A SIX WEEK SUMMER TRAINING REPORT On GEARS
At
BHARAT GEARS LIMITED Submitted for the partial fulfillment for the aard of !e"ree of #a$helor of Te$hnolo"% In &Me$hani$al En"ineerin"'
Maharshi Dayanand University , Rohtak Se((ion ) *+,-.*+,/ 0 Submitted By!
"AI #RA$ASH %&'(ME)*'+ ME!& %*&+
Under the Guidan-e o. 1 1 Mr U2! bhatt )Produ$tion mana"er0 And Mr2 Mr2 Rohit mun3al )4R deptt0
submitted to
!r2R2(ahai !r2R2(ahai )head TPO0 Mr2 Mr2 Gaura5 Gaura5 6an(al )head of ME deptt0
BS A/A/G#URIA I/STITUTE 01 TE2H/0L0G3 4 MA/AGEME/T, ALAM#UR, 1ARIDABAD
DE2LARATI0/
I here b% de$lare that the pro3e$t or6 entitled 7Indu(trial Trainin" Report8 Submitted to the #harat Gear( 9imited: i( a re$ord of an ori"inal or6 !one b% me under he "uidan$e of Mr2 U2!2 #hatt (ir ; Mr2 Abhi(he6
>ai Pra6a(h
A2$/05LEDGEME/T
I ould li6e to e=pre(( m% (in$ere "ratitude toard( our edu$ational in(titute #2S2A2I2T2M2 ho "a5e u( the opportunit% to ta6e trainin"2 I ould li6e to than6 Mr2 Rohit Mun3al ho alloed me to ta6e the trainin" at #harat Ga( 9imited ?ompan%2 I ould al(o li6e to than6 Mr2 U2!2 #hatt under ho(e "uidan$e I too6 trainin"2 I ould al(o li6e to e=pre(( m% "ratitude toard( Mr2 A3a% ithout ho(e (upport I ould not ha5e been able to a@uire the 6noled"e2 9a(t but not lea(t:I ould li6e to than6 all the or6er( for their $o.operation2
>ai Pra6a(h
#RE1A2E
Thi( i( a report ba(ed on m% e=perien$e at #harat Gear( 9imited:aridabad2 #ein" a (tudent of me$hani$al en"ineerin": I i(hed to "ain e=po(ure to the 5ariou( a(pe$t( of or6in" in an indu(tr%2 Thi( a( a perfa$t opportunit% for me (in$e the plant of #harat Gear( i( one of the bi""e(t produ$tion (etup( in India2 M% primar% "oal a( to "ain (ome in(i"ht into method( of manufa$turin" and de(i"n: and durin" m% time at the (hop.floor (hop.floor:: I ha5e a$hie5ed a$hie5ed it to (ome e=tent2 It a( a "ood learnin" learnin" e=perien$e e=perien$e and ill (tand me in "ood (tand me in "ood (tead in future
>ai Pra6a(h
TABLE 01 20/TE/TS
&Introdu-tionBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB , ,2, mile(tone( a$hie5ed ,2C $u(tomer( ,2- produ$t(
'ana6ysisBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
,C
*2, "ear terminolo"ie(
*7ear -uttin7 8ro-essesBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB2222,D C2, in(pe$t ra material C2* broa$hin" C2C hobbin" C2- (hapin" C2/ roundin" C2 (ha5in" C2F pun$hin" C2 42T C2D "ear debburin" C2,+ $hemferrin" C2,, 9appin" C2,* Grindin" C2,C inal in(pe$tion C2,- Pa$6in"
9 2on-6usionBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBC-2 Re.eran-es
I/TR0DU2TI0/
,
#harat Gear( 9td2 i( one of the leadin" "ear manufa$turer in India2 #G9 (upplie( "ear( to ma3or OEMH( in India and o5er(ea( for different different automobile automobile indu(tr% indu(tr% li6e li6e 4ea5%: 4ea5%: Medium Medium ; ; li"ht li"ht Tru$6(: Tru$6(: Utilit% Utilit% ehi$le( ehi$le( )UH(0: Tra$tor( and
Off hi"ha% 5ehi$le(
#G9H( (tren"th en$ompa((e( orld $la(( @ualit%: e=$ellen$e in $u(tomer re(pon(i5ene(( ri"ht from metallur"i$al @ualit% $ontrol of ba(i$ (teel to pre$i(ion of "ear $uttin": 4T and po(t 4T operation alon" ith (tate of art ma$hiner%2 It ha( di5er(e produ$t line( ith 5er(atile appli$ation(2 It i( a publi$ limited ?ompan%2 #G9 i( a ma3pr "lobal (upplier of automoti5e "ear( and heat treatment furna$e(2
&,&
*
mi6estones A-hieved mi6estones
&:;'
oundation Stone laid at Mumbra a$tor% b% ?hief Mini(ter of Mahara(htra2 Mr2 2 P2 Nai6
&:;* &:<)
Produ$tion ?ommen$e( at Mumbra E(tabli(hment ir(t to ha5e Glea(on and Oerli6on S%(tem of #e5el "ear "eneration under one
&:<& ! '))= &:<> ! '));
roof2 9i$en(e a"reement ith A? 4ol$raft: USA for furna$e te$hnolo"%2 Te$hni$al and finan$ial $ollaboration $ollaboration ith J riedri$h(hafen: German% German% for
&:<<
Tran(mi((ion Te$hnolo"%2 Aarded ISO D++* for Mumbra Plant2
Start of #u(ine(( ith !ANA ?orporation: USA2 Produ$tion be"in( at aridabad Plant near !elhi2 Mumbra and aridabad Plant( aarded LS D++ $ertifi$ation b% #LI2 Aarded ISO ,-++, to aridabad Plant Aarded TS. ,D-D $ertifi$ation $ertifi$ation to Mumbra and and aridabad Plant(2
'))) '))& '))9 '))>
C
&' #6ants #6ant Lo-ations ?
