Direct Shear

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................3 INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................4 DESCRIPTION OF THE SOIL SAMPLE......................................................................................6 APPARAT APPARATUS US AND MATERIALS....................................................... MATERIALS....................................................... ................................. ..........6 ......... .6 PROCEDURE..................................................................................................................................7 PRECAUTIONS..............................................................................................................................8 RESULTS........................................................................................................................................9 SAMPLE CALCULATIONS: USING SAMPLE 2......................................................................16 DISCUSSION................................................................................................................................19 CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................21 REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................21

1

ABSTRACT

The !"# $%&e'(")e $* (h"+ e,-e"e#( /!+ ($ 0e(e"#e (he +(e#(h -!!e(e+ '$he+"$# !#0 !#e $* "#(e#! *"'("$# !#e $* +he!"# e+"+(!#'e5 $* ! -!("! +!(!(e0 #0"+(%e0 '$he+")e '$he+")e +$" +!-e. +!-e. The+e +$" +$" -!!e(e+ -!!e(e+ /ee $%(!"#e0 $%(!"#e0 +"# (he 0"e'( 0"e'( +he! (e+(. (e+(. D"# D"# (he 0"e'( +he! (e+( (he +$" +!-e /!+ '$#*"#e0 "# ! +!e e(! %$, !+$ #$/# !+ (he +he!   %$,. The +he! %$, h!+ ! h$";$#(! +-"( "0/! "(+ he"h( !#0 ! +! 'e!!#'e %e(/ee# (he (/$ h!)e+ $* (he %$, +( %e !"#(!"#e0. !"#(!"#e0. S"#'e (he +$" /!+ -!("! -!("! +!(!(e0 +!(!(e0 (he# -$$+  -!(e+ /ee +e0. Thee 35 +$" +!-e+ /ee (e+(e0 #0e (hee 0"**ee#( )e("'! !--"e0 *$'e+ P). A( (he +!e ("e ! h$";$#(! *$'e PH /!+ !0! !--"e0 '!+"# (he (/$ h!)e+ $* (he +he! %$, ($ $)e e!(")e -!++ e!'h $(he. The+e h$";$#(! *$'e+ $ +he! *$'e+ !$# /"(h /"(h (he '$e+ '$e+-$#0 -$#0"# "# h$";$ h$";$#(! #(! 0"+-! 0"+-!'e 'ee#( e#(++ /ee /ee e!+ e!+e0 e0 !#0 e'$0 e'$0e0 e0 !( *ee# *ee#(( "#(e)!+. Thee )!e+ $* +he! +(e++ +(e++ !( *!"e +he! +(e#(h5 /ee 0e(e"#e0 0e(e"#e0 % -$(("# (he +he! *$'e+ *$'e+ !!"#+( h$";$#(! h$";$#(! 0"+-!'ee#(+ 0"+-!'ee#(+ 0e*e'("$#+ 0e*e'("$#+5. 5.  -$((e0 !!"#+( (he #$! *$'e+ !--"e0.

The# (he +he! +(e#(h+ +(e#(h+ /ee

F$ (h"+ !-h (he +he! +(e#(h -!!e(e+

'$he+"$# !#0 !#e $* "#(e#! *"'("$# /ee e)!!(e0 *$ (he <= !,"+ "#(e'e-( !#0 (he !0"e#( $* (he %e+( *"( "#e e+-e'(")e.

2

INTRODUCTION

The $%&e'(")e $* (h"+ e,-e"e#( "+ 0e(e"#e (he +he! +(e#(h -!!e(e+ '$he+"$# ' !#0 !#e $* "#(e#! *"'("$# ɸ *$ '$he+")e +$". Th"+ e,-e"e#( "+ '$#0'(e0 +"# ! 0"e'( +he!  !'h"#e +ee Ph$($ 1 %e$/5.

