Name: Course:
Title:Cell structure 1
Introduction:
All living organisms are composed of cells. A cell is a small, membrane-bound compartment that contains all the chemicals and molecules that help support an organism's life. An understanding of the structure of cells is one of the first steps in comprehending the complex cellular interactions that direct and produce life. Cells is like a building blocks of organisms. Some of the organisms are composed by a single cell but most of them . Others, like ourselves, are composed of millions of cells that work together to perform the much complex functions that make us different from other single organism.Before we can understand how multiple cells can work together to create complex biological functions, it is more significant that to understand what biological functions single cells are capable of performing on their own to sustain life. There are different types of cells with individuated structures. Single-celled organisms have different cell structure than mufti-celled organisms and plant cells
have different structures from animal cells. These differences reflect differences in the functions that each of these classes of cells is required to perform. While the focus of this guide will be on the structures that compose compose complex cellular organisms.Cells are now knows as mainly divided by two categories such as cells, and Eucharistic cells. prototypical cells,
Prokaryotic cells
The cells of every organism are mainly eukaryotic except bacteria.Only bacteria have prokaryotic cells. There are two kingdoms of prokaryotic cells, the Bacteria (Eubacteria) and the Archaebacteria. These two prokaryotic prokaryotic kingdoms are so so different from each other that they are actually classified into different domains, the Domain Bacteria (contains only Kingdom Bacteria) and the D omain Archaea (contains only Kingdom Archaebacteria). However, we will only examine the Bacteria nowaday.
Prokaryotic cells impart from eukaryotic cells in that they does not has a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.However,they are a lot of similarity between both prokaryotic and eukaryotic.For examples,both of them have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes, and similar enzyme systems. Other than that, some of the prokayotic cells like plants and fungi also have a cell wall. Prokaryotic cells are usually require higher magnification to see (about 1000X) and much smaller than eukaryotic cells. However, most of the prokaryotic cells are able to exminated easily by useing 400X magnification of microscope.
Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.Nowaday, we will look at three kingdoms of eukaryotic cells with the microscope: Protista, Animalia, and Plantae.For examples, plant cell, animal cells, Fungi and so on.
Unicellular leukocytes are belong to the kingdom Protagonist.The name “protozoan” means “first animal, ” but leukocytes may display either plant or animal-like characteristics, characteristics, or a combination of both. Although protagonist is unicellular cell, they are able to function well with present of membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. Every protagonist is a individual cells that carrying out all the essential processes for survival in just one cell. They usually exist on moist soil and in fresh and
marine bodies of water. Recently research shown that they are only 30,000 known species of protozoans, commonly classified according to their movement patterns as woodiness — moving moving with false feet called pseudoscience or, flagellates — moving moving
with whip-like structures known as flagella, calumniates — moving moving with short hairs known as cilia, and sporrans — with with no movement. They all have a varying shapes, sizes, structure,
and survival strategies. For example, some may consume consume small small
particles of food such as bacteria or algae for purpose of nutrition and this process called phagocytosis; whereas others may be parasitic, inhabiting larger organisms. Despite they are many differences between them, all protagonists have several characteristics characteristics in common. In addition to a nucleus or nuclei to house their genetic material, most protagonists have Mondrian for metabolic functions, and vacuoles for digestion and excretion. With the help of these and other cellular structures, protagonists may feed, grow, and reproduce. In this lab we observed select examples of cells in order to identify their cellular structures.For examples, we are using pine needle, human blood, fresh water algae and Flagellum to observed and identify their cellular structure.We also made drawings of our observations using light and dissection microscopes to practice proper microscopy skills, including making wet-mount slides and cell sizing. By observing, drawing, and classifying protagonist, we learned about the cell structure of all these cell. We also learned about the differences and similarities of various cells . To identify better cells structure, sometimes we may stain the specimen.The main purpose of staining a specimen is to make a better viewed image on microscope.The usually only make some part of the cell coloured so that we are able to have a better viewed image. The main reason behind this is because sometimes a certain part of the specimen cannot be seen even with highest magnification of microscope, so it has to stained so that we are able to see and study.
