Cambridge
Professional English
Infotech English for computer users Fourth
Editii
Student's Book
Santiago Remacha Esteras
A
contents Map of the book
IV
Thanks and acknowledgments
Module Unit
1
Computers today
Living in a digital
1
age
Unit 2
Computer essentials
Unit 3
Inside the
Unit
system
4 Buying a computer
viii
1
Module 6 Creative software
2
Unit 20 Graphics
7
Unit 21
and design
Unit 22 Multimedia
110
16
Unit 23
Web design
114
Module 7 Programming / Jobs
and
22
Unit 24 Program design and
27
Unit 25 Java™
32
Unit 26 Jobs
Unit 6
Capture your favourite image
Unit 7
Display screens
Unit 8
Choosing
Unit 9
Devices for the disabled
and ergonomics
a printer
42
47
Unit 28 Networks
134 135
140 145
New technologies
150
Appendix: a model CV
155
Glossary
156
Unit
Optical storage
52
Unit 30
Module 4 Basic software
129
games
Unit 29 Video
memory
ICT
Communication systems
48
Flash
119
computer languages 120
Module 8 Computers tomorrow
Magnetic storage
Unit 12
ICT
125
in
Unit 10
1 1
in
37
Unit 27
Module 3 Storage devices
105
11
21
talk!
100
Desktop publishing
Module 2 Input/Output devices Unit 5 Type, click
99
57
62
Unit 13
The operating system (OS)
63
Irregular Verbs
166
Unit 14
Word processing (WP)
68
Acronyms and abbreviations
168
Unit 15
Spreadsheets and databases
73
Module 5 Faces of the Internet
78
Unit 16
The Internet and email
79
Unit 17
The Web
84
Unit 18
Chat and conferencing
89
Unit 19 Internet security
94
Module
1
1
READING
LISTENING
UNIT Living in a digital
age
Computers
at
The
work
digital
age
The magic of computers
Computers today
2 Computer
essentials
Different types of
computer
Advertising slogans
What
3 Inside the system
A PC system
is
a
computer?
Technical specifications
What
is
How memory 4 Buying
a
computer
In a
computer shop
Choosing the
Module 2
5 Type,
click
and
talk!
Input/Output
right
computer
is
measured
Computer adverts Technical specifications
computer
Describing input devices
Interacting with your
Mouse
Speech recognition systems
actions
devices
6 Capture your favourite image
Scanners
7 Display screens and
Choosing the
ergonomics
PC system?
inside a
The eyes of your computer Press release: a digital right display
How screen
displays
camera
work
device
Ergonomics
8 Choosing
a printer
Multi-function printers
Which type of printer should
1
buy? Printer adverts
9 Devices
for
the disabled
Assistive technologies for the
Computers
for
the disabled
blind
Module 3
Buying a portable hard drive
Magnetic storage
CDs and DVDs
Optical discs
12 Flash memory
Flash drives
Memory
13 The operating system (OS)
Windows Vista
GUI operating systems
14 Word processing (WP)
The Cut and Paste technique
WP tools
15 Spreadsheets and
The
An
10 Magnetic storage
Storage devices
11
Module 4
Optical storage
in
and
drives
a flash!
Basic software
databases
Excel spreadsheet
program
invoice
Databases
and covering
letter
Map of the book
what computers
Discussing
LANGUAGE WORK
WRITING
SPEAKING
do
A
short
summary
Collocations
of a
VOCABULARY Basic
1
computer terms,
computers
discussion
in
education,
banks, offices, airports,
An email explaining the
Describing a diagram
benefits of laptops
and
Classifying
libraries,
entertainment,
etc.
Basic hardware
and software
terminology
tablet
PCs Notes about your computer system
Describing your ideal
computer system
ideal
Defining relative
Processor, chip, control unit,
clauses
arithmetic logic unit, etc. Units of
memory:
KB,
MB, GB,
etc.
Role play -
buying
An email recommending computer
a
computer
a
Describing input devices
Describing a
camera
Language functions a computer shop
in
Vocabulary
tree: revision of
vocabulary from Module
1
Describing functions
Input/Output devices, groups of
and features
keys,
Superlatives
Scanners, cameras
mouse
actions
Suffixes Discussing devices to
Guidelines for an ergonomic
which display
you would most
like
Instructions
and advice
Connectors
1
Display screens, ergonomics
school or office
own
Choosing the right printer
An email to a two printers
friend
comparing
Discussing assistive
An email summarizing the
technology
different assistive technologies
Types of
printer, printer
Comparatives
technology
Noun phrases
Devices for the disabled
Precautions
Types of magnetic storage,
Word
technical details of magnetic
available Discussing
how to
protect
An email explaining hard
drive
precautions
your data
building
storage
1 Choosing storage devices
A post on
a
forum discussion
Connectors 2
about format wars
Types of optical storage, technical details of optical
storage
1
A text message
Describing flash drives
Word
to a friend
building
Types of flash
drive, technical
details of flash
explaining the difference
memory
between MP3 and MP4 Comparing user interfaces
A summary of a
text
WIMP
Countable and
GUIs, the
uncountable nouns
desktop features,
environment, etc.
Articles
Instructions for using Find
Giving instructions for carrying
out tasks
in
Word
Discussing the software use at
home and
at
you
work
Replace
A fax
in
Word
of complaint
and
Giving and following
Functions and features of word
instructions
processors
Plurals
Functions and features of
spreadsheets and databases
UNIT
Module
16 The
5
Internet
and email
LISTENING
READING
Internet basics
Internet
Faces of the
FAQs
Email features
Internet
17 The
Web
18 Chat and conferencing
E-commerce and online
A typical web page
banking
The
At a cybercafe
Virtual
collectives of cyberspace
meetings
Netiquette
19 Internet
security
Security and privacy
Safety online for children
on the
Internet
The
Module 6
20 Graphics and design
history of hacking
Computer graphics
The toolbox
Creative software
21
Desktop publishing
22 Multimedia
Steps
in a
DTP publication
Components and system
What
is
Steps
in a
desktop publishing?
DTP publication
Multimedia magic!
requirements
23
Module 7 Programming Jobs
in
/
Web design
Web page
Designing a website
24 Program design and computer languages
Steps
25 Java™
The
in
design
Computer languages
programming
ICT history of Java
Java applets
The Java language
26 Jobs
in
ICT
IT
A job
Module 8
Job adverts
professionals
A
interview
27 Communication systems
VoIP technology
28 Networks
Small networks
letter
of application
Channels of communication
Computers tomorrow
29 Video games
Present and future trends
etworking FAQs
in
Game genres
gaming
30 New technologies
RFIDtags
Future trends
Thanks and acknowledgements The author would
due
especially like to express his gratitude to Paz, Marina
feedback and
for his invaluable
and Violeta.
My special
thanks to Nick Robinson
the typescript and to Tony Garsidefor his input and expertise. Thanks are
for editing
and students of Pilar Lorengar High School, Zaragoza. Thanks to Cambridge University Press faith in the project, to Matt Robinson for his generous contribution on video games, and to Angel Benedi and Elena Marco for their help and advice. also
to the teachers
support and
for their vision,
We are grateful to all the teachers who provided
input and advice during the development of this
new edition.
The authors and publishers acknowledge the following sources of copyright material and are grateful for the permissions granted. While every effort has been made, it has not always been possible to identify the sources of all the material used, or to trace all copyright holders. If any omissions are brought to our notice, we will be happy to include the appropriate acknowledgements on reprinting. Kodak Easy Share C663 Press Release 3 January 2006, © 2003-2007 Ketchum Inc.; p. 41 adapted text describing Canon SELPHYCP750 Photo Printer, © Canon 2007; p. 41 adapted text describing Vutek UltraVu 5330 from www.efi-vutek.com/products; p. 41 Brother UK Ltd for text describing Brother HL Network Colour Laser Printer HL 2700 CN, www.brother.com.au; p. 59 Amazon for description of Olympus WS-320M, www.amazon.com, © 1996-2007, Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates; p. 67: text adapted from www.linux.org, content available under terms p. 31
II
of
GFDL
License;
adapted text 'Spellcheckers' and
p. 72:
Understanding Computers by Nathan Sheldroff,
105 adapted
p.
'Desktop publishing' reprinted from
article,
and Ken Fromm, 1 993; p. 84 article adapted from 20 June 2005; p. 146; article adapted from 'Game genres',
Sterling Hutto
J
'Tour the collectives of cyberspace' from BusinessWeek online,
www.ringsurf.com.
The publishers are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce copyright photographs and material: Key:
=
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c
left,
=
centre,
t
=
b
top,
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p. 2(tl), Ian
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PC World
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Inc. for p.
Courtesy of Dell
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1
1
1
for p. 16(t),
International s.r.o7Alamy for p. 16(b), Photo courtesy of for p. 19(c),
Wayne Eastep/Getty Images
Associates/Alamy for (I),
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Source:
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Display Solutions for
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Sun Microsystems,
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p.
Industries
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41
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p.
PlayStation logo, PSP
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Designed and produced by
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© 2007; p. 85 MySpace screenshot, © 2003-2007
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permission of Sun Microsystems,
University Press 2005;
Inc.
Computers today page
Unit age
1
Living in a digital
2
Computer
3
Inside the system
4
Buying a computer
essentials
In this
module, you will:
•
talk
and write about computer applications
•
study the basic structure of a computer system.
•
study the differences between certain types of computer.
•
learn
how to
•
learn
about the structure and functions of the CPU.
•
learn
how to
•
learn
about how memory
•
learn
and use
•
learn
how to
•
learn
how to understand
classify
in
everyday
life.
computer devices.
distinguish
relative
between RAM and ROM. is
measured.
pronouns.
enquire about computers
in a
shop.
the technical specs of different computers.
uniti
Living in a digital age The digital age Match the captions
(1-4) with the pictures (a-d).
education, computers can
1
In
2
Using a cashpoint, or
3
The Internet
4
Controlling
in
make
all
the difference
ATM
your pocket
air traffic
r -
a*
•
1
•
j
' !
|
7
o How are computers used in the situations above? in pairs, discuss your ideas. Read the text and check your answers to
B.
The digital age We are now
living in what some people call the meaning that computers have become an essential part of our lives. Young people who have grown up with PCs and mobile phones are often called the digital generation. Computers help students to perform mathematical operations and improve their maths skills. They are used to access the Internet, to do basic research and to digital age,
communicate with other students around the world. 10
Teachers use projectors and interactive whiteboards to give presentations
and teach
sciences, history or
language courses. PCs are also used for administrative purposes - schools use word processors to write
15
letters, and databases to keep records of students and teachers. A school website allows teachers to publish exercises for students to complete online.
Students can also enrol for courses
and parents can download
video, a 25
games
console, an
In
MP3
40
player, a personal
cashpoints, or
the comfort of their homes.
Airline pilots
use computers to help them control
the plane. For example, monitors display data
banks, computers store information about the
transactions
money from
consumption and weather conditions. In airport control towers, computers are used to manage radar systems and regulate air traffic. On the ground, airlines are connected to travel agencies about
access large databases and to carry out financial at high
which dispense
45
teller
machines),
money to customers
by the use
of a PIN-protected card. People use a Chip
fuel
by computer. Travel agents use computers to find
speed. They also control the
ATMs (automatic
number
same number used at cashpoints; this system makes transactions more secure. With online banking, clients can easily pay bills and transfer the
(PIN),
(PDA) and a GPS navigation system,
held by each customer and enable staff to
services. Instead of using a
payments, customers are asked to
enter a four-digit personal identification
one.
money
goods and
35 signature to verify
let
digital assistant all in
30
card to pay for
the website
you make voice calls, send texts, email people and download logos, ringtones or games. With a built-in camera you can send pictures and make video calls in face-to-face mode. New smartphones combine a telephone with web access, Mobiles
20
via
official reports.
out about the
availability of flights, prices, times,
stopovers and
many
other
details.
and PIN
When you read a text, you will often see a new word that you don't recognize. If you can identify what type of word it is (noun, verb, adjective, etc.) it can help you guess the meaning. -1 0) in the text above. Can you guess the meaning from context? Are they nouns, verbs, adjectives or adverbs? Write n, v, adj or adv next to each
Find the words
(1
word. 1
perform
2
word processor
5
(line 6)
3
online
4
download
6
built-in (line 21)
(line 13)
(line 16)
(line 18)
E Match the words a
keep, save
b
execute,
D
8 9
monitor
d
screen
e
integrated
f
connected to the Internet
IW^I In pairs, discuss
(line
42)
data(line42)
(a-j).
g
collection of facts or figures
h
describes information that
is
recorded or
broadcast using computers
monetary
2
store (line 27) financial (line 29)
(1-10) with the correct meanings
do
c
1
7
10
in
digital (line 25)
i
J
program used copy
files
from
these questions.
How are/were computers used in How do you think computers will
your school?
be used
in
school
in
the future?
for text
manipulation
a server to
your PC or mobile
Language work: Collocations
collocations
1
1 Verbs and nouns often go together
Look at the HELP box and then match the verbs (1-5) with the nouns (a-e) to make collocations from the text on pages 2-3. give
1
English to
make
set phrases, for
example access the
Internet.
These word
combinations are called collocations,
and they
money
a
in
are very
common.
Learning
collocations instead of individual words
2
keep
b
a PIN
3
access
c
databases
use with which noun. Here are
on pages 2-3: perform operations, do research, make calls, send texts, display data, write letters, store information, complete exercises, carry out transactions.
can help you remember which verb to
4
enter
d
presentations
5
transfer
e
records
examples from the
Use collocations from A and the HELP box to complete these sentences. now easy to Thanks to Wi-Fi, it's
.
from
some
text
cafes, hotels, parks
and many
other public places.
Online banking
Skype
is
a
lets
between your accounts
you
technology that enables users to
In
many
in
order to
universities,
make
more
on
the website again,
it
remembers your
- with in
sites
such as
seconds.
a user's
machine and
later retrieve
preferences.
latest mobile phones, you can attachments - pictures, audio, even video.
with multimedia
With the
Computers at work Listen to four people talking about Write each speaker's job in the table. electrical
Speaker
Job
engineer
secretary
how they use computers at work. librarian
composer
What they use computers for
1
2
3
4
B
C
Listen again
free.
using PowerPoint
Cookies allow a website to visit
securely.
visually attractive.
The Web has revolutionized the way people Google and Wikipedia, you can find the information you need
when you
and
over the Internet for
students are encouraged to
their talks
easily
and write what each speaker uses their computer for.
it;
Other applications In small groups, choose one of the areas in the diagram below and discuss what you can do with computers in that area. Look at the Useful language box below to help you.
1
Formula
1
Factories
cars
Entertainment
and
Schools
/
Universities
industrial processes
Useful language Formula
cars: design
1
and build the car,
monitor engine speed, store
(vital)
test virtual
models, control electronic components,
information, display data, analyse
and communicate data
Entertainment: download music, burn CDs, play games, take photos, edit photos, make video clips, watch movies on a DVD player, watch TV on the computer, listen to MP3s, listen to the radio via the
Web
Factories
and
industrial processes: design products, do calculations, control industrial robots,
control assembly
lines,
keep record of stocks (materials and equipment)
School/University: access the Internet, enrol online, search the Web, prepare exams, write
documents, complete exercises online, do research, prepare presentations
Computers are used
to...
A PC can also be used for ... People use computers to
...
Write a short presentation summarizing your discussion. Then ask one person from your group to give a summary of the group's ideas to the rest of the class. f
1
unit 2
Computer essentials Computer hardware
O
In pairs, discuss
at home, school or work? What kind is it? What do you use it for? the main components and features of your computer system?
1
Have you got
2
How often do you
3
What
are
these questions.
a
computer
In pairs, label
use
it?
the elements of this computer system.
Read these advertising slogans and say which computer element each
pair
refers to.
o
:
Point and click
Displays your ideas
here for power
with perfect brilliance
It's
and
Power and speed
fast
on the inside
J
Obeys every impulse as if it were an extension of your
quiet
See the difference
- sharp
images and a fantastic
hand
of colours (£) range
it's easy to back up your data .
.
.
f£\ before
a big impact on the production of text and graphics
Find words 1
to press the
2
clear;
3
to
4
selection
5
shows
in
it's
too late .
© ...
Let your computer's brain
do the work 1
what you need: laser powerhouse
Just a
the slogans with the following meanings.
mouse button
easy to see
make an
extra
copy of something
I
2
What is a computer? Read the text and then explain
Fig. 1 in
your own words.
What is a computer? A computer data
in a
is
an electronic machine which can accept
certain form, process the data,
the results of the processing
in a
Storage devices (hard
data
when
memory. Then, the computer performs a
the program
run,
is
set of
(see Fig.
memory. The most common input devices are the mouse and the keyboard. Output devices enable For example, the
monitor or
below).
1
disks.
us to extract the finished product from the system.
and processes the data. Finally, we can see (the output) on the screen or in printed form
instructions
the results
drives)
Input devices enable data to go into the computer's
fed into the computer's
is
DVD drives or flash
Disk drives are used to read and write data on
specified format as
information. First,
drives,
provide a permanent storage of both data and programs.
and give
computer shows the output on the onto paper by means of a
prints the results
printer.
A computer system consists of two parts: hardware and software. Hardware is any electronic or mechanical part you can see or touch. Software called a program,
which
tells
is
On the
ports into
a set of instructions,
peripherals - a
the computer what to do.
There are three basic hardware sections: the central
processing unit (CPU), main Perhaps the most processing
instructions
other
influential
unit. Its
function
memory and
component is
to execute
and coordinate the
units. In a
way,
it is
the
activities
'brain'
is
computer there are several which we can plug a wide range of
rear panel of the
peripherals
modem,
a digital
camera, a scanner,
etc.
They allow communication between the computer and the devices. Modern desktop PCs have USB ports and memory card readers on the front panel.
the central
program of all the
of the computer.
The main memory (a collection of RAM chips) holds the instructions and data which are being processed by the CPU. Peripherals are the physical units attached to the computer. They include storage devices and input/
A USB connector
A USB port
output devices.
Data
is
Output
Processsing
Input collected and entered
Data
is
manipulated
The
results are
shown on the monitor or
in print
form
it Storage Files
Expenses
and programs are held on disk
Balance
(e.g. payroll,
services,
publicity)
Income (e.g. sales,
stocks, interest)
Fig.
Computer essentials
Match these words from the text
(1-9) with the correct
meanings
(a-i).
1
software
a
the brain of the computer
2
peripherals
b
physical parts that
3
main memory
c
4
hard drive (also
programs which can be used on computer system
5
hardware
d
the information which
6
input
e
results
7
ports
f
input devices attached to the
8
output
9
section that holds programs and data while they are
9
central processing unit (CPU)
known
as hard disk)
make up
produced by
a
is
a
computer system a particular
presented to the computer
computer
CPU
executed or processed
magnetic device used to store information sockets into which an external device
may be
connected
Different types of computer faij Listen to
an extract from an ICT class. As you
listen, label
the pictures (a-e)
with words from the box.
PDA
desktop PC
laptop
d
lit 1 Listen
mainframe
tablet
PC
e
again and decide whether these sentences are true or false.
Correct the false ones. 1
A mainframe computer
2
A mainframe
3
The most
4
A laptop
5
Laptops are not as powerful as desktop PCs.
6
Using a
7
A
8
A PDA does not
is
less
powerful than a PC.
used by large organizations that need to process enormous amounts of data.
suitable
is
is
computers
for
home
use are desktop PCs.
not portable.
stylus,
you can write
Personal Digital Assistant
is
directly
small
onto the screen of a tablet PC.
enough
allow you to surf the Web.
to
fit
into the
palm of your hand.
.
.
HELP box
Language work:
Classifying
classifying
Classifying
or classes.
Look at the HELP box and then use suitable classifying expressions to complete these sentences.
means putting
We can
parts of a PC, etc.
classify
Some
things into groups
types of computers,
typical expressions for
classifying are:
•
...
are classified into X types/categories
•
...
are classified by
•
...
can be divided into X types/categories
A computer
1
hardware and software. Peripherals
three
types: input, output
and storage devices.
Digital
A word processing program
3
-
software which
the user create and edit
. .
computers can be divided into
main types: mainframes, desktop tablet PCs and handheld PDAs.
lets
text.
•
...
include(s)
•
...
consist(s) of
five
PCs, laptops,
...
of network
*
architecture; peer-to-peer,
computers have the same
and
where
capabilities,
client-server (e.g. the Internet),
servers store
and
distribute data,
The basic configuration of a mainframe
where
consists of a centra) system which processes
and
immense amounts of data
clients access this data.
describe this diagram, using classifying expressions from the HELP box. Make reference to your own devices. j> --]
...
all
In pairs,
very quickly.
•
There are X types/classes of
•
X
is
A
tablet PC is
a type of
. .
...
a type of notebook computer.
Peripherals
Input devices
Output devices
•
mouse
•
monitor
•
keyboard
•
printer
•
camera
Storage media •
magnetic, e.g.
•
hard drive
optical, e.g.
DVD •
Flash
memory, e.g. pen drive
Benefits of laptops
and tablet PCs
Your school is considering buying tablet PCs to use in the classroom. Write an email to your teacher explaining the benefits for the students and the school. or
Your company is considering replacing all of the office PCs with laptops. Write an email to your boss explaining the benefits for the employees and the company.
Inside the system
Unit 3
1
Technical specifications Read the advertisement and translate the technical specifications
own
f
Dell Inspiron 9200 O O O O
Core 2 Duo processor
Intel
at
2.4GHz
2048MB RAM, expandable 500GB hard drive
to
Comes
Home Premium
with
Windows
Vista
4GB
answer these questions.
In pairs,
2
into your
language.
1
What
is
2
What
unit of frequency
3
What does RAM stand
the main function of is
a
If
necessary, look at the Glossary.
computer's processor?
used to measure processor speed?
for?
What is inside a PC system ? Read the text on page 1 2 and then answer these questions. main parts of the CPU?
1
What
2
What does ALU stand
3
What
4
How much
5
What type
of
memory
6
What type
of
memory is permanent and
7
How can RAM
8
What term
9
What
is
a
What
is
the benefit of having expansion slots?
1
are the
for?
What does
it
do?
the function of the system clock?
is
is
is
one gigahertz? is
temporary? includes instructions needed by the
be increased?
used to
refer to
the main printed
circuit
board?
bus?
Look at these extracts from the text. What do the words 1
This
is
CPU?
in
bold refer to?
built into a single chip, (line 2)
2
...
which executes program
3
...
that
4
...
performance of a computer
5
...
the
6
...
inside the
is
being executed,
CPU
looks for
it
to
.
.
.
(line 3)
(line 22) is
partly
on the hard
computer
and coordinates
instructions
disk
determined by the speed of its processor, .
.
.
(line 35)
communicate with each other,
(line 52)
(line 25)
What is inside a PC system? ROM
Processing The nerve centre of a PC is the processor, also called the CPU, or central processing unit. This is built into a single chip which executes program instructions and coordinates the 5
memory)
is
non-volatile, containing
and routines for the basic operations of the CPU. The BIOS (basic input/output system) uses ROM to control communication with peripherals.
activities that
the computer system. The chip of silicon with a
(read only
40 instructions
complex
take place within
itself
is
RAM
a small piece
electrical circuit called
an
capacity can be expanded by adding extra
45 chips, usually
dual in-line
integrated circuit
The processor consists of three main parts: The control unit examines the instructions
contained
in
small circuit boards called
memory modules (DIMMs). A RAM
in
chip
the user's program, interprets each instruction
10
circuits and the rest components - monitor, disk drives,
and causes the
of the etc.
- to
execute the functions specified.
The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs mathematical calculations (+, etc.) and logical
is
-,
operations (AND, OR, NOT).
The registers
are high-speed units of
One
used to store and control data.
memory
of the
program counter, or PC) keeps track of the next instruction to be performed in the main memory. The other (the instruction register, registers (the
20
or
IR)
holds the instruction that
(see Fig.
25
30
1
on page
is
Buses and cards The main
being executed
the
The power and performance of a computer is partly determined by the speed of its processor. A system clock sends out signals at fixed intervals to measure and synchronize the flow of data. Clock speed is measured in gigahertz (GHz). For example, a CPU running at 4GHz (four thousand million hertz, or cycles, per second) will enable your PC to handle the most demanding applications. The
Intel
50
are
AMD and
Motorola
called
processor, the
bus
chips, expansions slots,
carries
all
data that passes from the
CPU
to
other devices. 55
size of a bus, called bus width, determines how much data can be transmitted, it can be compared to the number of lanes on a motorway - the larger the
The
width, the
Core 2
manufacturers
is
and controllers peripherals, for connected by buses - electrical channels which allow devices inside the computer to communicate with each other. For example, the front side
Duo processor; other chip
board inside your system
motherboard and contains the
memory
13).
circuit
60
more data can
travel
along the bus. For
example, a 64-bit bus can transmit 64
bits
Expansion slots allow users to
expansion
cards, adding features
network
like
install
sound,
of data.
memory and
capabilities.
A data bus
RAM and ROM
35
The programs and data which pass through the processor must be loaded into the main memory in order to be processed. Therefore, when the user runs a program, the CPU looks for it on the hard disk and transfers a copy into the RAM chips. RAM (random
memory) is volatile - that when the computer is turned
access is
lost
is,
its
off.
information
However,
.
Unit 3
;ide
the system
Central processing unit (CPU)
Control unit
Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
Main memory 1
I
Registers
_ p{
1
1
1
I
1
R
ill IB 1
1
1
Fig.
1:
1
1
1
1
1
bus
1
Organization of a simple computer; the
CPU is built into a single microprocessor chip
Language work: Defining relative clauses
defining relative clauses
•
Look at the HELP box and then complete the sentences below with suitable relative
computer
I'd
can define people or things with
defining (restrictive) relative clause.
use the relative pronoun
pronouns. Give alternative options if possible. Put brackets round the relative pronouns you can leave out. That's the
We
to a person;
we can
who to
a
We
refer
also use that.
A blogger is a person who/that keeps a web log (blog) or publishes an online
like
diary.
to buy.
Core 2 Duo
is
a
new
Intel
•
processor
transistors.
This
A webmaster
is
a
designs, develops is
a website.
carries signals
5
6
devices.
Here's the
DVD
Last night
works
for
I
between
met someone
GM as a
built into
within the
a single chip which/that
and
software engineer.
•
Relative
computer system.
pronouns can be
when they you
lent
(or
coordinates the activities that take place
an electronic pathway
computer
is
executes program instructions
person
and maintains
use the relative pronoun which
that) to refer to a thing, not a person.
contains about 291 million
A bus
We
me!
left
out
are the object of the
relative clause.
The main
circuit
board (which/that)
you have inside your system motherboard
.
.
is
called the
4
How memory is measured Read the text and then answer these questions. 1
How many digits does a
2
What
is
a bit?
3
What
is
a collection of eight bits called?
4
What does
5
What
is
binary system use?
ASCII stand for?
the purpose of ASCII?
and bytes
Bits
Computers do all calculations using a code made of just two numbers and 1 .This system is called binary code. The electronic circuits in a digital computer detect the difference between two states: ON (the current passes through) or OFF (the current doesn't pass through) and represent these states as or 0. Each or 1
is
called a
Bits
are
binary
grouped
1
digit, or bit.
(letters,
codes that
a
keyboard has
its
numbers and symbols).
own arrangement
example, 01 000001 for the
letter A, 01
of eight
00001
bits.
for B,
code
calculations of bytes, kilobytes,
we
use bigger units such as
megabytes and gigabytes.
use these units to describe the
RAM memory, the
document. Note: bit
pronounced
is
/bit/;
byte
is
pronounced
For
and 1,10.11 ,100.
bit
memory
Unit of
01
the American
is
Standard Code for Information Interchange, or ASCII - pronounced /'aeski/. In order to avoid complex
01000011 forC.
One
the binary
for
storage capacity of disks and the size of a program or
typically
Eight bits together are called a byte. Thus, each character
on
a standard
representation of characters. This
We
into eight-digit
represent characters
Computers use
00001
Abbreviation
Exact
memory amount
10
1
Example of a byte
b
W.
Binary digit
bit,
Byte
B
8 bits
Kilobyte
KB or K
1,024 bytes
Megabyte
MB
1
,024 KB, or
Gigabyte
GB
1
,024 MB, or
Terabyte
TB
1
,024 GB, or
1
or
Y>
J (2'°)
,048,576 bytes
1
1
1
(2
20 )
,073,741 ,824 bytes (2 ,099,5
1 1
30
,627,776 bytes
)
(2
40 )
Complete these descriptions with the correct unit of memory. 1
A.
magazines
14
is
in a
about one
huge
trillion
bytes - about as
much
text as the
books and
library.
- about as
much
2
A
is
about one
3
A
is
about one thousand bytes - equivalent to one sheet of A4.
4
A
is
about one
5
A
can store a single character, such as the
million bytes
billion
bytes - about as
much
text as a
text as
letter
h or
1
300-page novel
,000 books.
number
7.
/bait/
.
.
.
side the system
5
A PC system Complete this diagram of a PC system. Look at Units
1,
2 and 3 to help you.
PC system j
0).
(2).
] Programs,
e.g.
Mechanical and
graphics package,
electronic
equipment
web browser Physical units
Main
(3).
memory
attached to the
(4).
J
computer
The 'brain' of the computer Output devices
(6)
(5).
[
(7)
ROM
j
j
Keyboard
(10)
(9).
DVD drive
Printer
(8)
Flash drive
B
In pairs,
E
compare your answers.
Listen to a teacher explaining the
diagram to her
class
and
check your answers.
6
Your ideal computer system Make notes about the features of the computer that you would most like to
have. Think about the features in the box.
CPU
Speed
Monitor
Wireless connectivity
Optical disc drives
Ports
In pairs,
and card memory
slots
Hard disk
Minimum/maximum RAM
Software
describe your ideal computer system. Give reasons
for your choices.
Useful language It's
got...
It's
very
fast. It
runs at...
The standard RAM
memory is... and it's expandable
The hard disk can hold I
need a
.
.
large, flat LCD screen
As for the
Internet,
.
because
.
.
...
_
unit
4 7
Buying a computer In
a computer shop
Imagine you are in a computer shop. Choose five things that would improve your digital life. In pairs, compare your choices.
o
You want to buy a computer. Think of three basic features that will make a big difference to your choice. In pairs, compare your choices.
&l! Listen to two people making enquiries
in a
computer shop.
Do they buy anything?
C
Listen again
and complete the product descriptions.
iMac Processor speed 2.33GHz
RAM Hard drive capacity
DVD
drive included? Yes
Operating system Includes internet software Price
MacBook Processor speed
RAM Hard drive capacity
DVD drive
...
included?
Operating system Includes internet software Price
16
£1,029
Buying a computer
Listen again
and complete the extract from the conversation.
Assistant:
Do you need any
Paul:
Um,
?
)
yes, we're looking for a
Assistant: Yes, sure.
What
Paul:
(1
If
you'd
like
to
Mac computer. Have you got any fairly
come
over here. are there?
different (2)
Assistant: At the
moment we've
with an
got these two models: the iMac, which
Core 2 Duo processor
Intel
portable MacBook, which has a processor
a
desktop computer
and the
at 2.0 gigahertz.
(4)
Core Duo
built into a single chip, offering
up
of a traditional chip.
So they're both very
Sue:
is
at 2.33 gigahertz,
(3)
technology actually means two cores, or processors, to twice the speed
basic ones?
(5)
,
then.
And which one
has more
memory? mean, I
which has more RAM?
two gigabytes of RAM, which can be (6) up to three MacBook has one gigabyte, expandable to two gigabytes. It all for home users and small offices. depends on your needs. The iMac is (7) The MacBook is more (8) if you travel a lot.
Assistant: Well, the iMac has
gigabytes, and the
Language functions in a computer shop
•
Language functions •
Look at the language functions in the HELP box and then correct one mistake in each of these sentences. Decide which functions are being expressed in each sentence. 1
2
low
A laptop
is
likely
laptop
is
less practical
if
you
The iMac has two gigabytes of RAM. They feature a camera built into the display.
•
travel a lot.
PDAs are cheaper than laptops but laptops are more powerful. Language functions
5
Do you need
6
And how many does the PDA
7
This workstation
the help?
is
a
Comparing The MacBook is more practical if you travel a lot.
desktop PC that has good
graphics for games.
Describing
Both computers are very fast and reliable.
Where's the storage capacity of the
I'm looking a
Giving technical specifications (specs)
gigahertz.
hard drive?
4
Greeting and offering help
The MacBook has a processor running at 2.0
be more expensive
to
than the equivalent desktop, but a
3
•
•
price.
what you are looking for We're looking for a personal computer. Have you got any fairly basic ones?
•
Asking for technical specs
Pentium processor
gigabytes of RAM, and
1
useful to a customer
• cost?
with dual-core technology, 1,024
useful to a sales assistant
Good morning. Do you need any help?
The Ulysses SD is a power, expandable computer that offers high-end graphics at a
1*1
terabyte of
Explaining
What's the storage capacity of the hard drive?
disk space.
Do they have a DVD drive? •
Asking the price
How much do they cost? How much is it?
I
3
Role play - buying a computer lOj Work in pairs. One of you wants to buy a computer, the other is the shop assistant. Use the prompts and product descriptions below to role play the conversation.
Shop
Customer
assistant
Greet the customer and offer help.
Show the customer two
what you
Ask
some technical
are looking
for.
possible models.
Give technical specs (describe the processor, storage capacity).
Explain
Compare the two
for
specs.
RAM and
different models.
Ask about any further technical specs (DVD
communications, Give the information required.
etc.).
Compare the two models. Ask the
Answer, and mention any
drive, monitor,
final details
price.
that might
persuade the customer to buy the computer.
^i
To shiba Sate 2.0GHz Core 2 Duo
I
Decide which computer to buy or leave the shop.
lite laptop
processor
2GB RAM expandable 60GB hard drive
to
4GB
1
5.4"
wide
XGA
Intel
312MHz ARM-based processor Flash memory (non-volatile) Support for memory cards 128 MB
1GB RAM expandable to 4GB 320GB hard drive
1
Super Multi drive (double
Palm TX handheld
Dell desktop PC AMD Athlon at 2.4GHz
layer)
DVD+/-RW
display
320x480 TFT touch screen
drive
Wi-Fi and Bluetooth
17" LCD monitor
Wireless LAN, Wi-Fi compliancy
Lithium-ion battery
£680
£1,099
4
£216
Choosing the right computer
E
computer needs and take notes. In pairs, read the descriptions from the computer shop website and choose the most suitable computer for each person. Give reasons for your choices. Speaker
Listen to four people talking about their
Speaker 3
1
Speaker 4
Speaker 2
Sun workstation Two
AMD
Opteron processors
at
3.0GHz
4GB RAM; 32GB maximum 1
terabyte hard drive and dual
19"
Sun TFT
flat-panel
DVD
drive
LCD
Supports several graphics formats Allows you to handle your toughest technical, scientific,
and
Supports
Solaris,
£3,249
business-critical applications
Windows and
Linux
Buying a computer
Gateway
C-1 20 convertible
Core 2 Duo ULV processor
Intel
WXGA TFT touch
12.1"
Gateway Executive
notebook
at
1
.06GHz
screen
stylus
pen
1024MB DDR2 SDRAM
80GB
ATA hard
serial
DVD-ROM
drive
drive (optical
DVD
burner)
modem and Bluetooth Windows Vista Home Premium Integrated
Thin and lightweight (1.17", 2.4 kg)
£805
Sony Vaio AR laptop (VGN-AR51 E) Intel
Core 2 Duo Processor
at
2GHz
2GB DDR2 SDRAM 200GB hard drive DVD+/-RW 17"
WXGA
Memory Three
optical drive high-definition
screen
Stick slot
USB
2.0 ports
Integrated wireless Built-in
LCD
LAN
'Motion Eye' digital
camera
Lithium-ion battery
Windows
Vista Ultimate
£899
Dell Inspiron 531
AMD Athlon
desktop PC
64 X2 Dual Core Processor
3072MB DDR2 SDRAM Dell 22"
Wide
Flat
Panel
256MB NVIDIA GeForce 8600GT 1
video card
.0TB Hard Drive
16x DVD+/-
RW
Drive
Integrated 7.1 Channel High Definition Audio
Windows
Vista
Home Premium
Optional features: integrated
TV
Windows Media
Tuner,
Center,
and a Blu-ray disc
drive for
high-definiton content
From £849
|Wj Look at the notes you made about your ideal computer system in Unit 3 task 6 (page 1 5). What did you want? Look again at the descriptions of the computers above and choose the one that is closest to your ideal. In pairs, discuss your choices.
Vocabulary tree Designing word trees and spidergrams can help you build up your own mental 'maps' of vocabulary areas. Look at the list of terms in the box and put each one in an appropriate place on the word tree below. The first one has been done for you. processor
RAM mouse
ROM
expandable memory
computer bra n gigahertz
byte printer
ALU
DVD megabyte
DIMMs
hard drive
system clock
keyboard
webcam
registers
Recommending a computer A friend has asked you to recommend a computer that suits his needs. He needs to be able to access the Internet, play games and work with graphics, music and video files. Write an email describing its technical features and saying why you recommend it. www. r
Now visit www.cambridge.org/elt/ict for an online task.
page
Unit
4*
In this
module, you
5
Type, click and
6
C Capture your favourite image
27
7
Display screens and ergonomics
32
8
Choosing
22
talk!
a printer
will:
•
describe input and output devices.
•
identify the different keys
1
distinguish
•
learn
how to understand
•
learn
and use the superlative form of adjectives.
•
practise
g
learn
•
compare
•
learn
and use discourse connectors.
•
learn
about what
between
facts
on
a
keyboard and explain
and opinions
in
their functions.
advertisements.
the technical specs of digital cameras, printers and display devices.
recommending the most
how to understand and
suitable display device for particular people.
give instructions and advice for the use of computers and monitors.
different types of printer.
sort of input/output devices disabled
people can use.
ickand 1
talk!
Interacting with your computer Read the description of input devices and then label the pictures (1-8) with words from the text.
Input devices are the pieces of hardware which allow us to enter information into the computer. The
common
are the
2
keyboard and the mouse.
most
We can
interact with a
pen, also
a
computer by using one of these:
scanner,
a trackball, a
graphics tablet,
a light a
game
controller or a microphone.
Describing input devices Listen to a
computer technician describing three input devices.
Write which devices he's talking about. 2
'.
1
Listen again This device ...
it
This
.
is
a
.
and complete these extracts. enter information into the computer.
is
function keys and editing keys
also
device
special purposes.
the cursor and selecting items on the screen.
-
two buttons and
usually
It
.
may
3
the user
a wheel.
activate icons or select items
and
text.
detecting light from the computer screen and
It
is
used by pointing
the screen display.
7
It.
.
the user
answer multiple-choice questions and
it
directly at
.
.
.
.
Unit5
3
Describing functions
pe, click
and talk!
and features
A Look at the HELP box and then use the notes below to write a description of the Sony PlayStation 3 controller.
Describing functions In
the listening, the
mouse was described
using
+ gerund:
for This
is
a device for controlling the cursor and
on the screen.
selecting items
There are other ways of describing a device's function:
used + to + infinitive used to control
•
It's
Sony PlayStation 3
controller
•
relative This
Functions
•
•
control video
•
hold
This
handle directional
sticks
thumbs
is
is
.
pronoun + verb
a device which controls
relative
games
with both hands, use
it
.
.
.
pronoun + used + to + infinitive is used to
a device which/that
control
.
.
to
and face buttons
work by + gerund
•
It
Features
works by detecting light from
the
computer screen. •
six-axis
sensing system (capable of
sensing motion
down,
left,
right,
Describing features in six directions: up,
forwards and backwards)
•
wireless controller (Bluetooth)
•
USB mini port and cable for wired play and automatic battery charging
We can An
describe features
optical
mouse has an
a
ball underneath.
It
usually features
like this:
optical sensor instead of
two buttons and a wheel.
You can connect it to a USB port.
B
choose one of these input devices and describe its functions and features. Try to guess which device your partner is
A
wireless
It
allows the user to answer multiple-choice
In pairs,
guestions
mouse works/operates without cables.
and
.
.
describing.
Touchpad on a portable PC
Webcam
Touch screen
The keyboard A
Label the picture of a standard keyboard with the groups of keys
1
Cursor control keys include arrow keys that move the insertion point up, down,
and keys such as End, Home, Page Up and Page Down, which are used move around a long document. 2
Alphanumeric keys represent
3
Function keys appear
4
Dedicated keys are used to
at
letters
and numbers,
as arranged
the top of the keyboard and can be issue
commands
on
in
(1
-5).
right
and
word processing
left,
to
a typewriter.
programmed
to
do
special tasks.
or to produce alternative characters,
e.g.
the
Ctrl
key or the Alt key.
A numeric keypad appears to the right of the main keyboard. The switch from numbers to editing keys.
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Num Lock key
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Scroll
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is
used to
be:
mm
anei
A PC-compatible keyboard
Match the descriptions (1-8) with the names of the keys (a-h). Then find them on the keyboard. 1
A long key it
2
It
at
produces
the bottom of the keyboard. Each time
it is
pressed,
a blank space.
moves the cursor to the beginning commands.
of a
new
line.
It is
also used
a
arrrow keys
b
return/enter
c
Caps Lock
d
shift
e
tab
f
space bar
g
backspace
h
Ctrl
to confirm
3
It
works
this
4
It
in
combination with other
key and
C to copy the
keys. For
example, you press
selected text.
removes the character to the
left
of the cursor or any selected
text.
5
It
produces UPPER CASE characters.
6
It
produces UPPER CASE
letters,
but
it
does not
affect
numbers
and symbols. 7
It
moves the
spaces
8
(in
cursor horizontally to the right for a fixed
tabulations and data
They are used
to
move
number of
fields).
the cursor, as an alternative to the mouse.
Type, click and talk!
5
Mouse actions Complete this text about the mouse with verbs from the box. drag
double-click
click
grab
move
select
control
Mouse actions A mouse
allows you to
(1
the cursor and
)
move around the screen very quickly. Making the same movements with the arrow keys on the keyboard would take much longer. As you (2) the mouse on your desk, the pointer on the screen moves in the same
direction.
The pointer
arrow, or a pointing hand,
usually looks like an l-bar, an
depending on what you
are
doing.
A mouse has one or more buttons to communicate with the computer. For example, if you want to place the insertion point or
choose
(3)
(press
button,
and the option
The mouse
is
also
a
menu
and
is
option,
release)
you just
on the mouse
chosen.
used to
(4)
text
and
£>00P. N0U4 trAT ooet*-
items on the screen. You can highlight text to be deleted,
copied or edited
in
some
way.
The mouse is widely used in graphics and design. When you want to move an image, you position the pointer on the object you want to move, press the mouse button, and (5) the image to a new location on the screen. Similarly, the mouse is used to change the shape of a graphic object. For example, if you want to convert a square into a rectangle, you (6) one corner of the square and stretch it into a rectangle. The mouse
is
also
used to
start a
program or open
a
document: you put the pointer on the file name and on the name - that is, you rapidly press (7) and release the mouse button twice.