PHOTO 1: THE DIRECT SHEAR MACHINE

The 0"e'( +he! (e+( '$#0'(e0 "# (h"+ e,-e"e#( "+ $#e $* (he (hee (e+(+ (h!( '!# %e +e0 ($ e)!!(e +he! +(e#(h $* +$"+. E++e#("! (he 0"e'( +he! (e+( "-$+e+ $# ! +$" +!-e "0e!";e0 '$#0"("$#+ "# /h"'h (he -!#e $* +he! *!"e "+ -e0e(e"#e0. A$# (h"+ -!#e (hee "+ ! #$! +(e++ > # !'("# -e-e#0"'! 0e ($ (he )e("'! !--"e0 $!0 P? !#0 ! +he! +(e++ < !'("# -!!e 0e ($ (he h$";$#(! !--"e0 $!0 PH. He#'e (he+e +(e++e+ '!# %e *$#0 !+ *$$/+:

># @

<@

 PV   A

 P H   A 3

1

2

/hee A "+ (he #$"#! !e! $* (he +!-e. The+e +(e++e+ +( +!("+* (he C$$%+ e!("$# /h"'h "+  ")e# %e$/ !+:

τ f = c + σ f  tan ɸ

3

/hee: <*  +he! +(e++ !( *!"e $ +he! +(e#(h >*  #$! +(e++ !--"e0 !( *!"e ' !#0 ɸ = +$" -!!e(e+ /hee '= '$he+"$# !#0 ɸ = !#e $* "#(e#! *"'("$# $ !#e $* +he!"# e+"+(!#'e

The +he! +(e#(h -!!e(e+ $* (he +$" '!# %e e)!!(e0 % '$#0'("# (he 0"e'( +he! (e+( $# (hee ($ *$ +$" +!-e+ $* (he +!e (-e. The +he! +(e++ !( *!"e "+ $%(!"#e0 *$ e!'h +!-e *$ ! -$( $* +he! +(e++ < )e++ h$";$#(! 0"+-!'ee#( !#0 e!0"# (he !," +he! +(e++ )!e. The+e )!e+ !e (he# -$((e0 !!"#+( (he #$! !--"e0 +(e++e+ ($ $%(!"# (he +$" -!!e(e+. F$ (h"+ !-h (he '$he+"$# $* (he +$" "+ 0e(e"#e0 !+ (he <= !,"+ "#(e'e-(.

The !#e $* 

"#(e#! *"'("$# '!# %e 0e(e"#e0 *$ (he !0"e#( $* (he %e+( *"( "#e /hee (he !0"e#( "+ e! ($ (!# ɸ. The !0"e#( $* (he !-h !+$ ")e+ (he '$e**"'"e#( $* "#e("' *"'("$#  +"#'e e++e#("! (he '$e**"'"e#( $* *"'("$# "+ e,-e++e0 !+ (he !("$ $* +he! +(e++ ($ #$! +(e++.

4

DESCRIPTION OF THE SOIL SAMPLE

L$'!("$#: P"'($# III S$(h T"#"0!0 B$eh$e #%e: 6 S!-e #%e:  De-(h $%(!"#e0: 1 *(= 17 *( A)e!e De-(h: 16 *( D!(e $%(!"#e0: 17929 Sample Descriptio:

The +$" '$#(!"#e0 ! h"h -e'e#(!e $* CLA !--$,"!(e 9J $* CLA5. I( /!+ !"+h  %$/#"+h e$/"+h "# '$$ !#0 )e +$$(h ($ (he ($'h.

APPARATUS AND MATERIALS

The !--!!(+ !#0 !(e"!+ +e0 "# (h"+ e,-e"e#( /ee See A--e#0",5: •

D"e'( +he! (e+( !'h"#e

•

3 T"#+

•

P#e 

•

S-!(!

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D"e'( +he! %$, !++e%

•

B$eh$e S!-e "# $0

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D"# $)e#

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Ee'($#"' %!!#'e +e#+"(")e ($ .1 

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?!"$+ 0e!0 /e"h(+

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?e#"e '!"-e 



•

s#ear $o% assem$l&

s#ear $o% assem$l&

'i(ital scale

moist)re cotet cas

PHOTO !: APPARATUS USED IN CONDUCTIN" THE DIRECT SHEAR TEST

PROCEDURE

15 The 0"e#+"$#+ $* (he %$eh$e +!-e /!+ e!+e0 (h!( "+ (he he"h( H5 !#0 0"!e(e  D5 +"# (he )e#"e '!"-e. The !++ $* (he %$eh$e +!-e M5 /!+ !+$ e!+e0 !#0 e'$0e0. 25 Thee 35 +!-e+ $* (he +!e +";e /ee '!e* ("e0 *$ (h"+ %$eh$e +!-e. 35 The %$(($ h!* $* (he !++e% (h!( "+ (he +he! %$, (he $/e +e!(e0 -!(e !#0 -$$+ +($#e /!+ *"((e0 ($e(he. 45 S$" +!-e 1/!+ '$-!'(e0 "#($ (he +!e $0. The 0"e#+"$#+ $* (he +!e +!-e $0 (h!( "+ he"h( h !#0 e#(h  !+ /e !+ (he !++. I( /!+ e#+e0 (h!( (he +$" +!-e *"( !#0 *"e0 (he $0. The +-!(! /!+ +e0 ($ (" !#0 +$$(h (he e,'e++ +$" *$ (he ($- $* +he! %$,.

