>1990 51 78 55 65 48 70 49 66 51 82 21 24 19 24 IARI 1990 23 35 52 71 33 50 39 64 10 29 17 30 10 48 1971
19
IARI
1971
16
25
IARI
1972
45
54
30
58
50
10
26
12
Cucumber
Pusa sanyog
IARI
1973
45
50
Table 9. Vegetable varieties resistant to diseases and insect pests. Crop
Variety
Disease/Insect Pest Source
Brinjal
BWR-12
Bacterial Wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum) -do-
Pant Rituraj
Pant Samrat
Pusa Purple Cluster BB-7
IIHR-Bangalore
Pangnagar
Bacterial Wilt Pantnagar (P.solanaoearum) Phomopsis Blight (Phomopsi8s vexans) Shoot & Fruit Borer & Jassids. Bacterial Wilt IARI,New Delhi (P.solanacearum) -doBhubaneswar
Pusa Bhairav Phomopsis Blight (P.vexans)\ Cabbage SEL-8 Black Rot (Xanthomonas campestris) Cauliflower Pusa Shubra Black Rot
-doIARI-Katrain
IARI-New Delhi
Chilli
Pusa Snowball Black Rot K-1 Pusa Pusa Jawala Jawala>Chilli Pb. lal -do-
Leaf Curl (CMV & PVY) PAU,Ludhiana
Cowpea
Pusa komal
IARI-New Delhi
Bacterial Blight (Xanthomonas vignicola). Muskmelon Arka Rajhans Powery Mildew (Sphaerothica fubginea) Pb. Rasila -do-
IARI-Katrain
IIHR-Bangalore
PAU,Ludhiana
IARI-New Delhi
Okra
Pea
Tomato
Sel-10
Y.V.M.Virus
IIHR-Bangalore
Sel-2
Y.V.M.Virus
P-7,P-8
Y.V.M.Virus
NBPGR-New Delhi PAU-Ludhiana
Parbhani Kranti PRS-4
Y.V.M.Virus
MAU-Parbhani
Powdery Mildew
Pantnagar
PM-2
Powdery Mildew
Pantnagar
JP-4
Powdery Mildew Pantnagar & Rust (Uromycess pisi) Bacterial Wilt Bhubaneswar
BT-1 Pant Bahar
SEL-120
PNR-7
Varticilium Wilt (Verticicum sps) & Fusarium Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum). Root Knot Nematode M.incognita M.arneria & M.javanica
Pantnagar
IARI-New Delhi
PNR-7
-do-
PAU,Ludhiana
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