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6
Speech recognition systems Listen to an interview with Anne Simpson, an expert technologies and tick () the features she mentions.
in
voice input
Speech recognition systems: I
|
I
|
need
a
good sound
card and a microphone.
can take dictation with accuracy.
^\ allow you to create and compile
a
computer program.
j
|
allow you to execute programs and navigate around
I
|
allow you to surf the
I
|
allow you to design graphics.
Web
menus
by speaking.
B
E
1
What do people
2
How do you
3
What
4
How can you
5
What
kinds of words aren't
C
O
In
1
What
are the benefits of speech recognition software?
2
What
kind of tasks
3
Who would
Listen again
and answer these questions.
usually use to
communicate with
rate of accuracy
is
Do you
a
computer?
get the best results from speech recognition software?
train
is
possible with the software?
the software to be more accurate? in
the software's dictionary?
groups, discuss these questions.
would you
benefit
find
speech recognition useful
most from advances
in
speech recognition technology?
What
using voice
the future of this kind of technology? think
it
will
ever be possible to control
your computer using only your thoughts?
for?
commands.
Capture your favourite image
6
unit
1
The eyes of your computer In pairs,
discuss
how many ways there are of capturing an image on a
computer.
Read the text and see how many things from your
list
are mentioned.
C Read the text again and answer these questions. 1
Which device
is
used to input text and graphic images from
3
How does a scanner send information to the How do digital cameras store photographs?
4
What feature
5
Which device would you use
6
What
2
allows mobile
kind of software
phone
page?
computer?
users to take pictures?
to take digital video?
used to manipulate video
is
a printed
on the computer?
clips
The eyes of your computer What does
Photographs are stored
a scanner do?
in
A scanner 'sees' images and converts the printed text or pictures into electronic
codes that can be understood
by the computer. With a flatbed colour scanner, the
paper with the image
is
placed face
screen, as with a photocopier. lighting
a glass
and measurement devices. Once the scanner
activated,
is
down on
Beneath the glass are the
it
reads the image as a series of dots and
then generates the digitized image that
computer and stored
as a
sent to the
file.
Some
cameras can also be connected to a printer or a
TV
set to
make
viewing images is
easier.
usually the case
with camera phones
- mobile phones with a
each of which has a different coloured
filter:
green
red,
and blue. The resulting three separate images are into
memory
to the computer.
This is
The scanner operates by using three rotating lamps,
combined
the camera's
card before being sent
one by appropriate
built-in
camera.
What does a camcorder do? A camcorder,
software.
or digital video camera, records
moving
and converts them into digital data that can a computer with special video
pictures
be stored and edited by editing software. Digital
video cameras are used by
home
users to create
c
tfo&f&Mt iT^lfe OY iy pYOfeYiiblTcfik' rt? computer art and video ,
conferencing.
They are to send
images
What does a A
digital
digital
camera do?
into digital data (binary
Os).
doesn't use the film
It
instead
it
codes
found
made up
via
video
the
Internet. In this
camera takes photos electronically and converts
them
also used
live
of
in a traditional
1
s
and
camera;
case they are called
web
cameras, or
webcams.
has a special light-sensitive silicon chip.
27
.
2
Scanners conversation between Vicky Cameron, an Information Technology lecturer, and one of her students, and complete the student's notes.
fail Listen to a (IT)
TVie technoloqu used Ln Scanners LS Si_mi_lar
I
scanned Lmage CS Sent.
khoh used
t>>e
2.
~TV>e
3
"To Scars
4-
Rat-bed scanners can scan
S
Slide Scanners are oSed to Scan
Co
HandVield Scanners are oSed for capt-urLng
fc.O
fc-O
,
ooloere
Ln
a
yOo can manipulate lL
A handheld scanner for
scanning
text,
bar codes and
handwritten numbers
fc.ex.t-,
yOu need SpecLal soft-ujare
catted _
or {vim
negatives
A slide scanner
3
and opinions
Facts
What is the difference between facts and opinions? Complete these definitions. objective information.
1
are
2
usually include emotive
real,
words and subjective statements.
Read these advertisements and underline the facts and
XR
ColourScan
circle
the opinions.
StanPress Df
from Sunrise The The ColourScan XR from Sunrise
is
ScanPress
DF
is
a self-calibrating
flatbed scanner with 2,400 dpi of
a
flatbed scanner with 1,200 dots per inch (dpi) of resolution and 9"x1 5" of
resolution. You can scan everything
scanning area.
The package
from black and white to 24-bit colour. includes a hardware
Just think of the possibilities.
accelerator for JPEG compression and
You can enter data and graphic
decompression. JPEG technology saves disk space by compressing images by up
images
directly into
your applications
(word processors or databases). You
to
can get
we have chosen the most advanced technology to give you the best scans with the least effort. It produces images with high colour definition and sharpness. And it comes with software and Adobe Photoshop, so you can manipulate all
crisp,
clean scans for colour
work.
The ColourScan XR comes complete its
own
image-capture software,
which allows for colour and grey retouching.
And
it's
easy to use.
more could you want
for only
OCR
What
£79?
couldn't be cheaper. In
the
field of flatbeds,
ColourScan XR
is
1
In creating the ScanPress DF,
compositions, video and animation
with
50 to
the
the clear winner.
It
the images
you
The
ScanPress
that
you
capture.
DF
will love
is a fantastic machine working with. And at
only .£309, an excellent investment.
.
.
.
Unit
In
small groups,
1
Which
text uses
2
Which
text
is
6
compare your answers and decide about the following.
more persuasive language?
more
factual or objective?
Language work: superlatives Apart from catchy slogans and other persuasive techniques, advertisements often use the superlative form of adjectives and adverbs. Read the following examples from advertisements for input devices. What can you say from these examples about how superlatives are formed? Look at the HELP box to check your answers. 1
We
3
4
•
have chosen the most advanced
technology 2
Superlatives
We form the superlative of onesyllable
and most two-syllable
adjectives by adding -est.
cheap
the cheapest the cleverest
-
clever
Some two-syllable adjectives
...
The fastest personal scanner The most revolutionary computer peripheral The best scans with the least effort .
(including those ending
.
-ful .
and
form the superlative
-less)
with the most/least.
.
Complete these sentences with the
the most advanced
Adjectives with three or
superlative form of the adjectives in brackets. Always buy the
-ing, -ed,
.
advanced
1
in
.
syllables also take
(fast)
more
the most/least.
fantastic
the most fantastic
powerful
the least powerful
scanner with the (high) resolution
you can
But two syllable adjectives ending
afford.
-y
They have created the
is
they changes
photo editing software
noisy
This scanner gives
for
your
digital
camera.
scans with the
Our
cU
bought the (modern) computer eguipment.
In pairs, discuss
computer game you've ever
the most
2
the most exciting film you've ever seen.
3
the funniest
4
the most dangerous computer
5
the best blogger or webmaster on the Web.
6
the most popular
programme on TV.
web
browser.
virus.
— — —
the noisiest irregular forms:
the worst
little
the least
the best
(with amounts, not size)
who or what you think is:
1
difficult
i.
good bad
effort.
university has
—
Note the
you the (good)
(little)
to
date.
the (easy)
played.
in
example, noisy) take -est and
(revolutionary)
camera to FotoFinish
(for
Language work: suffixes Suffixes
A Look at the HELP box and then use suitable suffixes to make adjectives or nouns from these words. In some cases,
•
Suffixes
change the
suffix -al,
you can make more than one word. Use a
the noun digit
help you
tell if
a
word
l
colour
2
profession
Common
3
photograph
-able, -ible, -ive,
4
wire
-less, -ing
5
blur
Common noun
6
innovate
-ion, -tion, -ation,
-ant,
underexpose
is
a
noun, an
-
When
adjectival suffixes are: -y, -al,
-ed, -ful,
logy, -ing,
-ment, -ness,
-y,
using suffixes, always check
brackets and one of these noun suffixes: -tion, -er, -ing, -logy, -ness. Use a dictionary to help you.
change any other
is
a (manufacture)
scan
...
—
if
scanner (double
n)
of photographic and imaging
To avoid red eyes, use the camera's red eye (reduce) feature.
3
(Crop)
a
photograph means cutting out the parts of an
image you don't need. 4
5
The (sharp) and acutance - the
of a photograph ability to
a
combination of resolution
represent clear edges.
Digital (techno)
is
have a resolution of 2 megapixels 1
is
that's
1
evolving so rapidly that
2 million pixels.
in
you need to
letters.
eguipment. 2
-ity,
-ure, -sion
your dictionary to see
in
-ic,
suffixes are: -er, -or,
B Complete these sentences with the word
Kodak
changed
adjective or a verb.
•
1
is
into the adjective digital. Suffixes can
dictionary to help you.
7
class of the root
word. For example, by adding the
some cameras
Press release: a digital camera Complete the press release with words from the box. megapixels
colour
shot
video
optical
brighter
reduction
Kodak has introduced the EasyShare M753 digital camera, with 7.0 resolution,
(1)
a huge 2.5-inch LCD screen, and a professional 3x
zoom
(2)
lens.
It
is
the
camera to Kodak
first
incorporate proprietary
Touch Technology. At the touch of a button, this -
Perfect
innovative feature creates better, (3)
pictures by bringing out detail in
shadows without
lighter areas.
It's
flash range or
in
The M753 uses
affecting
ideal for
underexposed pictures caused by shooting beyond the
adverse
lighting conditions.
Kodak Colour Science chip for phenomenal image quality with rich (4) and accurate skin tones. Seventeen programmed scene modes (e.g. party, fireworks, children) and five colour modes (high, low, natural, sepia, and black and white) help capture the best (5) with the the exclusive
least effort.
Other features include cropping, auto picture (6)
the
,
and
rotation, digital red-eye
blurry picture alert. For capturing
camera also features
high-quality
(VGA)
(7)
more than
just
still
pictures,
capture and playback.
Describing a camera In pairs, describe your digital camera, these questions.
webcam or video camera. Think about
•
What do you use the device
•
Why did you buy that
•
What
•
What improvements would you make to the device?
for?
particular
make/model?
are your favourite functions?
nd ergonomics
Unit 7
7
Vbiir computer screen jWj
In pairs,
discuss these
questions. 1
What type cathode
2
What
3
How can
of display
ray
size
is
do you
tube or an LCD
have: a
screen?
flat
the screen?
you change the picture using
the controls?
4
Can you watch TV on your PC monitor?
An Apple Mac flat screen monitor
2
How screen displays work Complete these definitions with words from the box. Then read the text on page 33 and check your answers. resolution
aspect
pixel
.
- the smallest unit on a
.
colour depth
ratio
.
a display
screen or bitmapped image (usually
coloured dot)
- an expansion card that generates the video signal sent to a
computer 3
plasma screen
video adapter
display
- the width of the screen
in
proportion to
its
height
- also called gas discharge display
4 5
.
- the number of pixels contained
in a display,
horizontally
and
vertically .
- the number of the
used to hold
bits
a
colour
pixel; this
maximum number of colours that can be
determines
displayed
Read the text again and answer these questions. 1
What do CRT and LCD stand
2
How
3
What technology
4
Which
5
What substance produces
6
What
is
for?
the screen size measured? is
used by active-matrix LCDs?
unit of freguency
is
used to measure the brightness of a display? light
and colour when
are the three advantages of
OLED
displays?
hit
by electrons
in a
CRT monitor?
Unit
7
Isplay screens
and ergonomics
How screen displays work computer there
Displays, often called monitors or screens, are the
Inside the
most-used output device on a computer. They provide
graphics card, which processes images and sends
instant
feedback by showing you text and graphic
images as you work or
nearly
a
graphics adapter) cable, which converts
analogue
into
signals.
LCD monitors use
a
VGA (video digital signals
DVI
(digital
video interface) connection.
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) technology, while
all
video adapter, or
CRT monitors use
signals to the monitor.
play.
Most desktop displays use Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) or
a
is
Colour depth
portable computing devices, such as laptops,
number of colours a monitor depends on the number of bits used
refers to
the
incorporate LCDs. Because of their slimmer design and
can
lower energy consumption, LCD monitors (also called
to describe the colour of a single pixel. For example,
flat
panel or
screen displays) are replacing CRTs.
flat
display. This
an old
VGA
monitor with an
8-bit
256 colours and a SuperVGA with
Basic features Resolution
known display. pixels
refers to
the
number
depth can
depth are used
of dots of colour,
games
in digital
video, animation
a 32-bit
and video
to get certain effects.
expressed by identifying the number of
on the horizontal and
resolution
a 24-bit
generate 16.7 million colours. Monitors with
as pixels (picture elements), contained in a It is
depth can generate
is
vertical axes.
A
Display technologies
typical
An LCD
1024x768.
made of two glass plates with a liquid crystal between them. The crystals block the light in
is
material
different quantities to create the image. Active-matrix
LCDs use TFT which each light
(thin film transistor) technology, in
pixel
has
its
own
switch.
the LCD monitor produces
or luminance,
measured
in
cd/m 2
The amount of
called brightness
is
(candela per square
metre).
A CRT monitor
is
similar to a traditional
TV set.
It
contains
millions of tiny red, green and blue phosphor dots that glow when struck by an electron beam that travels across the screen and create a visible image.
PCs can be connected to video projectors, which
image onto a large screen. They are used presentations and home theatre applications. project the
A pixel is a combination of red, green and biue subpixels In a
plasma screen, images
for
are created by a plasma
discharge which contains noble (non-harmful) gases.
Two measurements
describe the size of your display: the
aspect ratio and the screen
size. Historically,
computer
most televisions, have had an aspect ratio of 4:3 the width of the screen to the height is four to displays, like
three. For 16:9,
widescreen LCD displays, the aspect
very useful for
viewing
DVD
movies, playing
and displaying multiple windows side by definition size
is
TV also
measured
from the top
left
ratio
side.
is
games
to the
bottom
1
9" screen
right.
measures
angles,
1
and wide viewing
ideal for movies.
Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (OLEDs) are thin-film LED displays that don't require a backlight to function. The material emits light when stimulated by an electrical current, which is known as electroluminescence. They less
are flexible 9"
for larger screens
making them
consume
High-
uses this format. The viewable screen
diagonally, so a
Plasma TVs allow
energy, produce brighter colours and
i.e.
they can be bent and rolled up
they're not being used.
when
Choosing the right display device Listen to five customers in a computer shop describing their display device needs. Which device (a-e) would you recommend to each person? In pairs, discuss your choices and give reasons for them. Speaker
Speaker 4
1
Speaker 2
Speaker 5
Speaker 3
NEC MultiSyn LCD
Dell UltraSharp
Monitor
monitor
Screen
7" size:
Widescreen 24" flat panel
1
1280x1024
Resolution:
LCD
Resolution: 1920x1200
(SXGA)
Colour support: 16.7 million
Aspect
ratio: 5:4
Multiple video inputs, flash-
400 cd/m 2
Brightness:
card slots and
USB
ports
Cambridge-
Pioneer 50" Plasma
Hitachi interactive
TV
©
whiteboard Resolution: 1280x768
Allows interaction with a
(XGA)
projected computer Blu-ray Disc recorder
image Board
size:
5.1
78"
surround sound
system
Connected to the PC via USB
(Five
audio
channels plus one
subwoofer)
Pointing device: cordless
pen
Portable projector
DLP
(Digital
Light Processing)
technology Resolution: 1024x768
1
Projection screen
B
fcr-^l
In pairs, discuss
which of the display devices you would most
Give reasons for your choice.
I
like to
own.
Unit 7
play screens and ergonomics
Ergonomics Tony Clark, an expert in computer ergonomics, talking to some office workers about health and safety. What health problems associated with computer use do the office workers mention? Listen to
E
Listen again
1
Get
good
2
Make
3
Position the keyboard
B
a
chair,
and complete these extracts.
one
your lower back and
that
sure your feet rest firmly
...
5
You should
position the monitor sit
on
a footrest.
your elbows, with your arms the work surface
4
or
is
at,
...
or just below,
from the front of the monitor, about 50 to 70
at
centimetres away.
6
...
at
a kind of stand that lets
the correct angle and
you move the monitor
,
so you can use
height*.
C Match the extracts above (1-6) with the correct parts of the diagram (a-f
).
it
Language work: instructions and advice
and advice
Instructions
We
•
use the imperative to give instructions.
Look at the HELP box and then complete these health and safety
Get an adjustable chair.
guidelines with should/shouldn't.
Don't put your monitor in
1
If
you type
day,
a lot at
your computer each
We
•
buy an ergonomic
you
keyboard;
it
can help reduce the
risk
of
a
good
or
bad
You shouldn't use a monitor that's fuzzy or
and support your
distorts the
you decide to build your
own
We can
•
PC,
protect yourself from electric shocks. You
like It's
+
touch any components
It's
always use a
image.
also give advice
a
by using set phrases
good idea to or
It's
a
bad idea to
infinitive.
unnecessarily.
You
idea.
mouse
forearm. If
+ infinitive to what we think is
You should look down at the monitor, not up.
place your
within easy reach
window.
use should and shouldn't
give advice or to talk about
repetitive strain injury.
You
front of a
a good idea to have a monitor with a
tilt-
and-swivel stand.
if you are working from documents. The best position is between the screen and the keyboard, or the screen; this can reduce neck, back and eyestrain.
at
Irresponsible disposal of electronic waste can cause severe environmental
and health problems.
copyholder
You
just
}
\ In
throw your old monitor or video system
same height
as
into the bin.
advice about how to use a monitor safely using a good/bad idea to. Look at these guidelines for help.
pairs, practise giving
should/shouldn't or
It's
open the monitor.
dangerous.
1
Don't
2
Don't stare at the screen for long periods of time.
3
Position the monitor at eye level or just below.
4
Leave enough space behind the monitor for unobstructed movement.
5
Don't
sit
the
It's
near the sides or back of
CRT monitors. Use LCD screens
instead - they're free from
radiation.
6
Keep the screen clean to prevent
distorting
shadows.
An ergonomic school or office You have been asked to write a list of guidelines for making your school or more ergonomic. Look at the definition of ergonomics at the bottom of page 35 and then write an email to your teacher/manager explaining your guidelines.
office
Consider 1 -8 below. work
desk
computer equipment,
1
Physical layout of the
2
Lighting (overhead lights, desk lamps), glare
3
Computer and
4
User-friendly
5
Location and features of telephones
6
Layout of cables and switches for a wired network
7
Wireless internet access
8
Maintenance and technical
site:
office furniture:
areas,
ergonomic
and
chairs
wireless repairs
network
cabinets, etc.
ventilation
and desks
and ergonomic devices: keyboards, mice, monitors,
and
filing
wrist rests, copyholders, etc.
nit
8 7
Choosing
a pirinter
Types of printer A How many types of printer can you think of? Make a list. Read the printer
(1
on page 38 and then label the types of Which types of printer aren't pictured?
article
-5).
The quality (resolution) of the images
goes up
to 2,400 dots
per inch
(dpi)
1
Pros/ides high quality output:
of
1,
a resolution
The resolution depends on the number of pins
200-2,400 dpi
3
_
2
Provides high quality for linework (lines
4
and curves)
Provides the highest resolution:
more than 3,000 dpi
5
37
Laser printers produce output
WHICH TYPE OF
and dpi.
at
a
They
scan the image with a laser
it
high
very
resolution
quality, laser printers are preferred
by experts for various reasons;
wider range of
for instance,
scalable fonts than inkjets, can
quality graphics; however, they are
home is
the final stage in creating a document.
Since the results
you can obtain with
printer will vary substantially, here
you decide which one To
begin
most
is
different types
suitable for
printers vary in cost, speed, print quality,
is
evolving so quickly that there
is
transfer printers are used to produce
codes, labels and medium-resolution graphics.
that
Imagesetters produce very high-resolution output
and other
(up to 3,540 dpi) on paper or
method. Technology
factors such as noise or printing
expensive for
onto the paper. They are popular for printing bar
your needs.
you should take into account
with,
still
colour images by transferring a wax-based ink
guide to help
a
is
emulate
users.
Thermal
of
they have a
language systems, and can produce high-
different
Printing
transfer
called toner.
being improved. In terms of
constantly
are
speed and image
beam and
powder
to paper with a special ink
They
SHOULD I BUY?
great speed
of 1,200-2,400
with
making the printing
always a printer for
extremely
every application or need.
fast.
on the
actual film for
plates. In addition, they are
Imagesetters are most often used in
desktop publishing (DTP) Although they produce .
Dot-matrix
use
printers
required to shape
pins
character.
a
They can
and graphics; however, they produce resolution output
- 72
the
print
to
disadvantage: they are too expensive for
print text
relatively
low
labels. They are
printers (see below) but
much
modern lithographic printing, images are created on a DTP computer and then output In
paper
slower than laser
directly to the printing plates,
cheaper.
Colour and hues
called
form the required image. by the precise mixing
of cyan, magenta, yellow and black
and not
as
printers. Nevertheless,
you can
still
results because there
market with
a
are
some
Finally,
inks. Inkjets
expensive
is
to plate, or
the
Nowadays,
a carriage to
are
draw very
used for
Find words in the article with the following meanings.
1
designs and images used
in
magazines, books,
2
output
measured
in
dots per inch
3
a particular
4
an ink powder used
5
set of characters that (lines
6
etc. (lines
colour within the colour spectrum
1
0-1
(lines
and copiers
being replaced
10-15)
5) 1
(lines
5-20)
25-30)
can be resized (enlarged or reduced) without introducing distortion
30-35)
a rectangular pattern of black lines of
magnetic ink printed on an object so that
its
read by a computer system (lines 35-40)
7
surface that carries a reproduction of the image, from which the pages are printed (lines
8
plans,
illustrations.
inkjets.
C
in laser printers
detailed designs
construction
traditional plotters are
with wide-format
(lines
the
have plotters. Plotters use ink and fine
engineering drawings and other technical
resolution of 2,400 dpi.
quality,
CTP, and
is
called a platesetter.
on paper. They
expect high quality
on
we
pens held in
as laser
inkjet printers
computer
machine used
are created
are fairly fast, quiet,
without requiring
film as an intermediate step. This technology
Inkjet printers operate by projecting small ink droplets onto paper to
homes or
small offices.
to 180 dots per inch (dpi). They
are used to print multi-part forms, self-copying
and continuous-form
the highest quality output, they have one important
dots
45-50)
in-between; middle
(lines
50-55)
details
can be
.
loosing a printer
Language work: connectors
1
Look at the HELP box and then put the words page 38 into the correct column of the table. Giving examples
article
How do you say these
1
Connectors are linking words and phrases which join ideas and help us organize our Connectors can be used ...
on
Giving reason/cause
Listing/Sequencing
B Try to add some more connectors to each column. connectors in your language?
Connectors
from the
in italics
for giving
examples,
listing
writing.
and giving reason or cause.
or sequencing,
for instance, they have a wider range of...
To begin with, you should take into account that printers vary in cost
Some common connectors appear connectors, see Unit
C £HJ to use
1
in italics in
the
article
on page
.
.
38. For
more on other uses
of
1.
Write a paragraph describing the printer(s) you use at home or at work. Try some connectors. Think about these aspects: type, speed, resolution, print
quality,
memory, cost,
print
consumables
(ink cartridges etc.).
Choosing the right printer Pi
In pairs,
choose the most suitable printer for each of these
situations. Give
reasons for your choices. 1
You want to
2
A
small
print
documents,
company needs
web pages and
a printer
which
will
occasional photographs at home.
be shared by various users on
a local area
network
(LAN).
3
A
professional
objects
4
A
in
team of architects and engineers need
to create accurate representations of
technical drawings and CAD.
graphic arts business needs a printer to produce catalogues, brochures and other publications.
In pairs,
describe the features of your ideal printer.
Multi-function printers Listen to an extract from a consumer technology podcast about multi-function printers. What two disadvantages of multi-function printers are mentioned?
and answer these questions.
Listen again 1
What
2
Why are
3
What
4
Apart from sheets of paper, what other things
is
is
a multi-function printer?
multi-function printers so popular?
the main advantage of PictBridge technology?
can multi-function printers print? 5
What software do you you buy
6
Comparatives
when
usually get
a multi-function printer?
What advice does Mr
•
on
Kelly give
ink
We form
cartridges?
slow
7
What type
home 8
of device does he
recommend recommend
-er.
—> slower
Inkjet printers are
of device does he
by adding
for
users?
What type
the comparative of one-
syllable adjectives
printers,
but
slower than
laser
much cheaper
for
Two-syllable adjectives usually take
businesses?
more/less.
more modern
modern
Language work:
They're designing
a
more modern
version
comparatives
at the
Look at the HELP box and then complete
Adjectives ending
these sentences using the comparative form of the adjective in brackets.
noisy) take -er and the y changes to
1
A
laser printer
generally (quiet)
is
moment. in
-y (for example, i.
Dot-matrix printers are noisier than inkjets.
than a low-cost inkjet
We form the comparative of adjectives
printer.
with three or
2
Multi-function printers are
now
only slightly
than
(expensive)
conventional printers, and offer
much
(great)
versatile
versatility. .
3
The
print quality of this
network printer
than
noticeably (good)
any
inkjet,
and
is
The Agfa
platesetter
is
5
its
type.
Your printer
The
.
—
they're
more
versatile
cheaper and more versatile
Note the
irregular forms:
— better — worse — less
you want better results, you'll need
If
specialized software. is
only as (good) as the paper
6
.
little
(easy)
to use than most printers of
by adding
good bad
(reliable)
and
syllables
than standalone products.
as (good)
as similar laser printers.
4
more
more/less.
final result
is
Equality
you
use.
always (accurate)
is
expressed by using as
Difference can be
as
.
.
.
as.
shown by using not
as.
than the original image. This
7
An imagesetter than a laser
is
is
as fast as
many other printers in its
(heavy) class.
printer. Inkjets are
printers.
not as expensive as
laser
Unit
6
8
loosing a printer
Reading quiz - printer adverts A
who in your
read the adverts and then answer these questions. See
In pairs,
class can finish first. 1
How many
2
Which
3
If
inkjet printers are advertised?
printer
would you recommend to someone who wants
you have the wide-format
4
Which technology in between?
5
A page
lets
you
printer
from Vutek, what kinds of material can you from your
print directly
description language, or PDL, describes
Can you
6
What
7
How fast
is
find
two
laser printer
is
and
computer
on the page.
pictures
the Brother HL Network Colour Laser Printer?
Canon Compact Photo
SELPHY CP750
••
•
Photo Printer LCD for easy
viewing, editing and printing of
Wide-format professional Prints
on
a
VUTEK Low
•
Pri nts
u p to
Up to 330
mesh and
vinyl,
Friction Kit allows for difficult materials to 1
and pressure-
textiles
be run more easily
6.4 feet (5 metres) wide
dpi resolution produces images that
are sharp, crisp
PictBridge, you can print directly
Prints
from digital cameras, memory
(207 square metres) per hour
cards or camera phones (via
Applications: banners,
IrDA or optional Bluetooth unit)
five-metre printer.
inkjet printer
perfect borderless photos. With
up
in a
wide variety of substrates, including
•
•
5330 provides the ultimate combination of highest
II
speed and best print quality
sensitive paper,
inkjet photo printer with
a 2.4" colour
print the text
a
on?
the resolution of the Brother HL Network Colour Laser Printer?
print
An
camera without needing
digital
how to
print
languages?
The Vutek UltraVu
Printer
to print advertising graphics?
and consistent
to 2,230 square feet
exhibition graphics, bus
without connecting to a PC.
shelters, etc.
Resolution: 300x300 dpi
Software: Easy-PhotoPrint
Dimensions: 179x127.1x63
mm
Brother HL Network Colour Laser Printer The HL-4040CN
Weight: 960g
delivers the
Print
Speed: up to 31
ppm
colour (A4)
PCL and
perfect balance of quality,
Compatibility:
workgroup, colour A4
PostScript languages
laser
Paper tray capacity: 250 sheets
printing. It
ppm
(pages per minute) mono, 8
boasts outstanding colour
output: 2,400 dpi class colour
Memory
size:
64MB
High-speed USB
printing with exceptionally crisp,
high-resolution text
and
graphics driven by Brother's exclusive printing
enhancement
technologies.
B EHi A friend has emailed you asking for advice about which printer to buy, the Canon SELPHY CP750 or the Brother HL Network Colour Laser Printer. Write an email to your friend comparing the two printers. Use the HELP box on page 40 to help you.
isabled Assistive technology ^ In pairs, look at the words in the box and use as many of them as you can to describe the photos. You will not need all the words. blind person
adapted keyboard
motor-impaired person
on-screen keyboard
screen magnifier
voice recognition system
Braille printer
screen-pointing device
adaptive switch
screen reader
touch screen
pneumatic switch
(sip
and
puff)
Unit
J\
What
1
In pairs,
9
ices for
the disabled
discuss these questions.
sort of difficulties
do you
think are experienced by
computer
users with limitations of vision
or mobility?
2
What
3
How can
2
types of device could be helpful to blind users? a
person with mobility limitations communicate with a computer?
Computers for the disabled Read the text and find the following. USA and the UK
1
the laws which ensure equal opportunities for people with
2
how the
3
the systems which type on the screen what
4
the type of software which reads printed material, recognizes the text and then sends
5
the system which
6
the switch which can be used by
7
the function of voice recognition devices
photo
blind student in the
is
interacts with the is
someone
the
machine
being said
activated by the user's eye
disabilities in
in
meetings it
to the
PC
movements
with quadriplegia
Computers for the disabled Computers have taken
a
dominant
role in
our society,
meaning most jobs now require access to computers and the Internet. But what happens
if
a
person
motor-disabled? They needn't worry. The
technology
is
is
blind,
deaf or
latest assistive
designed to help them use computers and do
their jobs in the office, learn at school, or interact with their
families at
home.
In
new laws oblige companies accommodate disabled people.
addition,
to adapt the workplace to
For example, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
and the UK's
Disability Discrimination
Act make
employers to discriminate against people with
it
illegal for
disabilities.
To work effectively, most blind users need to have their
A Braille embosser prints a hard copy of a
text
document in
Braille
computers adapted with technologies such as Braille, screen magnifiers,
speech synthesis and Optical
A speech
Character Recognition (OCR).
synthesis system
the computer. Braille
keyboards have
overlays,
Braille lettering
on keyboard
produce
tactile Braille
embossers, that
symbols on both sides of a page
used to read aloud the work on
the audio output, and a screen reader - the program which
allowing the blind user to easily identify each key.
For output, there are printers, called Braille
is
has a speech synthesizer, which produces
It
reads aloud text and
menus from word
processors, databases
and the Web.
at
OCR
high speed.
uses a flatbed scanner and specialized
OCR
software to
read printed material and send the text to the computer. The For
someone with
magnifier
may be
enlarge text 16 times.
limited but usable vision, a screen
appropriate. This type of software can
and images appearing on the screen by up to
PC can then produce
a
copy of the
text in Braille, a magnified
copy, or a version that can be read aloud by a speech synthesis system.
Deaf computer users can overcome many
On-screen keyboards are software images of a keyboard
communication
that appear on the screen and
difficulties
with the aid of visual alerts,
electronic notetakers and textphones. Visual alerts are indicators that alert the deaf user
mail or
when
there
a sound, the user
is
is
a
system
computer
error.
summary
receive
new
So instead of hearing
alerted by a blinking
message on the screen. that types a
when they
menu
bar or by a
movements. virtual
may be
activated with a
touch screen, screen-pointing device, or eye
trackball,
In
an eyegaze system, the keys on the
keyboard are activated by the
they pause on a key
for
two
user's
eyes
when
or three seconds.
Electronic notetakers use software
of what
is
said in
meetings onto the
screen.
Textphones allow the deaf to type and read phone conversations. They are also called
TDDs
(Telephone
Devices for the Deaf) or TTYs (TeleTypewriters).They
can be used
in
combination with
relay services,
where
an operator says what the text user types, and types
what
a voice
phone
communicate
via
user says. Deaf people can also
SMS and
instant messaging.
Eyegaze technology consists of a video
camera and image processing software, which determines the eye's gazepoint on the screen
Switches come
in
many shapes and
sizes.
They
are
operated by muscle movements or breath control. For
example, - allows
A textphone
puffing
a
pneumatic switch - known
someone
as a sip
and puff
with quadriplegia to control the PC by
and sipping
air
through
a
pneumatic tube. People
with quadriplegia can also use sip and puff joysticks.
Motor-impaired workers unable to type on
a
standard
Finally, there's
keyboard can employ expanded or ergonomic
computer to
keyboards, on-screen keyboards, adaptive switches
words
and voice recognition systems.
A specialized keyboard for children with physical disabilities
voice recognition, which allows the
interpret
human
speech, transforming the
into digitized text or instructions.
:
ices for
the disabled
Complete the crossword with words from the text on pages 43-44. ACROSS 2
An
keyboard presents a
graphic representation of a keyboard on
the desktop screen and allows people with mobility impairments to type data using a joystick or a pointing device.
4
allow deaf users to be
Visual
notified of
incoming mail or error messages
without hearing
6
A
a tone.
makes the computer
screen
screen
more readable
for
users with poor vision.
7
A system of reading and dots,
writing using raised
which enables blind people to read by
touch.
DOWN 1
and
voice as text.
telephone
speech 3
A
It is
a
keyboard that transcribes
used
for text
line, ideal for
a
communication
who
people
spoken via a
Braille
A speech
is an impact printer that punching dots onto paper.
synthesizer
is
used
prints
conjunction with
in
A noun phrase is a phrase that has a noun as its head. This noun can be accompanied by a modifier that gives information about the head.
a
to convert screen contents into
screen
Noun phrases
have hearing or
difficulties.
text as Braille, by
5
_ has a
Unlike a standard telephone, a small screen
spoken words.
modifier
head
speech
recognition
compatible
computer
A noun phrase can function
Language work: noun
as
the subject or object of a verb.
It
can contain the following range of
phrases
modifiers:
A Look at the HELP box and then the noun
• adjectives
phrases 1-6. Decide what type of modifier (a-d) is placed before the 'head' in each case. 1
disabled worker
a
adjective
2
rehabilitation engineer
b
present participle
3
employee's
4
adapted keyboard
5
voice-activated
6
pointing device
abilities
/
have a portable computer.
=
a
computer which
is
portable
• present participles /
use
drawing program.
this
=
a
's
genitive
program that draws
genitive
c
's
d
noun
computer
•
The
files
are on the director's
computer.
= the computer which belongs to the director
B Explain the noun phrases
in A.
Example: disabled worker
• nouns /
a worker who
is
disabled
need
=
a
to
buy a colour scanner.
scanner which uses colour
45
4
Assistive technologies for the blind
A |2
Listen to an interview with Mike Hartley, the director of the Assistive Technology Project for the Blind in Washington DC. Make notes about these topics.
TU>
1
a
ttot MUte
ujork-
A^SSi-StLv/e
i_s
current^ LrwoWed uv
tecU\otOaceS for
bti.r\d
users.
2 /4
3
Braille
computer keyboard
TV>e difference betujeen voice recogrvi.ti.on and
Speech SyntheSLS'
4-
S
goat of khe. Uteb AcceSSi-bULty Ini.tLati.ve.
Compani-eS developing aSSi.sti.ve tecWnotogy products-.
computer from GW which includes Window-Eyes - a screen
Small-Talk Ultra, a talking Micro,
reader for the blind
E
B In pairs, help each other to improve your notes and then make sure you have included all of the important information.
S
listen
again to
Investing in assistive technologies Your school/company has decided to invest some of its annual IT budget in assistive technology. Write an email to your director of studies / manager, summarizing the different technologies available and the kind of people they can help. If possible, use the Internet to find suppliers of these technologies in your country.
Now visit www.cambridge.org/elt/ict for an online task.
Storage devices page
Unit
10 Magnetic
storage
11 Optical storage
12
In this
module, you
learn
Flash
memory
will:
about different types of magnetic drive and
give instructions and advice on
how to
disk.
protect data.
use technical vocabulary associated with optical storage devices and media. learn
and use more discourse connectors.
learn
about the technical
learn different
details of flash
memory and
ways of making new words:
describe flash-based devices.
affixation,
its
uses.
conversion and compounding.
Unit
10
7
Magnetic storage Types of magnetic drive A
Look at the pictures and descriptions below and find the following.
1
the
2
the type of hard drive that plugs into a socket at the back of a computer
3
the system that works
4
the
name
size
A 3.5" floppy drive
and
diskette
A floppy
of the hard drive on a
drive uses 3.5" disks,
which
can store 1.44MB of data;
it is
sequential format
in
and storage capacity of a floppy
A portable
Magnetic
of a hard
external
tapes and
drive
hard
drive
drive.
A tape
External
1
have one
hard drives
internal hard
are connected to the
drive, usually called C: drive.
It
used to store the operating
usually assigned to the A: drive.
is
Floppy drives are becoming
system, the programs and the user's files in a
increasingly rare.
disk
The inside
Most PCs disk
PC platform
A hard
convenient way.
drive can hold
hundreds
drive
USB
reads and
or
writes data
They can be
sequential-access -
i.e.
to a particular point
on the
as small as a wallet
but can have as
much
capacity
as internal drives; they are typically
used
for
backup
tape,
it
tapes.
It is
to get
must go through
all
the
preceding points. Tapes can hold
or as
hundreds of gigabytes of data
secondary storage.
of gigabytes of data.
on
FireWire port of the computer.
and are used for data collection, backup and archiving.
B Complete these sentences with words from the box. capacity
1
archiving
storage
hold
secondary
device available to the computer
There are basically three types of magnetic user - hard drives, diskettes and tapes.
2
2
The
3
Hard drives can
4
A portable hard
5
Magnetic tapes are used
of a
! 3. >"
floppy disk
is
only
1
,44MB.
hundreds of times more data than floppy drive
is
a
good choice for
disks.
storage.
information that you no longer need to use regularly.
for
Buying a portable hard drive A
IKj Sue (see Unit 4) wants to buy a new drive. Listen to her conversation with
the sales assistant. Does she buy anything?
B Hi]
Listen again
and answer these
questions. 1
What
is
the storage capacity of the Iomega
eGo
portable hard drive?
2
How much
information can be stored on the Edge
DiskGo model?
good
mobile professionals?
3
Which hard
drive
4
How much How much
does the Iomega eGo drive cost?
5
is
for
The Iomega eGo portable hard drive.
does the Edge DiskGo cost?
Unit
10
ignetic storage
Magnetic storage A
Read the text and then identify a sector and a track in
Fig. 1
B Read the text again and decide whether these sentences are true or false. Correct the false ones. 1
A hard
2
If
3
Hard drives cannot be partitioned to run separate operating systems on the same
4
Seek time and transfer rate
5
Disk drives are not shock resistant, especially
drive spins at the
you format
same speed
as a floppy disk drive.
a hard drive that has files
mean
the
on
same
the
it,
files will
be deleted. disk.
thing.
operating mode.
in
Magnetic storage Magnetic storage devices store data by magnetizing particles on a disk or tape.
A floppy disk flexible
is
sheet of
so called because plastic,
it
consists of a
coated with iron oxide— a
magnetizable material. A floppy disk drive spins revolutions per minute (rpm), so
hard drive spins data on
However, stores
a
a stack of metal
it's
at
360
relatively slow.
at over 7,200
rpm and
much
find data Disk platter
information
The inside of a hard drive faster.
New disks need
to
be formatted before you can
come manufacturer. When the
use them, unless they
preformatted from
the
disk
is
formatted, the
operating system (OS) organizes the disk surface into
and divides each track into sectors. The directory which will record the specific
circular tracks
creates a
location of files.
save a
file,
When you
OS moves
the
the read/write head of the drive towards
the
OS when
files
a
on another;
empty
sectors,
move and
called
is
seek
time (or access time) and it is measured in milliseconds (ms); most
Toshiba's
in
hard drives have a seek
time of 7 to
confuse
1
4 ms. Don't
with transfer rate - the average speed
this
required to transmit data from the disk to the CPU,
measured
in
megabytes per second.
How to protect your hard drive Don't is
hit
or
move the computer
while the hard drive
spinning. Hard drives are very sensitive to vibration
and shocks,
especially
when
they are operating; when
the read/write head touches the rotating scratch
and damage the
disk surface. This
You shouldn't turn your computer
file,
entry
in
the directory,
moves
the read/write heads to the correct sector, file in
the
RAM
and reads the area.
hard drive;
small gadgets, such as
an entry for the directory.
that
.8"
PDAs and wristwatches
head
when you open the OS looks for its
1
mini hard drives are used
records the data and writes
Later on,
this allows
problem occurs, without
required for the read/ write heads to
more data and retrieve
OS
reinstall
The average time
means you
much
and your data
partition
affecting the data partition.
'
called platters.
can store
because you want to store the OS and programs on
one
you to
rotating disks
This
The OS allows you to create one or more partitions on your hard drive, in effect dividing it into several logical parts. Partitions let you install more than one operating system (e.g. Windows and Linux) on your computer. You may also decide to split your hard drive
disk, is
it
can
known
as
crash. off
and on
quickly.
Wait at least ten seconds to ensure that the drive has
stopped spinning.
Check your hard errors.
drive regularly for logical and physical
To check and repair
diagnosis
utility like
a drive,
Windows
you can use
a disk
ScanDisk.
However, formatting erases any
on a disk, so do not format disks on which data that you don't want to lose is stored.
To minimize the
risk
of data loss or corruption, you
existing files
should also
install
an up-to-date virus scanner. You should
back up your hard
drive regularly.
i
C Match these words (1-5) with the definitions (a-e). 1
formatted
a
a
2
directory
b
the part of a drive that reads and records data on a disk
3
read/write head
c
to
4
head crash
d
initialized;
5
backup
e
a serious disk malfunction;
file
system that defines the structure
make
a
copy of data or software
when
in
for
keeping track of the files
case the original disk
damaged
is
the tracks and sectors on magnetic disks are
when
set
the read/write head touches the
rotating disk
Language work: precautions A
Look at the pictures (a-f ). 1
Do
2
Check for
HELP box and then match the instructions (1-6) with the
not expose discs to heat or direct sunlight. viruses before
from the Web or
opening
files
you receive
via email.
3
Make backup copies of your files.
4
Don't shake or
5
Keep your
6
Hold discs by the edges, or by one edge and the centre hole.
move
discs
the computer violently while the hard drive
spinning.
is
away from water and humidity.
Precautions •
We
use the imperative to give
precautions and warnings.
Check your hard drive regularly for logical and physical errors. .
.
formatting erases any existing
.
files
•
on a
disk,
so
do not format
disks
on which data that you
don't
want to
We
lose
use should
is
+
stored.
infinitive
without to to give advice or to talk about
what we
think
is
right.
.
.
.
you should install an up-to-
date •
We
virus scanner.
use shouldn't +
without
to to give
to talk about
infinitive
advice or
what we
think
wrong. You shouldn't turn your
computer off and on
quickly.
is
Magnetic storage
B
what you should or shouldn't do to protect your data.