Mumbra: near Mumbai aridabad: near !elhi
#6ant Area ?o5ered
Mumbra Mumbra %s@.t+ *CF:,DD
1aridabad %s@.t+ ,*:/,
Tran(mi((ion Plant #e5el Plant !ifferential Plant 4T ; IA General Offi$e Total
C-:+D /,:F++ *:*F/ */:*F/ C:+, -+:C*
,/:DF+ ,D:/* . */:*F/ ,+:CD ,DD:DD,
I+ Beve6 Unit
Manufa$turin" O5er5ie1
ir(t to ha5e both Glea(on and Oerli6on (%(tem of #e5el Gear Generation in India2
In hou(e Glea(on and Oerli6on tool Grindind fa$ilit%2
?!S and ?AGE (oftare for de(i"n and manufa$turin" $apabilit%2
?ell 9a%out ) >IT0 implementation2
Oerli6on dr% ?uttin" S%(tem )?lo(ed loop0 ith KIMOS de(i"n manufa$turin" (oftare b% *++2
$ey E@ui8ment
Glea(on ++D,+,, ?N?
Oerli6on SMCS,FSC+ ?N?SKM,
?N? 4obber
GTR ?hamferin" Ma$hine
S9C 9appin" Ma$hine /+F ?N?
No5a ?N? #ore Grindin" Ma$hine
?N? Mar6in" Ma$hine
Glea(on Te(ter(
Spline rollin"
Shot Peenin" Pho(phatin"2
-
#rodu-t Ran7e
Modu6e %mm+
G6eason ,*2F )outer0
0er6ikon 2/ )Normal0
0D %mm+ ua6ity
-++
-F+ AGMA D . ,,
II+ Transmission Unit $ey E@ui8ment
Glea(on TAG -++ A=i( ?N? Gear Grindin" Ma$hine Ma$hine
Rei(hauer RJ C+, AS ?N? Gear Grindin" Ma$hine
P */- ?N? 4obber 9eibherr 9*++ 4obber
?N? Shaper ?S */C 9oren
?N? E=ternal ; Internal Grindin" Ma$hine
Ga( Metal Ar$ Weldin" Ma$hine
Sa"in" Ma$hine
4urth SRS -+* (ha5in" $utter (harpener
#rodu-t Ran7e
Modu6e %mm+ 0D %mm+ ua6ity
Gears
Sha.ts
/ mm C++ mm !ia !IN .F !IN
/ mm /++ mm 9en"th Grindin" Sha5in"
III+ Di..erentia6 Gear Unit $ey E@ui8ment $ey
Glea(on ?onifle= ,+-
Glea(on Re5a$%$le F*- Tin Spindle
#ore Grinder
,T erti$al #roa$hin" Ma$hine
Pho(phatin" Setup
Modu6e %mm+ #it-h Dia%mm+ ua6ity
Reva-y-6e F2/+ ,*+
/
2oni.6e F2/+ ,*+ AGMA . D
IC+ Too6 Room
Thi( i( u(ed to manufa$ture the fi=ture( for 5ariou( ma$hine( and under de5elopment part(2 C+ Stores %1or7in7 3ard+
The for"in" re$ei5ed from the 5endor( are (tored and $he$6ed for @uantit% and @ualit%2 A (ample of for"in" i( (ub3e$ted to metallur"i$al te(t(2 CI+ Heat Treatment Unit
Ke% E@uipment1
/o o. 1urna-es
?G? ?ontinuou( "a( ?arburiin" - NoH(
?L ?ontinuou( Luen$h urna$e ith ?old ?L ?old oil oil 4ot oil Luen$hin" Luen$hin" a$ilit%2 a$ilit%2 Sealed Luen$h urna$e urna$e NoH(
C NoH( 4? SL )/++ K"0 * NoH( Temperin"
C NoH( GP? )General Purpo(e ?arburiin"0
C NoH( NoH( Temperin" Temperin" urna$e( urna$e( )SL0), ton0
Indu$tion Softenin": Indu$tion 4ardenin" ), NoH(0 NoH(0
Endo2 Ga( "enerator ) * NoH(0
Shot #la(tin" 4ard Shot peein"2
CII+ 2/2 Sho8
ini(h Turnin" of "ear blan6( and (haft( i( done2 Produ$t( ith pre$i(ion dimen(ion( are ma$hined to pat print (pe$ifi$ation( ithin a$$ura$% of one mi$ron b% Turnin": !rillin": #orin": under$uttin": $hamferin": "roo5in" et$2 on ma$hine( li6e MORISEIKI: IMW: EN!T: TRAU#: MOA et$2 CIII+ IA1 ? Isotherma6 Annea6in7 1urna-e %' /os+
I(o annealin" and Normaliin" i( done in the(e furna$e( for re@uired part(2 Tumb bla(tin" i( al(o done here2 There are hardne(( te(ter( li6e #rinell 4ardne(( Te(ter
L? i( done in ea$h (hop after the re(pe$ti5e treatment(2
&* 2ustomers
?ararro Ital%
!ana ?orporation: USA
Eaton: USA
>!?W: USA
Motore( >ohn !eere: Me=i$o
T!I: USA
Tran(a=le Manufa$turin" of Ameri$a )TMA0: USA
J: ?hina
A(ho6 9e%land
A=le( India
?arorro: India
E($ort(
Godre3
4ero Motor(
4%5a India
>!EP9 India
>?# India
Mahindra and Mahindra
Ne 4olland Tra$tor( ) India0
Paharpur ?oolin" Toer(
Same !eut ahr
Spi$er India
Sara3 Mada
Tafe
Tata Motor(
To%ota Kirlo(6ar Kirlo(6ar Auto Part(
olta(
ST Tiller( ; Tra$tor(
#RP International
F
1UR/A2E ? DICISI0/
A(ho6 9e%land
Automoti5e A=le( ) Part of Arnin Meritor0
#a3a3 Auto
?ee6a% !ai6in
airield En"ineerin"
arro$ En"ineerin"
4indu(tan Motor(
Mahindra and Mahindra
Pre$i(ion a(tener(
Sona Ko%o Steerin" S%(tem(
Tata Motor(
Tim6in India
Tra$tor( En"ineer( )9 ; T0
&9 #rodu-ts Rin7 Gear and #inion
#G9 manufa$ture( a 5ariet% of Rin" "ear( and Pinion (et to (er5i$e a 5ariet% of tru$6(: bu(e( $ar( and utilit% 5ehi$le(2 It offer( both orld famou( (%(tem( of h%poid "ear "eneration Glea(on ) a$e Millin"0 and Oerli6on ) a$e 4obbin"02
Transmission Gears and Sha.ts
#G9 fa$ilit% in$lude( (tate.of.art ma$hine( li6e Gear (hapin": hobbin": (ha5in" and "ear "rindin" ma$hine( a( ell a( "ear te(ter( ; indu$tion hardenin" ma$hine(2 #G9H( late(t a$@ui(ition in "ear "rindin" ha( been the Glea(on Ta" -++ $%lindri$al Gear Grinder2 The ma$hine ha( a=e( on ?N? and i( hi"hl% produ$ti5e2 All po((ibilitie( of profile lead modifi$ation( $an be obtained2 #G9H( "ear( $onform to !IN to !IN $la(( a$$ura$%2
Di..erentia6 Gears %Sate66ite, #6anetary and S8ider Gears+ #G9 offer( to their $u(tomer( a
