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rr r, sepa separa ra is
ov
en
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hi pers perspe pect ctiv ive, e, erro errori rism sm refe refers rs
Punj Punjab ab issu issue, e,
he us or hrea hrea
uj an viol viol nc
Le
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ro
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Psyc Psycho holo logt gt Appl Applied ied to Soci Socioo-Ec Econ onom omic ic Prob Problem lem
re
ed
if
il iter iterat at an
er
_j_233
an co
brai brainn-wa wash shed ed
ac
that that they they come come fr
il in
en
ch
re
it
narc narcis issi sist stic ic fami famili lies es Ho Howe weve ver, r, vari variou ou
erro errori rist st
atta attack ck have have cons consis iste tent ntly ly reve reveal aled ed that that many many terr terror oris ists ts come come from from no norm rmal al fami famili lies es have have stab stable le jobs jobs high high prof profil il
soft softwa ware re comp compan anie ie
high highly ly li erat erat an ar
rr rist rist stri stri
rg
en
en al
izat izatio io
an
ad sixsix-fi figu gure re pa
heal health thy. y.
re
ha is th reas reason on wh
ag re
rm
ep ra
et
out heav punish punishmen ments' ts'
he easi easi
in
rm
et
id al s,
ixed ixed up in crow crowds ds
ar cr
ro
at ex ct
rewa reward rd
ca be conf confid iden entl tl cond condud uded ed that that terr terror oris ists ts repr repres esen en
an
et
psyc psycho holo logi gica call ll
heterog heterogeno enous us popula populatio tion. n. Various Various factors, factors, includin includin psychopathology, are respo respons nsibl ibl fo terro terroris rism; m;
is nece necess ssar ar
If
rr ri
re
in ry
e,
ev abri abri atin atin
in
ce
er
ha ordi ordina nary ry
es
se in ri
cr el fo
an
owar ow ards ds othe others rs Stud Stud
in
read read
re
evil evil eeds eeds
is
rt
at
re
eers eers
nder nd er he righ righ circ circ msta mstanc nces es am
en if an in iv il ra
re ie es
es
ia
ie
in it
au
ec
st
en
ri
eopl eopl ca perf perfor or
si st
or suff suffic icie ient nt fo terr terror oris ism. m.
al
,a
iv rsit rsit
ra re
ib
ilgr ilgram am recr recrui ui ed subj subjec ec
)an ew
ac ch
rd it
al
emor emory" y" He inst instru ruct cted ed th part partic icip ipan ants ts
ro
st
ay ie ce
ak thro throug ug
as been been va idat idated ed
re
adve advert rtis isem emen ents ts in ui an indi indivi vidu dual al
el
eh
ocal ocal news newspa pape pe hi acco acco plic plice) e) on
recall! 'Mil 'Milgr gram am's 's stud stud
oper op erat atio ions ns ma
In an rms. rms.
clea clearl rl de on onst stra rate te
that that un er cert certai ai circ circum umst stan ance ces, s, he tend tenden ency cy to ob obey ey
have have sign signif ific ican antl tl soci social al auth author orit it ri en er
Phil Phil ru
ar rc
an
infl influe ue ce ov over er thei thei fo lowe lowers rs an
)ask )asked ed er ai
ru
ro
in ry emai emai
er
ca
of en en
ri
rs
er
ppli pplied ed
234_L
ocke ocke in el an he si ul io role role of
er as ed
ar hu ilia ilia in
be am very very real real as gu guar ards ds beca beca
utfi utfi s. imba imbard rd
obse ob serv rv
ru
degr degrad adin in
an
devi devise se
Psyc PsycJl Jl logt logt
ha af er so rout routin in s.
im ro
hi
rror rroris is
The Terror Terrorist ist Organi Organizat zation ion Th rese resear arch ch it ra ur
rega regard rdin in
psyc psycho ho og
of
in
in
sy
Indian
s.
fact fact that that terr terror oris ists ts ar elus elusiv iv figu figure res. s. Psyc Psycho holo logi gist st ss rs
si
re
orga organi niza zati tion on than than th terr terror orist ist beca because use as cont conten ende de
under:
'../
1.