1" pairs, discuss
Use the suggestions below. Example: discs on top of each other
(stack)
You shouldn't stock discs on top of each
/Don't stack discs on top of each
other.
new viruses
1
your anti-virus program regularly, since
2
discs in a protective case (store)
3
passwords and security devices to protect confidential information
4
on
5
the disc into the disc drive carefully
6
floppies or hard drives near magnets; they can
discs with
Note: disc
permanent marker pens
(optical media); disk
other.
are created everyday (update)
(use)
(write)
(insert)
damage
the data stored on
them
(leave)
(magnetic storage media)
Word building Look at the words in the boxes. Are they nouns, verbs, adjectives or adverbs? Write n, v, adj or adv next to each word and then complete the sentences below. For more about word building, see Unit 1 2. magnet magnetism
magnetic
magnetically
magnetize
1
is
the science of magnetic
2
Floppy disks and hard drives are
3
Data
is
recorded on a disk
in
fragment
you
properties.
storage devices. spots called
bits.
fragmentation
create, delete
becomes the
phenomena and
the form of
defragmenter
After
magnetized.
fragmented.
and modify ,
with
bits
a lot of files,
the hard drive
and pieces spread
all
over In
disk.
a fragmented disk, a
file is
stored in non-continuous sectors
slows
down
the speed at which data
is
accessed
because the disk drive has to work harder to find the parts of a
file
stored
in
many different
To reorganize your hard ;
this will
drive,
locations.
you can use
reorder your
files
a disk
optimizer or
into continuous
clusters. In
a defragmented disk, a
stored
in
file is
neighbouring sectors
Explaining hard drive precautions A friend
has sent you an email explaining that she has just lost all of the information on her PC because of a head crash. Write a reply explaining the following. •
Why the head
•
What precautions she should
•
What
crash
happened take with her
steps she could take to back
up her
new PC
files
to avoid similar problems
in
the future
unit ii
7
Optical storage CDs and DVDs A
In pairs, discuss
1
What do CD and DVD stand
2
What
these questions. for?
the main advantage of using
is
DVDs
instead of CDs?
B How do you say these expressions in your language? 1
optical disc
2
laser
3
backward-compatible
E
beam
Paul (see Unit 4) wants to buy
some blank discs.
Listen to his conversation
with the sales assistant and check your answers to A.
D
again and decide whether these sentences are true or false.
fail Listen
Correct the false ones. 1
A DVD
is
be used 2
an optical for video,
digital disc that
can
audio and data storage.
The dimensions of a CD and the same: .3 mm thick and 1
DVD are 3 cm in
a 1
diameter.
3
The data on beam.
4
A
5
You need
6
DVD-Video
basic
DVD
a
DVD
is
can hold
read with a laser
3.7 gigabytes.
a hard drive to read
DVDs.
discs can hold full-length
movies.
7
A DVD Writer CD-ROMs.
Note: disc
2
52
is
not compatible with old
(optical media); disk
Optical discs
A qvq drive with disc
(magnetic storage media)
and drives
A
Read the text on page 53 and find the following.
1
the advantages and disadvantages of optical discs over magnetic disks
2
the storage capacity of a double-sided, dual layer
3
the difference between a
4
the feature of a portable
5
two
6
where the
DVD DVD
possible successors to
burner and
player
a
its
recorder
which allows the user to play
DVDs
Blu-ray format gets
DVD
DVD
name from
different formats
— Unit 11
storage
and drives
Optical discs
Optical discs can store data at
much
higher densities
DVDs
They are therefore ideal for multimedia applications where images, animation and sound occupy a lot of disc space. Furthermore, optical discs are not affected by magnetic fields, meaning that
than magnetic
itical
disks.
also
come
DVD-ROMs
formats:
in several
are used
DVD computer drives. They
in
allow for data archiving as well as interactive content (for
example, an encyclopedia or
DVD-R
they are secure and stable, and can be transported
or
DVD+R
a movie).
can only be recorded on once.
the data. However, optical drives are slower than hard
DVD-RW or DVD+RW discs can be erased and reused many times. They are used to back up data files
drives.
and
through airport metal detectors without damaging
The DVD drive used in computers is also called a DVD burner because it records information by burning via
CDs and DVDs At 1
first
20
DVD
sight, a
is
similar to a
mm in diameter and
use a laser
beam to
and video.
to record audio
1
.2
CD. Both discs are
mm thick. They also both
read data. However, they are very
DVD disc.
a laser to a blank
However,
typically refers to a standalone unit
video cassette recorder.
New DVD
a
DVD
recorder
which resembles
a
recorders can play
DVD, the tracks are very close together, thus allowing
CD and DVD formats. There are also portable DVD players - handheld devices which let you watch movies
more
or TV, play
different in internal structure
tracks.
The
pits in
smaller, so there are
CD
In
addition, a
dual layer, with .6
which data
more
is
capacity. In a
stored are also
per track. As a
pits
can hold 650-700MB, whereas a basic
4.7GB.
1
and data
Micron
result, a
DVD
can hold
DVD can be double-sided and
a capacity of
— J__L*=
1
7GB.
=
Close-up of a
CD
all
games and
They come with
a built-in
(rectangular 16:9 format)
music, wherever you
DVD drive and LCD
display.
are.
widescreen
They usually
support multi-format playback - that
many file formats, including DVD-video, discs, MP3 music and JPEG images.
HD-DVD and Pit (hole)
listen to
is,
they can play
DivX,
CD audio
Blu-ray discs
These two competing formats are expected to replace current
DVD
as the standard for
Forum,
who
watching movies
at
and the DVD Definition-DVD support the High (HD-
home. On one
side are Toshiba, Microsoft
DVD). Sony, Panasonic, Samsung, JVC and many movie studios are behind the Blu-ray format.
—H
0.74 Micron
U SONY
CDs come
in
CD-ROMs
three different formats: (read-only
memory)
are read-only units,
meaning you cannot change the data stored on
them
(for
example, a dictionary or a game).
A
Blu-ray disc has a capacity of
(dual layer)
CD-R (recordable) discs are write-once devices which let you duplicate music CDs and other data CDs.
CD-RW
and
1
00GB
25GB
(four layer). Unlike
them many times, just
like a
you to write onto
hard disk.
50GB
DVDs, which
use a red laser to read and write data, Blu-ray uses a blueviolet laser,
hence
its
name. Blu-ray
play back high-definition television (rewritable) discs enable
(single layer),
well as
computer
data.
discs can record
and
and
digital audio, as
B Read the text again and make
notes about the features of CDs,
DVDs and
Blu-
ray discs. Capacity and formats
Possible uses
CD
DVD
Blu-ray
Language work: connectors 2 A
Look at these extracts from the text and put the words column of the table. 1
They are therefore
2
Furthermore, optical discs are not affected by magnetic
3
However, they are very
4
As a
5
In
result, a
addition, a
CD
ideal for
multimedia applications
different
in
internal structure
can hold 650-700MB, whereas
DVD can be
.
fields.
and data
DVD
a basic .
capacity.
can hold 4.7GB.
.
Making contrasts
Explaining the results or effects of
B Look at the HELP box and check your answers. connectors in your language?
C Choose the correct word
brackets to
in
2
their data structure
on
a CD,
together. (On the other
hand
up to four recording
A
Blu-ray
is
it
pits
As
burnt into the
tracks are closer
a result),
In
we also
Both Blu-ray (and
8,
•
Indicating addition
layers.
money
(but/so)
you
offers
/ in addition)
HD-DVD devices
play your old discs
Sony has invested
millions of dollars
on the new in
•
in
besides
moreover
addition
Making contrasts
however
are
although but on the other hand •
Explaining the results or effects of
is
whereas
players.
the development
The success of Blu-ray the company's future.
of Blu-ray technology.
furthermore
and
DVD over the coming years much greater storage capacity.
meaning you can
therefore) vital for
Unit
following purposes:
backward-compatible with current CDs and DVDs,
6
in
use connectors for the
DVDs can have
expected to replace it
addition to the uses of
connectors covered
carefully.
(because/besides)
5
in size
very different.
and the /
Blu-ray disc drive costs a lot of
should use
4
is
DVDs hold more data than CDs. The disc are smaller than
3
Connectors 2
(Although/Consequently) CDs and DVDs are similar
and shape,
something
How do you say these
complete these sentences. 1
the correct
.
double-sided and dual layer
indicating addition
in italics into
something
(whereas/
therefore
as a result
so
thus
consequently
because
.
.
.
Unit 11
4
itical
storage
Choosing storage devices In pairs,
look at the products
suitable device for the purposes
in
(1
the computer catalogue and choose the most Give reasons for your choices. Try to use
-6).
some connectors from the HELP box on page 54. 1
to keep the operating system
2
to
3
to hold your favourite photos
4
to
5
to hold historical records
6
to read, write
watch
movie on
a
a
plane or
make backup copies and
and
and the programs on
in
in
home computer
a
the back seat of a car
and music
to transport
files
between computers
in a
big
company
the National Library
re-write high-definition video
and TV
Seagate hard drive Superfast
8ms
hard drive. Capacity ranges from
80GB
to 1TB.
Iomega portable hard drive 160GB, all
2.5" external hard drive.
An
affordable
way
back up
to
your data, from business documents to emails.
DVD drive 16x DVD writer with DVD+R and DVD-R
LaCie
free
Nero
DVD
Can
burning software.
Panasonic portable
DVD
LCD DVD Player with Car Kit. Compatible JPEG image CD and MP3-formatted audio CD.
Sony Blu-ray disc
and record both
as well as
all
types of CD.
player
8" portable
CD,
play
discs, plus their rewritable counterparts,
with DVD-Video,
drive
AR laptop is the first portable Blu-ray studio, which includes a Blu-ray disc drive and a TV tuner, alongside a 17" widescreen display and a 2GHz Intel Core Duo processor. Sony's Vaio
Toshiba
USB
flash drive
High-speed 16GB pen drive with a built-in Plugs directly into any USB connection.
MP3
player.
Useful language For this use, the
because
The
.
.
.
the
most appropriate
.
has
However,
... is
...
so
...is
choose it for...
I'd
good for... because
. .
Sony's Vaio
AR laptop
In
a big company,
Well, that
I
it
would be a good idea
depends on
agree /I disagree.
...
to
,
5
Format wars Read these posts from a forum about the topic of 'Blu-ray versus HD-DVD' and then add your response, giving your opinion on the topic.
3 HD-DVD and
Blu-ray formats display movies
they are incompatible;
HD-DVD cannot
in full
high-definition resolution, but
play the Blu-ray discs,
and vice
versa.
People say that Blu-ray discs can hold more data and video, but that they are more expensive and complex. Who will be the winner in this format battle?
Consumers
ezine,
March 10th
Samsung and Toshiba Sony and
NEC
format war.
Will
pm
are selling hybrid players that can play both formats.
are also releasing dual-format players. This
may be
the
end
of the
both sides produce a unified standard?
News.net, March 15th at 12:30
I
at 5:40
am
me of the Beta versus VHS war in and more recently DVD-R versus DVD+R. equipment that quickly becomes obsolete or
hate format wars. This situation reminds
the early days of the video market, I
don't
want
to invest
incompatible.
from
CDs
Why
money in someone
can't
create a universal player that plays
to high-definition video discs?
Posted by Adam, March 15th
Name:
9
at 4:15
pm
all
formats,
1
Flash-based gadgets Flash
memory is used
many handheld devices. Match the descriptions
in
(1-6)
with the pictures (a-f ). 1
This
handheld console
amount
of flash
lets
memory card
2
This flash
3
This wireless
LAN card
have
a small
save user data, for example high scores.
used as digital
is
ROM game cards, which
you play games stored on
memory to
film'
allows laptop and
to store images
PDA
on
a digital
camera.
users to access the Internet from any Wi-Fi access
point.
4 5
This It
USB
looks
like
memory. 6
It
pen drive
is
the
latest
an ordinary watch, but will let
you save and
mobile drive
this
USB
for
your computer.
drive from
transfer your photos,
Edge Tech can
songs and data
store
comes with
a built-in
FM
radio
up to 1GB of flash
files easily.
you need to play music and and voice recorder.
This flash-based player provides everything also
2
flash
store data
on the
go.
It
Memory in a flash! A
Look at the title of the text on page 58. Why is it a suitable title for an about flash memory? Read the first paragraph of the text to find out.
article
B Read the whole text and answer these questions. 1
What
is
2
What
are the differences
3
What can devices which use
4
What
are the differences
5
What
is
6
How much
data can a flash
7
What
name
is
flash
memory? between RAM memory and multi-level cell
between
and external hard
the advantage of using U3 technology
the
memory?
technology do?
flash drives
memory card
flash
in flash
drives?
drives?
hold?
of the flash card created by Sony for
its
digital
cameras?
!
Memory in a flash! memory
Flash
type of non-volatile
a
is
New U3 smart drives
memory that
can be electronically erased and reprogrammed.
and data. They have two drive partitions and can carry applications that run on the host computer without requiring
Its
invented by Toshiba to express how much could be erased - 'in a flash', which means
name was faster
it
45
'very quickly'.
Unlike
RAM, which
the information stored is
turned
This
off.
in
makes
the chip
it
it
ideal for use in digital
2MB
game
movies on
50
ROM
chips, flash
memory
between miniSD
stored
Each
transistors, called cells.
in several floating
gate
own
bit
of data
New devices
(1
=
have
20 they can store
chips function
like a
bit
NOR
per or
cell.
via
NAND gates.
a
computer's main memory,
Modems
70
necessary.
35
Some formats Digital,
memory because allows new protocols. are used to save and move
Memory
40
parts that can break flash drives
camera can be offloaded to
combine
a
in
a
in a
computer is
to have
magnetic
into
one
75
computers to boot, or start, more quickly, and also reduces
SanDisk's card readers read
and write
power
have
less
if
dropped.
storage
Find words or phrases
1
permanent; able to hold data without power
2
able to be rewritten
3
different sections of a disk drive or storage area (lines 40-45)
4
to
5
transferred to another device (lines 60-65)
6
a peripheral device that reads
7
a
copy of a
in
the text with the following meanings.
many times
file
(lines
1
0-1
so that the original
and
(lines
1
-5)
5)
is
not
writes flash
lost (lines
45-50)
memory cards
product that integrates two different technologies
(lines
to just flash
consumption.
c
a
its
drives.
capacity than hard drives.
make
used
cameras, video camcorders and
technology, meaning that they don't have
moving
Stick,
device. This allows
hard drives because they use solid-state
However, USB
MultiMedia Card,
and xD-Picture Card. Sony has
flash card reader permanently connected
memory
it
MP3s and other data files between computers. They are more easily transported than external
fragile
include:
hard disk and flash
use flash
drives
that
Hybrid hard drives
the manufacturer to support
USB flash
is
cable or wirelessly. Another option
hybrid hard
it
if
limitation
not interchangeable
The future of hard drives may be
memory is used in several ways: Many PCs have their BIOS (basic input/output system) stored on a flash memory chip so can be updated
still
8MB to
you simply eject the card from the camera and put it into the reader instead of having to plug the camera in.
65
images.
30
as small as a
to your PC;
NAND works like a hard drive. For example, in a camera, NOR flash contains the camera's internal software, while NAND flash is used to store the Flash
card,
digital
digital
The chips
while
25
They are
the PlayStation Portable. The photos stored 60
more that one
players or to store
The only
product called the
a multi-level cell structure so
are constructed with either
NOR
= programmed).
erased and
players.
devices.
cell traditionally stores its
one
MP3
CompactFlash, Secure
55
is
MP4
several gigabytes.
software. Inside the chip, data
video consoles, to record
flash cards are often
chips are rewritable, so you can update programs via 15
in
stamp, and capacity can range from
offers fast read access times
per second. Unlike
games
voice and music on
(although not as fast as RAM), with transfer rates of 1
used to store images
on cameras, to back up data on PDAs, to transfer
mobile phones and portable multimedia
players. In addition,
memory cards are
Flash
memory retains when the power
cameras, laptops, network switches, video 10 cards,
installation.
volatile, flash
is
allow users to store
both applications
(lines
65-70)
60-65)
about every
memory card
Unit 1
3
Language work: word building A
Look at the HELP box and then, using affixation, conversion and compounding, make as many words as you can from blog, mail and print. Use a dictionary and the Internet to help you.
try to
blog blogger(a person
who
writes
mail
print
to mail (the verb form)
printout (the pages
produced by the
a blog)
printer)
B Choose the correct word in brackets to complete this description of a digital voice recorder. Use a dictionary to help you. •
Olympus WS-320M
Word
I»J
building
digital voice recorder
We can
Slim, attractive, and highly
Olympus WS-320M
functional, the
digital voice recorder packs
of internal flash
memory
1GB
•
existing
words
in
three
Affixation (adding a prefix or suffix)
Adding
hours of high-quality audio in
a prefix:
— —> update
non-volatile
volatile
housing, letting you record up to 277
It's
new words from
into its
1 (lighted/lightweight/lighten)
format.
create
main ways:
date
WMA
ideal for 2 (record/recordable/recording)
Adding
notes or long lectures, interviewing people, or
erase
capturing song ideas before they disappear. As an
a suffix:
— erasable —>
installation
install
added bonus, the WS-320M can store up to 266
WMA
or
MP3 songs
for high-quality stereo 3 (player/
•
playback/playoff).
noun,
The WS-320M features
five separate file
4
of four recording modes:
HQ
HQ
need to press a single button to start recording will record as
Perhaps the most convenient feature, however,
is
USB 6 (connector/connect/connected), which eliminates the need for a USB cable. Once this the built-in
connected, you can 7 (downloadable/download/
upload) music
files,
network (verb)
•
Compounding hand + held
(putting
—
two
or
more words together)
handheld
I
bought a new handheld last week.
Compounds can be
soon as the built-in
microphone picks up sound.
is
—
And thanks to the voice
5 (activation/activate/active) option, users don't
WS-320M
to
into a verb, or a verb into a
also have the choice
for high-quality audio,
LP and SP for extended recording times, and ST
- the
noun
We networked all the PCs in the office. We created a network of all the PCs in the office.
so you can organize nearly 1,000 files by subject,
theme or other category. Users
a
etc.)
network (noun)
(folds/
folding/folders), capable of holding 199 files each,
for stereo recording.
Conversion (turning
images or documents from your
written as two separate words two words joined with a hyphen (solidstate), or as one word (handheld). Unfortunately, there are no rules, and some compounds even change spelling over time. For example, web site began as two words, then became hyphenated (web-site) and is now written as one word - website. Always check your dictionary or Google if you are not sure. (flash card), as
PC, in effect turning the recorder into a small hard drive.
You can even transfer voice recordings to
In
pronunciation,
your computer for 8 (store/storage/storeroom) or
stress
multimedia use.
second
on the
compounds normally have the main
and the secondary example 'video ,game.
first part,
part, for
stress
on the
Describing flash drives Listen to a salesperson at his stand at a consumer electronics show describing two flash products to a potential customer. Which product (a or b) the visitor most interested in? a
The Dragon
b
The Dragon MP4 player
B
E
is
flash drive
Listen again
and tick () which features the salesperson mentions for
each device. Dragon
Features
Dragon MP4 player
flash drive
Q Q
Q Q Q
Q Q
Q Q
Back up computer data Transport
files
between PCs
Audio and video playback
FM
radio tuner
Voice recorder
Games
C btJ
Listen again
1
What
2
How do you
3
is
and answer these questions.
the storage capacity of the Dragon flash drive?
connect
it
to the
computer?
According to the salesperson, what are the advantages of
a
USB
flash drive
external hard drive?
4
Some
5
What
6
How
portable media players are also is
the screen size of the Dragon
long does the battery
last?
known
MP4
as
MP4
player?
players.
Why?
over a
DVD
or an
Flash
memory
Useful language
|0} In pairs, choose a flash-based device that you own and describe it. Use the Useful language box and the features and questions from the listening text to
It
has a storage capacity
of...
help you.
E F You have received a text from a friend computer show. Write a short reply. ;
1
at a
and
It
features
It
supports multiple formats:
. . .
and
.
.
.
. .
and
battery life
.
show in town. Need a new media player. What's the difference
between MP3 & MP4 players?
What
should
look for?
I
features
Thanks!
Vocabulary revision Solve the clues and complete the puzzle. Look at Units
1
0-1 2 to help you.
Across
4
Thousandth of a second, abbreviated to ms, used to measure the access time of hard drives.
6
Floating gate transistors are called in flash
7
Prefix
meaning
memory technology.
very large or
one thousand
million. 1 1
Acronym
for light amplification
by stimulated
emission of radiation.
12 Capable of being deleted.
Down 1
Concentric ring on the surface of a disc
when
the disc
is
formatted.
memory
2 the power
is
switched
retains
CD-RW means Compact
data
when
Disc
Abbreviation of digital versatile
To write information on
Type of external bus
its
off.
disc.
a disk or storage area.
or connector that plugs into the computer.
10 The physical mechanism that accepts, reads and writes data on
!
a disk.
Now visit www.cambridge.org/elt/ict for an online task.
.
is...
At the computer
Hi.
.
. .
You can Its
.
.
asic software page
Unit 3 The operating system (OS)
1
14 Word processing (WP) 15 Spreadsheets and databases
73
Sales presentation
In this
module, you
will:
learn
about the function of the operating system.
learn
about the features of a graphical user
interface, or GUI.
practise using the correct determiners with countable
and uncountable nouns.
learn
how to summarize
learn
about the basic features and applications of word processors,
learn
how to give and
a written text.
follow instructions.
study the basic features and applications of spreadsheets and databases, practise forming
and pronouncing
plurals.
GUI operating systems The term user interface
refers to
procedures that the user follows with a computer.
way
the 5
In
the
users accessed
late
1
which means you can run
order to interact
various tasks - at the
970s and early 80s,
computer systems was very
complex. They had to memorize and type a
commands just to
provides access to networks and allows multitasking,
the standard
in
35
The most popular operating systems
io
it
984, Apple
produced the Macintosh, the first computer with a mouse and a graphical user In
1
15
later,
Mac OS
- created by Apple and used on
Macintosh computers.
40
Unix - a multi-user system, found on mainframes and workstations in corporate installations.
A few
Linux - open-source software developed under
Microsoft launched Windows, another
operating system based on graphics and intuitive
the
General Public License. This means
anybody can copy
45
Nowadays, computers are used by all kinds of people, and as a result there is a growing emphasis
GNU
tools.
on
20
accessibility
and
is
called the
distribute "
its
used
source code, change in
smartphones (PDAs incorporating mobile so
phones).
Palm OS - used on Palm handheld
opens a window which contains programs, documents, or more
devices.
When you
are
in a folder,
document by
the icon, or you can drag
it
you can
to another location.
When
high level of consistency, with similar toolbars,
A modern OS
buttons and dialog boxes.
menu
55
BlackBerry communication Developed by Research In Motion.
The Symbian OS - used by some phone makers, including Nokia and Siemens. These computer platforms as device installation,
user interface (line
2
procedures
(line 2)
3
commands
(line 6)
4
tools (line 16)
5
desktop
6
nested folders
7
launch a program
8
source code
1)
(line 21) (line 25)
(line
(line 26)
45)
differ in areas
such
network connectivity or
compatibility with application software.
also
D Translate these terms and expressions into your dictionary or the internet to help you. 1
devices.
RIM - used on
double-clicking
you run a program, your PC opens a window that lets you work with different tools. All the programs have a bars,
and
and small devices.
pictures called icons. These icons represent files or
nested folders.
it
computers, appliances
desktop, which contains labelled
launch a program or
30
It is
Windows Mobile - used on most PDAs and
folders. Double-clicking a folder
25
it.
user-friendly systems.
A GUI makes use of a WIMP environment: windows, icons, menus and pointer. The background of the screen
is
Windows Vista.
interface (GUI). Macs were designed with one clear aim: to facilitate interaction with the computer.
years
are:
The Windows family - designed by Microsoft and used on most PCs. The most recent version
see the contents of a disk, to copy
or to respond to a single prompt. In fact,
programs - and do
of
lot
was only experts who used computers, so there was no need for a user-friendly interface.
files
several
same time.
own
language. Use a
Unit
13
te
operating system (OS)
E Label the interface features (a-j) on the screenshot of Apple's Mac OS X operating system with words in bold from this list. •
desktop: the background screen that displays icons and folders
•
window:
•
a scrollable
viewing area on screen;
it
can contain
icon: a picture representing an object; for example, a
files
or folders
document, program, folder
or
hard
drive icon •
folder: a directory that holds data, programs and other folders
•
menu
•
drop-down (pull-down) menu:
•
scroll bar: a horizontal or vertical bar that
•
dock: set of icons
bar: a row of words that
at
open up menus when selected a
list
of options that appears below a is
clicked
and dragged
in
menu
item
when
selected
the desired direction
the bottom of the screen that give you access to the things you use most
Compare the Mac OS X user interface with a Windows or Linux interface. What are the similarities and differences? Which features do you prefer from
F iw|
each interface?
Windows
Vista
L^, Listen to a podcast interview with
and answer these questions. 1 Why is Windows so popular? Give two reasons.
2
Which Windows Vista edition is aimed at high-end PC users, gamers and multimedia professionals?
Windows
Vista
Bill
Thompson,
a
program developer,
B Windows Vista
Listen again
Other features
editions
(1)
is
designed
with basic
for users
and complete this fact file.
The user
Internet
interface has
new
redesigned with
needs, such as email and
and
internet access.
(4)
a
reliable
an
The most popular
and secure.
and
technologies, from
support
,
a suite that includes the (9)
called
,
Word; an email program; the
Windows
the latest
Defender, and a firewall that
DVD
protects your
for
is still
(8)
(6)
program offers
more
is
The Security Centre includes
It
_
icons
Windows programs
and security
Internet Explorer
new
Home Premium is for advanced home computing (2)
been
Excel spreadsheet program; CI
computer from
I
IU
LI It:
(10)
The Business
creation to edition
is
(7)
program, PowerPoint.
ideal (5)
for (3)
The Ultimate edition
is
the
most complete.
4
Language work: countable and uncountable nouns A
Look at the HELP box and decide if these nouns from the fact file in 3B are countable, uncountable or either, depending on the context. Write C, U, or Cand U.
entertainment
technology
icon
Countable nouns are people or things that
we
count. They have a singular and a plural form
can
(e.g. file,
program, system, application). •
The icons on
We don't
Not: A
•
is
nouns or
Some words
are countable
Not:
in
many languages
but
and are used with a singular verb (e.g. advice, damage, equipment, furniture, research, news, progress, homework). uncountable
in English,
The advice he gave
like
/
like
my,
necessary
in
/
deleted the
I
lost
We
the singular, although this
this, etc.) in
the file
(a, is
not
yesterday.
more than 300 files when my computer crashed.
vowel. The definite
one/ones mean. I
countable nouns.
the music.
Countable and uncountable nouns take
different
determiners.
many versions of Windows Vista.
the,
plural.
an before a article the means you know which
use a before a consonant sound and
plural
generalizations with uncountable
Many, few, a few only go with countable nouns.
me was very useful.
Countable nouns must have a determiner
use a/an with uncountable nouns.
Computer programs are expensive. Not: T-be computer programs are expensive.
There are
•
...
music.
open-source.
of softwares these days are open-source.
lot
the toolbar are used to
We don't use the in
/
of software these days
lot
spy ware
security
Not: a ro bo tics
Uncountable nouns are things that we can't count. They have no plural form (e.g. software, music, robotics, multimedia, networking, storage).
A
interface
An icon is a small graphic.
Countable and uncountable nouns •
computing
email
user,
edition
Much,
little,
a
little,
a great deal of only go with
uncountable nouns. /
have a
meet.
little
time
free this
afternoon
if
you want
to
Unit
B Complete this text with
<
a, an,
the or nothing.
fi
Linux
)
operating system and
is (1)
it
was
c
initially
hobby by a young student, Linus Torvalds,
(2)
University of Helsinki
was released systems,
is
in
1994.
in
operating system (OS)
13
Finland. Version
1
.0 of
at the
the Linux Kernel*
Kernel, at the heart of
(3)
created as
all
Linux
developed and released under GNU General Public its source code is freely available to everyone.
License, and
Apart from the fact that
it's
freely distributed, (4)
Linux's
and robustness has made it the main alternative for proprietary Unix and Microsoft operating systems. IBM, Hewlett-Packard and other giants of the computing world have embraced Linux and support its ongoing development. More than decade after its initial release, Linux is being adopted (5) worldwide, primarily as (6) server platform. Its use as a home and office desktop operating system is also on the rise. The operating system can also be incorporated directly into microchips in a process called (8) embedding, and (7) it is increasingly being used this way in appliances and devices. functionality, adaptability
*The Kernel provides a way for software and other parts communicate with hardware.
Writing a
of the
OS
to
summary
BUl Summarize the text on page 64 1
Read the text again.
2
Underline the relevant information
3
Make notes about the main
4
Make sentences from the notes and
in
in
90-1 00 words. Follow these steps:
each paragraph.
points. Leave out details such as examples. link
the sentences with connectors (and,
but, because,
therefore, etc.).
5
Write your
6
Improve your •
first draft.
first
draft
by reducing sentences. For example:
Cut out unnecessary phrases
Macs were designed with one clear aim: •
Omit
qualifying
words
to facilitate interaction with the
computer.
(adjectives or modifying adverbs)
very complex
•
Transform
relative clauses into -ing participle clauses
Double-clicking a folder opens a Double-clicking a folder opens a
7
Write the
final
window which contains programs, documents or window containing programs, documents or ...
...
version of your summary. Don't forget to check the spelling and grammar.
unit
14 7
Word processing (WP) Word processing features In pairs,
discuss these questions.
1
What
is
2
What
kind of tasks
3
How many different word
a
word processor?
do people use word processors
for?
processing programs can you
name? Which do you
think
is
the most
popular?
B Look at this screenshot from Microsoft Word and translate the labelled features and functions into your own language. Typeface
look
Standard
Menu
Formatting Toolbar
JVnlow
Tsbte
Increase Indent
Bar
Type a question
ttt>
100%
IT
Toolbar ftotwn
.12-
B
/ a
{U« *
i= •=
-
for help
m
-Read .
*
Header nserted
SunRise Computers
picture
7 Union Street
Glasgow G9 3TA
Dear Mr Jones,
We
Bold text
are pleased to inform you that an updated version of Top Project
is
now
available.
To obtain your copy, simply call us and we'll send you, absolutely free, the latest of the program.
We
also enclose a catalogue with the
new range
software products. There are special offers for
all
of SunRise
machines and the latest
our clients, including the book
The basics of budgeting and balancing your finances. To order by phone, call 01332
8430477. To order
via the Internet, visit
our website
at:
http://www.sunrisecomps.com Italic text
Yours sincerely, Barry Stephens
Mailings
Mi Hyperlink
Drawing tools
Footer
Insert picture
C Complete these sentences with the correct features and functions above. 1
The Standard
lists
Toolbar
2
A font
is
the icons to save or print a document, spell check,
the area for changing font, alignment, indentation,
consists of three elements:
,
type style and type
size.
The
etc.
etc.
For example, Palatino
bold at 10 points.
3
Type
style refers to a visual characteristic of a typeface, for
example B
for
,
/
for
and U for underlined.
4
you need to change indentation - the space between the page margin and where the aligns - you can click the Increase or Decrease buttons.
text
5
The
commands
at the
If
and
top and bottom of every page.
allow you to specify customized texts
processing (WP)
Word Sudoku In pairs,
read the instructions and complete the puzzle.
Instructions
Word Sudoku
on the normal Sudoku. Instead of using the numbers to 9, we are using words and icons. There are nine WP functions and their eguivalent icons, so we are playing with nine pairs. In order to complete the grid, you can use each function or the equivalent icon only once in each row, each column, and in each of the 3x3 boxes. The
This
is
a variation
icons can only be used
in
1
the coloured boxes.
Word processing functions and IF
Align Left
a\
Print
§§
Insert Table
Preview
;=-
&
Insert Hyperlink
]j
Columns
SSi
Drawing
/jft*
icons
Undo
•
Open
u.j
Bullets
ui a
w
1
1
iy
Cn\ iimnc Mil i 1
DU LLC Lb
Align
Insert
Left
Table
tt
Ail ,
Print
Undo Preview
Print
Insert
Preview
Hyperlink
A
Columns
Insert
Open
Undo
Drawing
Hyperlink
Open
Bullets
Insert
ITIl'l 1 1 I II
Columns
Mil)
Hyperlink
Insert
Insert
Table
Hyperlink
Drawing )
69
The Cut and Paste technique
Redo Cut
Pi
Cut
A E|
two friends, Anna and Ben, talking
Copy
Word. How many steps carrying out the Cut and Paste task?
Clear
Listen to
about how to move text are involved in
Paste
in
Again
Undo Cut Cut
Copy
E
Paste
and complete the dialogue.
Listen again
do you know how can move
Anna:
Ben,
Ben:
Er
.
to
move.
Anna:
(3)
Ben:
Yes.
.
I
.
think so.
I
this
paragraph?
(1 )
I
want
use the
,
mouse
choose the Cut
(2)
to put
it
at
the end of this page.
to select the text
command
from the
Edit
you want
menu.
?
The selected
text disappears
and goes onto the clipboard. find where you want the text to appear and you
you
(4)
click
to position the insertion point there.
Anna:
Mm, OK.
Ben:
Yes,
if
Is
that
?
(5)
where you want it. (6) hold down Ctrl and press
choose Paste from the Edit check that the text
that's
menu,
or
has appeared
Anna:
OK,
Ben:
Yes, that's
V. (7)
I've (8)
Is
it.
If
you make
reverse your last editing
Anna:
Brilliant!
Ben:
That's OK,
,
the right place.
in
Thanks it's
a
my
a mistake,
that
(9)
you can choose Undo from the
pleasure.
to
text
a process of cutting and pasting,
is
if
you were using scissors and glue
Paste
Cut
How
to
edit text
document in window
wil
lot.
as
edit text
menu, which
command.
Moving
How
Edit
How Clipboard (temporary storage inside computer)
document in window
to
edit text
.
14 Word processing WP)
Unit
4
(
Language work: giving and following instructions A A: B:
Look at the HELP box and then correct six mistakes in this dialogue. need a photo for my curriculum vitae. How do insert one into this Word document? Well, now choose Insert on the Menu bar. I
I
A: As this? B:
Yes.
menu, select Picture. As you can see, this displays a drop-down menu with options: Clip Art, From File, From Scanner, Chart, etc. Select From File and you'll get a
From the
different
Insert
dialog box. A: OK.
I've
done
that now.
What
Insert
last?
Feymat
1
Toots
B:
OK.
Now
I
navigate your hard drive's contents and find
4W
the picture that you want to A:
Right.
B:
OK, good.
I'd
like
1
Page Numbers...
Now click Insert and
B:
Here
it is. Is
the
mouse and
and other
select
we
use the mouse
•
use the imperative form of
then, after that, finally,
first,
next,
fJpAlt...
jj
From Fie...
Text Box
9
From Scanner
Ffe...
<> New Drawing
Object...
®
AutoShapes
Bookmark...
4
SprdArt...
m
Chart
Ctrl+K
Hyperfc*...
or
Camera.
.
Organization Chart
If
you want to check that you have understood you can use expressions
like:
Is
that right?
If
you want to
to select the text.
the Cut
command from
•
the Edit menu.
check that the
text
signal that
you are ready to move on
the next step, you can use expressions
OK,
has appeared in the right
I've
to
like:
done that now.
What next? •
also use the present simple with you.
If
you want to ask
if
the process
can use expressions
Now you find where you want the text to appearand you
1:3
Like this?
etc.
place.
We can
ft
instructions,
Next, choose Paste from the Edit menu. Finally,
Format
>|
Diagram...
thanks!
the verb and sequence words such as
Then choose
J
*>
go* *
Following instructions
To give instructions,
First,
***
properties.
Giving instructions •
be
will
that write?
Picture to adjust the size Brilliant,
the photograph
document.
Yes. First, right-click with
•
1 Picture
A:
2j
i u
B
insert.
to include this one.
inserted into your
Hdp
Window
Tabte
Break...
Is
click to position the insertion point.
is
completed, you
like:
that everything?
Anything else?
B Complete these instructions for how to Copy and Paste in Word with verbs from the box. click
ix.2)
select
position
the text you wish to copy. To select
First,
portion of the text that you
Then
want
right-click
drag the
text,
mouse over the
to copy. This part should then be highlighted.
on the Copy icon on the Standard Toolbar. This copies the selected
text to an
invisible clipboard.
the cursor where you want the text to appear.
3
Next,
4
Finally,
the Paste icon. This inserts the content of the clipboard at the insertion
point. As well as the icons Paste.
These options also
on the
toolbar,
come up
if
you
you can use the keys Ctrl+Cfor Copy, and the selected
Ctrl
+V for
text.
71
.
•
oo
Find and Replace
Find
C
Write instructions for using Find and Replace based on this dialog box. f
Replace
Co To
I
Find what:
Replace with:
2
computer programmer
software developer
Work in pairs. Student A: ( Replace All ) ( Replace ) ( Cancel Give your partner instructions on Creating a document and saving it on disk. Student B: Give your partner instructions on How to insert a picture from the Web into a Word document. Use words and expressions from the HELP box on page 71
@
WP tools A
Scan the descriptions of three WP tools (1-3) - a spell checker, an online thesaurus and a grammar checker - and match them with the dialog boxes -
•
-
Sp«U»Ttcj
©
*nd C<*mm»i inglish (OKI
St.**** V«rt> Aflf MTxnt
(a-c).
lefercnce. Toxxi
e
-
i
Wont or Hv«e: (51
C
T kiwi am
V«-!.-l S l.
(
a**,
.4
yarfWir- C"C
-\
)
C"aig«4
*t.
•
•VHKKr
!
.-:
r
i
Vulval
It ;
*0,
drverte
ootn *p*n Vke chalk ano c»Mse
Spell checkers
Many word
can be used to
compare words
in
Q
the program's
dictionary to those used
in
the user's
document. The spell checker points out any words it cannot match, notifies
the user, and allows
make any changes;
it
them
to
even suggests
c
processors include an online
|
kdia
thesaurus with which users can look up different
Search
(
)
yon
)
instances. Their power comes not from knowing every grammatical rule,
words to use
in similar
but from guestioning the writer about certain parts of the text.
Some even
include information
about pronunciation and the history of a word.
possible correct spellings. Like a
conventional thesaurus, this database of words contains definitions and
suggestions of words with similar and
opposite meanings. A word spelled correctly but
still
may be
be wrong
Grammar checkers
are applications that attempt to check more than just They count words in sentences to flag possible run-on sentences. They look for words that show possible conflicts between verbs and spelling.
(too instead of two, for instance).
subjects,
good first step at proofing a document because it can find many
step beyond spell checkers, but they are
This
is
a
common
errors,
but users
will
still
need to proofread documents to ensure complete accuracy.
editor.
and they
However,
offer advice
this
about corrections. Grammar checkers are
does not mean that
still
all
a
human document
not a substitute for a the words
in
the
They give the writer another chance to think about what he or she has written. The computer can alert writers to problems that wouldn't be obvious to them otherwise. are spelled correctly.
B Read the descriptions more carefully. Find three sentences that have been printed in the
C
wrong text and decide where they should go.
Correct the three mistakes in this sentence and decide spell checker or the grammar checker.
if
they would be found
by the
Mail merge combine a form leter with a database
file
to create customized copys of the
letter.
unit
15
m
Spreadsheets an databases Spreadsheet programs In pairs, discuss
these questions.
1
What
is
2
What
are spreadsheets used for?
a
spreadsheet?
B Look at the worksheet and
label a, b
and
c with
column, row and
cell.
Then answer these questions. 1
What types
2
What happens
of data can be keyed into a cell? if
you change the value of a
\
/
C Microsoft Excel
Bookl
cell?
look
J _\ A
i
JJ
J
F4\'^^M worksheet shows the income and expenses
44
*
'A This
B
Sales Slocks Shares
487
worksheet and spreadsheet are
4
Interest
182
5
Total
often used interchangeably. However, technically,
S
The terms
worksheet
a
is
in $millions.
a collection of cells grouped on
A spreadsheet refers to both the computer program that displays data in rows and columns, and to the table which displays numbers in rows and columns. a single layer of the
file.
Listen to Lucy
answers to A and
Boyd giving
Revenue
•
D
/
3
of a company. Amounts are given
1559
324 2066
Payroll
894
904
Publicity
399
451
Services
438
372
1731
1727
11|
H
<
9 x
B
E
F
!
;
[TOTAL
12
-
982 760
7
Expenses
Hsfc
)\
2008
8 9
10 Total
Kincxw
/
2007 /
1
^2
Qata
-
-172
339
M\sheetl/Sheet2/Sheet3/
l<
>
I
Road/
on basic
a training course
Excel
and check your
B.
Listen again and decide whether these sentences are true or false. Correct the false ones. 1
A spreadsheet
2
In a
3
You cannot change the width of columns.
4
Spreadsheet programs can generate a variety of charts and graphs.
5
Spreadsheets cannot be used as databases.
displays information in the form of a table with a lot of
columns and rows.
spreadsheet you can only enter numbers and formulae.
E Look at the worksheet above and decide whether these sentences are true or Correct the false ones.
false. 1
The value of the
2
The value of cell B5
3
If
cell
C12 is
is
the result of applying the formula C5-C10.
the result of adding the value
you type the value 800
in
C3, the value
in cells
in cells
B2 and B3.
C5 and C12
In pairs, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of showing the information above as a graph, rather than as a worksheet. Graphic representation of the worksheet above
will
be recalculated.
2
An invoice, a business letter and a fax A
Spreadsheets are also used to generate invoices. Complete the invoice below with words from the box. If you have a spreadsheet program, try to produce a similar invoice. Quantity
Description
VAT (value added
Price
tax)
Grand
Product
total
Company
Name: Ruth Atkinson
(1)
Address: 38 High Street, Galway
Media Market
Telephone: 5 742 9165
Fax: 1
662 2367
Date: 16 May 2008 (2)
(3)
Ulysses Classic
2GB
(4)
(5)
4
850€
3,400€
Colour 19"
4
170€
680€
Portable Ulysses
2GB of RAM, 250GB HD
2
975€
1,950€
D5 database
DBMS, relational database
1
245€
245€
Antidote JP
Anti-virus, anti-spyware
6
60€
360€
Laser printer CQ
2,400 dpi, PostScript
1
230€
230€
Sub-total
6,865€
(21%)
1,441€
Flat
LCD screen
of
RAM, 1TB HD
(6)
8,306€
(7)
B Look at this letter which accompanies the invoice. Complete the letter with phrases from the box. Yours sincerely
I
am
writing to I
am
Dear Ms Atkinson
We would
be
grateful
if
you could
Please contact us
enclosing
16 May 2008
Ruth Atkinson
38 High Street Galway (1)
,
confirm that
(2)
plus screens, for
two laptops and
a laser printer, along
we have sent you
four desktop PCs
with a D5 database, and an anti-virus program
each of the computers. Please allow two weeks for delivery.