$hoi$e of to (%(tem( Glea(on ?onifle= and Glea(on Re5a$%$le (%(tem( of Strai"ht be5el Generation2
D
In addition to the(e #G9 manufa$ture( !ifferential ?ro((e( )Trunnion(0 of 5ariou( (ie( a( ell a( $omplete (ub.a((emblie( of differential(2
A #arti-u6ar Gear Bo assemb6y is as .o66os
,+
1urna-es
#G9H( urna$e !i5i(ion En"ineer( $on(tru$t( bat$h and $ontinuou( heat treatin" furna$e (%(tem( in $ollaboration ith A? 4ol$raft Mi$hi"an: USA2
,,
Systems
ua6ity Systems • •
ISO D++, *+++ ?ertifi$ation
•
ISO ,D-D *+++ ?ertifi$ation
Mana7ement In.ormation System • •
9o$al Area Netor6 of $omputer( at plant and 4ead Offi$e
• •
Unit i(e $o(t anal%(i( and $ontrol
Human R D ? System
TLM ?ulture throu"h • •
Total ?u(tomer Sati(fa$tion
• •
Total Emplo%ee In5ol5ement
• •
Total Wa(te Elimination
Tota6 ua6ity Mana7ement
To 6eep pa$e ith time in thi( liberated e$onom% to enhan$ed national and international "roth: to $reate @ualit% and to maintain mar6etin" leader(hip2 TLM i( here po(iti5e thin6in" i( $ore element2
TM Thrust Areas are
• •
Mana"ement Re(pon(ibilitie(
• •
!ele"ation and !e$entraliation
• •
Total ?u(tomer !eli"ht
• •
Strate"i$ @ualit% plannin"
• •
4uman re(our$e utiliation
• •
Produ$t @ualit% a((uran$e
• •
?ompan% ide $omputeriation
• •
Implementation of ISO TS ,D-D *+++
• •
Redu$tion in a(te and $o(t
Some of the output( from the(e thru(t area( "i5e( (ome or"aniation 5alue(: hi$h are111 • •
Te$hnolo"%
• •
Lualit% A((uran$e
• •
4i"her Performan$e
• •
Pa((i5ene(( Ob3e$ti5e( ,*
TLM "i5e( more empha(i( on mana"ement a( $han"e of mana"ement "i5e( more $han"e in one (erie($han"e( in $ulture and $han"e in oneH( thou"ht pro$e((2
Bharat Gears ua6ity #o6i-y
We are $ommitted to pro5ide produ$t( that meet mutuall% a"reed re@uirement( of our $u(tomer and to en(ure their full (ati(fa$tion2
We underta6e to $ontinuall% impro5e our pro$e((e( and @ualit% (%(tem(2
ua6ity 0bFe-tives • •
To redu$e re3e$tion )ppm02
• •
To redu$e operation $o(t2
• •
To in$rea(e produ$ti5it%2
• •
To redu$e ne produ$t de5elopment $%$le time2
• •
To en(ure en(ure online online deli5er%2
De8artments ua6ity 2ontro6
The Lualit% $ontrol department (ee( that part( manufa$tured $onfirm to re@uirement(2 Thi( department perform( for"in" in(pe$tion: in pro$e(( in(pe$tion before heat treatment in(pe$tion: After heat treatment in(pe$tion and final in(pe$tion2 Maintenan-e De8artment
It in$lude( me$hani$al maintenan$e a( ell a( ele$tri$al maintenan$e2 The pre5enti5e brea6don maintenan$e i( $arried out in #G92 #ur-hase De8artment
!eal( ith in5entor% tenderin" and 5endorin": (to$6 pur$ha(e and need 5erifi$ation bill(: pa%ment(: in(uran$e: et$B Marketin7 De8artment
,C Mar6etin" !ept2 loo6( after the flo of order(: maintainin" "ood relation( ith $u(tomer(: ta6in" pa%ment( from the $u(tomer( after fulfillin" their order(2 Mar6etin" department al(o do ad5erti(ement for the $ompan%2 BU 4 TU En7ineerin7 En7ineerin7 De8artment 1un-tion !e5elopin" the part(: Preparin" part and or a((embl% drain"(: e(timatin" the toolin"
and "au"in" $o(t and rai(in" the indent for the (ame to initiate PO: preparin" ?ontrol Plan: Pro$e(( (heet(: Pro$e(( flo dia"ram(: de5elopin" fi=ture( for 5ariou( ma$hinin" pro$e((e(: helpin" the produ$tion dept2 in @ualit% and Te$hni$al Problem(2
Industria6 En7ineerin7 De8artment 1un-tions
Time Stud% and E(timation for ma$hine line: (tore(: and tool room and a((embl% operation(2
9a%out modifi$ation and de(i"nin" ne la%out( of produ$tion line: (tore( and offi$e(2
!e(i"nin" and pro5idin" material handlin" and (tora"e fa$ilit% for ma$hine line: a((embl% line and (tore(2
Gears
' A/AL3SIS '& GEAR '& GEAR TERMI/0L0GIES Po(ition of a=e( of (haft(
Relati5e motion
lo
Parallel a=e( ) Spur and 4eli$al0
Inter(e$tin" a=e( ) #e5el Gear(0
medium
orm( of teeth
hi"h
In5olute
Non Inter(e$tin" a=e() Worm and Worm Wheel0
?%$loidal
,-
Gears havin7 #ara66e6 aes
The(e "ear( ha5e teeth parallel to the a=i( of the heel 2 The(e $on(i(t of Spur and 4eli$al t%pe of "ear(2 Spur Gear( are tho(e in hi$h the teeth are parallel to the a=i( and heli$al t%pe in hi$h the teeth are in$lined to the a=i(2 Gears havin7 Interse-tin7 aes
The to. non parallel or inter(e$tin": but $oplanar (haft( $onne$ted b% "ear( are $alled be5el "ear( and the arran"ement i( 6non a( be5el "earin"2 The be5el "ear(: li6e (pur "ear( ma% al(o ha5e their teeth in$line to the fa$e of the be5el: in hi$h $a(e the% are 6non a( heli$al be5el "ear(2 /on!interse-tin7 and /on!#ara66e6 aes
