Notes in electrical distribution and design part 1
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Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
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All rights are reserved to the auther, no part of this publication may be translated, reproduced, stored, photocopied or recorded by any means without the prior written permission of the auther. auther.
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Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
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Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
:
...
" Notes in electrical distribution and design part 1" .
"
" ... : / / .
...
. ... . :
.
Dialux
. . AutoCAD . . layout
shop dwg (sockets)
.
rating
.
. ratings . short circuit , voltage drop 4
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
S.L.D panel boards . telephone and data
self study "
"
:" ".
:
/
[email protected]
01099223546
5
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
:
1. Handbook of Electrical Design Details by Neil sclater , John E. Traister Second Edition Copyright © 2003, 1997 by The McGrawHill Companies .
.
"
"
.2
. .
.3 :
1. http://www.4shared.com/rar/rq_Ea8D-ba/Philips_Lighting_Cataloge.html 2. http://www.4shared.com/zip/UDj44MxSce/Philips.html 3. http://www.4shared.com/rar/qgxeU4Gjba/__online.html soft ..
6
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
Book content: 1- Medium voltage network. 2- Lighting ( interior & exterior), ( manually & programmable ). 3- Sockets. 4- Circuit breakers. 5- Cables. 6- Voltage drop and S.C. calculations ( Manually & Programmable ). 7- Heat, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC). 8- Panel Boards. 9- Earthing. 10-
Data and telephone.
7
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
..
electrical distribution
: 1-Design engineer )
( :
)
( .
2-Action and supervision engineer )
( :
.)
..
(
design engineer
outlines conceptual drawing .
conceptual drawing )
( shop drawings .
show drawing ..
.. shop drawing
as-built drawing
shop drawing .)
(
( ..
conceptual drawing
.. 8
.. )
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
Medium and low voltage networks
M.V & L.V Networks
:
rating
power system
.. Generator
name plate .generated power rating
generated voltage
1- Generated voltage :
indication . 2- Generated power :
indication
S
rated
V .
9
) S = V.I (
C.S.A
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
. 220 KV
The transmission of the generated power is excuted on high voltage to reduce starting cost of the transmission network and reduce running cost , as
= √ 3 ∴ℎ .. ℎ , =3 ℎ ℎℎ , S is constant , so
The Starting cost include cost of the C.S.A of the conductors , towers and
construction cost, while the running cost include losses cost.
losses
:
220 kv
75 MVA
Sload α V s
-
30 MVA < S < 75 MVA . 66 KV 30 MVA
-
33 KV
15 MVA
-
.22 KV
. 11 KV
15 MVA
10
-
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
: 66 , 33 KV 220 KV 22 , 11 KV
66 , 33 KV
:
11 KV
3
station sub-station
distributers
22 KV
-
station
-
sub-station
-
distributer
RADIAL
0.4 KV . RING
.. substations :
distributer
..
radial feeding
11
schemes
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
.. less reliable
loads
scheme
.
sub-station
loads
loads
. substation 3 .
2
.feeder
1
C.B. cell
2 1
C.B.
M.V. 3
C.B.s
synchronism
C.B.
C.B.
parallel operation .
circulating current
distributer
:
12
ring feeding
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
open loop ring
ring main unit ( R.M.U )
Ring main unit (R.M.U):
is the link between the electric distribution company and the client to connect the medium voltage cable to transformer.
R.M.U
contacts
. parallel operation
13
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
:
customers
1-Small customer,
L.V
250 KVA
2-Large customer,
22 KV
250 KVA
low voltage
Transformer
R.M.U
.
11KV
R.M.U ..
main distribution board
(MDB) ( Pillars : MDB
)
( ) C.Bs isolators
-
Fuses
-
..
(MDB)
Pillars
200 KVA 100 KVA 200 KVA 5 Pillars
-
rating 100 KVA
MDB
1 MVA
Pillar 200 KVA 100 KVA . 200 KVA
14
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
Pillar .
Pillar
Pillar
) neutral 3ø (
neutral
3ø
MDB
MDB Pillar
cofree .
pillar rating
cofree transformer
m2
cofree
MDB rating
pillar
VA
:
App
Residential buildings
(15:25) VA/m2
40 VA/m2
(60:100) VA/m2
Commercial buildings
----
----
----
load
..
layout
:
)
(
= ∗∗
..
VA
demand load
= ∗ 15
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
Diversity factor :
:
factor
0.6
or 0.7 for residential loads.
0.8
for commercial loads.
0.9:
1 for industrial loads. .