Objective: 1)To learn how to prepare a specimen by staining it and view under the microscope 2)To identify the unique structures of plant, animal, algae, and euglena under the light microscope 3)To learn how to carry microscope correctly
4)To learn how to identify the different type of organelles by using different stain 5)To learn how to use different stain for different type of cell 6)To learn how to prepare wet mountslide 7)To learn learn the different between prokaryotic prokaryotic and eukaryotic eukaryotic cell such such as as animal, algae, and euglena
plant,
Materials: i.
Pine needle
ii.
Blood cells(prepared slides)
iii. Spirogyra(prepared sildes) iv. Microscope
Methods: 1)Cell wall and middle lamella a)
The prepared temporary mount slide of pine needle taken from the lecture
b)
Then the slide was observed under the light microscope
c)
The temporary mount slide of pine needle observed under different magnification which are 40X,100X,400X,1000X
d)
Record the result and observation then label it
2)Blood cell
a)The prepared temporary mount slide of blood cell taken from the lecture b)Then the slide was observed under the light microscope c)The temporary mount slide of blood cell observed under different magnification which are 40X,100X,400X,1000X d)Record the result and observation then label it
3)Spirogyra cells a)The prepared temporary mount slide of spirogyra cells taken from the lecture b)Then the slide was observed under the light microscope c)The temporary mount slide of spirogyra cell observed under different magnification which are 40X,100X,400X,1000X d)Record the result and observation then label it
Investigate the detailed structure of the cells by staining 3 separate slide with a)
Acetocarmine for the nucleus
b)
Methylene blue for cell wall
c)
Iodine solution for starch grains near pyrenoids
Result:
Discussion: Discussion: 1)The thin line separating the cellulose walls of adjacent cells, the middle lamella, is clearly visible. What does it represent?
Lamella represent a pectin layer which cement the cell walls of two adjoining plant cells togather .It is the first formed layer which is de posited at the time of cytokinesis.The cell plate that is formed during cell division itself develops into middle lamellawhich made up of calsium and magnesium pectates.In a mature plant cell it is outermost layer of cell wall.
2)What are the fine channels represent in the cellulose walls connect adjacent cells
3)Examine white blood cells in a prepared smear of human blood. Observe the granulocytes. They move by amoeboid locomation and engulf bacteria by fagocyto sis A)What other unusual feature is apparent in these cells?
B)While looking at the blood smear notice the red blood cell. How d o theydiffer from typical animals cells?
4)Can u identify the cell wall? Yes. 5)Study the shape of the chloroplasts with the pyrenoids, cytoplasm, nucleus suspended in the centre of vacuoles by cytoplasmic bridles.What is the 3 -dimenional shape of the cells?
6)The cell wall contain mucilage(slimy). Why is this useful? The cell walls contain mucilage is because mucilage playing an important role as storage of water and food as it able to decrease de crease water lost form cell.Mucilage could also prevent plant form wounds as they create a gummy or gelatinous layer on wounds to prevent microorganism go into the plant tissue. Other than that, mucilage also contribute in germination of seeds.This is because upon contact with water, they increase volume and maintain the layer moisture around the seed that facilitates their germination. Beside that, mucilage also contribute in seed dispersal as root mucilages used to promote the introduction of then in ground.
Reference:
http://biology.dartmouth.edu/sites/biology.dartmouth.edu/files/bioi_12_16s_gladfe http://biology.dartmouth.edu/sites/biology.dartmouth.ed u/files/bioi_12_16s_gladfe lter.pdf http://sciencing.com/reason-staining-specimen-microscope-5366849.html http://www.dictionary.com/browse/protozoan https://www.ncsu.edu/labwrite/res/labreport/sampledescriptlab.html