5 S$" +!-e 1 /!+ (he# (!#+*ee0 *$ (he $0 "#($ (he +he! %$, % '!e* e,-e"# "( "#($ (he +he! %$, +"# (he -#e. 65 The ($- h!* $* (he +he! %$, !++e% (h!( "+ (he --e +e!(e0 -!(e !#0 --e -$$+ +($#e /!+ *"((e0 $# ($- $* (he +$" +!-e. The $!0"# -!(e /!+ -!'e0 $# ($- $* (he --e -$$+ +($#e. 75 The +he! %$, !++e% /!+ (he# -!'e0 $# (he 0"e'( +he! !'h"#e. The --e !#0 $/e h!)e+ $* (he !++e% /ee '!-e0 ($e(he "# -!'e % (he (/$ 25 0"!$#! $--$+"(e )e("'! +e(+'e/+. 85 Ke"h(+ !$#("# ($ 1.6  /h"'h /!+ (he e")!e#( $* (he 0e+"e0 147 N #$! *$'e *$ +$" +!-e 1 /ee !--"e0 % h!#"# (he *$ (he )e("'! $!0 $e $* (he 0"e'( +he! !'h"#e. The +he! 0e*$!("$# 0"! !e /!+ !((!'he0. 95 B$(h (he +(e++ !#0 h$";$#(! 0e*$!("$# !e+ /ee +e( ($ ;e$. The $($ /!+ +(!(e0. Re!0"#+ $* h$";$#(! 0"+-!'ee#(+ !#0 (he '$e+-$#0"# "#'ee#(! e!0"#+ $* +he! $!0+ *$ (he -$)"# "# /ee e'$0e0. 15 The (e+( /!+ +($--e0 /he# (he -$)"# "# "#0"'!(e0 ! 0e'e!+e "# (hee 35 '$#+e'(")e +he! $!0 e!0"#+ $ /he# '$#+(!#( +he! $!0 e!0"#+ /ee $%(!"#e0. 115 The +$" +!-e /!+ e$)e0 *$ (he +he! %$, !#0 (!#+*ee0 "#($ ! ("# ("# #%e F25. T"# F2 !#0 "(+ '$#(e#(+ /ee /e"he0 !#0 (he !++ /!+ e'$0e0. I( /!+ (he#  -!'e0 "# (he 0"# $)e# *$ 24 h$+ !*(e /h"'h (he !++ /!+ e!+e0 !#0 e'$0e0. 125 The e#("e -$'e0e /!+ e-e!(e0 *$ +$" +!-e+ 2 !#0 3 *$ (he +!e %$eh$e $0. PRECAUTIONS

I( /!+ e#+e0 (h!( (he +$" +!-e /!+ e-( "# ! '$#($e0 h"0"( % /!--"# "( "# +!!# /!- /h"e -e-!"# e!'h +!-e  (""# -e-!"# (he 0"e'( +he! !'h"#e !#0 (!"# '!e $* $(he -e)"$+ (e+( e+(+. RESULTS

1) Normal Applied Loads

A)e!e 0e-(h !( /h"'h %$eh$e /!+ $%(!"#e0 D!) @ 4.8768  D"!e(e $* %$eh$e +!-e 0 @ .72  A)e!e He"h( $* +!-e H @ .9637  M!++ $* +!-e M @.671 

Ae! $* +!-e A @

π 

d

2

 @ 4.72  1=3 2

4

?$e ? @ AH @ 3.924 1=4 3 B 0e#+"(  @

9.81 M 

 @ 16.776 N =3

V 

Normal Soil Sample

Applie' Press)re

*al)e o+  Applie' Normal Stress ,-Pa.

Normal Applie'

E2)i3alet

Force/

4ei(#t/ Me2

 P* 0 Asample

,-(.