To non $oplanar (haft( $onne$ted b% "ear( i( 6non a( (6e be5el "ear( or (piral "ear( and the arran"ement i( 6non a( (6e be5el "earin" or (piral "earin"2 Thi( t%pe of "earin" al(o ha5e line $onta$t: the rotation of hi$h about the a=e( "enerate( the to pit$h (urfa$e( 6non a( hy8erbo6oids
Terms used in Gears I+ S8ur Gears
#it-h 2ir-6e
It i( a ima"inar% $ir$le hi$h b% pure rollin" a$tion: ould "i5e the (ame motion a(
the a$tual "ear2 ,/
#it-h 2ir-6e Diameter It i( the diameter of the pit$h $ir$le2 The (ie of the "ear i( u(uall% (pe$ified b%
the pit$h $ir$le diameter2 It i( al(o $alled a( pit$h diameter2
It i( a $ommon point of $onta$t beteen to pit$h $ir$le(2 #it-h #oint It
#it-h Sur.a-e It i( the (urfa$e of the rollin" di($( hi$h the me(hin" "ear( ha5e repla$ed at the pit$h Sur.a-e It
$ir$le2
#ressure an76e or an76e or ob6i@uity It It i( the an"le beteen the $ommon normal to to "ear teeth at
the point of $onta$t and the $ommon tan"ent at the pit$h point2 It i( u(uall% denoted b% 2 The (tandard pre((ure an"le( are ,- ,*o2 and *+o2
Addendum Addendum It i( the radial di(tan$e of a tooth from the pit$h $ir$le to the top of the tooth2
Dedendum It It i( the radial di(tan$e of a tooth from the pit$h $ir$le to the bottom of the tooth2
It i( the $ir$le dran throu"h the top of the teeth and i( $on$entri$ ith the pit$h Addendum Addendum 2ir-6e 2ir-6e It $ir$le2
Dedendum Dedendum 2ir-6e 2ir-6e It i( the $ir$le dran throu"h the bottom of the teeth2 It i( al(o $alled root -ir-6e
2ir-u6ar #it-h It i( the di(tan$e mea(ured on the $ir$umferen$e of the pit$h $ir$le from a point of one
tooth to the $orre(pondin" point of the ne=t tooth2 It i( u(uall% denoted b% p $2
Diametri-a6 #it-h It i( the ratio of number of teeth to the pit$h $ir$le diameter in millimeter(2 It i(
denoted b% p d2
Modu6e It i( the ratio of the pit$h $ir$le diameter in millimeter( to the number of teeth2 It i( u(uall%
denoted b% m2
26earan-e It i( the radial di(tan$e from the top of the tooth to the bottom of the tooth: in a me(hin"
"ear2 A A $ir$le pa((in" throu"h the top of the me(hin" "ear i( 6non a( $learan$e2
Tota6 De8th It It i( the radial di(tan$e beteen the addendum and dedendum $ir$le of a "ear2 It i( e@ual
to the (um of addendum and dedendum2
5orkin7 De8th It It i( the radial di(tan$e from the addendum $ir$le to the $learan$e $ir$le2 It i( e@ual to
the (um of addendum of the to me(hin" "ear(2
It i( the idth of the tooth mea(ured alon" the pit$h $ir$le2 Tooth Thi-kness It
Tooth S8a-e It It i( the idth of (pa$e beteen the to ad3a$ent teeth mea(ured alon" the pit$h $ir$le2
,
It i( the differen$e beteen the tooth (pa$e and the tooth thi$6ne((: a( mea(ured on the pit$h Ba-k6ash It $ir$le2
It i( the (urfa$e of the tooth abo5e the pit$h (urfa$e2 1a-e o. the tooth It
It i( the (urfa$e if the top of the tooth2 To8 6and It
16ank o. the tooth It i( the (urfa$e of the tooth belo the pit$h (urfa$e2
1a-e idth It i( the idth of the "ear tooth mea(ured parallel to it( a=i(2
#ro.i6e #ro.i6e It i( the $ur5e formed b% the fa$e and flan6 of the tooth2
1i66et Radius It i( the radiu( that $onne$t( the root $ir$le to the profile of the tooth2
#ath o. -onta-t It i( the path tra$ed b% the point of $onta$t of to teeth from the be"innin" to the end
of en"a"ement2
Ar- o. -onta-t It i( the path tra$ed b% a point on the pit$h $ir$le from the be"innin" to the end of
en"a"ement of a "i5en pair of teeth2 The ar$ of $ onta$t $on(i(t( of to part(: i2e2
,F
,
a+ Ar- o. re-ess It i( the portion of the path of $onta$t from the pit$h point to the end of the
en"a"ement of a pair2
#it-h 2one It i( the $one $ontainin" the pit$h element( of the teeth2
2one 2entre It i( the ape= of the pit$h $one2 It ma% be defined a( that point here the
a=e( of the matin" "ear( inter(e$t ea$h other2
b+ Ar- o. a88roa-h It i( the portion of the path of $onta$t from the be"innin" of the Ar- o. re-ess It i( the portion of the path of $onta$t from the en"a"ement to the pit$h point Ar-
pit$h point to the end of the en"a"ement of a pair2
#it-h 2one It i( the $one $ontainin" the pit$h element( of the teeth2
2one 2entre It i( the ape= of the pit$h $one2 It ma% be defined a( that point here the
a=e( of the matin" "ear( inter(e$t ea$h other2 -+ d+ Ar- o. re-ess It i( the portion of the path of $onta$t from the pit$h point to the end of the
en"a"ement of a pair2
#it-h 2one point here the a=e( of the matin" "ear( inter(e$t ea$h other2
#it-h an76e It i( the an"le made b% the pit$h line ith the a=i( of the (haft2 It i( denoted
b% P2
2one distan-e It i( the len"th of the pit$h $one element2 It i( al(o $alled a( pitch cone radius.