(3)
two copies of your invoice.
(4)
make your payment by cheque
or directly to our
bank account through the Internet.
We
are also delighted to inform
A paperless
any further information.
(6)
Ian Pegg
you that we are offering our
office, free of charge. (5)
clients an online course called if
you require
Unit 15
C ISA Imagine you
ireadsheets and databases
are Ruth Atkinson. When you try to use the laser printer, it gives continuous error messages. You are also having problems installing the database. Write a fax to Media Market to complain. Ask for a new printer and an upgraded version of the database. Look at the Useful language box to help you.
FAX MESSAGE
To:
Media Market
Fax:
1
From:
Ruth Atkinson
662 2367
Subject: Faulty products
Dear Mr Pegg,
Number Please
of
pages:
call
if
1
you experience any transmission problems.
Useful lanquaqe /
am writing to complain ab out
doesn't work
1
am unable to...
Databases groups, make a list of as for databases as you can think of.
many possible applications
Example: Companies use databases
information
In
about customers,
suppliers
B Look at the
to store
and their own personnel.
illustration,
which represents a database file. Can you identify a record and a
field?
C Read the text on page 76 and check your answers to B.
A
representation of a database
file
Databases A database the data
is
and the organize and retrieve
records into numerical or alphabetical order very quickly.
a collection of related data,
is
software used
in
databases to
called the
store,
Modern databases are relational - that is, they are made up of related files: customers and orders, vendors and
database management system,
DBMS. However, we often use the word database to cover both meanings. A database can manage any type or
purchases, students and tutors, etc. Two database
of data, including text, numbers, images, sound, video
can be related as long as they have a common field. A file of students, for example, could include a field called Tutor
and hyperlinks Information field
is
(links
ID
to websites).
entered into the database
via fields.
and another file with
the same
Each
files.
holds a separate piece of information, and the fields
field.
details of the tutors
files
could include
be used to relate the two Oracle, DB2 and MySQL can manage
This key field can
Databases
like
these relationships.
grouped together in records. Therefore, a record about an employee might consist of several fields which give their name, address, phone number, date of birth, salary and length of employment with the company. are
A database query function
allows you to extract
information according to certain conditions or
criteria.
For
managing director wanted to know all the that spend more than €8,000 per month, the customers program would search on the name field and the money
example,
if
a
Records are grouped together into files which hold large amounts of information. Files can easily be updated field simultaneously. you can always change fields, add new records or delete old ones. An electronic database is much faster to consult The best database packages also include network and update than a card index system and occupies a lot facilities, which can make businesses more productive. less space. With the right software, you can keep track of For example, managers of different departments can stock, sales, market trends, orders and other information have direct access to a common database. Most aspects that can help your company stay successful. of the program can be protected by user-defined passwords and other security devices. For example, if A database program lets you create an index - a list you wanted to share an employee's personal details but of records of certain ordered according to the content
fields.
This helps
not their commission, you could protect the commission
you to search the database and sort
field.
D
Complete these statements about databases using information from the text.
1
A database management system
2
Information
3
Each
4
Updating a
5
Some advantages
6
Access to a
field
is
used to
is
entered into a database
via
holds f\\e
means of a database program over a manual
common
database over
a
1
A
collection of data stored in a
2
A
unit of a
3
A
single piece of information in a record.
4
A
database
file
made up
in a
system
1
1
I
|
systematic way.
of related
2
3
fields. 4
5
database maintains separate, related
files,
are:
network can be protected by using
E Solve the clues and complete the puzzle. PC
filing
but combines data elements from the
e
files for
queries and reports.
5
Some companies have database over
6
To look
7
To
8
A
v
7
several
computers sharing
a
1
a
'
for specific information, for
classify records into
tool that allows
'
1
'
example the name of an employee.
numerical or alphabetical order.
you to extract information that meets certain
In pairs, discuss
music collection.
— ——
s
what fields you would include
criteria.
in a
database for your
4
Language work: plurals A
Look at the HELP box and then write the
1
client
5
fax
2
key
6
salary
3
query
7
mouse
4
businessman
8
virus
plural of these words.
•I«J
There are several irregular
Plurals In
most
adding record If
a
cases,
we form
the plural
in
child
-s.
—
word ends
in -s, -sh,
word ends in and we add -es. a
facility
—
However, birthday
men/women
children
— analyses formula — formulae — — mouse *~mice
-x or -ch,
we add
-es.
—
consonant +
a
The y,
the y
becomes
i
5
we add
only
Iz/ in
-s.
one of these sounds: /p/,
A/, fkj,
HI
or /6/
one of these sounds:
most other cases
/s/, /z/, /J/, /t|7 or
images) customers,
(e.g. files, fields,
columns)
birthdays
B
as:
(e.g. businesses, devices,
the y follows a vowel,
—>
formulas)
amounts, hyperlinks)
IylI after
facilities
if
pronounced
is
/s/ after (e.g.
companies
-s
(or
criteria
criterion
— addresses — > indexes index company
—
analysis
records
address
If
—
man/woman
English by
plural forms:
Put the plurals into the correct pronunciation column.
databases
passwords
laptops
graphs
orders
switches
taxes
networks
tables
packages
spreadsheets
systems
/s/
Az/
Izl
Software at home and at work out as much as you can about the software your partner uses at home or at work. Ask about spreadsheet programs, databases, word processors, videoconferencing, business accounting, email, and web browsers. Look at the Useful language box to help you. In pairs, find
Useful language What kind of spreadsheet program do you use?
What do you use it for?
Do you use it at home or at work? What's your favourite
...?
What features do you like most about it? I
for
Now visit www.cambridge.org/elt/ict
an online task.
How do you ...?
77
amazonco
Faces of the Internet
.co.uk
L?5L
Learning objectives In this
module, you will:
study vocabulary related to the Internet and email, learn
how to form
learn
about the basic features of the Web.
learn
and use collocations related to the
different types of question,
learn and use vocabulary and videoconferencing.
related to the
Internet.
Web, e-commerce, online banking, online chatting
learn
and use abbreviations
learn
about the basic ideas related to security and privacy on the
in
online chats.
discuss controversial issues related to the Internet.
Internet,
Internet basics A C B
|
[C^j
C By
In pairs, discuss
how you would
Make a
the things you can use the Internet for.
list
of
all
define the Internet.
between a customer buying a PC and
Listen to a conversation
a sales
Why do you think the sales assistant has to explain so much about the
assistant.
Internet?
D
again and complete the customer's notes.
IIlJ Listen
To connect to the lifter net fro>w hoh^e,
&
(l)
_
/Also
_
I need:
and (z) a
:..
need an account with an
_
(a
fej
coh^panty that
offers connection for a h^onthtw fee).
If i^ou\
want to connect lots of computers without using
cables, ijow
can
vise
a
rourter.
(4)
Wi-Fi uses
Waves
(5)
to
send data over
hs\ r di'vth* -
range distances. Things
can do on the Internet:
typit
(6)
1 «
Web' or Internet'? The Web: huge collection of
(7)
stored on computers all over the World. The Internet: the network which
connects all the computers.
Internet FAQs A
Read Part
1
1
The
was
Internet
a invented
2
in
of the Internet FAQs on page 80
Which term describes any
b
a broadband 3
The power-line a
4
ADSL
Internet provides
b
b
a
c probably created
IP
address.
b
TCP/IP.
b
the USA.
c Wi-Fi connection
c electrical
c a
into a
power
lines.
form that can be transmitted over phone
lines?
modem Internet
c HTTP.
The geographical region covered by one or a wireless access point.
in
broadband access through
satellites.
mobile phone
the 1960s.
high-bandwidth connection?
dial-up connection
lines.
in
The standard protocol that allows computers to communicate over the a an
6
fast,
Which device converts computer data a
5
telephone
b popular
the mid-90s.
and choose the correct answers.
hotspot.
several access points
c wireless
is
called a
network device.
is
called
FAQs: Part
Internet
How old is It's
1
the Internet (the Net)?
When was
created?
it
we now know as
hard to say exactly. The research that led to what
the Internet
was begun
in
the 1960s.
Who created the Internet? Again,
hard to say exactly
it's
Research Projects Agency
in
who
created it. The initial research was carried out by the Advanced America, funded by the US government.
Did the Internet become popular quickly? It
took
many
become popular around
years for the Internet to
that the Internet
has been a part
the world.
It's
only really since the mid-90s
of our daily lives.
How do you get online? To get connected, you need a computer, the right connection software and a modem connected to the phone line. You also need an account with an Internet Service Provider (ISP), which acts as a gateway between your PC and the rest of the Net. How fast are today's internet connections? Today, ISPs offer a broadband, high-speed connection. local cable lines.
TV companies - and ADSL (Asymmetric
They are both
offered by
some
The most common types are cable -
Digital
offered by Subscriber Line), which works through phone
faster than the traditional dial-up telephone connection.
electricity
Broadband access
is
also
networks. This competing technology, known as power-line Internet, provides
low-cost access via the power plug, but
is still in
development.
How long has broadband existed? Since the
late
1990s.
How much does broadband access cost? It
depends on which company you choose. Nowadays, some companies even
Why do you need a modem? A modem (modulator/demodulator) phone
transmitted across the
converts
digital
offer free
broadband.
signals into analogue signals so that data can be
or cable network.
What does TCP/IP mean? The language used
for
Internet protocol). This identified
data transfer on the Internet is like
known as TCP/IP (transmission
is
control protocol/
the internet operating system. Every computer connected to the Net
is
by a unique IP address.
Are there other ways of accessing the Internet? Other methods of internet access include Wi-Fi, satellite, mobile phones and TV sets equipped with a modem. Wi-Fi-enabled laptops or PDAs allow you to connect to the Net you are near a wireless access if
point, in locations called in
hotspots
places where terrestrial access
example, a Wi-Fi cafe, park or campus). Satellite services are used not available (for example, on ships at sea). High-end mobile phones
(for is
provide access through the phone network.
J B jWj
which of the internet systems (1 -6) you would use to do read Part 2 of the FAQs on page 81 and check your answers. the tasks (a-f ). Then In pairs, discuss
1
Email
a
transfer files
2
The Web
b
send
a
3
Newsgroups
c
have
a live
4
Chat and IM
d
connect to
5
FTP
6
Telnet
from the Internet to your hard drive
message
to another person via the Internet
conversation (usually typed) online a
program on
remote computer by entering
instructions,
it
public discussion areas devoted to specific topics
e
take part
f
download and view documents published on the
in
and run
Internet
a
FAQs: Part 2
Internet
Email you exchange messages with people all over the world. Optional attached files can include and even audio and animation. A mailing list uses email to communicate messages to all subscribers that is, everyone that belongs to the list. Email
lets
pictures
text,
Which email program Outlook Express
is
is
its
the best?
a popular program, but
many
users use web-based email accounts such as Hotmail.
The Web The Web
Web
using a program called a
How often are web pages It
web
consists of billions of documents living on
through the
depends
entirely
web
HTTP
You navigate
protocol.
web pages.
updated?
Some
on the page.
Chat and Instant Messaging
are updated thousands of times a day.
(IM)
Chat and Instant Messaging technologies allow you
messages
servers that use the
browser, which lets you search, view and print
have real-time conversations
to
online, by typing
at the keyboard.
FTP FTP, or into
file
Web
transfer protocol,
is
used
a TCP/IP network. Nowadays, this feature is built games and music files from a remote computer to your
to transfer files over
browsers. You can download programs,
hard drive.
Telnet Telnet
is
a protocol and a program used to log onto remote computer systems. It enables you that will be executed as if you were entering them directly on the remote server.
to enter
commands
Newsgroups Newsgroups are the
public discussion areas which
contributed by people
who
make up a system
called Usenet.
The contents are
post articles or respond to articles, creating chains of related postings called
message threads. You need a newsreader to subscribe to newsgroups and The newsreader may be a stand-alone program or part of a web browser.
to
read and post messages.
How many newsgroups are there? There are approximately 30,000 active newsgroups. Where can you
newsgroups? Your newsreader may allow you to download the newsgroup addresses that your ISP has included on its news server. An alternative to using a newsreader is to visit web forums instead, which perform the same find
function but without the additional software.
m C
i
ni m
i
i
mmmmimmmimmmm:
,...
„...,
-., .
„„
Find words and phrases in Part 2 with the following meanings. a svstem used to dj5Tf)butee/7?jJJto/7?j'/7y6>//fe&rttf^
1
,
program used
2
a
3
to connect to a
4
a series of interrelated
5
a
program
for
for displaying
web pages
(in
The
a given topic
reading Usenet newsgroups
(in
fmaifparagraph)
Web paragraph)
computer by typing your username and password messages on
(fa
(in
(in
Telnet paragraph)
Newsgroups paragraph)
Newsgroups paragraph)
3
Language work: questions A Look at the HELP box and then make a question about Sue Clarke for each of her answers.
I'm
23 years
I'm
an online researcher.
I
1
use the Internet to find information requested by
I've
I
old.
been doing
this
job for
graduated from university
six
months.
in
2006.
Sue Clarke
Questions •
In
Place
questions,
we
Where can you
normally place the auxiliary verb
•
If
there other
there
is
newsgroups?
When was it created?
ways of accessing the Internet?
no other
find
Time
before the subject.
Are
clients.
auxiliary,
we
How often are web pages updated? How long has broadband existed?
use do/does (present
simple) or did (past simple).
Reason
Why do you need a modem?
Did the Internet become popular quickly? •
There are
many question words in English which we more information than just yes or no.
Quantity
How much does broadband access cost? How many newsgroups are there?
use to find out
People
Who created the Internet?
Manner
How do you get online?
Things
What does
TCP/IP
mean?
Which email program
is
Others
How fast are today's internet connections? How old the Internet?
the best?
is
B
P]
In pairs,
make questions using these prompts. Then
practise asking
answering the questions. Example: 1
When / first /
What type
use the Internet
When
of internet connection / have at
did you
home?
How fast / your internet connection? How much / pay for broadband access? 3 4 How often / access the Internet? 2
1
5
Which email program
6
Who /send
7
Do /
use your mobile phone to access the Internet?
8
Do
use the Internet
9
Do /play games
/
/ use?
email to?
in
public spaces using Wi-Fi?
online?
How many newsgroups / subscribe to?
first
use the Internet?
and
Unit
16
Internet
and email
Email features A
Read the text and find the following.
1
the place where your ISP stores your emails
2
the type of program used to read and send email from a computer
3
the part of an email address that identifies the user of the service
4
the
5
the computer
6
facial
7
the
line that
describes the content of an email file
which
is
sent along with an email message
symbols used to indicate an emotion or attitude
name
given to junk mail
Write a reply to Celia's email below.
When you set up an account with an Internet ServiceProvider, you are given an email address and a password. The mail you receive is stored on the mail server of your ISP - in a simulated mailbox - until you next connect and download it to your hard drive. There are two ways to get email over the Internet. installed
on your computer,
accessible from any
web
for
One
by using
is
example Eudora or Outlook
browser. Hotmail and Gmail are
a
Express.
mail program (known as an email client)
The other way
is
to use
web-based
You can make the message more expressive by including emoticons, also called smileys. For example, :-)
for
happy,
appended
;-o for
to the
surprised, :-D for laughing, etc.
You may also
end of the message. The name given to
like
to add a signature
unsolicited email
The anatomy of an email
messages
file, a
is
;-)
for wink,
pre-written text
file
spam.
Tne domain name or network address - that is, the mail server where the account The
The header To:
email,
good examples.
@ sign, which
is
located. The final part adds information
about it,
means at
for
example com = company,
uk = United Kingdom,
name and
fr
= France,
etc.
address of the recipient
From: name and _
address of the
sender Cc: carbon copy
]
sent to another I
person Bcc: blind carbon
copy
/
Subject: topic of the
message
Attachment. / added to the message
files
I
have to prepare
Internet and
a project for
how
it's
thoughts about what
I
my
English class about the history of the
used in our day-to-day
the best,
Celia
Do you have any
my first thoughts me some more ideas?
should include? I've included
here as an attachment. Could you send All
lives.
The
body
contains the
message itself
The Web
unit 17
A typical web page
7
A Look at the screenshot of a typical web page. How many of the features (a-k) can you say
in English?
b
a
tdrt
Fitt
Linki
V*w
Favoritw
ThiTPSFofum :
•
d
c
C
Toob
ggKotafcu
Facebcofc
English
f
H«tp
g lup.com
fa Ami « Cool N«vw
% NcoGAF FtHum
Manage A fev... 5? Cimb»dg« UoM*i*y P...
1
e
»
T
RUMWCFofum
V W««hc<
NTSC Forum*
j)
ftj Calendar Fo*
TV
(?) •
;
EKyntw*
»
Print
.3 Wert logm
•
P«ee -
£ Toe* *
Language Teaching
Professional English Online I
ho
WW
>.itf>
lor ihi?
modem business fngiish teacher
-.
because
"i--.
have faced no '
•
a
Resources by
title
Chch en (he banners below to And
FWCurCM tc-eofiC Cembodg* htlec: onUne.
Bob Otgnen of
A screenshot from
Internet Explorer
B Read the text and
7,
talks
compfammg
to tt\t*e
about the cultural issues
in English.
a leading web browser.
label the features
on the screenshot with the terms
in bold.
A typical web page is the URL address. URL means Uniform Resource Locator - the address of a file on the
At the top of the page
Internet.
A typical URL
looks
like this:
Tab buttons
http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio/. In this
and
URL, http://
tells
time,
means Hypertext Transfer Protocol
the program to look for a
means world wide web.
bbc.co.uk
web is
in
(commercial
.
is
www
name company
is
the directory path where the
web
The parts of the URL are separated by and {colon). Some sites begin ftp://, a file
located.
{dot), I (slash)
transfer protocol
:
used to copy
files
from one computer
to another.
The toolbar shows all the navigation icons, which let you go back one page or go forward one page. You can
C 1
2 3
you view
built-in
different sites at the
same
search box helps you look
the feed button lights up,
If
it
for
means
RSS feeds, so you can automatically
site offers
receive updates.
When
a
web page
won't load, you can
refresh the current page, meaning the page reloads
(downloads
.edu (education), .org (organization) or
site),
let
and the
information.
the
the UK; other top-level domains are .com
.net (network); radio
page
page,
the domain
of the server that hosts the website - a
based
go to the home page or stop the current transfer when the circuits are busy. also
again).
If
you want to mark
so that you can easily
you can add
it
website address
the page at a
later time,
to your favourites (favorites in American
English), or
bookmark
you simply
click
On
revisit
a
it.
When you want to visit
it
again
show favourites.
web page
most sites feature clickable image links and clickable hypertext links. Together, these are known as hyperlinks and take you to other web the
pages when
itself,
clicked.
yjj Listen to three internet addresses and write them down.
Unit
2
17 The Web
The collectives of cyberspace A
Read the article and find websites for the following
1
to search for information
2
to buy books and
3
to participate
4
to view
5
to
manage and
6
to
buy and
7
to
download music and movies, sometimes
on the
Web
DVDs
in political
campaigns
and exchange video
sell
tasks.
clips
share personal photos using tags
personal items
in
online auctions illegally
Tour the Collectives of Cyberspace The
Internet
isn't just
about email or the
of the Internet back into their
own
Web
anymore.
Increasingly,
people online are taking the power - weblogs, or blogs;
hands.They're posting opinions on online journals
on MoveOn.org; they're trading songs on
they're organizing political rallies
illegal
file-sharing networks; they're
volunteering articles for the online encyclopedia Wikipedia; and they're collaborating with other programmers
around the world.
It's
the emergence of the 'Power of
peer-to-peer networks, open-source software, and
Us'. Thanks
wikis,
to
new
technologies such as blog software,
people are getting together to take collective action
like
never before. eBay, for instance, wouldn't exist without the
«*Y~
members who
list, sell, and buy week. But less obvious is that the whole marketplace runs on the trust created by eBay's unique feedback system, by which buyers and sellers rate each other on how well they carried out their half of each transaction. Pioneer e-tailer Amazon encourages all kinds of customer participation in the site - including the ability to sell items alongside its own books, CDs, DVDs and electronic goods. MySpace and Facebook are the latest phenomena in social networking, attracting millions of unique visitors a month. Many are music fans, who can blog, email friends, upload photos, and generally socialize. There's even a 3-D virtual world entirely built and owned by its residents, called Second Life, where real companies have opened shops, and pop stars such as U2 have performed concerts.
6
1
million active
millions of items a
Some
sites are
much more
specialized, such as
the photo-sharing
r
site Flickr.
There, people not only share photos but also take the time to attach tags to
which help everyone else find photos of, for example, Florence, Italy. Another successful example based on user-generated content is YouTube, which allows users to upload, view and share movie clips and music videos, as well as amateur videoblogs. Another example of the collective power of the Internet is the Google search engine. Its mathematical formulas surf the combined judgements of millions of people whose websites link to other sites. When you type Justin Timberlake into Google's search box and go to the star's official website, the site is listed first because more people are telling you it's the most relevant Justin Timberlake site - which it probably is.
their pictures,
of a
site
Skype on the surface looks like software that lets you make free phone calls over the Internet - which it does. But the way it works is extremely clever By using Skype, you're automatically contributing some of your PC's computing power and Internet connection to route other people's calls. It's an extension of the peer-to-peer network software such as BitTorrent that allow you to swap songs - at your own risk if those songs are under copyright. BitTorrent is a protocol for transferring music, films, games and podcasts.A podcast is an audio recording posted online. Podcasting derives from the words iPod and broadcasting.You can find podcasts about almost any topic - sports, music, politics, etc. They are distributed through RSS (Really Simple Syndication) feeds which allow you to receive up-to-date information without having to check the site for updates. BitTorrent creaks the files into small pieces, known as chunks, and distributes them among a large number of users; when rou download a torrent, you are also uploading it to another user Adapte(j frQm BusinessWeek online
B Read the article again and match the sentence beginnings (1 -5) with the correct endings (a-e). a
web pages on
b
for
search engine to find
c
users to share
peer-to-peer protocol used
d
about
1
A weblog
2
A peer-to-peer system
3
You can use
a
4
BitTorrent
a
,
or blog,
is
an electronic journal
is
allows
a particular subject.
downloading
files
files
over the Internet.
on
their
computers.
new content on
fresh,
your favourite
websites.
5
RSS keeps you constantly informed
e
that displays
in
chronological order the
postings of one or
C
Find words in the article with the following meanings.
1
open-source, editable
2
the
3
a
blog that includes video
4
a
program that allows you to make voice and video
same
(lines
5
D
as electronic
web pages retailer,
(lines
more people.
5-1 0)
or online store (lines 10-15)
(lines
25-30) calls
from
a
computer
30-35)
an audio broadcast distributed over the Internet
(lines
35-40)
f Write a short article (80-1 20 words) for your school/university /work newsletter about the latest internet phenomena (MySpace, eBay, etc.). Talk about any other sites you think are important or will be important in the future. i
Language work: collocations 2 A
Look at the HELP box on page 87 and then match the words on the left (1-6) with the words on the right (a-f ) to make collocations. There may be more than one possible answer. online
a
friends
take
b
photos
email
c
action
upload
d
website
portable
e
encyclopedia
official
f
player
B
In pairs,
C
Find the collocations in these sentences and say what type they are.
1
Once you
2
Instant
3
This software
4
Most webcams plug
into a
USB
5
This highly addictive
game
will
6
Companies
make sentences using the collocations above.
are online
,
you can browse the Web,
messaging can be
may
not be
a great fully
way
to
visit
chat rooms or send and receive emails.
communicate with
friends.
compatible with older operating systems. port.
keep you playing
are starting to use virtual reality
on
for hours.
their websites.
.
Unit
Collocations 2
A collocation
is
we
say
freely available
make phone calls,
do phone calls.
Here are •
highly sensitive information
group of words that are often
used together. For example, not
up-to-date information
of collocation:
The word online often collocates with other words and
verb + noun (see Unit
Web
on the Web
adjective + noun mathematical formulas
•
some common types
surf the
adverb + adjective
• a pair or
17
1)
can function as adjective or adverb.
download music
Adjective: They post opinions on online journals.
verb + particle
hack into a computer
Adverb: A podcast is an audio recording posted online.
log onto a bank account
E-commerce and online banking A is
IS>J Listen to two extracts from a monthly podcast called Money Matters. What each speaker talking about?
Speaker
bC
Speaker 2
1
Listen again
and make notes under these headings.
Speafcw Tninas
Speafce-r
l
Things sou can do with online banking
bus online
oe-oole-
Steps for buying
2.
biggest issue with online banking
online-
Precautions
Precautions
-
C Complete the extracts with words from the box authorization
1
Occasionally sell
I
also
internet auction
fake
shopping
buy things on
cart
sites
browse
login
steal
such as eBay, where people
offer
and
- a program that
lets
things to the highest bidder.
you enter
dedicated to e-commerce and
2
First
3
Then you put the items you want to buy into a virtual you select the products and buy with a credit card.
4
You may have to
5
...
for
some
a site
their products.
with a username and a password
transactions,
you
will
be reguired to use
a
TAN,
.
.
a transaction
number.
6
Be aware of phishing - you
may
D
Listen again
emails claiming to be from your bank and
receive
asking for personal information or account details
in
and check your answers.
an attempt to
your
identity.
87
Language work: the prefixes e- and cyberLook at the HELP box and then complete these sentences. 1
A
is
The prefixes
who
an employee
uses his company's internet connection during
work hours to chat with
friends, play
An
games,
postcard sent via
is
a
is
a small
the Internet. 3
An
magazine
or
e-zine, e-voting, e-signature,
e-assessment, e-cash, e-book and
newsletter published online.
4
computers with internet access 5
e-pal.
you can use
In a
and cyber-
The e- prefix means electronic, and we add it to activities that take place on computers or online, for example e-business/e-commerce - business conducted over the Internet. Other examples include: e-card, e-learning,
•
etc.
2
e-
Examples of
for a fee.
There are often spelling variations, with or
include
without
internet fraud, digital piracy, theft of
a
hyphen, so always check your
dictionary.
confidential information, etc.
The cyber- prefix comes from cybernetics, and we use it to describe things related to computer networks, for example cybercafe - an internet cafe. Other examples include: cybercrime, cyberculture, cyberslacker and
• In
the future,
all
elections
will
be carried out
using
now
You can
sign legal
documents online
using an will
way we
cyberspace.
take exams.
can be used on some
9 websites instead of 1
revolutionise the
real
An
money to make is
like
purchases.
It
reduces the
the paper version, but
in digital
risk
of fraud
form.
What do you use the Web for? In pairs,
What
is
discuss these questions. Give reasons for your answers.
your favourite
search engine to find
information on the
Web? Why? Do you download music or video
clips
from the Web? Do you
pay
for
them?
Do you buy things online?
Is it
better to
buy online or go to shop?
a
Have you ever
listened
to the radio or
watched
TV online?
Do you do
use the
Web to
school/university
assignments or
unit
Chat and conferencing
is
r*
Online chatting
I
In pairs,
What
2
How much
3
Do you
Why
2
time do you spend chatting?
give out personal details
in
Windows
Live
Windows Live Messenger is one of the world's most popular chat programs
your favourite way to chat on the Internet?
1
is
A
discuss these questions.
chat rooms?
should you be careful about this?
Virtual meetings
A
Read the text and match the headings (1 -5) with the gaps at the start of each paragraph (a-e). 1
Cheap
calls
2
Virtual
worlds and online communities
3
Chat rooms on the Web: join the crowd!
4
Real-time videoconferencing
5
Private chats with IM services
over the Internet
A
videoconferencing system
combines data, voice and video
Virtual
meetings With internet telephony, you can make a voice
Imagine you want to assemble a group of people from around the world
for a
brainstorming session.
20 landline, or
via
the Internet. To videoconference,
you'll
the Net, and
or bulletin 25 online.
and audio simultaneously, or the screensharing capability to collaborate on documents
as
VoIP (Voice over
Internet Protocol), almost eliminates long-distance
phone charges, allowing you 15
in
to call nearly
the world for the price of a local
flat-rate internet access,
practically free.
you
call. If
free!
anywhere
you have
can't beat the price
-
it's
board systems (BBSs)
to
communicate
Note that during chat sessions, participants
type messages to each other rather than
without audio or video.
known
even
People also use more traditional chat conferencing
audio, video
Internet telephony, also
it's
need a
webcam. Participants see each other's faces in small windows on their monitors and hear each other's voices on the computer speakers. You can use just io
mobile phone. You can download
telephony software such as Skype or Net2Phone from
Conferencing programs such as NetMeeting or CUSeeMe allow virtual workgroups to communicate 5
call
from your computer to another person's computer,
30
communicate by voice. Chat software can be used on the Web with your browser to conduct online chat sessions with other users and can accommodate between 50 and ,000 users simultaneously. Some companies even use chat conferencing on their websites to facilitate communication with customers. 1
35
Chat rooms can be good venues to meet people and discuss topics of mutual interest. But what if you want to chat privately with a friend, family member or business colleague? Then Instant Messaging, or IM, is
the
way
to go.
and video
Many IM
services
capabilities, so
if
60
now offer audio
you have
in
the service by creating a
in
realtime
3-D worlds that example Second Life. In environments you can play
3-D games and interact with other users
a
enrol
happens
also chat in incredible
these virtual reality
microphone
a
You can
all
are built by other users, for
webcam, you can chat and see who you're talking to. The four most popular IM services are ICQ and AIM (from AOL), Windows Live Messenger, and Yahoo! Messenger. They all work similarly. First, you and
40
buddy's computer. This - instantly.
identities. Avatars are
65
via avatar
3-D graphical representations
of the participants.
usemame - which
is also your screen name - and a password. Next, you 45 build what is known as a buddy list - a list of people
that
you want to communicate with. When any of the
contacts on your
list is
online,
you can
start a private
chat with that person.
How do 50
you know who's online?
your IM software, server list
and
to see
Your
list
if
logs
it
When you
connects with the
launch
service's
IM
you on. The server checks your buddy
any of your contacts are also logged on.
who
updates to show
is
currently online.
name you can send text-based messages to that person. After you type your note By clicking on a
55
and
click
on the Send button, the message
Avatars can run, jump,
fly,
dance and even enable
you
to
express emotions
travels
Paragraphs a-d adapted from www.leamthenet.com
to the IM server, then immediately forwards to your
B Read the text again and answer these questions. 1
Why
2
What
3
Which technology enables people
4
What
5
How do you
C
Find terms in the text with the following meanings.
1
at a fixed price (lines
2
a central
is
videoconferencing so useful
special
is
for virtual
workgroups?
hardware and software do you need to videoconference?
the difference between
on to an IM
log
to
web
make phone
calls
over the Internet?
chat rooms and Instant Messaging?
server?
15-20)
system that provides information about whether users are online and passes instant
messages between them or contact
(lines
35-40)
(lines
45-50)
3
a friend
4
happening immediately and without delay
5
artificial reality; a
6
characters used
list
list
(lines
55-60)
3-D space generated by the computer
when
(lines
60-65)
interacting with people online (lines 60-65)
Netiquette A
In pairs,
do this netiquette quiz. Read about netiquette
rules
on the Web
if
necessary.
Netiquette, or net etiquette,
a general
is
code
of behaviour for communicating online.
O True O
Before asking questions in a chat room or posting messages to forums, you should always
C False
TYPING
read the FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions).
IN
CAPITALS LETTERS looks
C
the message
C
you're shouting.
is
like:
O
very important.
Avoid flame wars. Flames are
C
What should you avoid doing
chat rooms?
in
C
Being respectful
G
Giving out personal or financial information
C
posting stupid
C
posting unsolicited advertising messages.
in
angry responses or offensive comments. people
who
break the rules of netiquette.
Keep messages short and to the point, and check spelling and grammar.
C
Spamming means comments
introduce yourself and post a test message.
True False
chat rooms.
<
B
P
Have you ever experienced bad netiquette? Tell your partner what happened.
R u free 4 a chat? A
Rewrite this IM chat, using
full
forms instead of abbreviations. Then look at the
HELP box on page 92 to check your answers.
Abby:
BTW, where r u going for ur holiday? By the way, where are you going for your holiday?
Sue:
Girona. Have u been?
Abby:
Yes.
Sue:
Did u have a good time?
Abby:
It's
Sue:
We're
Abby:
Where
1
went 2 Girona
great, IMO.
How
last
r
summer.
u going 2 travel?
flying. r
u staying?
youth
Sue:
In a
Abby:
IC.
Sue:
LOL! Yes. BTW, any recommendations?
Abby:
Let
Sue:
TIA!
Abby:
Got 2 go. BFN!
hostel.
IOW, the cheapest place possible!
me think.
I'll
send u a msg ASAP.
B
Rewrite this IM chat using abbreviations. Chat abbreviations
We often Paulo:
Emma:
By the way, are you free on
common
would be good to meet we go for a
ASAP
As soon as possible
BBS
Be back soon
coffee?
BFN
Bye
BTW
By the
F2F
Face to face
CiL
Good luck Hug and kiss
it
plan. Cafe
best coffee, It's
in
Moka makes
the
my opinion.
the closest to your house
in
other words!
H&K
Laughing out loud!
Paulo:
right!
Yes, you're
But the coffee really
IC
is
ILU
good.
I ft
See you at 4?
Paulo:
Great. Bye for now.
having an online conversation. Write a short note and give it to your partner. Use abbreviations as necessary. Your partner will write a short response and give it back to you. Continue the conversation and try not to talk. Choose one of these topics. •
In pairs, practise
Your plans
for
the
What you
•
Your holiday plans
•
What happened
•
Music /TV /The
did
last
way
love you
my opinion
In
,
i
In
i
r
other words
LOL
Laughing out loud
TIA
Thanks
in
Message
ur
your/you're
2
to
4 b
for
c
see
be
r
are
u
you
It's
OK to
try
not to
use chat abbreviations, but rely on them too much a
conversation
difficult to follow.
night
advance
msg
they can make
weekend
•
1
now
for
see
/~\
n IMO IOW
Emma:
C ESf
1
Some
are:
face to face. Shall
Good
Emma:
examples
online
in
Saturday?
Sure -
Paulo:
use abbreviations
chats and Instant Messaging.
They are
also very
informal.
at
school/work today
Web www.CartoonStock.com
D jv-^l In pairs, discuss these questions. Give reasons for your answers. 1
Which program do you use
to chat with friends?
2
Do you use abbreviations when you when you send text messages?
3
Do you
4
Have you ever used the Internet to make cheap
5
Does
6
Do you
chat online or
use voice or video while chatting?
Instant
Messaging
use your
real
distract
name
or a
How? calls?
you from work?
nickname
in
chat
rooms? 7
Do you
talk to strangers
during
web
chats?
Why
shouldn't you?
8
Would you ever go on met on the Net?
a
date with
somebody
you'd
Computer Dating
Chat and conferencing
At a cybercafe
^
discuss these questions. Give reasons for your answers.
In pairs,
1
Do you
2
What
ever
go
services
to cybercafes?
would you expect
a cybercafe to offer?
B
Listen to an interview with Daniel Sturdy, the manager of a cybercafe B London. Does Daniel like where he works?
in
Listen again and decide whether these sentences are true or false. Correct the false ones. 1
A
2
You can
3
They don't help people who have problems while using the Internet.
4
cybercafe
is
where you can have access
a cafe
talk to
to the Internet
and
people over the Internet using internet telephony
related services.
at Daniel's cafe.
Using a computer with internet access costs £2 per hour or £80 for a
week.
At the
moment they've
got a
lot
of
international customers.
You have to pay long-distance
phone In
rates
on the
Internet.
the cafe area you can
sit,
drink
coffee and chat to people.
A cybercafe
Plan your own cybercafe In small groups, plan Consider these areas. I
•
Money needed
•
Type of customer
•
Location
•
Services you
will offer (just
how you would open
internet access? food
a cybercafe in your town.
and drinks? newspapers and magazines?
tutorials?)
•
Furniture
•
How to create a
•
What type
of hardware and software you need
•
What type
of internet connection you
•
How much
•
A name and slogan
bQ
and decoration
you
nice
will
atmosphere (music,
lighting, private areas, etc.)
need
charge for
your cybercafe
Present your plan to the class, using PowerPoint
if
possible.
unit
19
Internet security On alert A
[W|
1
What
2 3
In pairs, discuss is
a
these questions.
hacker?
How easy do you think to infiltrate the Internet and steal sensitive How can you protect your computer from viruses and spyware?
information?
it is
B Match the captions (1-4) with the pictures (a-d). 1
A secure website can be recognized closed padlock or key
is
two ways: the address bar shows the
letters https
2
You have to type your username and password to access a locked computer system.
3
This
program displays
4
Private
networks use
unauthorized
traffic
message when
a
may compromise your
Wntfowi Defender
in
a
and
a
displayed at the bottom of the screen.
privacy or
it
detects spyware and other
unwanted software
that
damage your computer.
software and/or hardware
mechanism
called a firewall to block
from the Internet.
Wvmng
Authentication Required
view harmful or potentially unwanted software
Enter usemame and password for 'EasyNews' http://members.ejsvnews.com
Internet
User
at
Name
Wdow* Defender detected programs that n privacy or
damage your
cmflputer.
Mm
M
Cancel
Wanted request
^
Unwanted request
2
https://www.bankinter.com/
Security and privacy on the Internet A
,Q| Read the text quickly and see how many of your ideas from 1 A Question 3
are mentioned.
B Read the text more carefully and answer these questions.
94
^
1
Why
2
What
security features are offered by Mozilla Firefox?
3
What
security protocol
4
How can we
5
What methods
6
In
7
How does
is
security so important
used by banks to make online transactions secure?
is
protect our email and keep are used by
what ways can a
on the Internet?
a virus
worm
companies
private?
it
to
make
internal
enter a computer system?
spread
itself?
networks secure?
Unit
net security
19
Security and privacy on the Internet many
There are Internet,
to hackers,
open system
benefits from an
but one of the
who
risks
is
that
we
like
are often
Network security
the
exposed
Private
break into computer systems just for fun,
to steal information, or to spread viruses (see note below).
So
how do we go about making
Security
is
crucial
confidential information
book on the Web. You have to type your credit card number into an order form which passes from computer to computer on its way to the online bookstore. If one of the intermediary computers is infiltrated by hackers, your data can be copied.
your
risks,
web
you should
set
all
browser. Mozilla Firefox displays a lock
the website
is
files
If
infiltrate
digital certificates -
files
Layer), a protocol
is
web
disguised as a useful program;
sure they use
servers. Also
Spyware
Similarly, as
that
it
it
may
affect data security.
from your PC without your
collects information
consent. Most spyware and adware (software that allows pop-ups - that is, advertisements that suddenly appear on
be sure
compliant with SSL (Secure Sockets
your screen)
which provides secure transactions.
included with
is
'free'
downloads.
you want to protect your PC, don't open email attachments from strangers and take care when If
Email privacy your email travels across the Net,
temporarily onto
viruses,
virus
through email attachments; it replicates itself and sends a copy to everyone in an address book. A Trojan horse is
return
that are like digital identification
cards and that identify users and to use a browser that
make
services,
damage your computer, for example
can enter a PC via a disc drive - if you insert an infected disc - or via the Internet. A worm is a self-copying program that spreads
site.
you use online banking
its
(malicious software) are programs designed to
or
worms, Trojans and spyware. A
web
PC when you
Decryption converts encrypted data back into
Malware
when
placed on your hard drive by
servers so that they can recognize your
it.
Malware protection
secure and allows you to disable or delete
cookies - small to their
read
original form.
on
security alerts to high
crucial
companies hire security consultants who analyse the risks and provide solutions. The most common methods of protection are passwords for access control, firewalls, and encryption and decryption systems. Encryption changes data into a secret code so that only someone with a key can
online. Consider, for example, the process of buying a
To avoid
attempt
data,
Web
when you send
who
accounts or research and business reports. To protect
our online transactions
secure?
Security on the
networks can be attacked by intruders
to obtain information such as Social Security numbers, bank
many computers
can be read by people
who
in
it is copied between. This means
illegally
downloading
files
from the Web. Remember to update your
anti-virus software as often as possible, since
enter computer
are being created
all
new viruses
the time.
systems. Note:
The only way to protect a message is to put it in a sort of virtual envelope - that is, to encode it with some form of encryption. A system designed to send email privately is Pretty Good Privacy, a freeware program written by Phil
Originally,
were known
all
computer enthusiasts and
became synonymous criminal aims.
both things.
Zimmerman.
In
C
Solve the clues and complete the puzzle.
1
Users have to enter a
with cracker - a person
3
A computer networks
skills
a
as white hats
2
3
company
4
intranet 5
person
to enter
who
uses their
computers and
7
illegally.
8
can infect your your hard
known
1
attacks. is
uses technology for
called black hats or darkside hackers.
to gain
protects a
from outside
who
the computer industry, hackers are
access to a network.
A
programmers
term hacker
Nowadays, people often use the word hacker to mean
and crackers are
2
skilled
as hackers, but during the 1990s, the
files
and corrupt
drive.
You can download
from the Net;
this
type of software
is
available free of charge
but protected by copyright.
6
Encoding data so that unauthorized users
7
This
8
Most
company
can't read
it
is
techniques to decode
uses is
known (or
as
decipher) secret data.
designed to obtain personal information without the
user's permission.
Safety online for children A
IsTI Listen to an interview with Diana Wilson, a member of the Internet Safety Foundation. Which answers (a or b) best describe what she says? Parents should
1
the benefits and
a
A web
2
3
filter
b
rate
sites
web content with
stop
E
the
risks
of the Internet.
with inappropriate content, labels (similar to the
spend too much time online or
kids
b
of the Internet.
program can be used to
prevent access to
a
children aware of
risks
a
If
B
make
them
suffer
way movies
from internet addiction, parents should
b
using the Internet.
are rated).
look for help from specialists.
and complete the interviewer's notes.
Listen again
'Risks
Solutions
Manipulation of children
There are websites
Invasions of (1)
at children.
Distribution of indecent or
Internet
content with a
overii
A
Read Part
1
Which hacking case
2
When
3
Why was
4
How old was the
97
1
1
label,
from child-friendly to
only.
of the text and answer these questions. inspired the film
War Games?
did Captain Zap hack into the Pentagon?
Nicholas Whitely arrested
in
988?
1
hacker that broke into the US defence computer
in
1
989?
1
- John Draper discovered that a whistle offered in boxes of Cap'n Crunch breakfast cereal perfectly generated the 2,600Hz signal used by the AT&T phone company. He started to make free calls. He was arrested in 1972 but wasn't sent to prison.
1
974 - Kevin
Mitnick, a legend
enemies.
He
didn't
among
expect that
Colorado Springs - would 1981 -
Ian
his
most famous exploit - hacking War Games in 983.
into the
North American Defense
international
network was paralysed by
988 -The Union Bank of Switzerland almost
lost
£32
a hacker's
Christmas message.
million to hackers. Nicholas
Whitely was arrested
with virus spreading.