Act)al 4ei(#t Applie'/ Me2 5 6789 -( ,-(.

,-N.

. ># @

γ D avg S!-e 1 S!-e 2

2

># @ D!) 1. ># @

4.91 81.81

.147 .29

1 3

1.6 2.6

3 γDavg

S!-e 3 122.72 .442 4 2 TABLE 1: NORMAL FORCE APPLIED AND EUI*ALENT DEAD 4EI"HTS APPLIED TO ;O
2) Results from Direct shear test 

4.64

He"h( $* +he! %$, h @ .193  Le#(h $* +he! %$,  @ .6  M!++ $* +he! %$,  @ .14  Ae! $* +$" +!-e @ Ae! $* +!-e %$, ".e. A+!-e @ 2 @ 3.6  1=3 2 ?$e ?+!-e @ h2 @ 6.9  1= 3

TABLE !: RESULTS OBTAINED FROM DIRECT SHEAR TEST ON SAMPLE 1 Hori=otal

S#ear

Loa'

De+lectio

Loa'

Cali$ratio

,mm.

S#ear Loa' ,-N.

Area o+  Specime !

S#ear Stress ,-N>m!.

Rea'i(  ,-N>'i3. ,m .  . .693 . 3.6E=3 . 2 1. .693 .72 3.6E=3 2.13 4 16. .693 .114 3.6E=3 3.68 6 2. .693 .1726 3.6E=3 47.94 8 32. .693 .2243 3.6E=3 62.32 1 37. .693 .24 3.6E=3 7.9 1 44. .693 .372 3.6E=3 8.33 2 48. .693 .3313 3.6E=3 92.4 2 . .693 .342 3.6E=3 9.88 3 1. .693 .3 3.6E=3 98.7 3 2. .693 .39 3.6E=3 99.71 4 2. .693 .39 3.6E=3 99.71  2. .693 .39 3.6E=3 99.71 TABLE 8: RESULTS OBTAINED FROM DIRECT SHEAR TEST ON SAMPLE ! Hori=ot

S#ear

al

Loa'

De+lectio

Rea'i

 ,mm.  2

( . 9.

Loa'

S#ear

Area o+ 

Cali$ratio

Loa'

Specime !

 ,-N>'i3.

,-N.

 ,m .

.693 .693

. .66

3.6E=3 3.6E=3

S#ear Stress ,-N>m! . . 18.22

4 6 8 1 1 2 2 3 3 4  6

17. 19. 21. 26. 39. 48. 4. 7. 6.1 6.4 6. 6.

.693 .693 .693 .693 .693 .693 .693 .693 .693 .693 .693 .693

.128 .1312 .1484 .1829 .2727 .3313 .3728 .3969 .414 .4169 .4173 .4173

3.6E=3 3.6E=3 3.6E=3 3.6E=3 3.6E=3 3.6E=3 3.6E=3 3.6E=3 3.6E=3 3.6E=3 3.6E=3 3.6E=3

33.6 36.43 41.23 .81 7.74 92.4 13. 11.26 11.1 11.82 11.91 11.91

TABLE 6: RESULTS OBTAINED FROM DIRECT SHEAR TEST ON SAMPLE 8 Hori=ota

S#ear

l

Loa'

De+lectio

Rea'i

,mm.

(

 2 4 6 8 1 1 2 2

. 3.1 4.1 .1 .7 6. 61. 62. 9.

Loa'

S#ear

Area o+ 

Cali$ratio

Loa'

Specime

 ,-N>'i3.

.693 .693 .693 .693 .693 .693 .693 .693 .693

!

,-N.

 ,m .

. .278 .2768 .348 .3 .4142 .4211 .428 .417

3.6E=3 3.6E=3 3.6E=3 3.6E=3 3.6E=3 3.6E=3 3.6E=3 3.6E=3 3.6E=3

S#ear Stress ,-N>m! . . 7.72 76.89 96.7 97.22 11. 116.97 118.89 114.9

TABLE ?: SHEAR STREN"THS AND NORMAL APPLED STRESSES FOR EACH SOIL SAMPLE TESTED UNDER THE DIRECT SHEAR TEST

Sample

1 2 3

S#ear Stre(t# ,@.

Normal Stress , .

,-Pa.

,-Pa.