Addendum an76e It i( the an"le (ubtended b% the addendum of the tooth at the $one
$entre: It i( denoted b% Q2
Dedendum an76e It i( the an"le (ubtende b% the dedendum of the tooth at the $one $entre2
It i( denoted b% 2
1a-e an76e It i( the an"le (ubtended b% the fa$e of the tooth at the $one $entre2 It i(
denoted b% 2 The fa$e an"le i( e@ual to the pit$h an"le plu( the addendum an"le2
Root an76e It It i( the an"le (ubtended b% the root of the tooth at the $one $entre2 It i(
denoted b% R 2 It i( e@ual to the pit$h an"le
dedendum minus dedendum
an"le2
Ba-k %or normal ++ -one It i( an ima"inar% $one: perpendi$ular to the pit$h $one at the end %or normal
of the tooth2
Ba-k -one distan-e It i( the len"th of the ba$6 $one2 It i( denoted b% R #2 It i( al(o $alled
ba$6 $one radiu(2
Ba-kin7 It i( the di(tan$e of the pit$h point )P0 from the ba$6 of the bo((: parallel to the
pit$h point of the "ear2 It i( denoted b% #2 ,D
2ron hei7ht It i( the di(tan$e of the $ron point ? from the $one $entre )O02 parallel to
the a=i( of the "ear2 It i( denoted b% 4 ?2
It i( the di(tan$e of the bo(( from the $one $entre2 It i( denoted b% 4 M2 Mountin7 hei7ht It
#it-h Diameter It i( the diameter of the lar"e(t pit$h $ir$le2
0utside or addendum -one diameter It It i( the ma=imum diameter of the teeth of the "ear2
It i( the diameter of the blan6 from hi$h the "ear $an be $ut2
Inside or dedendum -one diameter It It i( the in(ide diameter and i( denoted b% ! d2
* GEAR 2UTTI/G #R02ESSES
or S%(temati$ Pro$e((in" of Gear( from for"in" operation till "rindin": (ha5in" or in(pe$tion )L?02 A #1D %#ro-ess 16o i( prepared2 All the pro$e((e( on the $orre(pondin" "ear: $ron heel: pinion or 16o Dia7ram+ i(
differential "ear( i( $arried out a$$ordin" to the in(tru$tion( in the pro$e(( flo dia"ram2 A t%pi$al P! i( a( atta$hed2 or e5er% Pro$e(( a 2ontro6 2ontro6 #6an %2#+ i( prepared2 The in(tru$tion( "i5en in the ?P are 5er% e((ential and the operator or6( on the $orre(pondin" to the ?P2 A t%pi$al ?P i( a( atta$hed1
Some of the "ear pro$e((in" term( a( in P! are a( follo(1 *,&
Ins8e-t Ra Materia6 The ra material u(ed for ma6in" aa "ear "ear i( i( in(pe$ted in(pe$ted for for ne$e((ar% ne$e((ar% metallur"i$al $on(ideration(2The ra material (hould be $ra$6 and dent free2Thi( in(pe$tion i( done 5i(uall% a( ell a( b% ma$hine2
Ins8e-t 1or7in7 The The or"in" of the re@uired part()"ear(0 hi$h $ome( from the 5endor( i( in(pe$ted at thi( (ta"e2
1inish Turnin7 Turnin" Turnin" on the part i( done u(in" ?N? turnin" ma$hine( ma$hine( in the ?N?)?omputeried Numeri$al ?ontrol0 (hop lo$ated in(ide the fa$tor%2 Ma3orit% of the part( are "i5en to the 5endor for fini(hed turnin" hi$h are then in(pe$ted in the fa$tor%2
*+ *,'
Broa-hin7 #roa$hin" i( done u(in" the Arthur Klin6 #roa$hin" ma$hine lo$ated in the tran(mi((ion (hop2 #roa$hin" i( a method of remo5in" metal b% pu(hin" or pullin" a $uttin" tool $alled a broa$h hi$h $ut( in fi=ed path2 #roa$hin" i( a ma$hinin" pro$e(( that u(e( a toothed tool: $alled a broa$h: to remo5e material2 There are to main t%pe( of broa$hin"1 linear and rotar%2 In linear broa$hin": hi$h i( the more $ommon pro$e((: the broa$h i( run linearl% a"ain(t a (urfa$e of the or6 pie$e to affe$t the $ut2 9inear broa$he( are u(ed in a broa$hin" ma$hine: hi$h i( al(o (ometime( (hortened to broa$h2 In rotar% broa$hin": the
broa$h i( rotated and pre((ed into the or6 pie$e to $ut an a=i( (%mmetri$ (hape2 A rotar% broa$h i( u(ed in a lathe or ($re ma$hine2 In both pro$e((e( the $ut i( performed in one pa(( of the broa$h: hi$h ma6e( it 5er% effi$ient2 #roa$hin" i( u(ed hen pre$i(ion ma$hinin" i( re@uired: e(pe$iall% for odd (hape(2 ?ommonl%
ma$hined (urfa$e( in$lude $ir$ular and non.$ir$ular hole(: (pline(: 6e%a%(: and flat (urfa$e(2
Broa-hin7 2utter S#LI/ES
,2Strai"htn *2 In5olute
*,
C2 Serration( -2 Trapeoidal I/TER/AL H0LE
,2 S@uare *2 Round C2 Re$tan"ular: 4e=a"onal -2 Irre"ular Shape( et$2 $E35A3
,2 With or ithout ?hamfer *2 ?on5e=?on$a5e2 C2 ?ombined Round ; Sin"le Ke%a% #rodu-t #arameter ,2 Ma3or !ia2 1 Paddle Gau"e *2 Minor !ia2 1 Plu" Gau"e C2 a$e RO ; O2! RO 1 #en$h ?enter With !ial Stand -2 ini(hin" Spline 1 i(uall%
*,*
Hobbin7
4obbin" i( a ma$hinin" pro$e(( for "ear $uttin":$uttin" (pline(2 The teeth or (pline( are $ut into the or6pie$e b% a (erie( of $ut(2The(e $ut( are made b% a $uttin" tool $alled hob2It i( the mo(t idel% u(ed "ear $uttin" pro$e(( for $reatin" (pline and ma6in" "ear(2