Recruitment
3.
Motiv Motivat ation ional al proces processes ses
4.
Deci Decisio sio
maki making ng
5.
Attr Attrit itio io
an
Frustration an alien alienat atio io
rebe rebell llio io
1. Recruitment
houg ho ug
erro erro recr recrui ui
co di ions ions ha so
otiv otiv
co
from from
ps chol cholog ogic ical al
an indi indivi vidu du
join join
erro errori rist st grou group. p.
si nd disi disill ll sion sion
el educ educ ted, ted, in ovem ov emen en s? foll foll ha
he co
it
er
argu argues es ha
embe embers rs base base
nist nist
on so
ra
so ie y. Th re
ec ua st dent dent
an
ideo ideo og
il
ba kg kgro roun und, d, here here re
fe
here here re
rr st
frus frus ra ed
he erog erogen enou ou
reso resort rt
ri
be
erro errori rism sm
ny re sons sons fo disi disi usio usionm nmen en il
xp ai
naxa naxa it forc forces es re rura rura pe sant sant in rpre rpre atio atio
topi topia' a' prom promis is
by
arx, arx,
of an
rxis rxis
an
find findin in
ha
hese hese stud studen en
riba riba s, bu ha real realit it
of hese hese stud studen en
join join
is xa it
ny have have
ny ityity- as or impe imperf rfec ec ov
en s.
PSyc11 PSyc110lo 0logJJ gJJ Applie Applie
to Socio-Economic
Problems
_j_235
faith). Typi Typica ca y, erro errori rist st
ovem ov emen en
Le
it
expl explai ai
hi
oper op erat atio ions ns agai agains ns vari variou ou
have have
he xamp xamp
ypes yp es of
of naxa naxa it
st te po ic forc forces es
embe embers rs
ovem ov emen en
eact eactiv iv
roac roacti tive ve
embe embers rs ar
embe embers rs ar
he foll follow ower ers, s,
he lead leader ers, s, os ly draw draw
with wi th go gove verru rrune nent nt's 's highhigh-ha hand nded edne ness. ss.
depriv deprived. ed. Specifi Specifical callyth lyth unempl unemploye oye
youth you th
fee margin marginali alized zed Many Many sociolo sociologica gica studie studie ve
sl
fe
lowe lowe SES. SES.
terr terror oris is orga organi niza zati tion on beco become me
rn
genc gencie ie
in su 3.
ik
nd
id
iv
Proc Proces esse se
he erro errori rist st orga organi niza za io
emot emotio iona na
rk
de
otiv otivat atio iona na
eani eaning ng
peer peer grou group. p. In th grou group, p, thei thei soci social al este esteem em is high high In Indi India, a, many many
th
if of indi indivi vidu dual al
so ia an
iv
fulfils
cogn cognit itiv iv
se
alie aliena na ed from from so iety iety
li erat eratur ur
surv survey ey
ut nik( nik(
re ards ards also also
ri
us
ss
fi
gn
se
04)h 04)has as
23S_L
ecis ecisio io
akin akin
errori rist st orga organi niza za ions ions memb member er In erro
ov
owar ow ards ds grea grea er extr extrem emes es of beha behavi viou ou an ideo ideo og ogy. y. take plac plac think take
is
Perception of thre threat at
ensu ensure re
ha memb member er self self-c -cen enso so an op oppo posi si io
ideo ideo gy 5.
beco beco
ri io
nd
an on
ve he
rong rong gr up no
it is up
in
er
gain gain
an
his, his, deci decisi sion on
if
or
of rebe rebe io
o, de ctio ctio
nd eh bi itat itat
or
en
os
Henc Hence, e,
7)argu 7)argu os
ho
ha if av
he
ha engi enging ng
Dyna Dynami mics cs
fact factor or rath rather er than than indi indivi vidu dual al fact factor ors. s. Yet, Yet, tl1e tl1ep er e r so so na na l spec specif ific ical al
aken aken Du
be io
urre urrend nd
Pers Person onal alit it
he have have to deci decisi sion on
rror rroris is gr up beca becaus us of ri ky
em oy es Ther Ther ar
indu indu
Authoritarian Leader
he cont contri ribu buti tion on
Thou Though gh hi
pa ho og
of Post Post (1984).