1989 - A 1
99
1
Command
in
1
Murphy, a 23-year-old known as Captain Zap on the networks, hacked into the White House and the Pentagon.
1987 -The IBM 1
hackers, began hacking into banking networks and altering the credit reports of his
inspire the film
fifteen-year-old hacker cracked the
- Kevin Poulsen, known
as
let
their
_
The history of hacking
The history of hacking - Part 1
programs
(5)
Websites should (Q
Violence and racist 0)
4
.
parents block objectionable websites.
material
(2)
(H)
US defence computer.
Dark Dante on the networks, was accused of stealing military
files.
in
connection
.
.
.
internet security
B LJ|
In pairs, discuss which of the cases in Part Which do you think is the most important?
5
you had heard
1
of.
Language work: the past simple A
Look at the HELP box and then complete Part 2 of the text with the past simple form of the verbs in the box. show
spread
attempt
launch
steal
be
overwrite
infect
affect
The history of hacking - Part 2 1
992 - David
Word
L Smith files
( I
prosecuted for writing the Melissa
)
virus,
which was passed
in
sent via email.
1997 - The German Chaos Computer Club
on TV how to obtain money from
(2)
bank accounts.
2000 - A
to extort $100,000 from online music retailer
Russian hacker (3)
A Canadian
hacker
a
(4)
CD
Universe,
massive denial of service attack against websites
like
Yahoo! and Amazon.
The
200
1
so quickly that email
ILoveYou virus, cleverly disguised as a love letter, (5)
had to be shut
down
with a copy of
itself.
- The Code Red worm
2006 - Hackers
many companies. The worm
in
image and sound
(6)
files
tens of thousands of machines.
(7)
the credit card details of almost 20,000
(8)
However, subscribers to
its
AT&T
online customers
service (9) (not)
m
There are many verbs which are
Past simple
•
We
use the past simple to talk about a complete
action or event which
happened
at a specific
time
in
Kevin Mitnick
the past. For a
Now
Past
He began hacking
the past simple of regular verbs by adding
-(e)d to the infinitive.
John Draper discovered that a whistle
We form
We form the
be
began hacking into
.
.
of irregular verbs, see page
1
66.
questions and negatives for irregular verbs
same way
as for regular verbs.
The exception
He didn't begin hacking
.
When did Captain Zap hack into the Pentagon? exploit
.
.
is
(see below).
When did Kevin Mitnick begin hacking into .
questions and negatives using did/didn't.
He didn't expect that his most famous
list
in 1974. in
We form
irregular in the past
simple.
...?
until 1974.
We form
the past passive with the past simple of
be + the
past participle.
IBM international was paralysed by hackers.
He wasn't sent to prison. Why was Nicholas Whitely arrested in 998? 1
9
B Read these landmarks questions
in
in
the history of the Internet and prepare at least five
the past simple.
Example: What happened in 1969? What did RayTomlinson doin 1971?
1969 - The US Defense Department 1971 - Ray Tomlinson of
chosen 1981 - IBM
its
the
sells
1982 - TCP/IP
1988 -
for
BBN
establishes
first
IBM PC. BITNET provides email and
Jarkko Oikarinen develops the system
Internet 2 network
1999 - Online 2001 -
banking,
Napster,
born.
is
la It
known
file
@ sign
is
music
transfers to universities.
Internet.
as Internet Relay Chat (IRC).
Recherche Nucleaire) creates the World Wide Web. can handle data and video
e-commerce and MP3 music become
whose software
or encourage
send messages across a network. The
invents an email program to
adopted as the standard language of the
is
centres.
at meaning.
1991 - CERN (Conseil Europeen pour
1998 - The
ARPANET, a network connecting research
allows users to share
at high
speed but
not a public network.
popular.
downloaded music, maintains
However, a judge rules that Napster's technology
piracy.
is
that is
it
does not perpetrate
an infringement of music
copyright.
2004 - Network
Solutions begins offering 100-year
2006 - Americans spend over £100
In pairs,
billion
domain
registration.
shopping online.
ask and answer your questions.
Internet issues A
In
small groups, look at the
1
Which crimes
2
Is it
fair
are the
list
of cybercrimes
and discuss these questions.
most dangerous?
or unfair to pay for the songs, videos,
books or
articles that
you download? Should
copyright infringement be allowed online? 3
What measures can be taken by governments
4
Do you
5
Personal information such as our address, salary, and
think
governments have the
databases by marketing companies.
right to
Is
to stop cybercrime?
censor material on the Internet?
our. privacy in
and criminal records danger? civil
is
held
in
Cybercrimes
•
Piracy - the
•
Plagiarism and theft of intellectual property - pretending that
•
Spreading of malicious software
•
Phishing (password harvesting fishing) - getting passwords
illegal
copy and
by using emails that look is
from
their
like
bank and send
distribution of copyrighted software,
they are from
real organizations,
IP
•
Cyberstalking - online harassment or abuse, mainly
•
Distribution of indecent or offensive material
spoofing - making one computer look
tall Write a
or music
someone
for online
but are
else's
files
work
is
bank accounts or
in fact fake;
your
own
credit card
numbers
people believe the message
their security details
•
B
games
like
another in
in
order to gain unauthorized access
chat rooms or newsgroups
summary of your discussion on PowerPoint and present it to the
rest of the class. www.
Now visit www.cambridge.org/elt/ict for an online task.
Creative
software page
Unit
20 Graphics and design 21
Desktop publishing
22 Multimedia 23
Web design
Learning objectives In this
module, you
will:
learn
and use vocabulary
learn
how to describe graphics.
related to graphics software,
study the basic features and vocabulary related to desktop publishing, discuss the pros and cons of e-publishing versus paper publishing, write a letter to a newspaper, learn
about the main components and applications of multimedia systems,
learn
how to use conditional
sentences,
study the basic principles of web page design, learn
how to
design a
use
common modal
mock home page for a
verbs,
college or company.
umt2o 1
Graphics and design Computer graphics A
U
1
Which of these computer graphics
2
What
3
Which types of professional might use the computer graphics
4
Who else
1" pairs,
look at the computer graphics (a-d) and discuss these questions. are three-dimensional (3-D)?
are the advantages of creating 3-D images?
uses computer graphics
in their
job?
How do they
(a-d)?
use them?
1 B Read the text on page
1
01 and check your answers to 3 and 4 in A.
C Read the text again and answer these questions. 1
What are
2
Which graphics
3
What
4
What does CAD stand
5
What are
6
What type
7
Who
is
the differences between roster graphics and vector graphics? file
formats are mentioned?
compositing? for?
the benefits of using graphics of graphics software
uses computer animation?
is
in
the car industry?
used to make maps or 3-D models of the Earth?
How?
Unit
20
iraphics
and design
Computer graphics Computer graphics
and drawings produced two main categories:
are pictures
by computer. There are
Raster graphics, or bitmaps, are stored as a collection of pixels. The sharpness of an
image depends on the
density of pixels, or resolution. For example, text or pictures that are scaled
up -
that
is,
made
bigger -
may
show jagged edges. Paint and photo-editing programs like Adobe Photoshop focus on the manipulation of bitmaps. Popular raster formats are JPEG, GIF and TIFF.
CAD
is
also used in the aerospace, architecture
industrial sectors to
design everything from aeroplanes
and buildings to consumer products. Designers start a project by making a wireframe, a representation showing the outlines of all edges in a transparent drawing. They then specify and fill the surfaces to give the appearance of a 3-D solid object with volume. This
known and
as solid
filters
modelling. Next, they add
to achieve the desired 'look
and
called texturing the object. Finally, they
Vector graphics represent images through the use of geometric objects, such as lines, curves and polygons, based on mathematical equations. They can be changed
and
object to
make
and shading
it
look
real.
is
paint, colour feel': this
is
render the
Rendering includes lighting
as well as effects that simulate
shadows and
reflections.
or scaled without losing quality. Vector data can be
handled by drawing programs Corel
Draw
popular
file
or
like
Adobe
Macromedia Freehand. EPS
Illustrator, is
<^ A wireframe model of a teapot
the most
format for exchanging vector drawings. Bitmap graphics are
composed
of pixels, each of
which contains
Smooth
specific colour
information
shading -part of the rendering process
Vector graphics consist of points, lines
and curves when
which,
Computer art, or digital art, is used in adverts and TV programmes. Artists and scientists use special
combined, can form complex objects
graphic applets to create amazing fractals. Fractals are
geometrical patterns that are repeated at small scales
computer users use some form of graphics. Home users and professional artists use image-editing programs to manipulate images. For example, you can add niters (special effects) to your favourite photos, or you can composite images. Compositing is combining
Almost
all
parts of different
images to create
a single image.
objects from nature.
some
of which describe
Government agencies use GIS
(Geographic Information Systems) to understand geographic data and then plan the use of land or predict natural disasters. Cartographers use GIS to
make
detailed
maps. Animators use computer animation software to
and designers use drawing programs to create freehand drawings and illustrations for books or for the Web. Businesspeople use presentation graphics to make information more interesting visually - graphs and Graphic
to generate irregular shapes,
artists
create animated cartoons or add effects
in
movies and
video games.
A
fractal
diagrams can be more effective ways of communicating with clients than
lists
of figures. Electrical engineers use
graphics to design circuits
in
order to present data
in a
more understandable form. Mechanical engineers use (Computer Aided Design) software to develop, model and test car designs before the actual parts are made. This can save a lot of time and money.
CAD
10
_
.
D
Match the words
1
resolution
a
special effects that can
2
jagged
b
a
3
filters
c
geometrical figures with special properties
4
wireframe
d
irregular or
5
rendering
e
the
6
fractals
f
the drawing of a model by using features
(1-6) with the definitions (a-f ).
be applied to pictures
technique that generates
realistic reflections,
shadows and
highlights
uneven
number of pixels
in
an image like
edges or contour
discuss which application of computer graphics you think most important or useful. Give reasons for your answers. In pairs,
lines
is
the
Language work: the -ing form A
Look at the HELP box and decide the -ing forms in these sentences are gerunds, present participles or adjectives. Write g, pp or a. if
The
We
PCs generate graphics by performing
1
-ing
use the -ing form 1
mathematical calculations on data.
form
2
in
three ways:
Rendering includes lighting and shading
We are designing anew car on computer.
3 They use special applets to create
Businesspeople use graphics to make
2
information
more
•
In
interesting visually.
1
,
rendering
is
gerund (see below), acting
a
Graphs and diagrams can be more
A gerund refers to an activity or
clients
4
She
5
If
is
process.
ways of communicating with
effective
than
lists
•
of figures
designing a logo
In 2,
the company.
a presentation,
The Internet
is
a
network
used
in
the above example, the present
shows the outlines
amazing
•
In 3,
We
use gerunds
•
As the subject of a verb
is
...)
an adjective.
Correct the mistakes in these sentences. There are seven mistakes in total. is
create objects which
move
•
is
combining parts of different images
.
.
As the object of a verb
screen. I
add paint, colour and drawings and designs.
to
As the complement of the subject
Compositing
the process of across the
the following ways:
create a single image.
•
Computer animation
in
Compositing is combining parts of different images
B
2
(in
is
linking other
networks
1
present participle. This
a
o representation showing the outlines of all edges.
(= which
I
suggest using PowerPoint
6
is
continuous) and reduced relative clauses. ...
you need to make
designing
continuous tenses
for
as
the subject. Lighting and shading are also gerunds, acting as the objects.
3
amazing fractals.
enjoy editing pictures.
Texturing involves filters
to
•
After a preposition
Designers start a project by making a wireframe.
3
You can open the colour palette by
on the corresponding
4
CAD programs
click
•
icon.
are very fast at to
This course involves
perform
A
lot
of time and
money
a car design before to
6
To render to
make
refers to
realistic
painting and drawing
in
various
media.
drawing functions. 5
As the complement of a verb
is
saved by test
make the
product.
the technigues used
images.
•
Some verbs infinitive (e
are followed by the gerund, not by the
g avoid, fancy,
finish,
give up, hate,
imagine, involve, keep, look forward suggest, enjoy)
to,
mind,
Unit
20
aphics and design
The toolbox Listen to
an extract from an online tutorial about graphics programs and
answer these questions. 1
What
is
2
What
are graphics primitives!
3
What
sort of attributes, or characteristics,
4
What does
a toolbox in graphics software?
translation
Listen again
that enable you to type, (2)
,
activate
by (4)
on
it.
For example,
a rectangle, you
if
draw,
activate the rectangle tool, and the pop-up options
(5)
give you the possibility of (6)
rectangles with square or rounded corners. (3)
graphical objects are called primitives. These are usually geometric, such as lines
it
you want to
tools
and view images on the computer.
arcs, circles, polygons, ellipses
graphical objects?
and complete this extract from the web version of the tutorial.
Graphics programs usually have a toolbox - a
The basic shapes which are used to
in
mean?
collection of drawing and (1)
paint, edit, move,
can be used
You can transform an object by translating,
between two points, and even
or scaling
(7)
it.
Translation
means
moving an object to a different location. Rotation
text.
Furthermore, you can specify the attributes of each
is (8)
primitive, such as its colour, line type,
example, you may need to rotate an object 90 or
interior style
fill
area,
180 degrees to
and so on.
The various tools
in a
as pop-up icons in a
the object around an axis. For
toolbox usually appear together
menu
or palette. To use one,
fit
the drawing. (9)
is
making the object larger or smaller.
you
C Match the tools from the Photoshop toolbox (1-10) with the functions
— 1
Marguee
2
Move Crop
3
4 5
select tools
|
Jf\
Paintbrush, pencil
1
&\
Eraser
cut
b
select a particular part of an
choose
|
7
[T]
8
9 10
Type
shapes
an area with
image (you can
for selection)
a colour
fill
d
control the foreground
and background colour
e
select a specific colour
in
in
a
magnify areas of an image close, detailed
photo
when you
are doing
work
g
delete the part of the picture you drag
h
insert text into
i
draw and paint
it
over
tool
jf. Colour picker (Eyedropper)
[^] Zoom
|p
different
c
f
6
the dimensions of a picture
a
tool
tool
down
(a-j).
Colour tools and palette
j
move
your document in different
shapes and patterns
a selection or entire layer by dragging
with your
mouse
it
.
. ..
.
.
.
.
Choosing graphics software Work in pairs. Student A chooses a task from the list (1-6) and describes it. Student B chooses the most appropriate graphics software for the task (a-f ) and gives reasons for his or her choice. Swap roles. Look at the text on page 1 01 and the Useful language box to help you. and retouch photos
1
to edit
2
to create illustrations
3
to prepare slideshows for training sessions or conferences
4
to
5
to create
6
to analyse geographic data and
and drawings
make mechanical designs and
magazine
architectural plans
dynamic simulations and
Computer animation 3-D Studio Max
for a
special effects for films, TV, advertisements
and games
make maps
software, for
Useful language
example
need to what software would you recommend? If I
b
GIS software, for example ArcView
c
Presentation software, for example PowerPoint
d
A CAD package,
e
Vector graphics software, for example Freehand
f
A
for
example AutoCAD
For that kind of task, the best thing
would be... It
paint
and image-editing program,
for
allows you to
...
and
.
.
.
.
example I
Photoshop
wouldn't
recommend
A good program of this
5
.
because
type
.
is ...
Describing graphics yil Look at the images (1-4), which show the stages involved in drawing a plane using computer software. Write a short description of stages 2, 3 and 4. Look at the text on page 101 and the Useful language box to help you. This
first
image shows a wireframe
model, probably made using
CAD
A wireframe is a drawing with edges and contour lines. The parts of the plane are shown in software.
different colours (violet, green, blue, etc.).
Useful language This picture
shows
In this (next)
stage
.
.
.
.
The designer has used This stage
is
called
. .
.
Rendering techniques include
As a finishing touch, Wireframe
Solid modelling
Texturing the
model
Rendering
. .
Desktop publishing
unit 21
7
What is desktop publishing ? A
Q
In pairs, discuss
1
What
2
Page layout software
these questions.
kind of documents can be produced with a desktop publishing system?
be imported
into a
is
the key
component
of a desktop publishing system. Which
file
types can
page layout program?
B Read the text and check your answers to A.
What is desktop publishing? Desktop publishing (DTP) refers to the use of computers to design and publish books, brochures, newsletters, is
really a
Once composed, DTP documents printer or
magazines and other printed pieces. DTP
8).
combination of several different processes
For transfer to a commercial printer, the
software and fonts used to create
to email, posted file,
only the
PDF
files
in print,
can be attached
on websites, or on DVD. To open a PDF (a free download) is
Adobe Acrobat Reader
required.
modern commercial
In
printing,
directly to the printing plates
DTP
files
are output
without using film as
step. This new technology is known Computer-To-Plate (CTP) or direct to plate, and the machine that generates plates for a printing press
an intermediate
as
is
called a platesetter.
CTP machines
publishing systems use high-guality
so most people take their
features such as
and give you control over typographic kerning (adjusting the spaces between
files.
achieve even, consistent spacing). Another key feature of DTP software is text flow - the ability to put
printing solutions.
a
letters to
in a
it.
published and distributed anywhere:
meaning the line separating such programs from DTP is becoming less clear. In general, though,
around graphic objects
documents
page layout format
the publisher intended - you don't need to have the
software
text
a laser
(such as
DTP centres around a page layout program. Typically, a layout program is used to import texts created in word processing programs; charts and graphs from spreadsheet programs; drawings and illustrations created in CAD, drawing or paint programs; and photographs. The program is then used to combine and arrange them all on a page. It is this ability to manipulate so many different items and control how they are used that makes layout software so popular and useful. However, modern word processors also have publishing capabilities,
scalable fonts
on
Adobe InDesign or QuarkXPress) or as PDF files. PDF stands for Portable Document Format and allows people to view, search and print documents exactly as
word processing, graphic design, information design, output and pre-press technologies, and sometimes image manipulation.
powerful
are printed
a high-resolution imagesetter (see Unit
are generally saved in their native
including
new
on
company that
files
are expensive,
to a service bureau,
specializes in printing other people's
Service bureaux offer a
full
range of scanning and
variety of ways.
C Read the text again and answer these questions. 1
What type
2
What
are three differences
3
What
is
4
Which program do you need to view
5
Why do
a
of software
is
used
for
the creation of DTP documents?
between DTP software and word processors?
PDF and what can
it
do?
people send their DTP
files
a
PDF document?
to service bureaux?
105
D
Find words in the text with the following meanings.
1
shape, style and size of a typeface, for example
2
the process of adjusting the space between characters
3
feature that enables
4
metal surfaces that carry the image to be printed
5
a
Courier at lOpt
you to wrap text around images on the page
machine that creates the printing
plates
the question What is desktop publishing? in as much detail as you can. Then look back at the text on page 1 05 to see how much you In pairs, discuss
remembered.
Language work: order of adjectives A
Look at the HELP box and then make phrases using the words
in
the correct
order. Example: computer programmer / young / clever
a
clever,
young computer programmer
1
software / desktop publishing / user-friendly
2
hardware company /
3
German
4
word processing
5
Sony / new / music player / portable
young
reliable /
/ industry / graphic
design
/ applications /
modern
Order of adjectives Adjectives usually
come
before the
noun
(also
known
as the headword).
They give you control over typographic features. For transfer to a
commercial
However, adjectives
printer, the
come after certain
document is
verbs
(e.g.
.
.
be, look,
become, seem, sound), complementing the
subject
of the sentence.
CTP machines are expensive. Adjectives can also This
This
complement the
object of the sentence.
makes layout software popular and useful. is
the usual order of adjectives before a noun:
Opinion
Description
powerful
new
high-guality
scalable
Origin/Place
Adjectives are ordered from the
most subjective
Brand names (Microsoft, Sony,
etc.)
there
is
more than one
Headword
publishing
systems
aluminium (e.g.
nice) to the
printing
most objective
plates
(e.g. silicon).
are considered adjectives of origin/place.
adjective in a sentence, they are usualiy separated by
forms an integral part of the headword
6
Purpose
fonts
American
thin
If
Material
{A fantastic, thin,
Sony MP3 player.)
commas,
unless the adjective
Unit 21
esktop publishing
B Translate these sentences into your own language. How does the use of adjectives differ from English? Think about word order and whether the form of the adjective changes or not. 1
2
DTP
refers to
A page
the use of personal computers to produce high-quality printed documents.
layout application
is
used to import text from word processing programs and pictures
from painting and drawing programs.
modern commercial
3
In
C
In pairs,
to describe
printing,
files
are output directly to the printing plates.
your classroom or office and think of three words Put the words into the correct order and make a sentence.
choose an object it.
DTP
Example: PC: black,
old,
DELL
On my desk I've got an old,
Steps in a
in
black,
DELL PC.
DTP publication
A
Look at this extract from an online tutorial for DTP publishing. Put the steps in the creation of a DTP document (a-f ) into the correct order.
10 ©
First,
2D
3D
4
the DTP designer decides the
document (the type of
basic form of the
document, general design, colour, fonts, images required,
5
6
O When
precise tools to position, scale, crop and
etc.).
rotate
O
The
last step is to
take the
files
to a
service bureau, which will print the
publication.
Q
the text has been edited, the
designer imports the pictures and uses
© The
all
the items.
next step
is
to type the text directly
or to import
it
program
Word or WordPerfect.
like
from a word processing
To create the DTP document, the designer
begins by selecting a template or by specifying the settings of a
new document
Once the
file is
composed and saved, the
designer has to prepare
it
for printing,
(the page size, margins, columns,
which involves verifying the colour
paragraph styles, master pages, etc.).
specification, creating a Postscript or PDF file,
exporting the
file in
HTML format
for
the Web, checking proofs, etc.
bB
Listen to the audio
from the online tutorial and check your answers to
A.
C
Label the features of this page designed with
Adobe InDesign
(1
-6) with
word
from the box. toolbox
layout of master pages
dimensions
guide
horizontal ruler
scanned photo
Writing a letter A
Although most written communication these days is carried out by email, still appropriate for more formal correspondence. Look at this letter.
letters are
What is the writer asking for?
O Rhondda 31 Prospect Place,
Q
©
The Editor El
High School
Cardiff,
Wales
28th March 2008
Independiente
Moratin, 7
28006 Madrid Spain
©
Dear Sir/Madam,
QWe are writing to ask
if
you can help us with our school project. We are doing a survey
of the major newspapers in the European Union to find out which computer systems and
desktop publishing programs they use.
O We would be
very grateful
if
you could
tell us
which hardware, graphic design and page
layout software you use at El Independiente. Could you also tell us edition has been running for? Thank you very
©We look forward to hearing from you.
©
Yours faithfully,
Katherine Powell, student representative
much
in
advance.
how
long your online
Unit 21
Match the parts of the 1
B
For example,
2
[H
This
is
with the descriptions (1-8).
letter (a-h)
th
28 March 2008,
or
28 March 2008, or 28/03/2008.
usually in the top right corner of the
letter,
but can be
in
the centre
if it's
a printed
letterhead.
3
EH
State the reason for writi ng:
4
[U
This should
5
EH
Start with
/
am I We are writing to ... /We are currently
be included on the
left
hand
.
.
side of the page, before the greeting.
Dear Sir/Madam or Dear Mr/Mrs/Ms ... Use Ms if you are not sure It is often best to use Ms, as Mrs can cause offence.
if
the recipient
is
married or not. I
I
Make any
requests or ask any questions you need
Could you also I
I
I
I
If
We would be grateful ifyou could
...
Request further contact, us by
to:
if
necessary:
We/
1
look forward to hearing from you. /Please contact
...
you have started the
letter
end with Yours sincerely.
If
name (for example, Dear Mr Robinson), then know the name of the recipient, end with Yours
with the person's
you do not
faithfully.
C Oif
Write a letter to a local newspaper, asking for information about the hardware they use in their production, the page layout software they use, and the data communications systems they use. Use A and B above to help you.
E-publishing versus paper publishing A
Look at this web extract about e-publishing. What examples of e-publishing can you find in the text?
Publishing has existed in
its
current form for centuries. Ever since paper was
human beings have found ways
of using
it
magazines and newspapers are now part of our everyday Internet and the speed of
first
invented,
to pass on messages to each other. Books, lives,
but with the invention of the
new technological advances, the world
of publishing
is
changing.
Online newspapers and magazines, blogs, and even e-book readers are changing the way get information. But will
we ever stop
E-publishing versus paper publishing -
we
picking up a good old-fashioned newspaper?
who
will
B Work in teams. Team A prepares a
win?
of the advantages of traditional publishing over e-publishing. Team B prepares a list of the advantages of e-publishing over traditional publishing. Use your dictionary, the Internet and your teacher to help you. list
C
CI Debate your ideas. Which team has the most convincing position? An e-book, the electronic equivalent
of a printed book
7
Multiple forms of media "I In pairs,
What
1
discuss these questions.
different types of
content are combined
in
multimedia
applications?
How many
2
Make
2
a
products can you think of that incorporate multimedia?
list.
Components and system requirements A
Pi J Listen to a sales assistant in a computer shop explaining to a customer th system requirements needed to run multimedia software. Which answers (a or b) best describe what she says? Multimedia
1
is
defined as
a
the integration of video and telecommunications with traditional computing.
b
the integration of text, graphics, audio, video and animation
in a
single application.
With multimedia encyclopedias,
2
3
a
you have more fun but you learn more
b
you get much more involved than with
Interactive
B
slowly.
print encyclopedias.
games
a
use multimedia and virtual
b
do not
require
JjjJ Listen
reality features,
much RAM memory.
again and complete this diagram of a multimedia system.
Multimedia system
Hardware
Software I
Windows Media
Peripherals
CPU and
a lot of
Player
or Apple QuickTime
(1).
RAM
Adobe
Flash for
(7)
DVD drive
(2)
media
(3)
card
monitor Large hard drive
Stereo
Audio, video and
(4)
(8)
or
software
(5)
Hypermedia databases
CD and DVD (9)
(6).
A
Read the text and match the headings paragraph (a-d). 1
Sound, Music, MIDI
2
Products
3
Creating and editing movies
4
The potential of multimedia
full
Multimedia magic
of fields.
in all sorts
museums, banks and
estate agents
programs on
optical discs;
businesspeople use Microsoft PowerPoint to create slideshows; and teachers use multimedia to
video projects or to teach subjects
They have
all
like art
make
found that moving images and sound
can involve viewers emotionally as well as inform them, helping
make
their
message more memorable.
The power of multimedia software resides
hypermedia and
in
is
on a hypertext link, you can jump to another screen with more information about a particular subject. Hypermedia is similar, but also uses graphics, audio and video as involved
in
the programme).
If
you
click
hypertext elements.
back.
to capture sounds
Sound cards
built-in stereo
offer
sound
in digital
card, you can
format and play them
two important
capabilities: a
synthesizer and a system called MIDI,
or Musical Instrument Digital Interface,
which allows
communicate with Audio Workstation (DAW) lets
electronic musical instruments to
computers. A Digital
is
short for
a
CD ripper, a
and saves them on
becoming
is
files
program that
you mix and record several tracks of
it
to a
MPEG audio layer files. If
you
from CDs, you must extracts music tracks
disk as MP3s. a key
element of the Web. Many
radio stations broadcast live over the Internet using
streaming audio technology, which
lets
you
continuous stream while
it is
being
to audio
in a
example
listen
The broadcast of an event over the Web,
a concert,
is
called a
for
webcast. Be aware that
you won't be able to play audio and video on the Web unless you have a plug-in
Video
is
like
RealPlayer or QuickTime.
another important part of multimedia. Video
computing
refers to recording,
storing video in digital format.
As long as your computer has a it
MP3
own MP3
to create your
have
a
use
player.
want
transmitted.
hypertext,
interactivity (meaning the user
MP3
music on your PC, or transfer
standard format that compresses audio
Audio
and music.
also listen to
portable 3, a
often have information kiosks that use multimedia; training
at the start of each
I
Multimedia applications are used
companies produce
gaps
of pictures, action and sound
You can
For example,
(1-4) with the
movie on your computer,
first
manipulating and If
you wanted to make
you would need to
capture images with a digital video camera and then transfer
them
to your computer. Next, you
video editing program
like
segments, re-sequence the
and other a
DVD
would need
a
iMovie to cut your favourite clips
and add
transitions
you could save your movie on on websites like YouTube and Google
effects. Finally,
or post
it
Video.
digital audio.
Multimedia
is
used to produce dictionaries and
come on DVDs, but some on the Web. A good example is the Grolier Online Encyclopedia, which contains thousands of articles, animations, sounds, dynamic maps and encyclopedias. They often are also available
hyperlinks. Similarly, the Encyclopedia Britannica
iPods,
with electronic keyboards
and other devices
now
and a concise version is available for PDAs and mobile phones. Educational courses on history, science and foreign languages are also available on DVD. Finally, if you like entertainment, you'll love the latest multimedia video games with surround sound, music soundtracks, and even film extracts.
available online,
MIDI allows your computer to communicate
is
B
Correct the technical mistakes in these sentences.
1
Multimedia training software
2
You need to have MIDI on your computer to hear speech and music.
3
A
4
A CD
5
The Encyclopedia
is
stereo synthesizer allows your ripper converts
CDs
to
live
Britannica
is
on magnetic
distributed
computer
communicate with
to
electronic musical instruments.
streams.
only available on DVD.
Match the words (1-5) with the definitions
(a-e).
hypertext
a
the process of manipulating video images
hypermedia
b
text with links
streaming
c
a
technique
which take you to other pages
for playing
sound and video
files
while they're
downloading
webcast video editing
d
a live
e
a
event broadcast over the Internet
form of enriched multimedia which allows an interactive and
dynamic
4
disks.
linking of visual
and audio elements
Language work: conditional sentences A
Look at the HELP box and then complete these sentences with the correct form
of the verbs in brackets. you
your
(bring)
digital
1
If
2
You won't be able to play those video
3
If
video camera,
files
if
we
can make a movie on
you (not have)
the marketing manager (have)
my PC.
the correct plug-in.
PowerPoint, she could
make more
effective
presentations.
4
If
I
5
If
I
could afford
it,
I
had the money,
(buy) I
a
(invest)
_
in
Conditional sentences
We use conditional action
in
is
introduced by
if,
if
not and as long as
if
you don't have
like
a plug-in
if
The
first
can also have a modal
(for
If
you want to create your own MP3
files
from your CDs,
The second conditional
(for
more hypothetical
situations).
Web
If
RealPlayer or QuickTime.
A happened
(past simple)
...)
would happen (would in positive B
or negative
+
Ifyou wanted to make a movie on your computer, you would /you'd need to ...
There are two types of conditional sentence.
•
we
software.
you must have a CD ripper.
{that).
You won't be able to play audio and video on the unless you have a plug-in (=
a certain
(see
means provided/providing
some new multimedia
example, can or must) or an imperative.
sentences to express that the
below for examples). They are unless and as long as. Unless means
fulfilled
console.
the main clause,
In
the main clause can only take place
condition
new game
conditional (for real or possible situations).
the main clause,
In
we
verb) first
can also use other modals
(e.g.
could, should, might), depending on the meaning. If
A happens
(present simple)
B
will
happen
(will in positive
or negative
+
If
verb)
the verb be appears
were If
you like entertainment, you
will love the latest
the
instead of was, even
or
it.
If I
were you,
multimedia video games.
in
I'd
get a
if
if
clause,
we
the pronoun
new MP3 player.
often use is
I,
he,
she
Unit
B
ihJ| In pairs, discuss
What would you do 1
you had If I
a digital
if
.
home
.
video camera? I'd ...
2
you had
3
you couldn't
afford an iPod but
4
you won the
lottery?
5
someone
stole
B|
these questions. Use the second conditional.
had a digital video camera, a
22
recording studio?
you wanted an MP3 player?
your laptop?
Applications of multimedia A
Match the descriptions
1
Virtual reality
2
Distance learning
3
A business presentation
4
A touch
5
An
MMS
(1-5) with the pictures (a-e).
screen information kiosk
mobile phone
1
Useful language
PI
In pairs,
discuss
how multimedia
is
distance learning, multimedia
is
used to
...
used
the situations above and then present your ideas to the rest of the class. Look at the Useful language box to help you. in
In
Information kiosks take advantage of multimedia In virtual reality, the
With
in
order to
.
use of multimedia allows you to...
3G mobile phones, you can
Slide presentations integrate
.
.
a wide range of media, such as
...
yS A friend who writes a blog has asked you to contribute a post about the use of multimedia now and in the future. Write a post (80-1 20 words) summarizing what multimedia is, what it can do, and your predictions for what it might be able to do in the future. Try to use at least two conditional sentences. C
unit
23
Web design A
typical home page In pairs, discuss
these questions.
1
Why do companies
2
What
is
the difference between a website and a web pagel
3
What
is
a
4
Do you have
have websites?
home page? a blog or personal website? Describe the
home page to your
partner.
Got a floMUon? As* n on Vahoo! Answer*
T^xnoof UKfclMULND (mages
Video
Local
Snooping
more
Web
Search »»fic
Check your mail
|m
status:
Sign
Free mail Sign
in
QwiKnger
Hell
Optica f
#^
I
Up
Weather
NEW RENAULT LAGUNA. YOU CAN NEVER BE TOO DEMANDING. w.iiewt;jt;una.co uk
Yahoo! Soa/ch
Be A
Better
Get the
Mime
latest
Buff
music videos and
information on Westlife
* Search for weetUTe
Yahoo! Pulaa
Most Popular Videos on Yahoo! Music
A
Read the text on page 115 and find the following.
1
the language used to create the type of software that the format invented by a
method of displaying
three
common
lets
web documents you design web pages without writing HTML codes
Adobe
to distribute text
multiple
files
HTML documents
over the Internet
in
the
graphics formats used on websites
three popular formats used to store and play back video
114
same browser window
23
Unit
Web page design HTML and web editors
Text - displayed
The code behind most web pages is HTML (hypertext markup language), which consists of commands called tags. Tags are placed around pieces of text to tell the web browser how to display text or pictures. You can view the source HTML code of a web page by choosing the Page Source option in your web browser. But you needn't learn Instead,
HTML
in
you can use
a
own website. word processor with web design order to build your
web editor like Macromedia Microsoft FrontPage. Web editors are
capabilities or a dedicated
Dreamweaver or user-friendly and WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get). Different buttons and menu items let you design page without writing HTML.
HTML files have this
basic structure:
a
text
files
portable
in a
are available
in
variety of fonts
two
formats:
and
Most
sizes.
HTML or PDF
document format that can be viewed
(the
with
Acrobat Reader).
Background - the underlying of a
colours and patterns
web page Tables - with columns and rows, used to position
images and text on
page
a
Frames - rectangular areas that allow the different pages in the same browser window
display of
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) - a mechanism for adding styles to web documents. You could use HTML code to specify the font, text styles and background colour. Nowadays, however, it is more common to use CSS. This makes it easy to apply presentation changes across a website.
< start with
Graphics, clip art, icons, background templates, wallpaper, and transparent images - common formats
have heading text that begins with , which has a title
enclosed between tags and ends with
are .jpg (joint photographic experts group), ideal for
pictures with
many colours,
.gif (graphics
interchange
have body text that starts with , where you place the contents of the actual document links, etc.)
format), ideal for pictures with fewer colours,
images,
(i.e. text,
and .png
(portable network graphics), which supports 16 million
and ends with
colours.
end with
Hyperlinks - highlighted text or pictures (buttons,
You can create links to other web pages by using the tag active text
image maps, etc.) that act as links to other pages. If you want to share information with people, you can use RSS feeds and provide readers with a link to the feed. RSS
Some basic HTML source code
allows subscribers to receive updates of blogs, news, podcasts, etc. Before
Marina's web page
all
the
links
you're designing a
I Hv* in Madrid, ball was born in Zaraqoza
dancing
I
study
at
tXPO
mt Chy
a
I
can play Hie Spanish
mountain bike but
my favouiite
guitar
sport
and I love Latin
Politecnica
would
My favourite
like to
Uuh ersity. Madrid My favourite subjects
are Maths.
city
'
file
displayed as a
web page
Web page elements There are a number of different elements that you can
web
page:
and
files,
Full-motion video
stored
if
to insert songs,
audio formats
format), .ra (RealAudio
Layer-3).
are:
file)
is
in
.wav
and
these formats: .avi (audio
video interleave), .mov (QuickTime movie) and
If
you want to
inject
pages, you can use
.mpg
something
Adobe
special into your
web
Flash to include interactive
animations and streaming audio.
Additionally, you can insert Java applets - small programs that enable the
creation of interactive series of
to look
use on a
common
.mp3 (MPEG-1 Audio
...
is a uiulticultiual
,
HTML
podcasts, etc. The most
like
(moving picture experts group).
be an engineer
modem and ancient city, with "00 000 inhabitants aud over 2000 years of history. Muslims. Christians and Jews lived tosethei in peace foi mam centimes It is famous foi its unidejai style, the Pilar Basilica and the charming character of its people Zaragoza
you may
football
is
...
Physics. Aeronautics and English. I hav e studied English for ten years In the future I
incorporate audio
site,
(Windows wave audio
...
have
My studies I
Zaragoza. the
nmsic aud computers
you should check that
Audio, video and animation
Hi!
I tike
live,
work.
Many websites now
My Hobbies
going
files.
Animations are
made up
independent pictures put together
like
moving
pictures.
To see or hear
in
all
of a
sequence
these
files,
you must have the right plug-in, an auxiliary program that expands the capabilities of your web browser.
11
B Read the text again correct endings (a-f ).
and then match the sentence beginnings
HTML
1
Instructions in
2
Cascading Style Sheets are the way
3
A
hyperlink
is
4
A
plug-in
a small
5
Java applets are used to provide
6
RSS feeds are summaries of web content
a
image
b
used
c
are called tags.
d
interactive features to
e
to define the presentation of
f
published
is
any clickable
text,
program
or button that takes
for
you to another place on the Web.
handling audio, video and animation
in
(1-6) with the
web
files,
applications.
web
pages, from fonts and colours to page layout,
the Really Simple Syndication format for download.
Language work: modal verbs A
Underline
all
the modal verbs
box. Which modal verb from the think of any other modal verbs?
in the text on page 115 and then look at the HEL HELP box does not appear in the text? Can you
Modal verbs
We
To
use modal verbs to add extra meaning to
the main verb. They are followed by
without
to.
Modal verbs are used
in
infinitive
the
talk
To express
Could
for artists
who can draw and
web pages. is
the past tense of can and
is
to talk
about
To
about obligation or necessity
a possibility
You can/could use Adobe Flash to include
ability
They are looking design
following ways:
•
about
talk
ability in
To see or hear all these
used
the past.
files,
you must have the
interactive animations.
right plug-in.
You
may like to insert songs, podcasts, etc. .
The price of Dreamweaver might go
down
next month.
like to
•
To ask
and often come before the verb
mean for
It is
possible you will like.
permission
Can/Could/May use your mobile phone? I
May
is
.
you needn't learn HTML
more formal than can
or could.
in
order to build
your own website.
Needn't means
Can and could are often interchangeable when talking about possibility. May and might are used to express weaker possibilities
.
and
is
don't
need to or don't have
to
used to express a lack of obligation.
To give advice (see Unit Before going links work.
live,
7)
you should check that all the
design
B Complete these sentences with suitable modal verbs from the HELP box. There may be more than one possible answer. 1
With Java,
2
With a
3
These days, you
include
I
some
web editor, you
software
is
attractive
create a
how to
learn
-
user-friendly
and
banners on
web document easily. HTML codes. Modern web design HTML code.
use complicated
converts a visual layout into
4
Once
5
To view a PDF
6
Websites with graphics are more inviting than those written like
live,
update your website
you
to insert
7
file,
some
~~|
in plain text,
so you
graphics into your documents. I
discuss at least
In pairs,
regularly.
have Adobe Acrobat Reader.
you
use your laptop?
I
my website,
need to
now do more easily because
you can
2
you could do better
3
that
4
you must consider when designing
5
you should take
you had
may/might happen to the
into
out
this report.
two things
1
if
print
of the Internet.
a faster internet connection.
Internet
in
the next ten years.
a website.
account when choosing which PC to buy.
Designing a website I
In pairs,
think about your favourite websites and discuss these questions.
1
Do you
2
What elements do you
B BtJ
like
the
way they
Listen to
are designed? Give reasons for your answer.
think a
good website should have? Make
|
list.
an interview with a web designer describing how to design a
website and put these steps into the correct order. |
a
Write and format the text
ITI
Decide the content and structure
I
|
Publish the website
|
|
Insert
I
|
Keep the website updated
for
the website
computer graphics and sounds
] Link related pages to each other using hyperlinks
A web designer at work
•
C P>J
and decide whether these design guidelines are
Listen again
right or
wrong. Tick the correct box. Right 1
Plan your website carefully.
2
Use
3
Insert
4
Place a large
5
Use very bright colours.
6
Put a lot of links on
7
Check that
8
Once they
a
web editor.
It
make
will
it
easier to create your pages.
photos or animations just to make the pages look
number
all
the
Wrong
of graphics
attractive.
on your pages.
one page.
links
on your web pages are
correct.
are published, update your pages regularly.
D
L_J In small groups, collect information about your college or company and design a home page for it. Follow the instructions from the interview with the web designer.
Blogs A
I
1
What
2
Which blogs do you read
|
In pairs, discuss is
a
these questions.
blog? regularly?
B Look at the screenshot from tpsreport.co.uk, a popular gaming blog. Can you see any design differences between blogs and normal websites?
M
r-vrtr.'l
~\
Imagine you wanted to start your own C
w
Nv*. Jo ^uiinibt toi
*
'-—»V
Mr
(
rs-r
— «-— •*
SSSs?"
blog. In pairs, discuss
«—— M IM -t—
.
m « Man ti»«f u*« mui >Mn
-
•
these questions. 1
Why would you start your own blog - to write a diary of
screenshot from www.tpsreport.co.uk
your thoughts or to share your expertise
on
a particular topic?
would you include -
2
What types
of media
3
Would you
insert links to other blogs?
4
Would you focus on
5
Which
site
a particular
text,
photos, video, audio (including podcasts)?
Which ones?
subject or have a mix of several topics?
would you use to host your blog?
Write an entry for the blog you've described in C (80-1 00 words). Introduce the blog to the world and talk about why you've started it. .
www.
Now visit www.cambridge.org/elt/ict for an online task.
)
unit
24
1
Program design and computer languages #include
Programming
A0m
main( pairs, discuss
what you think programming
is. {
printf("good morning\n");
B Look at the definition of programming in the Glossary.
2
Is it
similar to yours?
}
Steps in programming
This
flowchart
2
source code
3
compiler
4
machine code
5
debugging
a
Program instructions written
b The techniques
of detecting
in a
particular
and correcting
c
A diagram representing the successive
d
A
special
tells
computer language errors (or bugs)
logical steps of
program which converts the source program
which may occur
in
programs
the program into
machine code - the only language
understood by the processor
e
The basic
instructions understood by computers;
it
consists of
1
s
and Os (binary code)
Listen to Andrea Finch, a software developer, talking to a group of students on a training course about how a program is written and check your answers to A.