4obbin" u(e( a hobbin" ma$hine ith to (6e (pindle(:one mounted ith a blan6 or6pie$e and other ith a hob2 The an"le beteen hobH( (pindle ; or6pie$eH( (pindle 5arie(:dependin" upon the the t%pe of "ear that e ha5e to produ$e2 If (pur "ear i( bein" produ$ed:the hob i( an"led e@ual to the heli= an"le of the hob2The (haft( are rotated at a proportional ratio hi$h determine( the number of teeth on blan62 e2" If "ear ratio i( -+1,:the hob rotate( -+ time( to ea$h turn of blan6 hi$h produ$e( -+ teeth in blan62 4ob i( fed up into or6pie$e until $orre$t tooth depth i( obtained2 inall% hob i( fed up throu"h or6pie$e parallel to blan6H( a=i( of rotation2 Hob
The hob i( the $utter u(ed to $ut the teeth into the or6 pie$e2 It i( $%lindri$al in (hape ith heli$al $uttin" teeth2 The(e teeth ha5e "roo5e( that run the len"th of the hob: hi$h aid in $uttin" and $hip remo5al2 There are al(o (pe$ial hob( de(i"ned for (pe$ial "ear( (u$h a( the (pline and (pro$6et "ear( 2 #ro-ess #arameter ,2 4ob ?utter O2! Run Out On Ma$hine 1 +2+,+ mm *2 9o$ator O2! Run Out 1 +2+,+ mm C2 9o$ator a$e Run Out 1 +2+,+ mm -2 Top ?enter Run Out With Re(pe$t To Wor6able 1 +2+,+ mm #rodu-t #arameter ,2 !2O2P 1 Mi$rometer *2 R2O2P 1 #en$h ?enter With !ial Stand
C2 T2?2E 1 Gear Roll Te(ter -2 T2T2?2E 1 Gear Roll Te(ter /2 4eli= Error 1 9ead Profile Te(ter 2 9ead ariation 1 9ead Profile Te(ter F2 Profile Error 1 9ead Profile Te(ter 2 Profile ariation 1 9ead Profile Te(ter D2 Root !ia2 1 ernier ?aliper ,+2 Semi Toppin" 1 ernier ?aliper
*9 Sha8in71
*C
Shapin" i( al(o a pro$e(( of $uttin" teeth u(in" a $utter2 Shapin" i( done at that pla$e of "ear here the hobbin" i( not po((ible2 The $utter in (hapin" ma$hine i( a di($ $utter hi$h re$ipro$ate( a( ell a( rotate( in a=ial dire$tion2 The blan6 "ear rotate( on (e$ond (pindle2 The or6pie$e i( ali"ned ith $utter and (lol% feed( into $utter hile rotatin"2 It i( "enerall% u(ed for $uttin" do" teeth on "ear(2
S4# Manufa$ture Gear Shapin" ?utter( in Module: !P and ?P (erie(2 Spur a( ell a( 4eli$al Shaper ?utter( $an be (upplied in !i($: 4ub and Shan6 T%pe arietie(2 Material u(ed i( "enerall% AISI MC/ Grade and a$$ura$ie( are a( per !IN.,*D Standard ?la(( VAAH and ?la(( VAH2 Profile modifi$ation( in$ludin" ?hamfer: Semi.Toppin": Toppin" : Protuberan$e: lat or illet Root $an be pro5ided2 #ro-ess #arameter ,2 ?utter O2! Run Out On Ma$hine 1 +2+,+ mm *2 ?utter Ra6e a$e Run Out 1 +2+,+ mm C2 9o$ator O2! Run Out 1 +2+,+ mm -2 9o$ator a$e Run Out 1 +2+,+ mm
#rodu-t #arameter ,2 !2O2P 1 Mi$rometer *2 R2O2P 1 #en$h ?enter With !ial Stand C2 4eli= Error 1 4eli= Te(ter -2 Root !ia2 1 ernier ?aliper
/2 Semi Toppin" 1 ernier ?aliper 2 ree Entr% Of Mattin" Part 1 Go "au"e F2 Teeth ini(h 1 i(uall% 2 Spline Rotation Mu(t #e Not Enter 1 No Go "au"e
*> Roundin7 Roundin" i( the pro$e(( of ma6in" the ed"e( of the teeth in round (hape for better me(hin" of "ear(2 When the "ear ha( to (lide into me(h:the ed"e( of teeth:on (lidin" member ; the $orre(pondin" ed"e( of teeth on *the matin" member are rounded to ea(e me(hin"2 The $o(t of roundin" tool i( more therefore $hamferin" $an al(o be done2
*= Shavin7 Gear (ha5in" pro$e(( impro5e( the (urfa$e of "ear flan6(2 It al(o redu$e( tooth profile error:inde= error ; lead error on "ear( manufa$tured b% hobbin" ; (hapin" pro$e((2 The pro$e(( of (ha5in" in5ol5e( runnin" the (ha5in" $utter in ti"ht me(h ith the or6 "ear( at hi"h (peed or "ear (ha5in" ma$hine2 !urin" rotation:$uttin" ed"e( (eep o5er flan6( and remo5e the fine hair li6e $hip(2
Advanta7es o. Shavin7
i2 ii2 iii2 i52
Impro5ement of (urfa$e fini(h2 Gear noi(e i( redu$ed2 Tran(mittin" hi"h poer at hi"h (peed2 9ife of "ear i( enhan$ed2
Shavin7 2utters Transverse Shavin7 2utters
The "ear that i( (ha5ed re$ipro$ate( in the dire$tion of it( on a=i(2 The tool and the "ear are in me(h2 With ea$h (tep( of re$ipro$ation: there i( an o$$urren$e of (mall @uantit% of radial feedin" of the (ha5in" $utter2
Dia7ona6 Shavin7 2utters
*
4ere the "ear (ele$ted for (ha5in" re$ipro$ate( obli@uel% in dire$tion to it( on a=i(2 The "ear and the tool are made to (ta% in a me(h2 The dia"onal an"le $an be "ot b% po(itionin" of the or6 pie$e table in an obli@ue manner or b% the pro$e(( of interpolatin" of the to ma$hine a=e(2 A( ith ea$h re$ipro$ation: there i( a radial feedin" of the (ha5in" $utter2 Thi( i( de($ribed in the dia"r
#6un7e Shavin7 2utters
In thi( method there i( no or6table tran(lation2 In(tead there ta6e( pla$e a radial feed of the or6 pie$e a"ain(t the tool that i( u(ed a( (ha5in" $utter2 Plun"e (ha5in" i( parti$ularl% "ood for (ha5in" of (houlder "ear Under8ass Shavin7 2utters