hesi hesi ma no be comp comp etel etel corr correc ect,it t,it ma be ab
ar more more vu nera nerabl bl
h es es i
to answ answer er
beco becomi ming ng erro errori rist sts? s? Take Take he hy hypo po he ical ical cond condit itio io
fe
uest uestio ions ns
ho
of tw indi indivi vidu dual al it
in
j_
Problems
Socio-Economic
237
expl explai ains ns th diff differ eren ence ces. s. se
si
(b Th seco second nd self self is proj projec ecte te on onto to spec specif ificout icoutsid sid
dyna dy na ics: ics:
Nati Nation onal alis istt-Se Sepa para rati tist st
terr terror oris ists ts ar
Conscious Preconscious
rr
rr
th go gove vern rnme ment nt
si
Unconscious
hich hich wo woun unde de
"ana "anarc rchi hicc-id ideo eolo logu gues es
thei thei pare parent nts. s. Th
ar disl disloy oyal al to thei thei pare parent nts, s, st
An alte altern rnat at expl explan anat atio io
is in term term of Ador Adorno no's 's
Proj Projec ecte te on scapegoats ig
unco un cons nsci ciou ousl sl ar ho host stil il to them them They They proj projec ec th sect sectio io s.
en e,
ey re in oler oler nt
am igui igui
ic ri
epre eprese sent ntat atio io Psyche
nd show show xces xcessi sive ve on onfo form rmit it
an
it subm submis issi si
to auth author orit it
Ther Ther ar thre thre terr terror oris is
an
ajor ajor kind kind of terr terror oris is
affe affect ctin in th Indi Indian an nati nation on
exte extern rnal ally ly-s -spo pons nsor ored ed terr terror oris ism. m.
fl
st
mino minori rity ty terr terror oris ism? m?
incl includ udes es ethn ethnic ic an
comm commun unal al
ro
ew acti active ve mino minori rity ty terr terror oris is grou groups ps ar SIMI SIMI Indi Indian an
Soci Social alis is Coun Counci ci of Naga Nagala land nd (N (NSC SCN) N) orga organi niza zati tion on an
ajor ajorit it terr terror oris is
ajor ajorit it terr terror oris ism, m, mino minori rity ty
nite nite
Libe Libera rati tion on
ront ront of Assa Assa
also also repr repres essi sive ve laws laws like like Prev Preven enti tion on of Terr Terror oris is
Ac (P
ujah ujahid idee een, n, (ULF (ULF
etc. etc.
atio ationa nali list st ight ight wi wing ng
).How fa ar thes thes si
aggravate aggravate terrorism terrorism ro
rk
tlzeonJ tlzeonJ of deterrence. This This he ry pr su po pose se
at he
cost cost (sev (sever er pu puni nish shme ment nts) s) ou outw twei eigh gh th bene benefi fits ts (gai (gai from from crim crime) e) th terr terror oris is wi will ll resi resist st This This is
Applied
23Sj_
base base on norm normat ativ iv
mo el of deci decisi sion on maki making ng This This de erre errenc nc mode mode ho howe weve ve fail fail
unde un ders rsta tand nd hu huma ma
PSycJlOJOgJj
stop stop erro errori rist st
irra irrati tion onal alit ity. y.
Conf Confro ront ntat atio io
vs Nego Negoti tiat atio io
pp ying ying he no norm rm viol violat atio io e)br
ripa ripa hi (199 (1997) 7),i ,i ca be said said ha if group-
heor heor of de idde idde an
or
ro p-
rori rorist st or
ongon g- er
so utio ution. n. Terr Terror oris is
ni
io
ep ss on
br
grou grou
ou
keep keep rebo reboun unci cing ng wo wors rse, e, he wo woul ul
Bwo confrontation is no
us
if
go ia on
st
nc
se
nd st
in
be
roup roup
re
he st
terr terror oris is grou groups ps). ). Nego Negoti tiat atio ions ns have have been been effe effect ctiv ivel el used used in co-o co-opt ptio io of many many terr terror oris is grou groups ps Fo inst instan ance ce many many terr terror or grou groups ps in ve
rori rorist st do nd prob prob
ho
go
is
hy do does es nego negoti tiat atio io an subs subseq eque uent nt
or h-Ea h-East st Indi Indi stra stra
succ succee eed? d?