:
pillar rating
demand load
VA :
= Σ & = ΣVA of Pil ars = ΣVA of Transformers∗div.factor = ΣVA of loops
(sum of demand load of buildings)
. load estimation
16
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
Street lighting arrangement )
.. :
( poles
category
poles
1-Single sided :
:
poles
2-Double sided with offset ( zigzage) :
poles
poles :
17
zigzage
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
3-Double sided ( off opposite ) :
:
poles
4-On median :
arm
pole
)
(
:
pole . 18
poles
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
1m
pole
1m
ℎ∶ℎℎ ∶ℎ , ℎ = 0.85∶1 8m
poles
:
8m
.
arm
7m *
h=8m 8m range
h : 2h
pole distance
16m
( .) * )
..
( . 3h : 4h
19
Pole distance
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
.. "
Senior engineer
"
junior engineer "
"
"
-
"
-
fresh graduated engineer .. "
..
" . 8m
"
"
"
..
100 km ..
8m poles
"
10 m
"
1.2 h
+1=1001 ..
2000 L.E
pole ..
" ..
"
20 million L.E poles
"
"
" "
"
"
"
"
..
3h pole distance
"
"
=1+ 10 25 =401 20
Contribute 25 m
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
8m ..
.. .. "
600 poles
poles
"
..
..
"
"
.. 12 m ..
poles "
"
..
double sided offset (zigzag) w = 1.5 h 1.5*8 = 12m )
(
check .. ..
double sided offset ( zigzag ) double sided offset ( zigzag )
ℎ= 1.5
21
= 1.5 ℎ
pole
:
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
*
double sided ( off opposite )
..
12 m
"
double sided
ℎ= 2
"
..
8m 4m )
( glare
..
8m
.
.. 12 m
single
.. !
sided
w = 12 m 36m
3h poles 80m
40m
. not reliable
double sides
double sided offset 22
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
on median ..
:
8m
on median
w = 16m
8m single sided 12 m
unsymmetrical 8m
23
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
on median
-1
on median
-2
zigzag
.
arm
zigzag
8m
arm .)
( 10 m
pole
12 m
..
poles
)
width & height & watt 250 w
pole
8m
400 w
pole
12 m
1600 w
pole
15 m
wattage .
24
(
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
Interior lighting schemes
1- Direct lighting :
( work plan
90% 10% )
..
. . diffuser
25
Diffuser
Reflector
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
2- Semi_direct lighting :
30% work plan
70 %
3- Indirect lighting :
10%
work plan
direct lighting ..
90%
) ISO
(
4- Semi_indirect lighting :
work plan
30%
70%
) . semi-indirect
(
semi-direct
26
..
semi_direct
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
general lighting
general diffusing
.
Types of lamps There are two type :
1- Filament lamps ,
.
)
27
(
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
2- Gas discharge lamps . :
filament lamps
1- Tungstun lamp 2- Carbon lamp 3- Incandescent lamp :
gas discharge lamps
1- Fluorescent lamp :
Produce light by establishing an arc between two electrodes in an atmosphere of very low pressure mercury vapor in a camper (glass tube) .
2-High intensity discharge lamps :
This produces light when a high pressure arc is passed through a gas vapor, divided to 28
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
Mercury lamps
Metal halide
29
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
High pressure sodium
Note :
flourscent
Watt
18 w
36 w
58 w
Length
60 cm
120cm
150 cm
:
wattage
wattage :
incandescent
.)
(
-
.
fluctuating
life time
-
incandescent lamp
-
decorative . dimmers 30
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
Types of luminaires : standard ..
.. :
*
Phillips, emco, 3brothers , egylux, …. ...
emco
Interior luminaires
Fluorescent
low Bay and high Bay
Spot
Bed head unit
EXit
Exterior luminaries
Open area and sport stadiums
Street
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
31
Garden and fences
Decos
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
Notes :
3
Fluorescent
1*18
2*18
Watt
3*18
4*18 60* 60
Housing
1*36
cm2
2*36
3*36
4*36
flourcent lum. identified by
Ocean polimers
Diffuser
Opal
Persmatic
Reflector
.
4.5
4 32
120*60
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
8m
5m
high Bay
8m
high Bay
low Bay
low Bay
decoration .
bathrooms
spots
receptions
lux
8w
exit
hospital luminaire
bed head unit
sockets :
index protection ( IP )
exterior luminaires
alpha, beta &Gama luminaires :x y dust
: x -
From 0 to 6 : y -
From 0 to 7
LUMINAIRE
ALPHA
BETA
GAMA
IP
66
54
43
33
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
Decos
.
head
open area & sport stads
flood
. .
spot
Golb
34
garden & fences
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
Interior lighting calculations (manually)
The purpose of lighting is to serve the needs of persons .... )
(
.
Basic definitions, 1- Light
-
Is the medium through which we can recognize the world surrounding us.