99.71 11.91 118.89

4.9 81.81 122.71

"RAPH 1: SHEAR STRESS *ERSUS HORIONTAL DEFLECTION FOR THE THREE ,8. SOIL SAMPLES

130 120 110 100 90 80 70

Shear Stress, τ (kN/m2)

SAMPLE 1

60

SAMPLE 2 SAMPLE 3

50 40 30 20 10 0 0

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Horizontal Defection (mm)

s#ear +ail)re plae

PHOTO 8: SHEAR FAILURE OF SAMPLE 1

s#ear +ail)re plae

PHOTO 6: SHEAR FAILURE OF SAMPLE !

s#ear +ail)re plae

PHOTO ?: SHEAR FAILURE OF SAMPLE 8"RAPH !: SHEAR STRESS AT FAILURE *ERSUS NORMAL STRESS FOR THE THREE ,8. SOIL SAMPLES

F$

i7



G!-h 2 (he ="#(e'e-( $* (he %e+( *"( "#e ($ (he -$"#(+ "+ 92 P!. He#'e (he '$he+"$# ' $* (he +$"+ "+ 92 P!. ii7

F$ G!-h 2: G!0"e#( $* (he %e+( *"( "#e @

".e.

11.5 − 9.2

@ (!# ɸ @ .19167

12− 0

He#'e ɸ @

tan

∆ τ   @ (!# ɸ ∆ σ 

1

−

0.19167

 @ 1.9

He#'e (he !#e $* "#(e#! *"'("$# $* +$" +!-e ɸ "+ 1.9. TABLE 9: DATA USED TO CALCULATE MOISTURE CONTENT OF SOIL SAMPLES

SAMPLE

RESULTS

1

Ti N)m$er Mass o+ sample a' ti $e+ore 'r&i( ,-(. Mass o+ ti ,-(. Mass o+ sample a' s#ear $o% ,-(. Mass o+ sample $e+ore testi( ,-(. Mass o+ soil a+ter testi( i7e7 $e+ore 'r&i( ,-(. Mass o+ sample a' ti a+ter 'r&i( ,-(. Mass o+ soli's ,-(. Mass o+ ater ,-(. 4ater Cotet , .

B1

C3

.164

.18

.162

.31

.31

.31

.277

.276

.273

.137

.136

.133

.133

.127

.131

.129

.12

.128

.98

.94

.97

.3

.33

.34

36J

3J

3J

17 Calc)lati( Normal Applie' Stresses a' Normal +orces 9.81 M 

V 

 @ 16.776 N =3

A)e!e 0e-(h !( /h"'h (he %$eh$e +!-e /!+ $%(!"#e0 D!) @ 4.8768  •

The #$! -e++e ($ %e e,e(e0 $# +!-e 2 "+ ")e# !+:

> @  D!) ".e. ># @ 16.77 N3  4.8768  @ 81.81 P!

3

F2

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS: USIN" SAMPLE !

B 0e#+"( $* +$" +!-e  @

2

•

Ae! $* S!-e 2 A @ 3.6  1=3 2

He#'e (he #$! *$'e P @ ># A ".e. P @ 81.81 P!  3.6  1=3 2 @ .29 N •

The e")!e#( !++ ($ (h"+ #$! *$'e "+

Me @ .29N  9.81N @ 3  •

The !++ $* 0e!0 /e"h( ($ %e !--"e0 @ Me  4.36 

".e. 3   4.36  @ 2.64   2.6 

!7 Calc)lati( s#ear loa' a' s#ear stress

F$ T!%e 3 *$ ! h$";$#(! 0e*e'("$# $* 2  (he '$e+-$#0"# +he! $!0 e!0"# *$ (he -$)"# "# "+ 9. 0"). He#'e (he e")!e#( +he! $!0 *$'e5 @ 9. 0")  .693 N 0") @ .66 N Thee*$e (he e")!e#( +he! +(e++ @ .66 N 3.6  1=3 2 @ 18.22 P!

87 Calc)lati( t#e soil parameters: co#esio/ c a' a(le o+ iteral +rictio/ ɸ •

F$ T!%e 3 T!%e  !#0 G!-h 1 (he !," +he! +(e++ +he! +(e#(h5 $* S!-e 2 "+ 11.91 P!.

•

F$ G!-h 2 (he ="#(e'e-( $* (he %e+( *"( "#e ($ (he -$"#(+ "+ 92 P!. He#'e (he '$he+"$# ' "+ 92 P!.