C LH
Jgjjy
Listen again
Write instructions
and put these steps
in a
into the correct order.
programming language
Prepare documentation
m
Understand the problem and plan
Make
a flowchart of the
L"H
Compile the program
LZ)
Test
a solution
program
(to turn
it
into
machine code)
and debug the program
O T^SB Listen again and make detailed notes. In pairs, use your notes to write a short explanation of what each step in C means.
120
the
computer to print the message 'good morning'
A Match the words (1-5) with the definitions (a-e). 1
C program
Program design and computer languages
Unit 2-
3
Computer languages Read the text.
How many high-level computer languages are mentioned?
Computer languages Unfortunately for
us,
computers
can't
understand spoken
English or any other natural language.
they can understand directly consists of
1
s
and Os (binary code).
Machine code reason,
we
The only language
machine code, which
is
is
too
use symbolic languages to communicate
assembly
in
must be compiler or an
high-level languages
interpreter.
machine code by a A compiler translates the source code
object code
- that
translated into
machine code
into
difficult to write. For this
instructions to the computer. For example,
Programs written
is, it
in
converts the entire program
one
go.
On
is
the other hand, an
code
interpreter translates the source
program
into
line
by
line as
the
running.
languages use abbreviations such as ADD, SUB, MPY to represent instructions. The program is then translated into machine code by a piece of software called an assembler. Machine code and assembly languages are called low-level languages because they are closer to the hardware. They are guite complex and restricted to particular machines. To make the programs easier to write, and to overcome the problem of intercommunication between different types of
High-level language (BASIC, C, Java, etc.)
computer, software developers designed high-level
languages, which are closer to the English language. Here are
some examples: It is
FORTRAN was used
for scientific
developed by IBM
and engineering
COBOL (Common was developed
in
in
1
954 and
is still
applications.
Business Oriented Language)
1959 and
mainly used for business
is
programming languages markup languages, used to create web
important not to confuse
with
documents. Markup languages use as markup tags, to format and link
HTML, which 1
old BASIC language, used to build graphical elements
files.
known
Some
examples include:
applications.
BASIC was developed in the 960s and was widely used in microcomputer programming because it was easy to learn. Visual BASIC is a modern version of the
instructions,
text
will
allows us to describe
how
information
be displayed on web pages.
XML, which stands
for Extensible
Markup Language.
HTML uses pre-defined tags, XML enables us to define our own tags; is not limited by a fixed set of
While
it
such as buttons and windows
PASCAL was
created
in
1
971
to teach the fundamentals of
C was developed
in
the
1
Windows programs.
in
.
It is
used
in universities
programming.
980s
at AT&T.
It is
used
and commercial applications. C++ is a version of C which incorporates object-oriented programming: the programmer concentrates on particular things (a piece of text, a graphic or a table, etc.) and gives each object functions which can be altered without changing the
new
in
1
is
accessible
used to create voice
applications that run on the phone, whereas
used to create
visual applications (for
HTML is web
example,
pages).
< name> Andrea Finch
graphics format, the object.
< homework> Write
a paragraph describing
the C language
995 to run on the Web.
Java applets provide animation and interactive features
In this
on web pages. (See Unit
tags:
25)
Web content
voice and phone. VoiceXML
entire
programmer needs to rework just the graphics This makes programs easier to modify. Java was designed by Sun
VoiceXML, which makes via
to write system software, graphics
program. For example, to add a
tags.
XML example we have created two new and
B Read the text again and answer these questions. 1
Do computers understand human languages? Why? / Why
2
What
3
Why
4
Which language
5
What
6
Why
is
not?
the function of an assembler!
did software developers design high-level languages?
is
is
used to teach programming techniques?
the difference between a compiler and an interpreter?
are
HTML and VoiceXML called markup
languages?
C Complete these sentences with a computer language from the text. own tags to describe our data way we are with HTML.
allows us to create our
1
by a pre-defined set of tags the 2
IBM developed
in
the
1
950s.
was the
It
first
high-level
better.
We
language
aren't constrained
in
data
processing.
applets are small programs that run automatically on
3
watch animated characters, play games,
4
is
the
interact with a voice
through 5
HTML
let
you
etc.
of the voice web. Instead of using a
browser by
web pages and
listening to pre-recorded
web
browser and
a
keyboard, you
audio output and sending audio input
a telephone.
This language
is
widely used
NET-PRICE could be used
in
in
the business community. For example, the statement
ADD VAT to
program.
a
Word building Look at the words
the boxes. Are they nouns, verbs or adjectives? Write n, v or odj next to each word. There may be more than one possible answer. Complete the sentences with words from the boxes. in
1
2
programming
programmers
program is
programmable
the process of writing a program using a computer language.
A computer
is
a set
of instructions that
tells
the computer
how to do
a specific
task.
3
Most computer
4
A
make
a plan of the
program before they write
it.
keyboard allows the user to configure the layout and meaning of the
compile 5
Programs written
6
A source program
7
Programmers usually
compiler
compilation
- that
in a high-level language require machine code, the language understood by the processor. is
keys.
is,
translation into
converted into machine code by software called a their
programs to generate an object program and diagnose
possible errors.
bug
1
8
Any
9
A
debugger
debug
error or malfunction of a is
a
computer program
program used to
test
The process of going through the code to
is
debugging
known
and identify the
as a
other programs.
cause of errors and fixing them
is
called
Program design and computer languages
Unit
Language work: the infinitive A
Look at the HELP box and then make sentences using these prompts. 1
not easy
/ write instructions in
The
infinitive
The
infinitive
•
with to
We use symbolic languages to communicate instructions to the computer.
COBOL
to write instructions in
2
expensive
/ set
3
advisable
/ test
up
unusual / write correctly the
•
the programs under
5
important
/
a
first
...)
communicate
After adjectives
BASIC was widely used in the past because it was
program that works time
use a
to
data-processing area
different conditions
4
communicate
COBOL. Not: ...for
a
the following ways:
in
To express purpose
(= in order to
not easy
It's
used
is
easy to
tested
it's
learn.
Machine code is too difficult to
good debugger to
fix
write.
(= not easy enough to write)
errors
6
•
easy/ learn Visual BASIC
,
I
difficult
•
understand and debug.
how
went on the course
b
I'm
to learn
not interested
of companies are
now trying to develop
web access.
After the object of certain verbs
(e.g.
encourage, allow, expect,
ask, invite,
HTML allows us will
c for to learn that
in
manage)
tell,
advise,
want, enable, order, warn)
c to read
to be a better programmer.
a learn
lot
voice applications for
too
is
b reading
a read
2
A
use high-level languages
because machine code
demand,
refuse, arrange, learn, try, decide,
(a-c)
to complete these sentences.
We
afford,
(e.g.
plan, agree, expect, promise, appear, hope,
B Choose the correct words 1
After certain verbs
to describe
how information
be displayed on web pages.
The bare
infinitive
(without
to) is
used
in
the
following ways:
computer language. After
b learning
a learn
c to learn will,
He
b doing
c to
not
do
High-level languages
b touching
to the
Programs
conference.
come
tasks.
b coming
c to
come
Spyware can make your PC
b performing
a perform
a
program
do
b
to
is
too slow
do
translated into
After the object with the verbs
c to touch
They may not
must be
machine code.
the cables.
a touch
understand
spoken English.
The engineers warned the employees
This
can, could, may, might,
Unfortunately, computers can't
with me.
a
(e.g.
the project
refuses
a do
modal verbs
would, must, should)
c for doing
more
slowly.
c to perform
the simulation.
make and
let
make computers perform specific
m
In pairs, discuss
something the moment.
buy
at
do
this
1
you
2
you've arranged to
3
you've learnt to
4
you'd advise
5
you'd expect to be included with an anti-virus package.
6
you can do with Java applets.
can't afford to
do
in
the
someone
to
weekend.
last year.
do before buying
a
new
PC.
Visual BASIC and VoiceXML A Work in pairs. Student A reads about Visual BASIC, Student B reads about VoiceXML. Try not to look at your partner's text. Complete your part of the table. Student A
Student B
Visual BASIC was developed by Microsoft
VoiceXML
in
1
990.
The name BASIC stands
for Beginner's
Instruction refers to
(Extensible
was created
All-purpose Symbolic
in
voice recognition. For output,
it
it
Applications:
a lot of instructions to describe interface
•
elements, you just add pre-defined objects
voice portals, where you can hear
information about sports, news,
traffic, etc.
It
•
voice-enabled intranets (private networks)
•
voice
•
home appliances
enables programmers to create a variety of applications.
Visual BASIC
e-commerce controlled by voice
VoiceXML
What does Visual BASIC/ VoiceXML stand
When was
it
for?
developed?
What
are
its
What
is it
used
uses
uses pre-
recorded audio content and text-to-speech.
the technigue used to create a
graphical user interface. Instead of writing
Windows
2000 to make web content
accessible via the telephone. For input,
Code. The adjective Visual
such as buttons, icons and dialog boxes.
Markup Language)
main features?
for?
B LJj Ask your partner about the other language and complete the table.
unit
25 1
Java
TM
Java applets A
Match the examples of Java programs, known as
applets, (a-e) with the
descriptions (1-5). you to change the look of the
1
This Land Rover applet allows
2
The Pythagoras theorem applet gives the proof of the Pythagorean theorem without words. allows you to manipulate triangles and go through the steps of the geometrical proof.
3
The Jman for Java applet permits medical researchers to view sequential MRI (Magnetic Resonance Images) of the brain.
4
An analogue
clock applet displays the time according to the
set the colours
5
and
A banner applet
style of
vehicle.
web
user's
computer and
lets
It
you
the hands and numbers.
images on websites
displays graphic
;
.y.
in
order to advertise products or services.
-Y*r& Subscription
t
click here
Java
HkSSitSgiisilHiis:
B Match the terms (1-5) with the definitions (a-e). 1
Java
2
applet
3
plug-in
4
platform-independent
5
object-oriented
a
an auxiliary program that enables
new
programming
web
browsers to support
content, for example animation
b
software that can run on any operating system
c
an island
in
Indonesia, coffee
programming language
d
a
(in
American
slang),
and
a
for internet applications
computer programming technique that allows the creation
of objects that interact with each other and can be used as the
foundation of others; used to create graphical user interfaces
e
a small Java application, usually
within a
web page
designed to run automatically The Java logo
_
2
The Java language A
These statements about Java are all
1
Java
2
With the interpreter, a program
3
Java
4
The Java language
5
Java has no competitors.
6
Flash
was invented by
is
false.
Read the text and correct them.
Microsoft. is
first
converted into Java bytecodes.
not compatible with most computing platforms. is
single-threaded,
one
part executing at a time.
are called animations.
files
The Java language Java
is
a
Why is Java
programming language developed by Sun
Microsystems, specially designed to run on the Web. Java programs (called applets) characters and
moving
let
text, play
with information on the screen
you watch animated
music, and interact
(for
Most programmers attractive.
properties).
language
that play
an object-oriented language, similar to C++,
programming errors. A Java program is both compiled and interpreted (see Unit 24). First, the source code (a file with a Java extension) is compiled and converted into format called bytecode
(a file
allows
them
to
interactive
They can create graphical objects
new
(for
controls (for
with a .class extension),
which can then be executed by
A web page
that uses Java can have sounds
time, music that plays
in real
in
the background,
cartoon-style animations, real-time video and interactive
but more dynamic and simplified to eliminate possible
a
it
example, check boxes and push buttons with special
Characteristics of the Java is
Java because
make web pages more
example, bar charts and diagrams) and
animations and select options).
Java
like
write applets which
and
example, control
popular?
a Java interpreter (see
Compiled Java code can run on most computers because there are Java interpreters, known as Java
games.
The Java Micro in
Edition platform (Java
mobile devices.
It
ME)
is
used
provides flexible tools to create
on mobile phones, PDAs, TV settop boxes and printers. Nowadays, most phones are applications that run
configured to use Java games.
Fig. 1).
Virtual Machines, for
most operating systems.
One
multi-threaded, meaning a Java program can have multiple threads (parts) - that is, many different
Java
Alternatives to Java alternative to Java
is
'C sharp', a
make the
Microsoft's C#,
pronounced
.NET language based on C++ with elements
from Visual Basic and Java. There are no substantial
things processing independently and continuously. This
enables the program to
is
best use of available
CPU power.
between C# and Java. When software developers do measurements on pieces of code, sometimes Java is faster, sometimes C# is. differences
Another competitor
is
Adobe Flash technology,
which supports graphics, ActionScript, Flash
is
a scripting language called and the streaming of audio and video.
used to create animation and advertisements,
to integrate video into
web
rich internet applications
traditionally called flash
extension. They
played
Fig.
in
pages, and to develop
such as
portals.
movies, have
may be an
object on a
the stand-alone Flash
Player.
Flash
a .swf
files,
file
web page or be
Unit
B Match the words
(1-6) with the
words
(a-f ) to
25
make technical terms from the
text. 1
Java
4
web
a
applet
d
system
2
operating
5
source
b
page
e
object
3
programming
6
graphical
c
code
f
language
C Complete the sentences with words from the box. animated
interpreted
Java
lets
2
Java
is
3
First,
the source code of a Java program
an
language, similar to
is
then
The Java ME platform
5
Nowadays, most mobile phones are
6
Microsoft's
is
C++
is
object-oriented
compiled
pages.
but more dynamic. into an intermediate format called
is
by any system possessing
4
C#
web
characters on
you watch
1
by tecoc/e. This
pronounced
used
configured
widely
in
a
Java interpreter.
mobile devices. to use Java games.
a simplified version of
C and C++
for
the Web.
'C sharp'.
It's
Language work: the -ed form A
Look at the HELP box and then put these verbs
N
stopped
asked
described
decided
produced
called
watched
executed
published
object-oriented
into the correct column. /id/
Id/
programmed persuaded configured
converted
arranged
designed
'I'J I
The -ed form
•
We
use the -ed form
•
To make the past simple
in
Remember that
(affirmative) of regular verbs
1
•
9 for
not
all
verbs
in
in
1
the past simple end
1
The -ed •
995.
page 66 for a list of irregular more about the past simple.
-ed. See
Java applets
the following ways:
Sun Microsystems developed Java
is
used to
let you
pronounced
/t/ after
watch animated characters. as:
voiceless sounds: Ipl, Ik/, /6/,
/s/,
IV, /[/or
developed, talked, pronounced)
in
verbs. See Unit
•
IAI after voiced sounds: lb/, Igl, 161, Izl, hi, I Ay, It/;
nasal consonants: /ml,
In/,
lr\l;
and vowels
III,
(e.g.
compiled, designed, simplified)
• create animation.
is
/t[/. (e.g.
To make the past participle of regular verbs Flash
To make the adjectival form of some verbs
/id/ after It/ or IAI (e.g. interpreted, multi-threaded)
B Complete this extract from a lecture of the verbs in the box. be
call
The
begin
can
rename
decide
idea for Java started in 1990,
Microsystems (1)
handout about Java with the correct form
to
when
have
develop
support
base
team of software engineers at Sun create a language for a handheld device a
and interact with various kinds of electronic appliances, ranging from Nintendo Game Boys to VCRs and TV set-top boxes. They an object-oriented programming language that one of the (2) engineers, James Gosling, (3) Oak, after the tree outside his window. The device even (4) an animated character named Duke, who would go on to become Java's mascot. that could control
With the advent of the
Web
in 1993, the
company made
a
web browser
on the Oak language. Later on, this language was adapted to the Internet and (6) Java. The 1.0 version of Java was officially introduced by Sun in May 1995. (5)
At that time,
web pages
only display
(7)
hyperlinks. With the arrival of Java,
web
text, pictures
designers (8)
and able to
on web pages. The first major was the Hotjava browser. The Java language to attract serious attention from the internet community (9) and was soon (10) by Netscape Navigator and MS Internet Explorer. Today, Java is a hot technology that runs on multiple platforms, including smart cards, embedded devices, mobile phones and computers. include animation and interactive programs application created with Java
Listen to an extract
from the lecture and check your answers to end in -ed.
C. Listen
carefully to the pronunciation of the verbs that
Your experience with computers A Make notes about the different stages in your computer history. Add more stages if you want to. Example: 990: Played my first computer game. Itwas I
...
Possible stages: First
computer game
First
computer lesson
First
programming language
First
software used
First
computer course/qualification
When did you first ...?
First
job involving computers
How long ago did you ...?
First
steps
First
chat online
on the
at school/college
learnt
Internet
Useful language
How old were you when ...? /started
P
Ask a partner about their computer history. Look at the Useful language box to help you. B
... in...
when was
I
learnt
I
didn't use the Internet until
. .
I
. .
unit
26
Jobs
in
ICT
IT professionals A
Complete these definitions with jobs from the box. computer security specialist blog administrator DTP operator hardware engineer network administrator
software engineer
1
A
2
A
3
A
4
A
.
.
.
designs and develops writes edits
IT
help desk technician
webmaster
devices.
computer programs.
and deletes posts made by contributors
to a blog.
uses page layout software to prepare electronic
.
files for
publication.
A
manages the hardware and software that comprise
a
network.
6
A
7
A
8
A
.
.
designs and maintains websites.
works with companies to build secure computer systems.
.
helps end-users with their
computer problems
in
person,
by email or over the phone.
Listen to four people on a training course introducing themselves talking about their jobs. Which job in A does each person do? Speaker
Speaker 3
1
Speaker 4
Speaker 2
2
and
Job advertisements A
|Ol In pairs, read the two job advertisements on page 1 30 and tick () the most important qualities and abilities (1 -1 0) for each job. Add more to the list if you can. Which three things do you think are most important for each job? Senior logical
2
patience and tenacity
3
being good with figures
4
imagination
5
self-discipline
6
accuracy
7
leadership
8
efficiency
9
creativity
drawing
O
DTP operator
reasoning
1
10
programmer
skills
skills
B Discuss answers.
if
you would
like to
apply for one of the jobs. Give reasons for your
DIGITUM-UK
DTP operator
SENIOR PROGRAMMER
required for a leading
UK, a leading supplier
financial magazine.
of
required by DIGITUMbusiness systems to the
insurance industry.
We
You will be able to work on the full range of software development activities - analysis, design, coding, testing, debugging and implementation. At least two years' experience of COBOL or C++ is necessary.
As we are
active
or another
European language
in
Europe, fluency is
French,
in
new
skills
competent
three years' experience in design and layout. Skills in Photoshop, Freehand or Illustrator an advantage.
Italian
desirable.
Don't miss this opportunity to learn
are looking for a bright,
QuarkXPress operator with at least
and
develop your career.
Ability to
work
deadlines
is vital.
in a
team and to tight
Please apply in writing, with CV and
samples of your work, to Tom Parker, Production Manager, Financial Monthly,
Send your CV to CHRIS SCOTT, PERSONNEL MANAGER, DIGITUM-UK, 75 PARKSHILL STREET,
Stockton Street, London EC1A 4 WW Or apply online:
LONDON SW14 3DE You can
visit
Apply now
our website at www.digitum-uk.com
C Look at the online profile for Charles Graham. Which of the jobs above is most appropriate for him?
Charles
Graham
summary
Professional graduated
I
in
22 years old
2004 with A
levels in English, Art
and Maths, and went on
to do a course in graphic design and page layout at Highland Art School.
Since 2006 I've been a graphic designer for PromoPrint, a
company
specializing in publishing catalogues and promotional material, and have
used Adobe InDesign and other DTP software.
3
130
A letter of application A
Read the
1
Which job
2
Where
3
How
4
What type
5
When
letter of application is
on page 131 and answer these questions.
Sarah Brown applying for?
did she see the advertisement?
long has she been working as a software engineer? of programs has she written?
did she
spend three months
in
Spain?
Unit
Dear Mr I
am
26
bs in ICT
Scott,
writing to apply for the position of Senior Programmer, which
was advertised on 28th March
in
The Times. I
graduated
taking
my
May 2002 and
in
present job
I
did a
worked
work placement with British Gas as part of my NCR. stayed in this job ( )
for a year with
degree. Before
March
I
I
2004.
the
(2)
Software.
January
I
last
three years
have been writing programs
successful
have been working as a software engineer for
I
have designed four programs
I
we
and
have
won
several
C
in
COBOL for commercial
in
new
for use
and
in
the
UK
Intelligent
(3)
large retail chains.These have
in
contracts
use,
been very
and Europe on the strength of
my
team's success.
Two
years (4)
several
visits
I
to
responsibility
Italy,
so
I
spent three months
in
Spain testing our programs and also
have a basic knowledge of Spanish and
Italian.
I
now
feel
ready for
made more
and more challenging work, and would welcome the opportunity to learn about a
new
industry.
I
I
enclose
my
curriculum vitae.
I
will
be
available for an interview at
any time.
look forward to hearing from
you.
Yours
sincerely,
for, since,
We I've
ago, until
use for to
period of time.
refer to a
lived In Liverpool for five years.
Sarah Brown
•
We I've
B Look at the HELP box
•
/
•
until.
refer to a point in time.
been unemployed since May 2005. use
ago
with the past simple to say
happened. We put ago
and then complete the letter with for, since, ago or
We
use since to
got married
We I
five years
use until to
after
when something
the time period.
ago.
mean up
to
a certain
stayed at high school until I was
time.
18.
A job interview the Personnel Manager at Digitum-UK, is interviewing Sarah Brown. Listen to part of the interview and complete his notes.
fail Chris Scott,
Name: Sarah Urown
Programs &)
Qualifications:
Degree
for:
Database knowledge: in (I) (5)
_
f/fston University)
Languages: 3asic Spanish and Italian
Presentjob: Works for
Intelligent
Software writing programs
Work experience: NCR: (Z) Software
and C (one year)
"Reasons for applying: for: (6)
(3)
in
C030L
5
Language work: the present perfect A
Look at the HELP box and then choose the correct words complete these sentences. 1
He
2
They
('s
never liked
never been
/'s
John
4
How many
5
She
6
They (Ve interviewed
('s
('s
used
/'s
all
day.
been using) the computer for hours - he looks
3
really tired.
emails (have you written / have you been writing) today?
been
written /'s
/
writing) this essay since 9 o'clock.
Ve been
interviewing) five candidates today.
Present perfect simple
Present perfect continuous
We form
We form the
the present perfect simple with
have/has + past I've 1
used Microsoft Access
for
many years.
Since January I've
for years.
We
use this tense to talk about:
•
States that started
in
present perfect continuous with
have/has been + present
participle.
haven't used Microsoft Access
been writing programs
We
use
•
Actions which started
the past and continue to the
this
participle.
in
the past and are
been a computer operator for
engineer
PromoPrint.
•
Past actions that continue to the present,
have designed four programs
in
been working
as a software
for Intelligent Software.
Past actions that continue to the present,
where we
where we
put an emphasis on duration (how long).
put an emphasis on guantity (how many). 1
still
happening. For the last three years I've
•
in C.
tense to talk about:
present.
Since 2006, I've
brackets to
Maths.
liking)
worked /'ve been working) on the project
('ve
in
She's
been working
all
morning.
COBOL.
Contrast with the past simple •
Personal experiences, especially with ever and never.
We
Have you ever worked with databases? I've never worked with databases.
use the past simple to talk about events that
happened
at a specific
time
in
the past that are
now
finished. /
graduated in May 2003.
Not: / have graduated in 1
stayed in
this job until
Two years ago, spent 1
B
Put the verbs
i
She
2
After graduation
3
(you ever work)
4 5
I
I
in
(lose)
(send)
three
months
in
Spain.
brackets into the present perfect simple or past simple. a software
(be) I
...
March 2004.
engineer since 2004. for a year
(work)
with NCR.
as an IT consultant?
my
PDA.
my CV
last
Monday. Have you received
it
yet?
.
.
.
.
.
Jobs
C
m
Make questions
using these prompts.
In pairs,
in ICT
ask and answer the
questions. work
another country?
1
ever /
2
ever/ have
3
ever/ do
4
how
long / study English?
5
how
long / use computers?
6
how many emails /
7
how many jobs/ apply for this year?
or
live
a
a
in
bad job interview?
job you hated?
receive today?
Applying for a job Vacancies at eJupiter.co.uk Look at the job
Webmaster
advertisement for a
webmaster at eJupiter. Maria Quintana is interested in applying. Use her curriculum vitae on page 1 55 to write a letter of application. Follow these
You
steps:
runs properly, monitoring the traffic through the
Paragraph one: reason /
We
are seeking a
Webmaster
company dedicated
to e-commerce.
The successful candidate will
for eJupiter.co.uk, a
will
manage our website.
be responsible for making sure the web server site,
and designing and updating our web pages.
for writing
am writing to apply for the position
Experience of using
HTML and Java
is
essential.
Experience of Adobe PDF and Photoshop
of...
is
an
advantage. The successful candidate will also
Paragraph two: education and
have knowledge of web editors - MS FrontPage or
training
equivalent.
/
graduated in (date)
I
completed a course in
.
.
Send your CV and a covering
...
eJupiter Computers,
37 Oak
letter to
Street,
James
Taylor,
London SW10 6XY
Paragraph three: work experience For the past X years I have been Since XI have been .
.
. .
Paragraph four: personal skills spent X months in (country) ... ,sol have knowledge of (foreign languages). I can /
. .
five: reasons why you are applying for this job now feel ready to ... and would welcome the opportunity to
Paragraph /
Paragraph /
enclose
...
...
six: closing / availability for interview I
look forward to...
B Write your own CV in
I
will
be available for an interview
English, using Maria's
.
.
CV as a guide.
C Think of your ideal job and write a letter of application for on the Internet for real jobs and practise applying for those. www.
Now visit www.cambridge.org/elt/ict for an online task.
it. If
you
prefer, look
Computers tomorrow page
Unit
27 Communication systems
135
28 Networks
14(
29 Video gamew-i ncs
1
30
New technologies noloqies
ning objectivi
In this
module, you
learn
will:
about different ICT systems.
•
study the basics of networking.
•
describe networks.
•
learn
and use phrasal verbs
describe different
game
common
in ICT.
platforms and genres,
give opinions about video games. learn
and use adverbs,
learn
how to
make
predictions about future trends,
learn
write a For and Against essay.
and use future forms.
4f
15C
unit
27
Communication systems Information and communications technologies (ICT)
a
a 1
In pairs,
What
is
an ICT system?
3
How many types of ICT system can you think of? Make a How can a PC be connected to another computer?
B
Label the pictures (1-7) with the ICT systems and services in the box.
2
GPS
Fax
tclotOXt
discuss these questions.
Call
centre
Digital radio
list.
Teletext
Wearable computer
Digital
TV
rail
C Complete these sentences with words and phrases from B and then read the text 1
on page 1 36 to check your answers. Audio Broadcasting, or DAB,
Digital
intended to replace
FM
2
in
TV
Most
4
My grandfather
existing
sets
is
I
work
75 and he
6 7
still
have
is
I
on TV
a digital
decoder.
to find out share prices,
receive incoming calls with information inquiries.
it
I
also
make
it
or normal mail.
by
navigation system
and know I
by connecting
telemarketing.
a
small
or integrated into the user's clothing.
watches
Please complete this form and send I
is
results.
in a
calls for
worn on the body
can be upgraded to
weather forecasts and sports
outgoing
DAB
the technology behind
are designed to be
3
5
is
the near future.
in
my car
but
I
don't use
it
very often.
My town
well.
13
Channels of communication What are telecommunications? Telecommunications
refers to
format. Digital
TV provides
a better quality of picture
sound and allows broadcasters to
the transmission
TV
received via a set-top box, a
of signals over a distance for the purpose of
Digital Terrestrial
communication. Information
device that decodes the signal received through the
is
transmitted by devices
such as the telephone, radio, television,
satellite,
aerial.
or
to
computer networks. Examples could be two people speaking on their mobile phone, a sales department sending a fax to a
client, or
in
Audio programs (music, news,
modem, phone
lines
or wireless networks.
Because of telecommunications, people can
has been predicted that about
one
support
call centres, assistance or
third of
all
transmitted
in a digital
is
BlackBerrys In
given to customers
Web and
now
let
recent years,
by means of digital signals
radio broadcasting has
developments
transmission. Digital
TV
is
a
way
in satellite
home or company intranets, all
The use of GPS
in
cars in a
and PDAs
Digital
and pay multimedia - that
It is
broadcast
also in
and
widespread, so you
few
years,
GPS chips
will
be
the analogue
TV offers is, it
is
wearable computers. Can you
digital
interactive
can transmit
on your sunglasses? Some devices are equipped with a wireless modem, a keypad and a small screen; others are activated by voice. The users of wearable technology are sometimes even called cyborgsl The term was invented by Manfred Clynes and Nathan Kline
in
1
960 to describe
cybernetic organisms - beings that are part robot, part
widescreen, meaning programmes are
a native 16:9
is
foreign city or find the nearest
imagine wearing a PC on your belt and getting email
movies and shows to TV sets or PCs on a pay-per-view basis.
(Digital
without wires.
Another trend
been
of transmitting pictures
signals, in contrast to
used by traditional TV.
services
DAB
incorporated into most mobile phones.
radio
TV and
revolutionized by
sports, etc.) are also
radio format called
petrol station. In the next
In
TV
you check your email, browse the
connect with
can easily navigate
and services over the phone.
TV and
(radio,
Thanks to wireless connectivity, mobile phones and
work
telemarketing, the process of selling goods
Digital
(Digital
Video
Mobile communications
using the telephone, email or online chats. They are also for
DMB
(Digital
now
could eventually be performed outside the workplace.
used
DVB-H
Audio Broadcasting).
work at home and communicate with their office by computer and telephone. This is called teleworking. It
watch TV on your mobile. For example,
and data) to mobile devices.
telecommunications mainly means transferring information across the Internet, via
being devised to allow you
Broadcast-Handheld) can send multimedia
modem world,
the
New technologies are
Multimedia Broadcasting) and
even someone reading
the teletext pages on TV. But
is
and
more channels.
deliver
human.
format instead of the old 4:3
D
Read the text again and
1
the device that allows PCs to communicate over telephone lines
2
the practice of working
3
the term that refers to the transmission of audio signals (radio) or audiovisual signals (television)
4
five
5
two systems
6
the term that
7
devices that deliver email and
8
the meaning of the term cyborg
at
find the following.
home and communicating
advantages of digital TV over that
let
traditional
with the office by phone and computer
analogueTV
you receive multimedia on your mobile phone
means without wires phone
services to users
on the move
Unit
2
27
immunication systems
Language work: the passive A
Look at the HELP box. How do you make the passive in your language? How different is it to English?
The passive
We form the
Past continuous passive
passive with the verb
participle of the
agent,
we
main verb.
be + the
My TV was being repaired,
past
When we mention
the
use by.
The passive
Present perfect passive It
is
often used
in
technical writing to give an
is
The system
transmitted by devices such as the
telephone, radio,
•
TV or
of all work
In
Present continuous passive
virus.
the next few years,
GPS chips
will also
be
incorporated into most mobile phones. to
watch TV on your mobile.
Modal verbs It
Past simple passive
The term cyborg
had been infected by a
Future simple passive
...
New technologies are being devised to allow you •
third
Past perfect passive
Present simple passive information
has been predicted that about one
could eventually be performed outside the workplace.
objective tone.
•
so I couldn't watch the
match.
in
the passive
has been predicted that about one-third of all work
could eventually be performed outside the workplace.
was invented byMCIynes and N
Kline in 1960.
B Read the article and
underline
all
the examples of the passive.
What tenses are they?
A HACKER has been sent
Cook
now
to jail for fraudulent use
programs illegally. After an official inquiry, he was
been sentenced
of credit card numbers.
accused of software piracy
years in prison for stealing
Nicholas Cook, 26, was
and
fined £5,000.
passwords and obtaining
It is
reported that in the
arrested by police officers
near a bank cashpoint
last
month. Eight months
earlier,
he
had been caught copying hundreds of computer
information.
money by
credit card fraud.
last
few years Cook has been sending malware (malicious
Government
phone operators and attacking mobile phones to steal business and personal
will
software) to
new
officials
Microprocessors (make)
2
Call centres (use)
3
In
4
GPS (develop)
5
Sorry about the
recent years, most mobile
say that
anti-hacking legislation
be introduced
in the
EU
next year.
C Complete these sentences with the passive form of the verbs in 1
has
to three
brackets.
of silicon. to deal with telephone enquiries.
phones (equip)
with Bluetooth. in
mess - the computers
the
1
970s as
a military navigation system.
at the
(replace)
moment. 6
In
more frequently from
the near future, the Internet (access)
PDAs and mobile phones than from desktop computers. 7
8
Networks (can connect) I
had to use
my
laptop this morning while
via satellite.
my PC
(fix)
I
3
VoIP technology A
HL1 Listen to an interview with Sue Reid, a
telecommunications. What future of VoIP? in
is
specialist
her prediction about the
B
fatj Listen
again and answer these questions.
1
What
is
2
Does the
3
What
is
an ATA? What
4
What
is
the advantage of Wi-Fi phones over mobile phones?
exactly
recipient
5
Do you need
6
What
is
VoIP?
need any is its
special
equipment?
function?
to have a VoIP service provider?
spit?
A
wireless VoIP phone
C |0| Using the diagram, explain VoIP technology in your own words.
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
phone
phone
.
Unit
4
Mobile phones
LCD screen
Brand
27 Communication systems
Built-in
camera
Changeable faceplate
A
Label the mobile phone with features from the box.
SIM card (Subscriber Identity Module) Wireless support
Keypad
Ringtone
O
B In pairs, describe your mobile phone. Use A and the Useful language box to help you.
Useful language Myphoneisa
c
P
In pairs,
With the
It'sgota...
...
The best feature
is...
I
How much money do you spend on
2
Can you send
Do you
I
,
I
can
...
mostly use
it
for
discuss these questions.
1
3
...
never use the...
MMS (multimedia
&X
your mobile?
messages) from your mobile?
access the Internet from your mobile? Which
sites
O
£3
do you
visit?
4
Can you
5
Do you
listen to
music and watch TV on your mobile?
use your mobile
phone
for business?
Do you
think
it
is
secure to carry out financial transactions via mobile phones?
6
Do you
7
Have you ever had to use your phone
8
Do you think that prolonged use of mobile phones can affect
ever use your
our health
(for
phone while
in
an emergency?
example cause fatigue and headaches, emit
radiation, excite brain cells, etc.)?
D
driving?
An Apple iPhone combines three products - a mobile
phone, an
iPod,
and an
internet device with email,
browsing,
summary of the discussion in C as if you were posting it on a blog. Show your summary to other members of your class so that they can add f
S
Write a
comments.
web
maps and searching
1
Small networks A
1Q|
1
What
is
2
What
are the benefits of using networks?
In pairs, a
discuss these questions.
computer network?
Listen to
an extract from a lecture on networks and answer these
questions. 1
What does LAN stand
2
Where
3
What
is
are
LANs
for?
usually located?
the difference between a wired
LAN and
(5)
or
Desktop computer
140
Printer
a wireless LAN.
,
(6)
hub
Desktop computer
console
Unit
2
28
Networking FAQs A
Look at the FAQs
as
many of the questions as you
without reading the whole
(i-vi)
text. In pairs, try to
answer
can.
B Read the whole text and answer these questions. 1
What does PAN stand
2
What
is
a
for?
network protocol?
How do you log on to an Internet Service Provider? 4 WiMAX is a type of wireless network. What used for? 3
is it
5
What equipment do you need
6
What are the advantages and disadvantages
to set
up
a wireless
LAN?
of wireless networks?
Networking FAQs i
How many types
Networks are
of network are there? according to different
classified
criteria:
• Geographical area: PANs (Personal Area Networks)
mobile PDA; LANs cover a building; MANs (Metropolitan Area Networks) cover a campus or a city; WANs (Wide Area Networks) cover a country typically include a laptop, a
phone and
a
or a continent.
• Architecture. computer
a client-server network, a
In
and stores and
acts as a server
information to the other nodes, or clients.
to-peer network, capabilities
-
that
distributes In
a peer-
all
the computers have the
is,
share
files
same
and peripherals
without requiring a separate server computer.
• Topology,
or layout:
In
a
bus
network,
computers are connected to a main In
a star network,
common
hub, a in
the network.
all
all
the
In a
data flows through a central
ring network, in
all
devices are
a continuous loop, or
ring.
• Network protocol:
This
is
the language, or set of
computers use to communicate with each Networks use different protocols. For instance,
rules, that
other.
the Internet uses TCP/IP. ii
How do
I
install
A modem router
is
a wired
•
modem
router?
a device that connects your
computer or home LAN
iii
How do
log on to the Internet Service
I
Provider? You need to type in your username and password. Once you are online, you can get email, look for information on the Web, look up IT words in dictionaries, try out new software, and sign up for RSS feeds, newsletters, etc. It is important that you remember to log off after using the Internet. An open line increases the risk of viruses, and hackers might break into your computer to steal confidential data. iv
What
is
wireless networking?
Wired networks are linked by Ethernet cables, phone lines and high-speed fibre optic cables. Wireless networks, however, use electromagnetic waves, such as radio waves, to transmit data. These are the main types of wireless networks:
• Satellites - for long distances • WiMAX - for connecting Wi-Fi hotspots • Wi-Fi - for medium-range distances • Bluetooth - for short distances • GSM - for mobile phones
to the Internet.
one end of the phone cord directly into a phone jack, and the other end into the ADSL port Plug
on the
router.
cable, or bus.
connection point for the devices
connected to one another
NOTE: A router has various Ethernet ports, so you can connect various PCs to the router via Ethernet cables. If you already have a hub or switch connecting a LAN, you only need one cable to connect the hub to the
router.
•
Plug one end of the Ethernet cable into your computer's network port and the other end into an Ethernet port on the router. • Turn on your computer. To set up, or configure, the router, you'll need to input some parameters, for example your ISP's name and phone number.
v
What do need I
to set
up a home wireless
LAN? You'll
need computers equipped with
a wireless
adapter or wireless card, a wireless access point (a wireless router) and a broadband internet connection.
vi Which is better, a wired or wireless LAN? Wired LANs are more difficult to install, but they are
cheaper, faster and more reliable. Wireless networks let you move, or roam, from one access point to another, but they are less secure and subject to interference.
_
Dublin regional
netw
London regional netwol
copy of
WANs cover a large geographic area,
file.doc
like
a country
Computer
or even multiple countries. They are built by large In
a basic network, two computers are connected by
cable to allow
file
telecommunication companies. The largest
sharing
existence
Home LAN
Wi-Fi
is
WAN in
the Internet.
LAN 1
Cellularx
Bluetooth
Wi-Fi
many homes, Ethernet cables are used to connect computers. Phone or cable TV lines then connect the home LAN to the ISP. Much of the Internet uses high-speed
1
This
the standard technology for building wireless
do this network quiz. See which
network
mM
allow handhelds, mobile phones
fibre optic cable to send data over long distances.
In pairs,
1L
LANS and public hotspots. Bluetooth networks and other devices to communicate over short distances. Cellular networks are used in mobile phone communications.
In
C
is
X>.
typically consists of two or
more
pair can finish
local area
first.
networks, covering a large geographical
area.
a
2
LAN
WAN
b
This type of
network does not have
b
a peer-to-peer 3
On
this
topology,
a star
4
b
all
a
dedicated server;
all
the computers are independent,
c Metropolitan Area Network
client-server
devices are connected to the
same
circuit,
forming a continuous loop,
c bus
ring
The language used by computers to communicate with each other on the Internet
b ADSL.
a Ethernet. 5
c Intranet
Which cables
is
called
c TCP/IP.
are used to transfer information for the Internet over long distances at high
speeds?
a telephone
6
Which device allows a an
7
b Ethernet cables
lines
ADSL
port
several
b
Which device serves
a router
as a
a wireless access point
8
Bluetooth
is
a wireless
a long distances.
computers on
c fibre optic cables a local
network to share an internet connection?
c an Ethernet port
common
connection point
b wired
router
for devices in a wireless
network?
c wireless adapter
technology that uses radio waves to transmit data over
b medium-range
distances.
c short distances (ten metres or
less).
.
.
Unit
28
Language work: phrasal verbs A
Look at the HELP box. Do you have the equivalent of phrasal verbs language? How do you say the phrasal verbs in the HELP box?
find out (= learn, discover)
Phrasal verbs
•
Search the
The meaning of some verbs with particle (often called phrasal verbs) can be easily understood from its two parts.
Web to find out more information
about WiMAX.
take up (= occupy) Fibre optic cables
Look at the photos.
take up
less
space than
copper cables.
A network consists of two or more
.
make up
.
Several
Separate networks are linked over a public
(= constitute, form)
LANs connected together make up a
WAN.
network, the Internet.
fill
•
your
in
However, many phrasal verbs have an
the necessary information)
in (= write
You need
to
fill
in this online form.
idiomatic meaning, not predictable from
the meaning of
its
When
parts.
with
carry (= transport); carry out (= execute)
Computers carry out the programs •
.
the verb has a preposition associated
it,
the preposition must precede the
object:
.
You can look for information on the Web.
Certain particles have similar meanings, regardless of the verb (on/off, in/out,
(not:
look information for
)
etc.).
Hackers might break into your PC.
turn on
/
switch on
(not:
break your PC into
)
(= start the operation of something)
When
turn off / switch off
Other
common
phrasal verbs
in
an adverb,
is
include:
.
.
type your username in.
You can look up words (= connect) .
Plug one end of the phone cord into phone jack.
can
You need to type in your username/
computing
.
plug into
it
precede or follow the direct object:
(= stop the operation of something)
•
the particle
the
.
.
look words up
in
in
a dictionary/
a dictionary.
Turn on the computer. /
Turn the computer on.
up (= establish) What do need to set up a wireless LAN? sign up (= register, enrol in a service) Once connected, you can sign up for RSS set
If
I
the direct object
particle
You need
feeds, newsletters, etc.
(not:
is
must follow to
type
type in
a
pronoun, the:
it
it in.
it )
try out (= test or use experimentally)
You can try out new software on
their site.
B Complete these sentences with the correct form of a phrasal verb from the HELP box. 1
To join the club,
2
The CPU
3
Digital
4
Thousands of networks
5
You can use newsgroups to
this all
form and send
it
to our office.
the basic operations on the data.
music
a lot of
space - about
1
MB for every
minute of stereo sound.
latest trends,
customer needs,
the Internet.
about the
etc.
I
C Match the questions (1-6) with the answers (a-f ). 1
Why was
2
Is it
3
How do
4
Can download software from your
5
How can add
6
What do need
a
Yes,
but always
b
Yes,
you can even try the programs out
c
Because he broke into
d
Simply
e
You need to
OK to
log set
I
on
my bank account
to
up an
I
I
in a
cybercafe?
home?
site?
video to instant messaging?
do
to
to sign
up
remember to log
install this
in
using public computers
internet connection at
I
probably f
the hacker arrested?
a
for a
Yahoo! email account?
off after you've
ended your
for a period before
computer system and
session.
you buy them!
stole confidential data.
program and plug the webcam into your computer.
install
the software for your router. Follow the instructions provided by your
ISP,
the form of a .pdf file on a CD.