Underpa(( (ha5in" i( primaril% identi$al to dia"onal (ha5in" ith a (mall 5ariation in the form of a dia"onal an"le of D+ de"ree(2 In underpa(( (ha5in" no a=ial table re$ipro$ation ta6e( pla$e2 In it( pla$e: the or6 pie$e re$ipro$ate( at ri"ht an"le( to it( on a=i(2
*; #un-hin7 Pun$hin" i( the pro$e(( of ma6in" $u(tomber number on the "ear2 Thi( number $ontain( the name of the furna$e u(ed:%ear.month ; the number re@uired b% the $ompan% hi$h pur$ha(e( the "ear( 2 Pun$hin" i( done b% manuall% a( ell a( $omputeried2 The information i( fed into the $omputer and pun$hin" ma$hine ma6e( the $u(tomber number2
BHT Ins8e-tion #242T2 mean(
before heat treatment in(pe$tion2 It in$lude( 5i(ual in(pe$tion of "ear( li6e
teeth:fini(hin":$hamferin" i( o6e% or not:no dent a5ailable on "ear ; $hip( mu(t not (ti$6 on the "ear2
*< HT
4eat treatment i( the pro$e(( of impro5in" ph%(i$al:$hemi$al:metallur"i$al propertie(2 The (urfa$e hardne(( hi$h impart( ear re(i(tan$e to pre5ent tooth ; bearin" (urfa$e( from earin" 2 It al(o impro5e( "ear( fati"ue life2 Ph%(i$al propertie( li6e (urfa$e hardne((:$ore hardne((:du$tilit%:(tren"th:$ompre((i5e (tre(( $an 5ar% dependin" upon the t%pe of heat treatment2 To t%pe( of furna$e( are u(ed for 42T2 1. • •
?G? furna$e GP? furna$e
2G2 .urna-e
?G? mean( $ontinuou( "a( $arburi(in" furna$e that i( a multi$hamber furna$e2 It u(e( propane "a( ,++ ,++ 6" hr2 Luen$hin" oil i( 4ou"hton 4i.@uen$h $oil oil2 It i( u(ed for 42T2 of lar"er part(2 G#2 .urna-e
GP? (tand( for General Purpo(e $hamber urna$e2 It i( al(o a multi$hamber furna$e u(ed for 42T2 of (maller part( a( $ompared to ?G? furna$e2 Oil re@uired in thi( furna$e i( F+++ 9t GP?2 our "a(e( are u(ed in GP? furna$e1. Propane:Endo:N4C)Ammonia0 and Air2 Shot B6astin7
#ro-ess
Shot #la(tin" i( the pro$e(( after 4eat treatment in hi$h remo5e the produ$t dar6ne(( hi$h o$$ur( in heat treatment pro$e(( 2 In thi( Pro$e(( /* to + 4R? hardne(( (tainle(( (teel (mall parti$le( (tri6e on produ$t
*: Gear Gear Deburrin7 Gear deburrin" ma$hine( are de(i"ned to $orre$tl% remo5e burr( or (harp ed"e( a( a re(ult of $a(tin"(: drilled hole(: $ut "roo5e( and other ma$hinin" operation( u(ed to re(ult $omplete part(2 The !eburrin" pro$e(( of "ear( ma6e( the part( $apable of a performan$e for hi$h the% ere de(i"ned2 It eliminate( all the unanted element( that ob(tru$t their produ$ti5it%2
Deburrin7 -utter
':
S4# manufa$ture Gear !eburrin" ?utter( to remo5e burr( formed durin" teeth $uttin" and $hamferin" operation2 The(e $utter( are u(ed in $on3un$tion ith Gear ?hamferin" ?utter(2 Material u(ed i( mainl% 4SS M.*2 Gear !eburrin" ?utter( for Samputern(illi Ma$hine( $a be manufa$tured in (tandard form a( ell a( to the (pe$ifi$ re@uirement( of the $u(tomer2
*&) 2ham.erin7
#ro-ess
?hamfer i( a be5eled ed"e $onne$tin" to (urfa$e(2 If the (urfa$e( are at ri"ht an"le(: the $hamfer ill t%pi$all% be (%mmetri$al at -/ de"ree(2 A fillet i( the roundin" off of an interior $orner2
*&&La88in7
#ro-ess 9appin" i( a ma$hinin" operation: in hi$h to (urfa$e( are rubbed to"ether ith an abra(i5e beteen them: b% hand mo5ement or b% a% of a ma$hine2 Thi( $an ta6e to form(2 The fir(t t%pe of lappin" )traditionall% $alled "rindin"0: t%pi$all% in5ol5e( rubbin" a brittle material (u$h a( "la(( a"ain(t a (urfa$e (u$h a( iron or "la(( it(elf )al(o 6non a( the lap or "rindin" tool0 ith an abra(i5e (u$h a( aluminum o=ide: 3eelerH( rou"e: opti$ian( rou"e: emer%: (ili$on $arbide: diamond: et$2: in beteen them2 Thi( produ$e( mi$ro($opi$ $on$hoidal fra$ture( a( the abra(i5e roll( about beteen the to (urfa$e( and remo5e( material from both2
uen-hin7 It i( the rapid $oolin" of or6pie$e to obtain $ertain material propertie(2 It in$rea(e( the (urfa$e hardne(( of or6pie$e: After 42T2 the "ear $ome( into the hi"hl% @uen$hed oil for @uen$hin"2 @uen$hin"
AHT Ins8e-tion C+ A242T2 refer( to After 4eat Treatment In(pe$tion of "ear(2It in$lude( the in(pe$tion of "ear( b% mean( of in(trument(1. mi$rometer:hei"ht "au"e:pit$h $ir$le diameter: Outer !iameter:Inner!iameter2 Sometime( "ear (haft (li"htl% bend and then it i( (trai"htened b% (trai"htenin" ma$hine2
*&' Grindin7 Grindin" i( a fini(hin" operation2 A$$ura$% of the 5ariou( dimen(ion( i( a$hie5ed in the toleran$e ran"e of 5er% fe mi$ron(2 Se5eral t%pe of Grindin" pro$e((e( are $arried out li6e fa$e "rindin": profile "rindin": thread "rindin" et$
2
#ro-ess