•

F$ G!-h 2 (he !#e $* "#(e#! *"'("$# ɸ /!+ '!'!(e0 ($ %e:

G!0"e#( $* (he %e+( *"( "#e @

∆ τ   @ (!# ɸ ∆ σ 

".e.

11.5 − 9.2

@ (!# ɸ @ .19167

12− 0

He#'e ɸ @

tan

1

−

0.19167

 @ 1.9

He#'e (he %e+( *"( +(!"h( "#e $* G!-h 2 "+ $* (he *$: τ  =92 + 0.1917 σ 

67 Calc)lati( moist)re cotet

F$ T!%e 6: •

M!++ $* +he! %$, !#0 +!-e %e*$e (e+("# @ .276  M!++ $* +he! %$, @ .14  M!++ $* +!-e %e*$e (e+("# @ .136 

•

M!++ $* ("# !#0 +!-e @ .18  M!++ $* T"# B1 @ .31  M!++ $* +!-e 2 %e*$e 0"# ".e !*(e (e+("#5 @ .18   .31  @ .127 

•

M!++ $* +!-e !#0 ("# !*(e 0"# @ .12  M!++ "* +$" +$"0+ @ .12   .31  @ .94  M!++ $* /!(e @ .127   .94  @ .33  K!(e '$#(e#( @

 Massof water   1J  Mass of soilsolids

".e. K!(e '$#(e#( / @

0.033 0.094

  1J @ 3J

DISCUSSION

I# (h"+ e,-e"e#( (he +he! +(e#(h -!!e(e+ $* ! '! +$" +!-e+ '$he+"$# ' !#0 !#e $*  "#(e#! *"'("$# /ee '!'!(e0 e+-e'(")e !+ 92 P! !#0 1.8. E++e#("! (he !#"(0e+ $*  (he #$! !--"e0 $!0+ $* (he e,-e"e#( $'e0 (he "# +"( $)e%0e# -e++e '$#0"("$#+ $* 

(he +$" /h"e "( -e)"$+ /!+ "# (he $#0. The +he! *!"e -!#e $''e0 !( !  -e0e(e"#e0 -$+"("$# (h!( /!+ +e( $( % (he !"#e#( $* (he (/$ h!)e+ $* (he +he! %$,. A( (h"+ -$"#( !+ (he #$! +(e++e+ /ee !--"e0 ($ (he +!-e +he! +(e++e+ h!0 0e)e$-e0  -!!e ($ (he -!#e. The+e +he! +(e++e+ %e(/ee# +$" !"#+ -$)"0e0 e+"+(!#'e *"'("$#! *$'e  %e(/ee# +$" !"#+5 ($ (he $("$# (h!( "#0'e0 $# (he +$" !(", 0e ($ (he "#'e!+"# h$";$#(! !--"e0 *$'e+ PH. E)e#(! (he +$" !"#+ %e# ($ +"0e -!+( e!'h $(he (he ($h!* $* (he +he! %$, /!+ *ee ($ (!#+!(e /hee!+ (he %$(($ h!* /!+ *",e0. A+ +h$/# "# G!-h 2 !+ (he #$! +(e++e+ > N5 "#'e!+e0 (he +he! +(e++e+ <5 !( *!"e !$# (he -!#e "#'e!+e+ #(" (he +!-e *!"e0. Th"+ /!+ "# !''$0!#'e /"(h (he$ +"#'e:

τ   μ σ  N  =

 = '$e**"'"e#( $* +(!("'5 *"'("$# 4

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0!"#!e $* -$e /!(e $* e!'h +$" h!0 $''e0 (he -$$+ +($#e+ *!'""(!(e0 (he e,"( $* -$e /!(e e+'!-"# e!'h +$" +!-e5. I( /!+ "-$(!#( (h!( (he +he! +(e#(h /!+ e)!!(e0 +"#'e "( /$0 %e #e'e++! #$/e0e ($ h!)e "# $+( +$" +(!%""( -$%e+ "# e#"#ee"#. S$e $* (he+e -$%e+ /$0 "#'0e: ".

De(e"#"# (he %e!"# '!-!'"( $* *$$("#+

"".