You have to create
a
usemame and password and then
give
some
personal details.
WANs and satellites Prepare a description of the network below to present to the rest of the class. Use PowerPoint if possible. Use the Useful language box, the HELP box on page 143 and the text on pages 1 41 -1 42 to help you.
Useful language The diagram represents/shows
The computers are linked up
to
The
from
satellite receives signals
The signals are sent onto n
Mm
.
.
The purpose of ... isto I
.
network is made up of/consists of. Two networks are connected via
This
.
... . .
...
...
-
Telephone
ish aerial
lines
Satellite relay
Fibre optic cable
Laptop
Central
B
computer
PDA
PDA
Central
Present your description to the rest of the class.
computer
PC
I
unit
29
Video games Game platforms In pairs, discuss
j
1
Do you
2
What
B in
these questions.
games?
play video
are your favourite
games? Make
a
list.
Label the pictures (a-f ) with the types of game the box. PC games
Console games
Arcade games
Mobile phone games
Handheld games
Massively multiplayer online
games
C Video games are played on a variety of electronic devices, or platforms. Complete these sentences with game platforms from the box and types of game from B. computer Video game consoles gaming devices 3G mobile phones
Personal Portable
on
are played
or Microsoft
TV
Xbox
or video monitor;
now they
if
you don't have
on
_ .
a
The graphics
are
game
,
console. You can
still
play
if
you have
a high-
You can buy games on CDs and DVDs, or download them from the Internet. resolution monitor.
allow you to play against other users
in
other parts of the world using the Internet - something
unique to electronic gaming. Players connect to hosted by an
ISP,
a
game company,
Some to run natively
are
is installed on many Many Java-based games
instance, Snake
are
download. are played
on
coin-operated machines, typically installed in
restaurants, bars
and amusement arcades.
For example, you can
fly
an
spaceship using a joystick.
game
programmed
on the chip of
also available via
a
server
or an individual enthusiast.
For
Nokia phones.
such as the Sony PSP
calculators
a
even more impressive
aircraft or a
to a standard
via cables or wirelessly.
on
games on some graphing
also play
such as the Sony PS3
were just connected
can also be connected to the Net,
are played
and the Nintendo DS. You can Don't worry
.,
360. In the past, these electronic devices
U
»
and watches.
In pairs,
I
Which
1
is
your favourite
game
other
discuss these questions. Give reasons for your answers.
game
platform?
2
Which game platform would you most
3
Do you
play
What advantages and disadvantages does
it
have
on
platforms? like
to
own?
games on your mobile phone? What
the experience
is
like?
Game genres A How many different game genres can you think of? In pairs, make a list and then read the text to see
4
how many genres from your list are mentioned.
IE
Game
many
There are so
genres that
genres
it's
different genres and mixes of
difficult to
put each game into a
specific category. In the following article we'll cover
the basic genres that differentiate between games. 5
The First-person shooter (FPS) and Action genres are currently the
Halo and
Call
most popular. Games
like Half-Life,
of Duty are the most popular games
the FPS category. For Action, innovative titles
in
like
the Grand Theft Auto series. Gears of War and Splinter
Halo 3
huge successes.
10 Cell are
The Role-playing
very popular
on the Xbox console; millions of people
game online
The Simulation genre has enjoyed wild success,
game (RPG)
genre has remained
35
including the best-selling PC games of
strong throughout the entire history of console
Sims & The Sims 2. The entire Sims
and PC gaming. Current hits
by Maxis,
like Final
Fantasy XII,
15 are all
made
dominant
time: The
designed
in this genre.
Jet fighter and
game.
based on RPG roots. The recent development
of massively multiplayer online RPGs has been
is
all
series,
flying sims are also important types of simulation
Oblivion and the Knights of the Old Republic series
40 Strategy
is a
genre mainly restricted to PC, largely
possible by widespread broadband access, allowing
because the mouse and keyboard are central to
gamers to play internationally with thousands of
gameplay. There are a few good Strategy games for
people across the globe in a constant virtual world.
console, however. Big
names
Warcraft III, Starcraft,
Command and Conquer and
20 Adventure
games and Puzzle games remain
strong
despite being limited in scope and technology. The
new concept
of party
games
together in multiplayer
new 25
is
also play the
life
- where people play
mode
- has recently injected
into this genre. Titles like Zelda and Wario-
Ware are familiar names. Sports of the
games gaming
are an increasingly popular portion industry. Electronic Arts (EA) have
45
in
Strategy include
Warhammer 40,000. Finally,
we have the Fighting genre. Developed from games like Street Fighter II, Fighting games
early hit
have enjoyed a renaissance as they've been updated fully to include
50 like
3-D characters and arenas. Titles
Dead or Alive, Tekken and Soul Calibur
are big
favourites.
been making games licensed from the NBA, NFL and
So what kind of game player are you? Chances are
MLB
that
for over a decade.
30 industry
is
Another sector of the Sports
the entire racing sub-genre. Massive
hits like the
Burnout and Need for Speed series are
hugely exciting, and the crashes can be realistic and terrifying.
if
you're a PC gamer, you prefer FPS, RPG,
Simulation, and Strategy games. The console gamer 55 typically enjoys Sports, Racing, Fighting, RPGs,
few FPS
titles.
a console
and a
a
both worlds.
and
Of course, many people own both PC, therefore
combining the best of
Unit
29
I
co games
B These statements about gaming are all false. Read the text again and correct them.
games
are currently the
most popular.
1
Role-playing
2
Massively multiplayer online RPGs have been
3
Oblivion
4
The Sims series
5
Strategy
6
Warcraft belongs to the Fighting genre.
7
Console gamers
C
Find words or phrases
in
1
now;
(lines
2
existing or
is
made
possible by widespread internet access.
an Action game.
games
at this
the least popular
is
in
the Simulation category.
game
are mainly restricted to
typically prefer Simulation
time or period
happening
in
consoles.
and Strategy games.
the text with the following meanings.
many
5-10)
places and/or
among many people
15-20)
(lines
3
in spite of;
4
more and more
5
a smaller
6
big successes (lines 30-35)
7
sold
8
modernized
D
Q
in
notwithstanding (lines
(lines
20-25)
25-30)
category within a particular genre
very large
numbers
35-40)
45-50)
(lines
In pairs,
(lines
30-35)
(lines
discuss these questions. Give reasons for your answers.
1
What
is
2
What
are your favourite
your favourite and
least favourite
genre of game?
games? Describe them
to your partner.
Language work: adverbs A Look at the HELP box on page 1 48 and then complete these sentences with the adverbial form of the words in brackets. 1
2
Simulation
games
both universities and businesses.
become more
popular, mainly
to faster internet connections.
genre (main)
3
Strategy
4
Video games often
is
a
higher levels
Cheap PCs
when
Atari's
Atari
restricted to PC.
come with a player
in
a clear set of motivation tools,
enough
(fast)
to support high-end games.
bold adjectives or adverbs? Write adj or adv.
platform was the most popular early video
games
such as scores and moving to
performs (good)
don't process data
B Are the words 1
in
Massively multiplayer online RPGs have (recent)
due
5
used
are (wide)
game
console, and
many developers emulated
to attract customers
2
The chess game ended
3
On
4
The podcast
5
You have to work hard to succeed
6
Some
early, at the 24
the TPS Report gaming blog, you is
broadcast
th
will
move find reviews, a
forum and
monthly in
the gaming industry
experts say that hard work makes people happy
a
monthly podcast
•
We
use adverbs to give information about an action. Adverbs of manner, time and
place describe how,
when
or
where something happens.
They've been updated fully to include 3-D characters. (= manner,
The Action genre of games .
.
.
currently the most popular. (= time,
allowing gamers to play internationally
We also Sports
•
is
We
—
where)
adding
-ly to
—
an adjective.
typically
With adjectives ending easy
when)
games are an increasingly popular portion of the gaming industry.
The console gamer typically enjoys Sports, •
i.e.
i.e.
use adverbs to modify adjectives.
usually form an adverb by
typical
{= place,
...
how)
i.e.
in -y,
.
.
we change the y to
i
before adding the ending
-ly.
easily
The Nintendo Wii connects easily to the Internet.
Note that not
•
all
words that end
in -ly
are adverbs. These
words are
adjectives:
friendly, deadly, lovely, lonely.
•
The adverb from good His French
is
very good.
is
well.
He speaks French
Some words have the same form
•
well.
as an adjective
and an adverb
(e.g. fast,
hard,
early, late, daily, monthly).
New games reguire a fast processor. (= adjective) The processor speed tells you how fast your PC executes instructions.
(= adverb)
Present and future trends in gaming A
Listen to an interview with Matt Robinson, the administrator of the TPS Report gaming blog. How many game platforms does he mention?
B |£j These statements about video games are all false. Listen to the interview again and correct them. 1
Video games are popular because they are fun and addictive.
2
Well-known Hollywood actors appear
3
The Nintendo Wii
4
It's
5
Holography
free to play is
is
aimed
at
in
video games.
hardcore gamers.
World of Warcraft.
an advanced form of photography that uses
lasers to
produce two-dimensional
images.
6
In
the future, gesture recognition systems
will
produce photo-realistic images.
.
.
.
.
Unit
cE
game you
With
2
Games
are
3
A
modern games
4
Their
released Wii console has an inexpensive, simplistic, pick up
5
Wii
the most popular of the three machines.
6
of
are
in
now even more
is
life-like
attractive.
inspiration
separate universe to
from
films
meet and
and even TV. 'n 'play
feel to
it.
play alongside your friends has
attraction.
Mobile gaming has
7
and
draw
Logging onto an
enormous
games
control of the action.
1
lot
leo
and complete these extracts from the interview with adverbs.
Listen again a
29
been about
easy, simplistic
2-D games.
D
D In pairs, discuss if you agree with everything that Matt says about the future of gaming. What are your own predictions?
in his
interview
The pros and cons of gaming
O
A
look at the statements about gaming (1-4) and say disagree with them. Give reasons for your answers. In pairs,
TV and video games
1
are
if
you agree or
amusing and can be educational. But too much of this kind of become accustomed to violence.
entertainment can be addictive and make children
games
and
2
Massively multiplayer online
3
Video games have negative effects on children and distract them from school and homework.
Modern games and
4
can teach
skills
are interactive
fun.
simulations offer a great deal of adventure and challenge.
In addition,
they
such as strategic thinking, interpretative analysis and problem solving.
EM
B
Write an essay called The pros and cons ofgaming (80-120 words). Use these steps and the Usefullanguage box to hefp you. The opening (paragraph one):
•
Present the topic
one
in
or
two sentences.
The body (paragraphs two and
•
Give pros (arguments facts
in
favour) with facts
and examples. Give cons (arguments
and examples.
The closing (paragraph
•
three):
four):
Summarize your main ideas and give your opinion.
Useful language To add arguments: In addition,
Furthermore,
. . .
.
.
To introduce opposing ideas: On the one hand, ... On the other hand,
Some people say
. . .
Others say
. .
believe that
. .
. .
However,
.
To express opinions: in It
my opinion, ... to me that
seems
I
.
. .
It's
dear that
. .
To conclude: In conclusion,
...
Tosumup,...
In short,
...
against) with
30
unit
New technologies Future trends discuss these questions.
In pairs, 1
What do you
2
What
trends
think a trend in
ICT
do you
is?
think
will affect
our
lives in
the future?
Make
a
list.
B Match the texts (1-5) with the pictures (a-e). Which trends from your list in A are mentioned?
By
all
accounts,
nanotechnology - the science of
making devices from single atoms and molecules - is going to have a huge impact on both business and our daily lives.
Nano devices
are
measured
in
nanometres
(one billionth of a metre) and are expected to be used
Nanocomputers: Chip makers
will
make
in
tiny
microprocessors with nanotransistors, ranging from
60 to
5
nanometres
into
the body's bloodstream to treat diseases at the cellular level.
the following areas.
•
Nanomedicine: By 2020, scientists believe that nano-sized robots, or nanobots, will be injected
Nanomaterials:
New
carbon atoms
the form of nanotubes, which are
more
in
materials will be
flexible, resistant
aluminium. They
will
made from
and durable than
steel or
be incorporated into
all
kinds of
products, for example stain-resistant coatings for
in size.
clothes and scratch-resistant paints for cars.
Artificial Intelligence (Al)
is
the science of making
machines and programs. The term originated the 1940s, when Alan Turing said:'A machine has
intelligent in
when
no discernible difference between the conversation generated by the machine and that of an intelligent person.' A typical Al application is robotics. One example is ASIMO, Honda's artificial
intelligence
there
is
intelligent
humanoid
built different
robot. Soon, engineers will have
types of android, with the form and
humans. Another Al application is expert systems - programs containing everything that an 'expert' knows about a subject. In a few years, doctors will be using expert systems to diagnose illnesses. capabilities of
unit
Imagine you are about to take walk out to the garage and your voice, the airport,
at
doors unlock.
the bank machine looks you pattern of your
iris
your
On
in
geometry of your hand matches the code on the and the gate opens. You're on your way.
the
the eye, recognizes the
Does
and allows you to withdraw cash from
it
sound
the future
is
Ubiquitous computing, is
a
also
known
fingerprints, facial features, voice,
new approach
in
to be accessed anytime
which computer life,
often
in
iris
and
words, ubiquitously.
an
In
and anywhere -
in
the future people
will interact
and memory) every in our environment and
(objects containing a microchip
in homes, offices and connected to networks, which allow information
embedded
day,
cars,
communicating with each other without
the ideal smart
someone
in
when is
home, appliances and
if
it
then sending
a text
message
you
like
to listen to
automatically.
usually alerts
company and then the police. A smart home system would go further, turning on the lights in the
home
devices
some
living patterns,
classical
will also
sure
all
music
so
when you
know when
the house
appliances are turned
services,
phone. Motorola Homesight even sends images captured
touch screens, smart mirrors and even the
by wireless cameras to phones and PCs.
will
cooperate to make our
lives
is
off. All
home area home cinemas,
be interconnected over
will
network where phones, cable
to the owner's
cables.
work, your house can do that for you
They
empty and make
the alarm
home and
invisibly
come home from
system senses that
breaking into the house,
each
Smart homes can remember your
electronic
sync to keep the house secure. For a regular alarm
other
hundreds of these smart devices
naturally with
way. Ubiquitous devices can be anything
example,
identify
retina patterns.
from smartphones to tiny sensors
In
here.
Adapted from the Richmond Times-Dispatch
as pervasive
functions are integrated into everyday
devices work
card,
people based on physical characteristics such as
the digitized image of your face to that of suspected
invisible
futuristic? Well,
Biometrics uses computer technology to
enter the airport, a hidden camera compares
computing,
a
card and place your hand on a small metal surface. The
your account.
When you
you swipe
criminals. At the immigration checkpoint,
Recognizing
car.
way to the an ATM. A camera mounted on
car's
you stop
You
a holiday in Europe.
talk to
irnmnmin
30
a
refrigerator
more comfortable.
Adapted from www.businessweek.com
C Read the texts again and answer these questions. measurement
1
Which
2
What
are the advantages of
3
What
will
4
What
features are analysed by biometrics?
5
Which trend
unit of
is
used
in
nanotechnology?
nanotubes over regular materials?
doctors use expert systems for?
refers to
computers embedded
in
everyday devices, communicating with each
other over wireless networks?
someone
home?
6
What
7
How will
D
Find words in the texts with the following meanings.
1
a microscopic robot, built with
2
a
3
biological identification of a person (text 3)
4
integrated; inserted into (text 4)
5
electrical devices, or
will
the alarm system do
if
breaks into a smart
devices be interconnected inside the smart
robot that resembles a
nanotechnology
human
home?
(text 1)
(text 2)
machines, used
in
the
home
(text 5)
Write a suitable caption for each picture on page
1
50.
RFID tags A
E
Listen to Sarah
Wood, an ICT
teacher, giving a class about RFID tags. Which definition (a-c) best describes
RFID? a
a
smart technology worn on the user's body
so that they can email
b
a
and access the Web
technology that uses radio waves and
chip-equipped tags to automatically identify
people or things c
a
technology that uses microchips and bar
codes to track people or things
at a distance
B y&J Listen again and decide which answers (a or b) are correct. 1
RFID stands
for
a
Radio Frequency Identification.
b
Radio Frequency Identification
Download. 2
Radio tags a
can only be attached to or
embedded
into products.
b
An RRD mjao chjp
can be attached to or
embedded
into products,
animals and humans. 3
4
5
6
Active RFID tags
a
have
a
communication range of several hundred metres,
b
have
a
communication range of five metres.
RFID chips
a
will
b
won't be able to locate objects
help us track ordinary objects
Radio tags
like
when
may be implanted under the
car keys or books,
they are
lost or stolen.
skin
and cure
a
to confirm a patient's identity
b
to give doctors instant access to a patient's medical history.
illnesses.
According to consumer organizations, RFID tags a
could be used to track consumers or to
b
are secure
and
private; there
is
no need
steal a person's identity,
for
concern.
C lw| In pairs, discuss how secure you think RFID is. Do you agree with the consumer organizations or the manufacturers? Give reasons for your answers.
Unit
3
30
lew technologies
Language work: future forms A
Look at the HELP box and then choose the correct words in brackets to complete these sentences. 1 In the future, hope we have /'re going to have) robots in the home to help us with ('II
I
the
housework.
2
Hey, Nick, be careful, you (Ye going to
3
It's
4
-
John's birthday next week.
My
The
Internet
I
('II
(will
probably change
Futurists predict that you'll
give /'re going to give) him a mobile phone.
/
is
probably going to change) the publishing industry
smart technology
be able to email from your
use the future simple (will/won't + verb)
(will
be
Nanobots
will
To describe future intentions
To
talk
the following ways:
going to write a book about ubiquitous
evidence that something
is
going to happen
huge impact on business and our daily lives.
about hopes and promises, especially with the
We
use the future continuous
(will
be + -ing form
They hope that people will interact naturally with
verb) to talk about actions
hundreds of smart devices at a
in
the future.
In
a few years, doctors will be using expert systems
time.
To describe an instant decision, often
an
To
when we make
diagnose
offer
Sure,
•
in
By all accounts, nanotechnology is going to have a
words expect, think, hope and probably
•
I'll
talk
She'll
help you with your homework.
about
be 21
facts that will inevitably
in
so
To make predictions when you have present
•
the body's bloodstream
to treat diseases.
•
fabrics,
computing.
happen
be injected into
going to be) incorporated into
•
To make predictions when you don't have present will
is
use be going to + verb
She's
evidence that something
/
We
following ways:
•
the
coat!
the
in
in
industry.
Future forms
We
on the computer!
lend /'m going to lend) you mine.
way that TV changed the movie 6
('II
that coffee
laptop has crashed!
- Don't worry. 5
We
spill /'II spill)
happen
in
of the
progress at a specific time
to
illnesses.
We
use the future perfect
talk
about actions finished
(will
have +
at a specific
past participle) to
time
in
the future.
Soon, engineers will have built different types of android.
May.
B Complete these sentences with the correct future form of the verb in brackets. Use the future continuous or future perfect. Thanks to
ICT,
we
(find)
cures for the major
some people
(live)
in
by the year 2030
diseases of our time. In
twenty
inside a
3
4
years' time,
computerized colony.
By
this
time next week, (work)
By
this
time next month,
I
wanting to buy
for
smart houses.
I
„
for IBM.
_
_
(buy)
-
that BlackBerry that
months.
Scientists predict that in in
space, perhaps
twenty
years' time nearly
everyone
(live)
I've
been
C for
~~]
In pairs, discuss these predictions. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons your answers. Look at the Useful language box to help you.
1
Some day, we'll be talking
2
Microchips implanted
3
Robots
4
Smart homes
5
Computers
in
to
computers
our arms
will
naturally, like friends.
serve as ID cards and contain our medical records.
to build themselves, without
will learn
invisible,
will
be
human
voice-activated.
be ubiquitous and almost embedded into our homes and
help.
Useful language
will
integrated into our
/
think that
What do you think about number...
lives.
I'm not sure that
4
.
.
.
I
.
. .
will
.
.
completely agree/disagree with
.
.
Making predictions A tH •
Write your
own
predictions about these topics.
Work/Jobs Example: By theyear2030,
human labour in industry will have been replaced by robots.
Your prediction:
•
Money Example: Cash
will
be replaced by electronic money.
Your prediction:
•
Education Example. By the end of this century, every student in every school
will
have a PC.
Your prediction: •
The Internet Example: People in every country
will
have high-speed access
Your prediction:
B
I.
'|
compare your predictions. more about your partner's
In pairs,
Find out
predictions.
H Now for
5
visit
www.cambridge.org/elt/ict
an online task.
to the Internet within five years.
7
Appendix: a model CV
Curriculum vitae Personal information
Name:
Maria Quintana
Address: Avda Seneca,
5,
Madrid 28040
Telephone: 00 34 91 5435201 Email: [email protected]
Date of birth: 28/07/82 Education and Training
2006
Online diploma in web-based technology for business, www.eLearnbusiness.com
2005
Course in web design at the Cybernetics College, London: HTML, Java and
Macromedia Dreamweaver
2004
Course in computer hardware and networking at the Cybernetics College, London
1999-2004
Degree
in
Computer Science and Engineering, University of Madrid
Work experience January 2006 -
Part-time Webmaster at www.keo.es; responsible for updating the site and
present
using Adobe Flash to create animations
May 2005 December 2006
IT consultant at Media Market, specializing in
e-commerce and
IT strategies
IT skills
Knowledge of multiple computer platforms (Windows, Mac and Linux); strong database (including the popular open source
MySQL database); complete understanding
and Cascading Style Sheets Personal skills Social and organizational skills
Good communication
skills
Languages Spanish mother tongue; English (Cambridge CAE); Arabic (fluent)
Hobbies and Interests
Web
surfing, listening to music
and travelling
References Miguel Santana, Manager, keo.es
Sam
Jakes, Lecturer, Cybernetics College
skills
of graphics formats
.
jlossary The 'at' sign that separates the recipient's name from the domain name in an email address.
Athlon /'aeOlon/ n A processor manufactured by AMD.
blog /blDg/ 1 n A user-generated website where people express their opinions. The entries are
attachment
displayed
Acrobat Reader /.akrabast 'ri:da/ n Adobe's free software for displaying and printing PDF
attributes /'aetribju:ts/ n Characteristics that
files.
affect the visual representation of lines
@
/at/
ADSL/eidi:es'el/ n Asymmetric
/a'taet Jmant/ n A file that has been included as part of an email message,
polygons,
Digital
for use on telephone lines; phone connection to be used
allows a single
it
both internet service and voice
for
same
calls at
and
rectangle colour, etc. i
technology designed
ways of authentication include passwords, certificates and biometrics.
the
i
1
back up
back 'Ap/ v To copy
files
from one disk
or connections that form the major access
Amazon.com /'aemazan
backup /'baekAp/ n A copy
,kom/ n A a
designed to run automatically within
page.
let you do specific tasks, such word processing, database management or
n Programs that
financial planning.
arcade in a
game /ui'keid
,geim/ n A
game
played
coin-operated machine, typically installed
pubs, restaurants and
amusement
in
A component
of the
ARPANet /'a:panet/ Projects
logical
Agency Network. Developed in the early US Department of Defence. This was
the precursor to the Internet. Artificial Intelligence /utti.fijal in'telidjans/
n The study of methods by which a computer can simulate aspects of human intelligence. ASCII code /'seski: ,kaud/ n A standard system for
the binary representation of characters. ASCII,
American Standard Code for Information Interchange, permits computers from different manufacturers to exchange data,
which stands
for
aspect ratio /'aespekt .reifiau/ nThe width of the screen divided by
its
monitor or TV
and
set)
height, e.g. 4:3 (standard
PC
16:9 (high-definition TV),
assembler /a'sembla/ n A special program that converts a program written in a low-level language into machine code,
assembly language /a'sembli ,laerjgwid3/ n A low-level as
language that uses abbreviations, such
ADD, SUB and MPY, to represent
instructions.
ATA adaptor /'eitiiei a.dsepta/ n An analogue telephone adaptor, which converts the analogue signals of your traditional phone into digital signals.
I
damaged,
is
quantity of data
See
bar code reader /'ba:kaud
communicate over
,ri:da/
n
disc,
A new
optical
created by Sony, which can record and play
back high-definition TV and computer data. Unlike current DVDs, which use a red laser to laser,
A in
hence
its
name.
bookmark /'bukmaik/ n A saved link that takes users directly to a web address. Bookmarks are also called favourites.
high-level
Braille /breil/ n
programming
by Louis
A system
Braille for blind
of writing devised
people,
in
which
language developed in the 1960s, widely used in programming because it was interactive and easy to use. Short for Beginner's All-purpose
combinations of raised dots representing and numbers can be identified by touch.
Symbolic Instruction Code.
Braille
binary code /'bainari ,kaud/ n A code
printer that
just
two numbers
(0
and
made of
or
produces
tactile Braille
symbols,
broadband /'braidbaend/ n High-speed
binary system /'bainari ,sistam/ n A notation system in which numbers are represented by
and
represents 2
embosser /'breil im.bDsa/ n An impact
1
bit.
digits:
letters
brightness /'braitnas/ nThe amount of light produced by an LCD monitor, measured in cd/m2.
1 ).
binary digit /'bainari ,did3it/ nThe smallest
two
short
read and write data, Blu-ray uses a blue-violet
specialized scanner used to read price labels
1
70s by the
logs.
Bluetooth /'Wu:tu:0/ n A wireless technology phones and other
Blu-ray disc /'bluirei ,disk/ n
of data or software,
be transmitted through a network, measured in bits per second (bps),
the
n Advanced Research
web
distances.
Internet,
bandwidth /'baendwitG/ n The
Also called a
CPU
which performs the actual arithmetic and operations asked for by a program.
/'blngirj/ n Writing
peripheral devices to
lines
unit of information in the binary system,
arcades,
arithmetic logic unit (ALU) /a,ri9matik 'lod3ik ,ju:nit/ n
pathways within the
BASIC /'beisik/ n A
a
application software /aspli'kei fan ,SDfwea/ as
backbone /'baekbaon/n High-speed
shops.
applet /'splat/ n A small Java application,
a
that allows handhelds, mobile
that can
animations /aeni'meijanz/ n Images made up of a series of independent pictures put together in sequence to look like moving pictures,
web
/,
usually kept in case the original disk
android /'uendraid/ n A robot that resembles human.
blogging
blogosphere /'blogausfia/ nThe collective term including all blogs as a community.
alphanumeric keys /,aelfanju:menk 'ki:z/ n Keys that represent letters and numbers, arranged as on a typewriter. ,dnt
on
writes
blog.
B to another.
site.
blogger /'blDga/ n A person who
Jalno
adware /'sedwea/ n Software devised to display some may include spyware.
popular online shopping
blog administrator /,btng ad'ministreita/ Someone who edits and deletes posts or comments made by contributors to a blog. n
^tfLCjPj3at.io^3^xteir,c«c)m
advertisements;
usually
digital
avatar /'aevatu:/ n An object which represents a
time.
.APAL.m$«tem{wp.ulii'V »r. \vfw,i&)vt!',rAj&>te used to connect one or more computers to an ADSL phone line.
1
entries in a blog.
authentication /a:,Gent 'keijan/ n Verifying the identity of a user logging onto a network;
A broadband communication
Subscriber Line.
e.g. line styles,
in a reverse chronological order. The term comes from web log, coined by Jorn Barge in 997 to refer to an online diary. 2 vJo write
in
1
.Thus the binary
number
the decimal system, while
00
1
transmission, usually referring to internet access via cable
and ADSL; about 400 times
faster
than
dial-up access.
browser /'brauza/ n A program designed to and display web pages on the Internet,
represents 4.
fetch
biometrics /baiao'metnks/ n The science that uses computer technology to identify people
buddy list /'b\di ,list/ n A list of people that you may want to communicate with via instant
based on physical
messaging.
or voice scans. life,
features,
such as fingerprints
From the ancient Greek:
bios
=
metron = measure,
bit /bit/ n
See binary
error in a
computer program,
built-in /'biltin/ adj Integrated; constructed as part of a larger unit.
digit,
bit-mapped graphics /.bitmaept
bug /bAg/ n An
'graef iks/
n
bulletin
board system (BBS) /.bulatm A system that enables its
See raster graphics
,bo:d 'sistam/ n
A protocol for transferring music, films, games and podcasts. It breaks files into chunks and distributes them among a large number of users; when you download a torrent, you are also uploading it to
usually
bus /bAs/ n An electrical channel, or highway, which carries signals between units inside the
another
computer.
BitTorrent /,bit 'tDrent/ n
user.
BlackBerry /'blaekbari/ n A wireless handheld device, developed by Research in Motion, which provides email, phone, text messaging, web browsing, an organizer, as well as instant
messaging and corporate data access, blind carbon
copy
/,blamd ,ka:ban 'kDpi/ n Addresses in the Bcc: line of an email program will receive a copy of the message, but the identity of the recipients will be kept secret. (Bcc)
members
users,
of a particular interest group, to
share information and programs.
burn /b3:n/ vTo
write data to a
CD or
DVD.
bus topology /,das tD'polad3i/ n One of the in which all computer devices are connected to a main three principal topologies for a LAN, cable, or bus.
bus width /'das ,wit9/ nThe determines for
how much
size of a bus,
example, a 64-bit bus can transmit 64
data.
which
data can be transmitted; bits of
byte /bait/ n A unit of computer information, group of eight bits. See also kilobyte, megabyte, gigabyte, terabyte
chip /tjip/ n A tiny piece of silicon containing complex electronic circuits. Chips are used to make the hardware components of a computer.
consisting of a
Chip and Pin
method
C
n A high-level programming language
/,t
fip ,£end 'pin/ n
A secure
of paying with credit cards. Instead of
configuration /kan.f iga'rei Jan/ n The
components of a computer system, configure /kan'f iga/ vlo set up a computer device or a program to be used in a particular way.
using a signature to verify payments, customers
console
developed in 1 972 at AT&T Bell Labs. It is used to write system software, graphics and commercial
are asked to enter a four-digit PIN (personal
played on a video
applications.
click /klik/
/si:/
C# /,si: Ja:p/ n A
simplified version of
'
C++, developed by Microsoft the Web.
C and
on
for applications
on
C++/,si: 'pUs 'pUs/ n An object-oriented version of C, widely used to develop enterprise
and commercial
applications.
gives each object
(e.g.
The programmer
a piece of text, a graphic
or a table) functions which can be altered
without changing the entire program,
in
centre /'ka:l ,senta
which
a
n A large office
company's employees provide
information to its
/
goods or
customers, or
its
sell
or advertise
services by telephone,
PlayStation or
program
left
button
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) /kaes'keidirj ,stuil ,/i:ts/ n A mechanism for adding style (e.g. fonts, colours, spacing) to web documents,
cathode ray tube (CRT) PC monitors, made of glass and containing a vacuum. In a colour monitor, the screen surface is coated with triads of red, green and blue
and displayed on
a
of the
CPU which
A
coordinates
all
Software running on your PC, used to connect
other parts of the computer system. This unit
and obtain data from
also responsible for fetching instructions from
a server,
client-server /'klaiant, S3:va/ n architecture
in
which various
the main
A network
client
programs
all
connect to a central server to obtain information or to communicate.
Ready-made
memory and
do not read your hard
pictures,
determining
COBOL /'kaobDl/ n A
to propagate viruses.
for
high-level 1
programming
959 and mainly used
business applications. Short for
Common
coding
/'kaodirj/
nThe
is
their type,
disk,
cracker /'kraka/ n An intruder
in
the
cookies /'kokiz/ n Small files used by web servers to know if you have visited their site before. Cookies can store user information but
clipboard /'klipba:d/ n A holding place for text or graphics that you have just cut or copied.
computer systems
who
breaks into
for fun, to steal information, or
Compare with hacker,
crash /krae J7 1 n A serious failure which usually requires operator attention before the computer
system can be restarted. 2 v When a hard disk it is said to have crashed,
fails,
process of writing
instructions for a computer,
crop /krnp/ vTo cut down the dimensions of a
colour depth /'kAla ,dep6/ nThe number of bits used to hold a colour pixel; this determines the number of colours that a monitor can
cursor control keys /,k3:sa kan'traul
display.
colour palette /'kAla ,paelat/ nThe collection of colour picker /'kAb ,pika/ n A tool used to select a specific colour in a photo; also called
an
picture. ,ki:z/
n
They include arrow keys that move the insertion point up, down, right and left, and keys such as End, Home, Page Up and Page Down, used within a word processor to move around a long document.
CU-SeeMe /,si:
,ju: ,si: 'mi: /
n
A video-
conferencing program from Cornell university,
eyedropper.
column /'kAlam/
phosphor. Three electron beams energize the
360,
such as
television or similar audio-video system,
component
colours available in a system.
,tju:b/nThe picture tube of old
Xbox
game
,geim/ n A
game console,
control unit (CU) /kan'traul ,ju:nit/ n
/'klaiant ,praograem/ n
Business-Oriented Language.
able to see the identity of the other recipients.
,rei
client
language developed
carbon copy (Cc) /'ka:ban ,knpi/ n Addresses on the Cc: line of an email program will receive the same message, and the recipients will be
/'kseGaud
a
number).
vTo press and release the mouse.
clip art /'klip ,u:t/ n
cable modem /'keibal .maodem/ n A modem designed to operate through a cable TV line, call
identification
game /'konsaol
n
A
vertical line of
boxes
labelled with a letter in a spreadsheet program,
cybercafe /'saiba.kaefei/ n A place where you can use computers with internet access for a fee; also called an internet cafe.
phosphor dots, causing them to emit coloured light from which the picture is formed.
command /ka'ma:nd/
CD ripper /,si:di:
computer.
cybercrime /'saiba.kraim/ n Crimes
compact disc (CD) /kam.paekt 'disk/n A storage device which uses optical laser technology. Its storage capacity is from 650MB
cyberculture/'saiba.kAlJa/ n Culture emerging from the use of ICT systems,
A program that and saves them on disk.
'ripa/ n
extracts music tracks
CD-R /,si:di: 'a'J n A write-once CD which lets you duplicate music and data CDs. Short for compact disc recordable.
'dAbalju:/ n
,u:
A CD
run the
audio or data to be written, read, erased, and rewritten. Short for compact disc re-writable.
row
in a
An
intersection of a
column and
phone /'sel
a
,faon/ n American term for
mobile phone. The term that the
phone
calls are
comes from the fact made through base
cell
which divide the coverage As you move from cell to cell, the
stations (antennae)
area into
cells.
calls are transferred is
to different base stations; this
called roaming.
central processing unit (CPU) /.sentral 'praosesirj ,ju:nit/ n
performs the basic operations of a computer; Its
basic
like
components
are the control unit, the arithmetic logic unit
and
the registers.
character /'kaerakta/ n A symbol available on the keyboard (letter, number or blank space).
chat
/t Jaet/
room
users can time.
/'t faet
,ru:m/ n
go.
compositing /kanVpozitirj/ n Combining parts of different images to create a single image,
compression /kam'pre fan/ nThe process which makes computer data smaller so the information takes up less space and may be transmitted in less time. Compressed files have extensions like .zip, .arj, and .sit. security specialist /kam,pju:ta
si'kjoarati ,spejalist/ n
Someone who works
with companies to build secure computer systems.
in real
who
uses his company's internet connection
during working hours to chat with
games,
friends, play
etc.
cyberspace /'saiba.speis/ n A term originated by William Gibson in his novel Neuromancer, now used to refer to the virtual world of computers and the Internet. cyberstalking /'saiba,sta:kirj/ n Online harassment or abuse, mainly in chat rooms and forums.
cyborg /'saiba:g/ n A term invented by M. Clynes and N. Kline in 960 to describe 1
cybernetic organism, a being that part
is
a
part robot,
human.
data /'deita/ n Information in an electronic form that can be stored and processed by a computer, data processing /'delta ,prausesirj/ nThe performing of operations on data to obtain
computer-aided design (CAD)
information or solutions to a problem,
/kam,pju:ta ,eidid di'zain/ n Software, and sometimes special-purpose hardware, used by
data transfer rate /,deita 'traensf3: ,reit/nThe average speed at which data can be transmitted from one device to another, often measured in megabytes per second.
from cars and planes to buildings and
A channel where
communicate with each other
they can
engineers and architects to design everything
n A real-time interactive
conversation on the Internet.
chat
one
computer
The processor chip that
the 'brain' of the computer.
if
software. Programs are compatible
they use the same data formats,
in
cell
same
compiler /kam'paila/ n A special program that converts a source program (written in a highlevel language) into object code (machine code)
spreadsheet.
perpetrated over the Net.
cyberslacker/'saiba.slaeka/ n An employee
700MB.
or program. Two PCs are compatible
that allows if
cell /sel/ n
instruction for a
it.
Short for compact disc read-only memory.
CD-RW /,si:di:
An
compatible /kam'pajtibal/ ad/The ability of a device or program to work with another device
CD-ROM /,si:di:
'nam/ n A 'read-only' CD, meaning you cannot change data stored on
to
n
furniture,
computer-to-plate (CTP) /kam,pju:ta ta 'pleit/ n An imaging technology used in modern commercial printing, in which DTP files are output directly to the printing plates without using film as an intermediate step.
database /'deitabeis/ n A
file
of structured data,
database program /'deitabeis ,praogra;m/ n An applications program used to store, organize
n
and
retrieve a large collection of data.
other
facilities,
Among
magnetic disks
data can be searched, sorted and
hard
beam
disks),
and
/,di:'bAg/
vJo correct program
disk partitioning /'disk pai.tijanin,/
errors,
process of dividing a hard disk into isolated
debugger /,di:'bAga/ n A program used to test and debug other programs. debugging /,di:'bAgin./ nThe techniques of
sections. In
detecting and correcting errors (or bugs) which
may occur
programs.
in
dedicated keys /'dedikeitid keys used to issue
,ki:z/
like
Windows, each
partition will
a separate disk drive. This
is
behave
particularly useful
you want to install more than one operating (e.g. you can have one partition for Windows and another for Linux), system
show
text
n
1
A
screen or monitor. 2 vJo
and graphics on
a screen.
DivX /'divex/ n A format used to compress and movies on DVD or over the Net.
n Special
distribute
commands or to produce
alternative characters, e.g. the Ctrl key or the Alt
Dock /dok/
n
A
set of icons at
the bottom of the
Macintosh screen that give you instant access to
key.
desk ak'sesari/ n A mini application available on the Apple Menu, e.g. a calculator. In Palm OS, it is a program that you can launch from any program without having to desk accessory
/,
the running program.
desktop PC /'desktop pi:, si:/ n A computer designed to be placed on a desk, used as a home computer or as a workstation for group work.
desktop publishing (DTP) /.desktop 'pAbliJirj/ nThe use of a computer system and
identifies internet sites, consisting of
on the
domain);
this
is
United Kingdom, (e.g.
or the type
.es for Spain),
.com
for
for organization,
commercial, .org
.edu for educational, .net
network, or gov for government).
device driver /di'vais ,draiva/ n A program
194.179.73.2)
is
An
translated into a
name by a Domain Name
that allows a hardware device, such as a printer,
computer.
IP
form of internet access through which the client uses a modem connected to a computer and a
telephone
Provider.
A
an Internet Service
line to dial into
dial-up connection
broadband connection
like
is
slower than a
ADSL.
dialog box /'daialog ,bDks/ n
A message box
address
dot-matrix /,dnt 'meitnks/ n A regular pattern
means
of digits,
opposite of digital
digital
camera
/,did3ital 'kaemara/ n
camera,
it
uses a flash
memory card.
digital certificate /,did3ital sa'tifikat/ n
that identifies a user or a
web
A
file
server; like a digital
identification card.
digital radio /.didsital 'reidiao/ n Radio
technologies which carry information as signals; also
known
digital
as digital audio broadcasting
digital
TV /,did3ital
ti:'vi:/
transmitting pictures by in
means
of digital signals,
contrast to the analogue signals used by
video camera /,did3ital 'vidiau ,kaema n A camera that records moving images and
digital ra/
converts
them
into digital data; also called a
digitize /'did3itaiz/ i/To translate into digital
form, (Is
i.e.
and
convert information into binary codes
Os)
computer.
so that It is
it
can be processed by a
possible to digitize images,
sound
directory /di'rektari/ n An alphabetical or chronological
list
of
files
on
a disk. Also
known
button on a
twice, in rapid
own
a
computer; compare
with upload
the
mouse
select a block of text or
an
mouse button and then move
while keeping the button pressed
disk drive /'disk ,draiv/ n
and writes data on
disks.
A device
that reads
Magnetic drives read
@ means
where 'jmartinl 984' is the user name,
means the
the Internet Service Provider, and server
is
a
network provider,
email client /'i:meil .klaiant/ n A program used to read and send email from a computer, /im'bedid/ ad] Inserted
into; fixed
into the surface of something,
e-pal
/'i:pael/
n
that
it.
A friend you write email to. A tool used to delete the
eraser/i'reiza/ n
part
down.
of the picture you drag
Dreamweaver /,dri:m'wi: va/ n A program from Adobe (originally created by Macromedia), used for building websites,
ergonomics /,3:ga'nDmiks/ nThe study of how people interact safely and efficiently with machines and their work conditions.
drop-down menu /,drnp ,daon 'menju:/ n A list of options that appears below a menu item when selected; also called a pull-down menu. DTP operator /di:ti:'pi: .opareita/ n Someone
e-signature/,i:'signat Ja/
uses page-layout software to prepare files for
publication,
dual-core processor /,dju:al ,ka: 'prausesa/ n A CPU that combines two execution cores
DVD /,di:vi:'di:/
n A Digital Versatile
(or
Video)
Disc that uses optical technology to store large
amounts
Whereas CDs DVDs can be recorded on as in dual layers. A basic DVD
of audio-visual material. side,
both sides as well can hold 4.7GB, and
a dual layer
DVD can
hold
17GB.
DVD burner /,di:vi:di:
'b3:na/ n
A DVD
drive
a blank
DVD disc.
DVD-R
/,di:vi:di: 'a:/ n
it
over,
nThe
electronic
equivalent of a hand-written signature, e-tailer /'i:teila/ n
An
electronic
retailer,
Ethernet /'i:6anet/ n A method of connecting computers in a LAN. Fast Ethernet can send data at 100 megabits per second. Most computers come with Ethernet ports that connect internally to circuits on the motherboard. Excel /ik'sel/ n
A spreadsheet program from
Microsoft.
execute /'eksikju:t/ vTo perform an action, as in executing a program or a command; the same as run.
expandable /ik'spaendabal/
ad] Upgradeable;
example, RAM is most computers, which means in size. For
expandable in you can add extra
chips, usually contained in
small circuit boards called dual in-line
A recordable
(write-
DVD-ROM /,di:vi:di: 'rem/ n A read-only DVD disc used in DVD computer drives for data
or
online store.
able to increase
once) DVD, for both movies and data.
as catalogue.
is
encryption /in'knpfan/ nThe process of saving and transmitting data in encoded form. Data encryption and passwords are important for network security, particularly when sending confidential information such as credit card numbers.
left
that records information by burning via a laser to
and video.
email address /'i:meil a.dres/ n A unique address used to receive and send email. This
mouse
release the
use only one
camcorder.
email /'i:meil/ n 1 n A facility which allows users to exchange messages electronically; short for electronic mail. 2 vlo send a message by email,
unauthorized users can't read
(processors) onto a single chip
traditional TV.
via
computers.