-
Light is a kind of electromagnetic waves
2- Nature of light
light The various forms of incandescent bodies are the source of light and the light emitted by such bodies depend upon its temperature i.e. As temperature increases, the wave length of radiated energy become smaller and smaller and enters into the range of the wave length of light. Then, The wavelength which can produce the sensation of light varies from 380 nm to 780 nm . 35
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
3- The four basic lighting quantities
-
Luminous flux (
ø )
The amount of light radiated per second by light source. Unit: lumen (lm) or candela(Cd), Cd = 18: 30 1m
Symbol:
ø 36
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
-
Luminous intensity ( I )
The amount of light radiated by a light source in a given direction. Unit: candela (cd) or lm/steradian Symbol: I
-
Illuminance: (E)
The amount of light falling on a unit of surface. Unit: lx (lx = lm/m 2) Symbol: E (E) is independent of the direction from which the luminous flux reaches the surface. -
Luminace ( L )
The amount of light radiated by a unit of apparent surface in a given direction )
m2
(
Unit: candela per m 2 (cd/m2) Symbol: L
37
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
4- Lamp efficiency
or
luminous efficacy
Lamp efficacy
or
luminous efficiency
= =/ 5- Light laws
Inverse square law
Illumination is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the source and the surface luminous intensity (I)
.
38
illumination
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
Cosine law of incidence
Illumination is proportional to the cosine of the angle of incidence
∝cos = ∗cos Ø
Ø :
39
lamp
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
)E ) *
E
∗ . = ∅ ∗ .∗ Ø
lamps
N
lamp
Ø
N
.= . =ℎ factor
The effective candle power of all lamps due to accumulation of dust or dirt on lamps globes, reflectors, walls, ceiling is taken into account by including the maintenance factor
40
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
M.f LLf 1-
0.8
M.f
For residential )
( deprecation
workplane 2-
0.6 : 0.7
For industrial & out-door lighting
.
deprecation
Also...
= =. It’s the ratio of the lumen actually received by the work plan to the total
lumens emitted by the source
∅ = ∅
41
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
:
factor
Surface reflection factor -1
f c – ceiling reflection factor f w – wall reflection factor f f – floor reflection factor
∗ ℎ .= + ℎ∶ = ℎ = ℎ ℎ=ℎℎ
Room Index (RI) -2
uf
f c , f w , f f RI
RI
f c , f w , f f = .. , .., ..
uf
f c , f w , f f =
42
….
, ...,... f c , f w , f f = ... , ..., ...
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
Uf
ρf ρf
ρw
ρw
ρc
R .I
R .I
ρc
0.8 Uf
ρc, ρw, ρf
∗ = ∅∗∗ N 6
: field arrangement or matrix arrangement
6
2*3 or 3*2 8*5 m2 :
43
5.3
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
8 ∴3=8→= 3 =2.67 ,2=5→=2.5 check
x,y space to height check ratio
height from luminaire to work plan
check ..
distance bet n two luminaires
→ 0. 8 1 →ℎ ℎℎ .
1m
work plane
space to height ratio wattage . ratio
44
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
Interior lighting calculation ( using dialux ) :
check .1
→ ≥0.3 → ℎ 1
ideal
.2
= = → ≥0.4 → ℎ within ±10%
E
Eav
. accepted
:
dialux )wizard ( .. wizard
..
..wizard
options ..
wizard
:
45
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
1. Project info. Input 2. Room geometry query, calculation parameters &luminaire selection 3. Placement of luminaires, calculation and visualization of the results 4. Specification of print options & print out . Export as PDF and dilux project . :
..next
Project info.
.. ..next
46
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
:
data input
given wall zone
reflection factors
work plane
maintenance factor
lux lux
wall zone ..
....
my database
luminaire !
user_defined height
suspension height mounting height
work plane ..next
47
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
Calc. & results
std
Planned E
Em from arrangement …. LX ....
E
suggestion
arrangement
!
checks
48
calculate
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
next result output
49
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
save
pdf wizard
next
50
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
..
red
:
The guide :
Indoor lighting Outdoor lighting treet lighting Light scenes Emergency lighting
Day light
Energy evaluation
Sport site lighting
Adjust lighting
insert
Project manager
..
Project manager
:
)Taps(
5
Project – Objects – Clours luminaire selection - Output-
51
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
. Output
..
Project
..
Project
dialux
..
red
Room1 width
new interior project length
)
( Project manager
3D General
ok name
height
Room1 .. ..
Right )Room1(
Edit
click
)Room1(
room geometry
indoor ... +
lighting
- +
)Room1( :
work plane options
52
Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "
. wall zone
work plane
Project manager
ceiling options Name
Transparency
ρf
Texture
ρc
material
Roughness . ceiling
ceiling .)
General
Settings
*
File
Standard values Room
walls options
default reflection factors
53