n.
ha de ande ande ns
he
go ia on
free freedo do
an
ut no ro
sepa separa ra
stat stat have have
Co nc
ourc ou rc
un ri
so ke
io st
succ succee eeds ds beca becaus us it help help redu reduce ce th prej prejud udic ices es of wo side sides, s,
fost foster er un unde ders rsta tand ndin ing. g. Th ha re
of erro errori rist st orga organi niza za ions ions an
th ac ivit ivitie ie of
th futu future. re. 2. Cont Contro ro ling ling Majo Majori ri
Terr Terror oris is
majo majo reas reason on fo mino minori ri erro errori rism sm ac
crea crea
in iv ua
terr terror oris is
in nd ndia ia is majo majori rity ty terr terror oris is
fear fear psyc psycho hosi sis, s, ha is inse insecu curi ri
from from
se
ro ps ha
psyc psyc
an un
in he form form of riot riots.Ma s.Majo jori ri
hope ho pele less ssne ness ss amon amon ro
mino minori ri he
di
grou groups ps st
sy lwlo lwlo tj
li
to
io-E io-Eco co
ic
le
_j_239 is often
system. Va ue
duca du cati tion on
er of
ctiv ctiv in er
sc
ca
ac
an
io en e;
at
sens sens of nati nation onho hood od Nati Nation onal al inte integr grat atio io ca be best best achi achiev eved ed by incu inculc lcat atin in valu values es rega regard rdin in
usef useful ul citi citize ze ship ship an as ee sica sica
ee
oler oleran ance ce at
ed
sensitization rv
real realit it
at
an
id
es an
to conimunibj ar usef usef
io
stra stra eg
or inst instan ance ce
arxi arxian an visi vision on of
rr rist rist ca
ig
rain rain
mean mean
eg
ed
ce
rain rainin in
in
re
reflex exiv iv in refl
thin thinki king ng and
comb combat at terr terror oris is
sc
eg
ai lead leader er of th 'u op opia ia', ',
re
co ce ra
incu incu ca in
real realis is
axal axalit it terr terror or at acks acks ar educ educat ated ed stud studen ents ts wh ho
owev ow ever er im ract ractic ical al it ma be Thei Thei acce accept ptan ance ce of
he
ar is ideo ideolo logy gy
teac teache hers rs of soci social al scie scienc nces es is nece necess ssar ary. y. 4. Targ Target eted ed inte interv rven enti tion ons: s: rs
alit alit
we
r, er
ri
ca
(b
ro
Reactive
Proa Proact ctiv iv terr terror oris ists ts ar thos thos wh have have he beco beco othe othe hand hand
lead leader ers, s, mobi mobi izin izin ur
erro errori rism sm
id
misp misp aced aced sens sens of righ righte teou ousn snes es an
pe pl on th
ines ines of heir heir ideo ideo og ogy. y.
aven avenge ge fo some some perc percei eive ve
th foll follow ower er an comm commit it th grou ground nd-z -zer er
terr terror or acts acts
ar
rigi rigi ideo ideo og ogie ies. s.
eact eactiv iv terr terror oris ists ts on th
done do ne by SOci SOciet ety. y. he ar usua usuall ll
or th proa proact ctiv iv terr terror oris ists ts
prev preven enti tive ve step step
is ideo ideolo logi gica ca orga organi niza za ions ions such such as SI sh
in
wing wi ng etc) etc) he ca
be targ target eted ed by
ill
ward ward
attitude
reac reac iv ri
erro erro
SS,VH SS,VHP, P, CP yo yout ut
stat stat
ie
rr rist rist
re
su er
ro
an
is
iv
en rp aned aned
violent
rg
ei
sych sych
sgoo sgood' d's( s(19 1962 62 theo theory ry of Grad Gradua uate te
rd
an
er
ecip ecipro roca cate te Init Initia iati tive ve in Tens Tensio io
educ educti tion on (G IT
240j_
reci reci roca roca e.