Grindin" ma$hine $on(i(t( of a poer dri5en "rindin" heel (pinnin" at the re@uired (peed )hi$h i( determined b% the heelH( diameter and manufa$turerH( ratin": u(uall% b% a formula0 and a bed ith a fi=ture to "uide and hold the or6pie$e2 The "rindin" head $an be $ontrolled to tra5el a$ro(( a fi=ed or6 pie$e or the or6 pie$e $an be mo5ed hil(t the "rind head (ta%( in a fi=ed po(ition2 er% fine $ontrol of the "rindin" head or tableH( po(ition i( po((ible u(in" a 5ernier $alibrated hand heel: or u(in" the feature( of numeri$al $ontrol(2 Grindin" ma$hine( remo5e material from the or6 pie$e b% abra(ion: hi$h $an "enerate (ub(tantial amount( of heat the% therefore in$orporate a $oolant to $ool the or6 pie$e (o that it doe( not o5erheat and "o out(ide it( toleran$e2 The $oolant al(o benefit( the ma$hini(t a( the heat "enerated ma% $au(e burn( in (ome $a(e(
Diamond too6 A diamond tool i( a $uttin" tool ith diamond "rain( fi=ed on the fun$tional part( of the tool 5ia a bondin" material or another method2 */ Ad5anta"e( of diamond "rindin" tool( 1 ,2 4i"h "rindin" effi$ien$%: 9o "rindin" for$e *2 4i"h ear re(i(tan$e2 C2 9on" life(pan: 9on" dre((in" period12 -2 9o $omprehen(i5e $o(t Indu$tion 4ardenin" Pro$e(( #ro-ess ,2 ?ompletion of all ma$hinin" operation(2 *2 Pre heat in(pe$tion and pun$hin"2 C2 Stre(( relie5in" )at */+$: * 4r20 -2 Oilin" /2 >ob re(tin" fa$e( $leanin" b% poli(hin" paper2 2 Indu$tion hardenin" )InternalE=ternal0 F2 Oilin"
2 Temperin" mu(t be ithin - hr2 D2 Oilin"
C*
Advanta7es 1 ,2 Indu$tion 4ardenin" i( 5er% u(e full to in$rea(in" the hardne(( of produ$t either internall% or e=ternall%2 *2It i( u(e to ma6e brittle material of produ$t
$erosene 26eanin7 The "ear i( $leaned u(in" 6ero(ene2It i( final pro$e(( of "ear manufa$turin" in hi$h the"ear i( a(hed in oil: (o that "ear( $an be pre5ented from $orro(ion2 The oil i( filled in the$hamber ; the "ear( are a(hed into it2
*&* 1ina6 Ins8e-tion inal In(pe$tion of the part i( done in the inal Lualit% ?ontrol !epartment2
*&9 #a-kin7 Pa$6in" i( done in 2G2S2 after hi$h the "ear i( di(pat$hed to the $u(tomer2
Some 0ther 08erations done on various 8arts are
Dri66in7 !rillin" of hole( of 5ariou( (ie( and len"th( i( done u(in" ?N? drill2 Gun drill i( u(ed for lon" hole drillin"2
Grindin7 Grindin" of the bore in $a(e of $ron heel i( done u(in" bore "rindin" ma$hine(2 #hos8hatin71 Pho(phatin" i( done to impro5e (urfa$e $hara$teri(ti$( of the part2 It i( done in the folloin" (tep(1 ,0 Pre$leanin" *0 !e"rea(in" )Proto6lin .C+,)!0 F+o Y /o2 C0 ?old Water Water Tan6 Tan6 -0 4ot Water Tan6 /0 Pho(phatin" Tan6 0 ?old Water Water Tan6 Tan6 F0 Oil Tan62
2ommon #a-kin7 /EED
Pa$6in" i( the mo(t important part after Gear fini(hin" operation( are $ompleted be$au(e dama"e of the part ma% o$$ur hile tran(portation: hi$h $an lead to teeth dama"e2 Pa$6in" i( to be done in (u$h a a% that ma=imum no2 of part( $an be u(ed for the (ame bo= drain"( 6non a( $ommon pa$6in" hi$h redu$e( the de(i"n $o(t of neer bo=e(2 Al(o feer no2 of bo=e( are ea(% to handle hi$h ma6e( it prett% ea(ier2 Al(o (ometime( more than one part $an fit into the bo=e( of dimen(ion( de(i"ned (a5in" material(2 ?on(iderin" the Outer !iameter: Inner !iameter: t%pe of "ear: Shape: En""2 !rain": len"th )or hei"ht0 et$2 bo= drain"( are made2 So if all the(e $on(ideration( lie ithin toleran$e( of Y,/ mm or a( mentioned2 The mo5ement of part( hile tran(portation (hould be minimum (o that there i( no dama"e to the part(2 or pa$6in" pre(entl%: for the three unit( i2e2 Tran(mi((ion: #e5el and Strai"ht #e5el: the pattern of bo=e( u(ed i( a( follo(1 Transmission
?orru"ated bo= primar% p6"2
Pla(ti$ ?rate . &Returnable' or near b% $u(tomer(
Pl%ood bo= E=port )Se$ondar% p6"0
Wooden !ome(ti$
#e5el
Pla(ti$ ?rate
?lip.lo6 bo=
Wooden bo=
Pl%ood bo=
Strai7ht Beve6
?orru"ated bo=
Pla(ti$ ?rate
Wooden bo=
Pl%ood be5el C-
9
20/2LUSI0/
After $ompletin" the indu(trial trainin" at V#4ARAT GEARS PT2 9T!2H I $an (a% that that the indu(trial trainin" i( 5er% important for En"ineerin" (tudent( li6e me2 Pra$ti$al 6noled"e i( a 5er% important in the e5er% field2 It a( "reat e=perien$e durin" the indu(trial trainin" and I learnt pra$ti$all% 6noled"e about the different ma$hine( li6e 4obbin": Shappin": Sha5in" et$2 u(e( to $ut the 5ariou( "ear li6e (pur: heli$al: (pline:et$2 ariou( pro$e((e( (u$h a( turnin": millin": "rindin": 6e%a% and (hapin" of "ear( tea$he( me a lot of thin"(2 I al(o too6 (ome e=perien$e about the or"aniationH( or62 The emplo%ee( of the $ompan% ere (upporti5e durin" the indu(trial trainin"2 Emplo%ee( and A3a% (ir under ho(e "uidan$e i too6 trainin" help me to under(tand the me$hani(m( and theorie( behind the(e 5ariou( pro$e((e(2 The% pro5ide me the proper "uidan$e and information about all the department( li6e mar6etin": produ$tion and per(onnel: et$2