De(e"#"# (he +he! e+"+(!#'e %e(/ee# (he +$" !#0 -"e+

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De(e"#"# (he $!0 ! +$" '!# +!*e '! +'h !+ $!0+ (h!( '!# %e +!*e '!"e0 % e%!#e#( *"+

").

P$)"0"# !0e!(e +$-e+ *$ e%!#e#(+ !#0 e,'!)!("$#+

I( +h$0 %e #$(e0 (h!( (he h"he (he +he! +(e#(h -!!e(e+ $* +$" '$he+"$# '5 !#0 !#e $*  "#(e#! *"'("$# ɸ5 (he h"he (he +he! +(e#(h $* (he +$".

He#'e +$"+ /"(h h"he +he! 

+(e#(h /$0 %e !%e ($ +--$( !e $!0+ *$ % "0"#+ %e*$e /"(h$( *!""#. E)e# (h$h (he 0"e'( +he! (e+( /!+ ! *!+(e !#0 +"-e /! "# $%(!"#"# (he +he! +(e#(h  -!!e(e+ $* +$" "( '$0 #$( %e +e0 "e (he ("=!,"! +he! +(e#(h "# $%(!"#"# (he -"#'"-! +he! +(e++e+ $* (he +$" +!-e 0"# (e+("#. A+ ! e+( "# (h"+ e,-e"e#( #$ M$h+ '"'e '$0 #$( h!)e %ee# 0!/#. Ge#e! (hee /ee #$ 0"**"'("e+ e,-e"e#'e0 "# -e*$"# (he 0"e'( +he! (e+( *$ e!'h +!-e. H$/e)e $#e -$++"%e 0"**"'( (h!( /!+ e,-e"e#'e0 "# (he e,-e"e#( "#'0e0 (he "' 0e*e'("$# $* (he h$";$#(! 0e*e'("$# 0"! e+-e'"! &+( %e*$e (he '$e+-$#0"# +he! $!0 /!+ ($ %e e!0. S$e +$'e+ $* e$+ /h"'h ! h!)e !**e'(e0 (he e+(+ $%(!"#e0 "# (h"+ e,-e"e#( "#'0e: 1. P!!!, e$ $# e!0"# (he !e+ 2. U#e)e# 0"+("%("$# $* (he +$" +!-e /h"e "( /!+ $0e0 "# (he +!e $0 $* (he +he! %$,. 3.

O# (he !++ $* (he h!#e 4.36 5 /!+ "#'0e0 "# 0e(e"#"# (he e")!e#( 0e!0 /e"h(+ $# (he +!-e. I# $(he /$0+ (he !#"(0e+ $* e!'h #$! $!0 0"0 #$( (!e "#($ !''$#( (he /e"h( $* (he $!0"# -!(e !#0 (he --e h!* $* (he +he! %$, ! $*  /h"'h e+(e0 $# (he +$" +!-e.

4. O# (hee 35 (e+(+ /ee '!"e0 $( "# *"#0"# (he +he! +(e#(h -!!e(e+ $* (he +$" he#'e (hee /ee $# (hee 35 !)!"!%e -$"#(+ ($ %e +e0 ($ -$( G!-h 2. I* $e (e+(+ /ee '$#0'(e0 (he# (hee /$0 h!)e %ee# $e !)!"!%e -$"#(+ ($ %e -$((e0 ($ +**"'"e#( e)!!(e (he +he! +(e#(h -!!e(e+ !#0 !# e$+ !++$'"!(e0 /"(h (he )!e+. . N$ '$e'("$# /!+ !--"e0 ($ (he !e!+ $* e!'h +!-e /h"'h /ee +e0 "# (he '!'!("$#+ $* +(e++e+ !%$)e. A+ (he +!-e+ #0e/e#( $!0"# (hee /!+ ! 'h!#e "# (he !e! $)e /h"'h (he $!0+ /ee !--"e0.   O#e /! $* "-$)"# (h"+ e,-e"e#( "+ ($ '! $( 0"e'( +he! (e+( $# $e +!-e+. H$/e)e (h"+ /$0 (!e ! $( $* ("e ($ -e*$. CONCLUSION

F$ (he 0"e'( +he! (e+( (he +$" -!!e(e+ $* (he CLA +$" +!-e /ee 0e(e"#e0 ($ %e: i7 ii7

C$he+"$#  ' @ 92. P! A#e $* +he!"# e+"+(!#'e ɸ @ 1.8