is
dern dern sl
ic
og
ehin ehin
wi
rr rism rism is acel aceles ess; s;
es re
ca
ik
ilat ilater eral al ceas ceas ir
eg ia
wi
ia
ar
in
em
6. Psyc Psycho hoan anal alyt ytic ic meth method ods: s: Psyc Psycho hoan anal alys ys erro errori rist st's 's
er
beli believ ev that that th caus caus fo terr terror oris is ac ivit ivitie ie ca be attr attrib ibut uted ed to th indi indivi vidu dual al alit ality. y.
Ce ebra ebrate te
hi
akes akes it earl earl
im
si
ap
is
et
re
erro errori ri
psyc psycho hoan anal alys ys Sudh Sudhir ir Kaka Kakar, r, ho howe weve ver, r, give give some some sugg sugges es ions ions (Tim (Times es of nd ndia ia st es
at
io ence ence is
st ie
co
it
acco acco
anie anie
an
nc in er aliz alized ed
us
hs ea is
is an er
the means. means.
beca beca
it is inev inev ab
yo ar figh fighti ting ng fo
od fo th op oppr pres esse se
elie elie
he en just justif ifie ie
or fo yo your ur re igio igious us comm commun unit ity, y, then then wh what at ro
ur ed ca io al ef rt So
em
asiz asizin in
alue alue
co
assi assi
ic
ju enil enil
ar
ir es an
ra ce
rr 7. Rehab Rehabili ilitat tatio ion: n: an re ru
erro errori ri
rgan rganiz izat atio io
ap en
pr
ct of roke roke
wn
al gr
ro eory eory is
ee ch pter pter al
ro
terr terror oris ism, m, an
i.e.pe i.e.pe
reju reju ic s) it is at ra ro
st
ic ed
itiv itiv
rr
find find some some just justif ific icat atio ion. n. Henc Hence, e, ther ther is
e'
etwo etwork rk need need
nd vi ua
atur atur
cc pt
reha rehabi bili li at juve juveni ni es faci facing ng soci social al
prob proble lems ms in chil childh dhoo ood. d.
erro erro at ck ar
re ic
en
ea
ac
re s.
ic im
et er
jure jure
if
blas blast, t, it ca
ea
to po post st trau trauma mati ti
stre stress ss diso disord rder er PTSD PTSD
pers person on an
chil childr dren en ar espe especi cial ally ly
PSyc1lOlog PSyc1lOlogtj tj Applied Applied
problems
Socioo-Ec Econ onom omic ic to Soci
Prob Proble lems ms
_j_241
high high Th very very thou though gh of
Nigh Ni ghtm tmar ares es fear fear of mark market et plac places es loss loss ar some some symp sympto toms ms that that th indi indivi vidu dual al suff suffer er from from terr terror or trau trauma ma
syst system emat atic ical al
pres presen en ed as
eclu eclusi sive ve beha behavi viou ou
step step ar sugg sugges este ted: d: c. igil igilan an in in
rr ine, ine,
is cial cial
it
ro
en
ss es
re if symp sympto toms ms pers persis is or aggr aggrav avat ate. e.
rt reas reas at in rr ra rt an ro es Prof Profes essi si na he us be so gh on only ly if th trau trauma ma pers persis ists ts or aggr aggrav avat ates es Pamily memb members ers must must ensu ensure re ha th indi indi idua idua is no verw verwhe he me by th en iron iron en an us be made made to feelsec feelsecur ure. e.
ener eneral aliz ized ed Anxi Anxiet et ee
gene genera ra pu publ blic ic's 's subc subcon onsc scio ious us reas reas ns
th chap chapte te on reha rehabi bili lita tati tion on psyc psycho holo logy gy
0 0 0 0 0
r.
vdes vd es
Shar Shar a.
inst instan ance ce in