^To press and
click /'dAbal ,klik/
electronic
n A way of
e-learning /.ii'binin/ n Instruction
double
who
(DAB).
make changes and corrections and graphics. Well-known editing techniques are: select, undo, copy, cut, and paste, edit /'edit/ vTo
emoticon /I'maotiknn/ n See smiley encrypt /m'kript/ vlo encode data so
still
camera that records images in digital form. Instead of using the film found in a traditional
e-commerce/,i:'kom3:s/ nThe buying and selling of products on the Internet
used to print multi-part forms, self-copying paper and continuous-form labels,
object with the
A
greeting card,
embedded
drag /drag/ vJo
analogue.
is
digital
e-cash /'hkaeJV n Money available as an electronic account, used in internet commerce.
dot-matrix printer /.dot .meitnks 'prints/ A printer that uses pins to print an array of dots;
host computer to your
represented as binary numbers (Is and Os).The
electronic counterpart of
book.
e-card /'i:ka:d/ n A
'net'
System,
download /.daon'laod/ vlo copy files from
digital /'did3ital/ ad] Describes a system
that performs operations by
a printed
'at'/telefonica'is
domain
succession.
requiring information from the user.
e-book /'i:buk/ n The
a typical format: [email protected],
for
of dots.
dial-up connection /'daiaUp ka.nekfan/ n A
E eBay /'i:bei/ n An online auction and shopping website where you can buy and sell things,
more
all
(e.g.
a
that
the most general (a primary can be a country (e.g. .fr for France,
right (.com)
printing.
communicate with
or
by dots. For example, in the web address http://www.ibm.com, the part on the left (.ibm) is the most specific (a subdomain); the part
of organization for
two
an
etc.).
to text
parts separated
.uk for
steps of document production, including typing, editing, graphics
the things you use most,
domain name /da'mein ,neim/ n A name
encyclopedia, a movie,
DVD-RW/,di:vi:di: ,a: 'dAblju:/ n A re-writable (write-many) DVD, for movies and data.
if
display /di'splei/
decryption /di'knpjan/ nThe process of decoding (deciphering) secret data.
to
(e.g.
nThe
or bugs.
exit
archival as well as interactive content (e.g.
optical
to read optical discs
CDs and DVDs).
updated.
debug
(e.g.
drives use a laser
memory
modules, or DIMMs.
expansion card Ak'spasnfan ,ka:d/ n A printed circuit board that can be inserted into an expansion slot to add features like sound,
flat-rate internet /,flaetreit 'intanet/ n Access
game genre /,geim
expansion board.
to the Internet at any time of the day, at a fixed
or category of game. For example, a
expansion slots /ik'spaenfan ,slnts/ n The connectors that allow the user to install expansion cards to improve the computer's
and cheap
which the player solves puzzles would fall into the Puzzle game genre. Other genres are: Action,
performance.
floppy disk
eyegaze system /'aigeiz .sistam/ n A system activated by the user's eye movements,
upon which data is stored on magnetic tracks. Also known as a diskette. A floppy disk drive uses 3.5"disks.
memory, and network capabilities; the same
e-zine
as
Flickr /'flika/ n
A website where
users can share
/'flopi ,disk/
a flexible plastic material
FAQ /.efei'kju:/ n Frequently Asked Questions, a or web page containing answers to questions
folder /'faulda/ n
asked by internet users or
font /font/ nThe shape, style and
fax /faeks/ n
A
by scanning
a
facsimile
visitors to a website,
machine that operates
paper document so that the
communication
fibre optic
plastic). Fibre
internet,
/.faiba ,Dptik
(made
cableTV and phone
A
n
1
A
signals,
unit of information in a record, in
database, information
file /fail/
of glass or
optic cables are used to transmit
field /fhld/ n a
fibre
is
entered
via fields,
collection of records
A section document or
of information stored on
disk - a
a
program,
server /'fail ,s3:va/ n A fast computer that stores the programs and data files shared by
file
users in a network.
A standard
n
A
special effect that
program
restrict
specific aspects of the
Web.
Find a
a
network,
can be
tracks
and sectors on
initialized,
its
decrease indentation,
A in
formula /'faimjala/ n A mathematical equation that helps you calculate and analyse data.
FORTRAN
FORmula
A software and/or hardware device that allows limited access to an internal network from the Net. This prevents
firewall /'faiawail/ n
intruders from stealing or destroying confidential
/'foitraen/
nThe
first
firmware /'f3:mwea/ n Permanent software
ROM.
instructions contained in the
flame /fleim/ n An angry or on a discussion group.
The Adobe
insulting
comment
Flash Player.
2 The
program, used to create animations and advertisements. It supports a scripting language called ActionScript,
and the streaming of audio
TRANslation.
some
of which describe objects from
enough contiguous space
complete
file,
the
file is
/'flas
f
,ka:d ,ri:da/ n
A device
a flash
memory card,
flash drive /'flae J" ,draiv/ n
A USB storage
that reads
and writes
enough to fit on and transport computer
key
device, small
a
store
data,
ring,
used to
frames /freimz/ n
1
Rectangular areas that
browser window. 2 Single pictures
in
the same
/'f laetbed
.skaena/ n
with a glass scanning surface
A scanner
on which objects
are placed; similar to a photocopier.
Global Positioning System (GPS) /.glaobal pa'zi fanirj ,sistam/ n
system formed by various
A
navigation
satellites orbiting
the
earth.
It
allows
location,
GPS
determine
receivers to
speed and
their
direction.
Google /'guigal/ 1 n A popular search engine on the Web. 2 vlo search the Web
for
use geometrical primitives such as points,
/
n
A
web editor from web pages,
n A
Microsoft, used for designing /'f Arjkjan/
software
ready-to-use formula
you perform a specialized SUM, AVERAGE, etc.
that helps
'ju:za .intafeis/ n
pointer. Typical
of a
A
user-friendly interface
examples are the Mac OS and
Microsoft Windows.
graphics tablet /'grasfiks ,ta;blat/ n An input device which allows the user to enter drawings
and sketches
into a
computer
H hacker /'haska/ n Someone
who
a network's privacy. Originally,
in
the
1
990s, the term
with cracker, a person for both. In
known
all
invades skilled
as hackers, but
became synonymous
who
breaks security on
the computer industry, hackers are
as white hats
and crackers
as black hats or
handheld game /'haendheld ,geim/ n A game played on portable gaming devices, such as the Sony PSP and the Nintendo
DS.
handheld scanner /'haendheld ,sk
hard disk/'ha:d .disk/ n See hard drive hard drive /'hu:d ,draiv/ n A magnetic storage device that reads and writes data on metal disks (called platters) inside a sealed case. A
calculation,
hard drive
function keys/'fAnkJan ,ki:z/ n Keys that appear at the top of the keyboard and can be
do
A grammar
,tjeka/ n
that analyses the
based on graphics. A GUI uses a WIMP environment: windows, icons, menus and
Strictly
to
utility
lines,
freeware /'fri:wea/ n Software that is available free of charge, but protected by copyright.
FrontPage /,frAnt'peid3
grammar checker /'graema
darkside hackers.
special tasks.
is
commonly known
containing multiple
and
as a hard disk.
speaking, drive refers to the entire platters, a read/write
unit,
head
a motor, while hard disk refers to the storage
medium
memory /.flaeJ
flatbed scanner
,024 megabytes,
in films.
Freehand /'friihaend/ n A Macromedia program for creating vector graphics, which
programmed
'memari/ n A type of non-volatile memory that can be erased and reprogrammed.
1
gigahertz /'gigah3:ts/ n A unit of one thousand million hertz, or cycles per second, used to measure processor speed.
computers. Today, the general public uses hacker
increases, disk efficiency starts decreasing,
e.g.
gigabyte /'gigabait/ n
programmers were known
to store a
divided into several
separated fragments. As disk fragmentation
function
and video. flash card reader
geographic data and then make maps, plan the use of land, predict natural disasters, etc.
graphical user interface (GUI) /.graefikal
curves and polygons to represent images,
Flash Professional multimedia authoring
A type
high-level
allow the display of different pages
data.
(GIS)
written text.
fragmentation /.fraegman'tei fan/ nThe condition of a hard disk in which files are divided into pieces scattered around the disk. This occurs naturally after creating, deleting and modifying many files. When the operating system cannot find
consoles.
Geographic Information System
something.
etc.
nature.
n'pleis/ n
game
earth and their corresponding receivers on the
surface,
formatting toolbar /'fo:maetin ,tu:lba:/ n A toolbar with icons that allow you to edit and style your text. For example, you can change
shapes,
Firefox /'faiaf Dks/ n A web browser, part of the open-source Mozilla project,
flash
is
the access to
you find a word or phrase document and change it to new text.
1
the
fractals /'fraektalz/ n Geometrical patterns that
that lets
Flash /flaeJV n
in
the operating system marks
a disk
,praogra;m/ n
and Replace /,faind and
Adobe
10pt
are repeated at small scales to generate irregular /'filtanrj
Software designed to
command
at
in 1954 by IBM. Today, it is still used in mathematics, science, and engineering. Short for
applied to pictures. filtering
of a
size
Times Bold
developed
/,fail ,traensf3:
for transferring files
from one computer to another over filter /'filts/
particular typeface, e.g.
platform /,geim 'plaetfaim/ n An on which video games are played. Examples are personal computers and
electronic device
of graphics software that allows us to analyse
folders,
programming language and compiler,
Transfer Protocol (FTP)
'prautakol/ n
and other
font, align text, increase or
in a
database. 2
File
A
files
bottom margin of a document,
information at high-speed by sending light
through an optical
programs, data
format /'faimast/ 1 nThe layout of a document, including page numbers, line spaces, margins, paragraph alignment, headers and footers, etc. 2 format a disk vTo prepare a disk for use. When
ka.mjumi'kei Jan/ n A way of transmitting
in
game
/d3i:a,gra2fik infa'meifan .sistam/ n
directory that holds
footer /'fota/ n Customized text printed
image is sent to a receiving machine which produces a copy of the original,
game
playing, Simulation, Sports, Strategy, etc.
made of
n A disk
flowchart /'flaut fa:t/ n A diagram which shows the logical steps of a computer program,
file
specific type
Adventure, Fighting, First-person shooter, Role-
photos.
n An electronic magazine.
/'i:zi:n/
tariff.
A
'3a:nra/ n
itself.
hardware /'huidwea/ nThe physical units which make up a computer system. See software,
gadget /'gaed3it/ n A small hardware Synonymous with gizmo (slang),
game controller /'geim
device.
kan.traola/ n
used to control video games.
hardware engineer /'hu:dwea end3i,nia/ n
Someone who A device
designs and develops
header /'heda/ n Customized top margin of a document.
IT
devices,
text printed in the
help desk technician /'help .desk
Someone who
tek.ni fan/ n
helps end users
with their computer problems
person, by
in
email or over the phone.
hertz /h3:ts/ n
A
unit of
ink cartridge
,ka:tnd3/ n A replaceable
/'irjk
container that holds the ink of an inkjet printer,
frequency equal to one
named
cycle per second,
InDesign /'indizain/ n A desktop publishing program created by Adobe Systems,
after Helnrich Hertz.
high-level language ,hai .leval 'laerjgwid3/ n
inkjet printer /'irjkd3et ,pnnta/ n that generates an
image by spraying
print head, individual
several
a matrix of dots
Pascal or C.
input /'input/
home cinema /.haum
'sinama/ n A system
cinema experience called home theatre and
that tries to reproduce the in
the home.
It
is
also
typically includes a large-screen TV, a
system
hi-fi
DVD
with speakers for surround sound, and a recorder.
home on
1
The
first
page
a website, that usually contains links to other
pages. 2 The default start-up page on which a
web browser
drops
drops are expelled to make
1
nThe process
of transferring
memory from a peripheral 2 vTo transfer data, or program instructions, the computer.
information into the unit.
into
e.g.
mouse, voice recognition devices,
Messaging
Instant
the keyboard,
etc.
(IM) /.instant 'mesid3in/ n
Exchanging text messages in real-time between or more people logged into IM services such
Windows
and video
hotspot /'hntspot/ n The geographic boundary
Intel
covered by a Wi-Fi wireless access point.
produces the processors used
HTML /,eitjti:em'el/ nThe
language used to
documents (e.g. web Hypertext Markup Language.
create hypertext
pages);
disk.
iTunes /'aitju.-nz/ n A program from Apple that lets you play and organize music and video files, on computer or on an iPod. With an internet connection, iTunes can also connect to the iTunes Store in order to download purchased
of hardware which allow the user to enter
two
starts.
iPod /'aipDd/ n A family of portable media players from Apple. Popular models include the iPod Nano, the iPod Shuffle and the full-sized iPod that can also be used as a portable hard
music, videos and podcasts.
input devices /'input di,vaisiz/n Units
host /haust/ n A computer containing data or programs that other computers can access via a network or modem.
short for
tiny
on the paper,
information into the computer,
page /'haum ,peid3/ n
printer
of ink at the paper. By heating the ink within the
A language
in which each statement represents machine code instructions, e.g. COBOL,
A
iPhone /'aifaun/ n A device from Apple that combines three products in one: an iPod, a mobile phone and an internet communicator.
as AIM,
Live
Messenger and Yahoo!
Messenger. Modern IM services also have audio
Intel
/'
capabilities.
intel / n
The company
Core 2 Duo
/,
that designs in
most
and
J Java /'d3u:va/ nThe programming language from Sun Microsystems for building internet applications. Java programs (called applets) let you watch animated characters and moving text, play music, etc.
Java ME /,d3a:va e'mi:/ nThe Java platform, Micro Edition, used to create applications that run on mobile phones, PDAs, TV set-top boxes,
and
PCs.
printers. For
example,
many phones
intel ,ka: ,tu:
'dju:au/n Technology that includes two cores,
An input device with computer games.
joystick /'d3Distik/ n vertical lever,
used
or processors, into a single chip, offering twice
in
the speed of a traditional chip,
JPEG /'d3eipeg/ n A standard
used to define text fonts, format paragraphs, add links, etc. HTML tags are surrounded by the angle brackets < and >.
whiteboard /inta.aektiv 'waitba:d/ n A touch-sensitive projection screen that allows the user to control a computer
and decompressing image
HTTP/,eit J"ti:ti:'pi:/ nThe method by which are transferred from a website to
directly,
HTML tags /,eitj"ti:emel
'taegz/
nThe codes
web pages
your PC; http appears addresses and
means
at
the beginning of web
hypertext transfer protocol.
disk with integrated flash
intended
for
hyperlink button
/'
that,
destinations
new
when
memory,
A text, image
clicked, takes
as teaching.
interface /'intafeis/ n Channels and control
which provide a connection between the CPU and the peripherals. See also user interface.
laptops and mobile PCs.
haipalink/ n
by touching the board instead of using keyboard. Used in presentation situations such
circuits
hybrid hard disk /,haibnd 'ha:d ,disk/ n
A hard
interactive
a
Internet /'intanet/ n
A
as email,
file
on the Web.
such newsgroups, on the Web. It evolved offers services
transfer, online chats,
and information retrieval
extension
added
is
to
a
compressing developed by
for
files;
the Joint Photographic Experts Group.
many image
A jpg
files
on the
Web.
K kerning /'k3:nin/ nThe process of adjusting the spaces between
letters
to achieve even,
consistent letter spacing,
keyboard /'ki:bo:d/ n A
global network of
computer networks which
or
you to other
are
configured to use Java games,
set of keys
on
a
terminal or computer, including the standard
typewriter keys
(for letters
and numbers),
function keys and several special keys,
One thousand
hypermedia /'haipamkdia/ n A form of
from the Arpanet of the 70s and uses the TCP/IP
kilobit /'kilabit/ n
enriched multimedia which supports linking
protocol.
kilobyte /'kilabait/ n A unit for measuring the
internet auction /, intanet 'aikfan/ n A website on which bids are received and transmitted
called
graphics, sound,
and video elements
in
addition
to text elements.
hypertext /'haipatekst/ nText that contains links to other documents.
Internet Explorer /.intanet ik'spla:a/ n
such as
web browser from
a
document, program,
folder or hard
vis prau, vaida/ n The
you access to the
company which
gives
ICT system
/,aisi:ti:
that uses information
'sistam/ n
and communications
internet
TV /.intanet
ti:'vi:/
n A TV set used as
IM server /,aiem 's3:va/ n A central system about online users, and passes instant messages between them. that provides presence information
interpreter /m't3:prita/ n that translates the source
program
laser printer /'leiza .print a/ n
beam
to
fix
A
printer that
the ink (toner) to the
paper.
is
which uses the screen as the The user can pass the pen over the surface of the screen to draw or modify images displayed on the screen, electric device
positioning reference.
an internet device.
technologies.
bytes. Also
lightpen /'laitpen/ n A highly sensitive photo-
VoIP
A system
thousands of
laptop /'laeptDp/ n A small type of portable computer. uses a laser
Internet.
internet telephony /.intanet ti'lefani/ n See
disk.
in
Equals 1,024 bytes.
L
A
Microsoft.
Internet Service Provider (ISP) /.intanet 'S3:
icon /'aikDn/ n A picture representing an object,
k.
electronically.
popular I
memory or disk space
bits,
A
special
code
line
program
by
line,
as the
link /link/ n
running.
Intranet /'intranet/ n
A company network makes
link
up
See hyperlink
/.lirjk
vTo form
a
connection
in
iMac /'aimaek/ n A desktop computer from Apple, intended for home, school, and small
that uses public internet software but
order to operate together.
the website only accessible to employees and
offices.
authorized users.
imagesetter /'imid3, seta/ n A professional printer that generates high-resolution output on paper or microfilm.
invoice /'mvais/ n
Linux /'linaks/ n Open-source software developed under the GNU General Public License. This means anybody can copy its source code, change it and distribute it.
inch /inJV n The equivalent of 2.54 cm, or 72.27
IP
points.
It is
represented by the symbol
address
payment
etc.,
and
for a credit order.
/ai 'pi: a.dres/ n
A number which
computer on the Internet. Every computer on the Net has a unique IP address,
indentation /.inden'tei Jan/ nThe space aligns.
requesting
identifies a
".
between the page margins and where the
A document showing the
items purchased, quantities, prices,
text
e.g.
194.179.73.2.
IP spoofing / ai.pi: 'spu:f irj/ n Making one computer look like another to gain unauthorized
access.
liquid crystal display /.likwid
A flat-screen display made two glass plates with a liquid crystal material between them. The crystals block the light 'kristal di.splei/ n
of
in different
quantities to create the image.
Active-matrix LCDs use TFT (thin film transistor)
technology, producing very sharp images.
lithium-ion battery /,liGiam ,aian 'baetari/ n
A
MP4 player /empi:'fa:r
master page /'ma:sta ,peid3/ n A page you
type of a battery composed of Lithium, a metallic chemical element, used in PDAs, cameras and
design which can be applied to any
page. You can place text and picture boxes,
format;
mobile phones.
headers and footers, and page rules, etc. on a master page, which ensures a consistent look on
files.
load /laud/ vTo read program instructions into
pages.
the main memory.
all
Local area network (LAN) /,laokal .earn
media player /'mi:dia
'netw3:k/ n A group of computer devices
plays audio, video or animation
interconnected within a small physical area,
home
a
or office building.
log in/on /,Iog a
like
log out/off /, log 'aut/ /,lng
end
computer
a
,pleia/n Software that
megabit /'megabit/ n A
vlo gain access to
'v>i/
vTo sign
off;
session. The opposite of log
measure processor
n An
flash
to back
and music on MP3 up data on PDAs. They are made up
memory chips (e.g. CompactFlash, Digital). See flash memory,
menu bar/'menju:
A row of words at open up menus when
selected.
message threads /'mesid3 interrelated
computers.
microchip /'maikrat
MacBook /'maekbuk/ n A
Macintosh notebook
computer.
numbers; the only language that understand directly.
code computers can
n Binary
magnetic storage devices /maeg.netik
'sta:
di.vaisiz/ n devices that store data by
magnetizing particles on a disk or tape drive, tape drive).
(e.g.
,9redz/ n
A
series of
See chip.
management
database
combination of Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Access and Outlook, along with various internet and utilities.
millisecond /'mil^sekand/ n of a second.
letter,
where your
than by
One thousandth
emails.
mailing
list
/'meilirj ,list/ n
distribute email to
many
A system used
to
different subscribers
section
which holds the instructions and data currently being processed; also referred to as the immediate access store or internal memory. PCs
make use of two types and ROM.
of main
memory: RAM
mainframe /'meinfreim/
memory
chips,
nanotube
/'n£enau,t ju:b/ n Extremely small
tube made from pure carbon. Nanotubes are expected to be used in the development of
underneath that
is
rolled
(a laser)
a
by
to
movement, and can be wired
MPS/.empii'Grii/n 1 A standard format that compresses music files, enabling them to be transmitted over the Net
PCs and
of computer
printers),
a large
number
of
users.
more
easily.
2
A file
network administrator /,netw3ik ad'mmistreita/ n Someone who manages the hardware and software that comprise a network,
newsgroups /'nju:zgru:ps/ nThe public make up Usenet. The
discussion areas which
contents are contributed by people articles
(messages) or respond to
nickname /'nikneim/
node /naud/
marquee
MP3
network.
player /empi:'0ri: ,pleia/ n A digital music player that supports the MP3 format.
n
n
send
that
A name used by
on mailing lists instead of the real name, participant
encoded using the MP3 standard.
is
who
articles,
newsreader /'nju:z,ri:da/ n A program reads and sends articles to newsgroups,
containing a song or other audio data that
Tools used to select a particular part of an image.
(e.g.
resources can be shared by
computer language that uses instructions, called markup tags, to format and link web documents, select tools /ma: ,ki: si'lekt ,tu:lz/n
AVolP and video-
interconnected so that information and
make A mechanical mouse has
or wireless.
ball
/'ne^mi.'tirj/ n
good
online.
circuit
input device used to
malware /'maelwea/ n Malicious software, created to damage computer data. It includes
rubber or metal
etiquette';
network /'net W3:k/ n A system
expansion and connected by buses,
detect the mouse's
A
atoms and molecules.
slots
the user. An optical mouse uses light
,laerjgwid3/ n
science of making small devices from single
devices or 'nodes'
board of a computer, which contains the
choices from menus.
worms, Trojan horses and spyware.
DNA
A web browser developed by Netscape Communications.
a display screen.
in large installations.
markup language /'ma:kAp
a
Netscape Navigator /.netskeip 'naevigeita/
home
motherboard /'niAdabaid/ nThe main
most powerful type of computer. Mainframes process enormous amounts of data and are used
viruses,
A device
(e.g. a
specify the position of the cursor or to
n The largest and
guantum computer,
conferencing program from Microsoft.
monitor /'mnnita/ n An output device with on which words or pictures can be
mouse /maus/ n A small
a graphical user interface,
friends.
etc.
manners when communicating
a screen
shown. Also called
site
n
from Apple, introduced
computer with
networking
and videos with
netiquette/'netiket/ n'Net lines,
Internet.
controllers for peripherals,
first
,ru:ta/ n
computers
Macintosh /'maskintDjV n A popular computer 1984; the
social
nanobot /'naenau.bnt/ n A microscopic robot, built by means of nanotechnology. nanocomputer^naenaukam'pjuita/n A
NetMeeting
modem-router /'maudem
processor,
in
different things processing
etc.
MODulator/DEModulator.
LAN) to the
main memory /,mem 'memari/ nThe
many
materials for buildings, cars, airplanes, clothes,
thus allowing access to the Internet. Short for
that connects various
at once.
i.e.
independently and continuously. This enables the program to make the best use of available
the digital signals used by computers into the
analogue signals used by the telephone
mailbox /'meilbnks/ n The place where your email program stores new email for you.
time,
a wire.
modem /'maudem/ n A device that converts
Internet Service Provider stores your
(parts),
computer,
mobile (phone) /'maobail/ n (US: cell phone) A phone connected to the telephone system by radio, rather
nThe computer
same
multi-threaded /'mAlti.Oredid/ adj Refers to a computer program that has multiple threads
nanotechnology /.naenautek'noladsi/ nThe
of a
mail server /'meil ,s3:va/
in a
molecule-sized computer, the size of a grain
Instrument Digital Interface.
collection,
to personalize a standard
of several tasks at the
of sand, e.g. a
contain the .midi extension, short for Musical
mail merging /'meil ,m3:d3irj/ nThe process of a database file with a word processor
integration
files
seguential storage device used for data
combining
multimedia /,mAlti'mi:dia/ nThe
of text, graphics, audio, video and animation
N
some
MIDI /'midi/ n A standard for connecting computers and musical instruments. MIDI
printer,
a photocopier,
blogs, photos, music
Microsoft Office /.maikrasoft 'Dfis/n
magnetic tape /masg.netik 'teip/r?A backup and archiving. A tape consists magnetic coating on a thin plastic strip,
device that can work as a
and
that allows users to share messages, interests,
system.
that includes
'all-in-one'
a scanner, a fax
CPU power. MySpace /'maispeis/ n A
a given topic,
fip/ n
An integrated package
other
hard
messages on
Microsoft Access /,maikrasnft 'aekses/ n A relational
machine code /ma'Jun ,kaud/
or JPEG
multitasking /'mAlti,ta:skirj/ nThe execution
of
Secure
,ba:/ n
the top of the screen that
An operating system
formats,
single application.
players, or
created by Apple and used on Macintosh
nd3
million pixels,
,ka:d/n A removable module used to store images in digital cameras,
low-level language /,lao ,leval 'lasrjgwids/ n
au'es/ n
file
MP3 music
multi-function printer /mAlti.fArjk fan 'print a/
to record voice
Mac OS /,maek
compatible with many
images.
speed.
system or network. You usually type your user name and password.
M
it
cycles per second, used to
memory card /'memari
A programming language that is very close to machine language. See assembly language.
player that can play video
MPEG /'empeg/ n A standard for compressing and decompressing video files; developed by the Moving Pictures Experts Group,
makes
megapixel /'megapiksel/ n One entering a computer
MP3
including DVD-video, DivX,
1
login/logon /'login/ /'logon/ n The process of
when
an
portable
MPEG-4
the
in
megabyte /'megabait/ n ,024 kilobytes, megahertz /'megah3:ts/ n A unit of a million
in/on.
identifying yourself
like
is
it
A
,pleia/ n
media player that plays video
multi-format playback /mAlti.f aimaet 'pleibaek/ n The feature of a media player that
files,
million binary digits
(1,024 kilobits).
'in/ /,lDg 'on/
computer system or network.
to
document
a
or chat sessions
Any computer device
in a
memory /nDn.volatail 'memari/
non-volatile
n Permanent memory, able to hold data without power. ROM and Flash memory are examples of
memory.
non-volatile
notebook computer /.naotbuk kam'pjutta/ n A light, portable computer that is generally thinner than a laptop.
numeric keypad /nju:,menk
A
'ki:paed/ n
paint bucket /'peint ,bAkit/ n A tool used to in an area with a colour.
Palm OS /,pa:m
indi'pendant/ adj Refers to software that can on any computer system,
run
An operating system
ao'es/ n
constitutes part of a hard disk drive. There
computer.
be only one or several
PlayStation /'plei,stei/an/ n A video console from Sony.
coding
A high-level language named after the mathematician
1971,
in
Its
Today,
used
it's
which
in universities
each other and can be used as the foundation of others. Used to develop graphical user interfaces, offline /,nf 'lain/ adj
oradv Not connected to the
Internet.
copy of text or graphics, held in the computer's memory, chosen position of a document.
PC
/.pr.'si:/
carries
n
A
elements.
podcast /'pndka-.st/ n An audio recording
insert a
at a
is
a single chip.
often classified by size and portability: desktop
Internet.
PCs, laptops, tablet PCs
online banking /.nnlain 'baerjkin/ n Performing transactions and payments through a bank's
PC game /,pi:si: 'geim/ n A game played on
known
as internet banking.
onscreen keyboard /on,skri:n 'ki:ba:d/ n A graphic representation of a keyboard on the computer screen, allowing people with mobility problems to type data using a joystick or pointing device.
open-source /'aopan ,sa:s/ adj Refers to the source code (of software) that is free and available to anyone who would like to use it or modify
it.
software of a computer system. Typical functions include handling input/output operations,
running programs and organizing
files
on
disks,
optical character recognition /,Dptikal
'kajrakta rekag.nifan/ n Technology that allows computers to recognize text input into a
system with
a scanner. After a
scanned, an
OCR program
and graphic
areas.
page has been
identifies fonts, styles
optical disc /.optikal 'disk/ n
A
storage device
which data is recorded as microscopic 'pits' by beam. The data is read by photoelectric sensors which do not make active contact with in
a laser
the storage
medium.
n The results produced by a computer. 2 vTo transfer information from a CPU to an output device.
output
/'aut put/
1
output devices /'aotpot di.vaisiz/ nThe units of hardware which display the results produced by the computer (e.g. plotters, printers, monitors).
from Adobe, files
commonly used
document format to distribute text
over the Internet, and read with Acrobat
a
page description language
,
pculs
language that describes how to print the text and images on each page of the document.
Page-layout program /,peid3 'leiaot .praugraem/ n Application software used to import texts and illustrations, and to combine and arrange them all on a page; e.g. Adobe InDesign or QuarkXPress.
is
and 72.27 points
peer-to-peer /,pia ta 'pia/ n A network in which all the computers have the
architecture
same
capabilities,
without requiring
i.e.
share
files
and
a separate server
peripherals,
computer,
A
a subdivision of a pica: there are 12
points
in a
pica
1
A
an
in
inch,
small picture that
mouse movements. 2 The cursor which locates the insertion point on the screen, i.e. indicates where the next character will be follows the
peer-to-peer file-sharing /,pia ta ,pia 'failjeanrj/ n A form of P2P networking which
displayed.
eliminates the need for central servers, allowing
panel of the computer into which you can plug
all
files,
/'pen ,draiv/ n See flash drive
peripherals /pa'nf aralz/ n The units attached to the computer, classified into three types: input
and storage devices.
Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) /,p3:sanal ,did3ital a'sistant/ n A tiny computer which can be held in one hand. The term PDA refers to a variety of hand-held devices, palmtops and pocket PCs. For input, you type at a small keyboard or use a stylus. It can be used as a personal organizer, a mobile
phone
or an
cameras,
drive
and
portable media player /,pa:tabal 'mi:dia ,pleia/ n A handheld device that plays audio and video
files.
PostScript /'paossknpt/ n A page description
language developed by Adobe is any font defined language, e.g. Times or Helvetica,
or graphics
in
fishing.
A
PostScript font
that provides low-cost internet
access via the power plug.
graphics program from Microsoft.
an electron beam.
Pretty
An image manipulation program developed by Adobe n
Systems.
PowerPoint /'paoapaint/ n A presentation
Good
Privacy (PGP)
primary colours /.praimari 'kAlaz/ n These and blue (RGB) in computers.
are red, green
developed by Canon that lets you print images from a memory card in a digital camera or
Compare with the
piracy /'pairasi/ n The
,god
/.priti
A freeware program, written by Phil Zimmerman, designed to send email privately, 'privasi/ n
PictBridge /'pikbrid3/ n A technology
printer (no
in
power-line internet /.paoalain 'intanet/ n
phosphor /'fosfa/n The material or substance CRT screen that lights up when struck by
of the
inks
colours considered basic in
(magenta, yellow and cyan),
primitives /'pnmitivz/n The basic shapes used to construct graphical objects: lines, polygons,
copying and programs and files,
illegal
distribution of copyrighted
DVD
portable hard drive /,pa:tabal 'ha:d ,draiv/ n An external hard drive that is connected to the USB or FireWire port of the computer,
A technology
camera phone directly to the computer is necessary),
di:vi:'di: a built-in
a screen.
emails that look
Photoshop /'fautao/np/
the rear
port,
A handheld device with
this
password harvesting
USB
,pleia/ n
phishing /'fijirj/ n Getting passwords of online bank accounts or credit card numbers by using fact fake; short for
See
DVD player /,pa:tabal
Systems.
organizations, but are
etc.
portable
internet device.
like real
in
wide range of peripherals: modems, scanners,
digital
videos, etc.) as equals,
devices, output devices
port /pa:t/ n A socket or channel a
computers to communicate and share
resources (music
Reader.
di'skripjan ,laengwid3/ n A computer
point
pointer /'paint a/ n
a
.pdf /,pi:di:'ef/ n A portable
point /paint/ n A unit used to measure font types and the distance between baselines.
and PDAs.
personal computer.
pen drive
operating system /'Dpareitirj ,sistam/ n A set of programs that control the hardware and
broadCAST.
PCs are
online /'Dnlain/ adj oradv Connected to the
website. Also
that
distributed by subscription (paid or unpaid)
over the Internet using RSS feeds, for playback on mobile devices and PCs; coined from iPOD and
personal computer, which
out processing on
A graphics output device used to make various types of
plug-ins /'pUginz/ n Special programs which extend the capabilities of a web browser so that it can handle audio, video, 3D and animation
password /'pa:sw3:d/ n A secret word which must be entered before access is given to a computer system or website, paste /peist/ vTo
is
engineering drawings.
to
teach the fundamentals of programming,
allows the creation of objects that interact with
game
plotter /'plDta/ n
highly structured design
the rapid location and correction of
errors.
may
platters in a drive.
Pascal /paes'kael/ n
Blaise Pascal.
programming /,Dbd3ikt A technique that
plate, or disk, that
created
facilitates
,a:rientid 'praogrEemirj/ n
A magnetic
platter /'plffita/ n
palmtop /'paimtDp/ n A hand-held personal
small key section that appears to the right of
object-oriented
platform-independent /,platfa:m
used on Palm hand-held devices.
the main keyboard and contains numeric and editing keys.
fill
etc.
preview /,pnnt 'pri:vju:/ n A function shows how pages will look when printed,
print
pixel /'piksal/ n
The smallest unit on a display screen or bitmapped image (usually a coloured
that
dot).
converts data into printed form. The output from
plasma screen /'plaezma
,skri:n/ n
A
display
images by a plasma discharge, which contains noble, non-harmful gases. It allows for larger screens and wide viewing
that generates
angles.
platesetter/'pleitseta/ n creates the printing plates.
printer /'pnnta/ n a printer
is
An output device which
referred to as a print-out or hardcopy.
printer driver /'pnnta .draiva/ n installed to control a particular
printing plate /.printm 'pleit/ n surface that carries the
A machine
that
A program
type of printer,
A metal
image to be
printed,
processor /'praosesa/ n The chip that processes the instructions provided by the software. See central processing unit (CPU).
program /'praograem/ that
the computer
tells
n
A
set of instructions
how to do
a specific task.
nThe maximum
resolution /.rezal'uijan/
number
of pixels
Second on the
the horizontal and vertical
in
Life
/,sekand
n A 3-D
'laif/
virtual
world
and owned by
Internet, entirely built
its
The task can be anything from the solution to a Maths problem to the production of a graphics
directions of the screen; also refers to the
residents.
number
sector /'sekta/ n A part of
package.
rewritable /ri:'raitabl/ adj Able to be rewritten
disk.
programmer /'praograma/ n Someone who
many times.
seek time
right click /,rait 'klik/ vJo press and release the
required for the read/write head of a disk drive to
writes
computer programs,
programming
/'praograemirj/
nThe process
of writing a program using a computer language,
right list
of pixels per inch.
button on a mouse;
move and
this action displays a
of commands.
/'si:k ,taim/ n
on
a track
a
magnetic
The average time
access data, measured
in milliseconds.
Also called access time.
up
protocol /'prautaknl/ n A set of rules which determine the formats by which information may be exchanged between different systems,
RIM /nm/ n An operating system used on BlackBerry communication devices, developed
set
by Research
proxy /'prnksi/ n A computer server which controls the traffic between the Internet and
ring
set-top box /,set ,tnp 'bnks/ n A device that connects to a TV and to an external source
a
Motion.
In
topology
tD'polad3i/ n
/,nrj
three principal topologies for a LAN,
devices are interconnected
private network.
Q QuarkXpress /,kwa:k ik'spres/ n A page layout application produced by Quark,
One
in a
in
of the
which
/,set '\pl
vTo
install
and configure
hardware or software.
all
continuous loop,
of signal
(e.g. a satellite
dish or cable TV)
or ring.
on the TV screen.
ringtone/'nrjtaun/ n A digital sound file played by a telephone to announce an incoming call,
setup /'setAp/ n The way device
is
in
which
ripping /'npirj/ n Converting music tracks from CD to the MP3 format.
shareware /'Jeawea/ n Software similarly to freeware,
database, a function that allows you to extract
rotation /ra'teijan/ n Turning an object around
a
data according to certain conditions or
its axis.
software.
for data; in a
criteria.
QuickTime /'kwiktaim/ n Software from Apple and manipulate
that enables users to play, edit,
multimedia
files.
period. Also
trial
router /'ru:ta/ n A device used to transmit data
shopping cart
between two computers or networks. See modem-router and wireless router
lets
known
as
radio tags /'reidiao ,taegz/ n Microchips
program or system.
signature /'signat/a/ n A
row /rao/ n A
information that
embedded
or people, for the
into,
purpose of
products, animals
identification,
radio-frequency identification (RFID)
Technology that uses radio waves and chipequipped tags (called RFID tags) to automatically identify people or things,
random access memory (RAM)
,fi:d/
n A
web feed
as firmware.
read/write head
nThe
/,ri:d ,rait 'hed/
part
of a disk drive that reads and writes data on a
magnetic
disk.
RealPlayer /'nalpleia/ n A media player, created by RealNetworks, that plays a variety of audio and video formats. real-time /'naltaim/ adj Refers to something live,
simultaneous (without delay),
e.g. real-time
chat. restart
record /'reko:d/ n A unit of a
number
the computer, file
consisting of a
of interrelated data elements
from the
1
scan /skasn/ vJo digitize an image by passing through a scanner.
memory while
it is
scanner /'skajna/ n An input device that scans (reads) the image as a series of dots and
database
related
files (tables), files for
but combines data elements
queries and reports,
rendering /'rendanrj/ n A technique that generates realistic reflections, shadows and highlights.
which
(silicon),
of integrated circuits,
to imitate real
life
or
make
sip-and-puff /,sip ,aend 'pAf/ n A technology someone with quadriplegia to
that allows
computer by sipping and puffing through a mouth-controlled tube or joystick, site /salt/ n
See website.
slide
scanner /'slaid .skaena/ n A device used
to scan
35mm
slides or film negatives; also called
a film scanner.
smart device /'sma:t di,vais/ n An object containing a microchip and memory,
screen magnifier /'skrkn .msegnifaia/ n Software that enlarges text and images on the screen, making the content more readable for users with low vision.
smart
screen reader /'skri:n
,ri:da/
n Software
blind that converts screen contents into
for
the
spoken
words.
air
Skype /skaip/ n A program that allows you to make voice and video calls from a computer,
memory
all
home / smu:t ,haom
the systems
/
n A
home where
(security, lights, appliances,
sensors, audio-video devices, etc.) are
interconnected to allow the automatic and
remote control of the home,
smart phone /'sma:t ,faon / n A mobile phone with advanced functions, providing voice
screensaver/'skriir^seiva/ n A program that
service as well as any combination of email, text
you have not worked for several minutes. Designed to protect an unchanging image from burning into the screen,
MP3, TV or video player and organizer,
after
screen size/'skri:n ,saiz/ nThe viewing area of
measured
scroll /skraul/
window by
diagonally,
vTo move
using
scroll
a
in
inches,
document is
bar /'skraul
vertical bar
,ba:/ n
A
dragged to the desired
horizontal or
search /s3:tJ7 vJo look
is
clicked
web access, voice
smileys /"smailiiz
/
n Faces
recorder, camera,
made from
punctuation characters to express emotions in email messages, e.g. :-) for happy, :-o for
software /'sofwea/ n The set of program instructions that tell the computer what to do. See hardware.
visible,
containing a box that
messaging,
surprised, etc. Also called emoticons.
in its
bars so that text in
another part of the document scroll
/n'leij'anal .deitabeis/
n A database system that maintains separate,
from the
A device made up
introduces the information into the computer's
a monitor;
being
it
executed. relational
Jip/ n
control the
To magnify or shrink a particular 2 To make an object larger or smaller in any
in
the processor or other chip which holds the instruction
RAM
to a storage device.
(fields),
nThe component
register /'red3ista/
a set
models (programs)
s
darkens the screen
reboot /ri:'bu:t/ vTo
,t
simulation /.simja'lei.fan/ n Using computer
which can
manipulated. Also called
read-only memory (ROM) /,ri:d'aunli .memari/ n Chips of memory containing information which is present and permanent.
known
with persona
run a program /,rAn a 'praograem/ vTo execute a specific program; to use a program.
direction.
bit-mapped graphics.
Also
file
automatically attached at the
contains
font.
as pixels,
register in a service,
predictions.
raster graphics /'rcusta ,graef iks/ n Images
when
is
vlo
blogs, news, podcasts, etc.
Compare with ROM.
distorted
'\pl
of a semi-conducting material
scale /skeil/ v
and displayed
up /,sain
silicon chip /'silikan
format
save /seiv/ vTo copy information from the
become
before you buy'
that allows subscribers to receive updates of
/.raendam 'aekses ,memari/nThe part of the main memory which stores information temporarily while you are working. RAM requires a continuous power supply to retain information.
stored
'try
end of an email message,
spreadsheet program.
in a
RSS feed /a:es'es
/.reidiau ,fri:kwantsi aidentifi'keijan/ n
sign
horizontal line of boxes, labelled
with a number,
distributed
/'/opin. ,ku:t/ n Software that
gateway.
or
or
you choose products from a website and processes the order through the payment
also
routine /ru:'ti:n/ n A piece of code which performs a specific task in the operation of a to,
program
but requiring payment after
R attached
a
configured.
a
query /'kwiari/ n A request
and
converts the signal into content then displayed
and
direction, for specific information,
search engine /'w.tf ,end3in/ n A program that allows users to search a large database of web addresses and internet resources. Examples are Google and Yahoo!
software engineer /'sufwea end3i,ma/ n Someone who writes computer programs; also known as programmer or programmer analyst. Solaris /sa'lains/ n
A Unix-based operating
system, developed by Sun Microsystems,
which runs on SPARC computers and other workstations.
163
modeling
solid
/.snlid 'mDdalirj/ n
A technique
for representing solid objects; this includes
and filling the surfaces to give the appearance of a 3-D solid object with volume, specifying
sort /so:t/ vlo
classify; to
system software /'sistam ,snfwea/ nThe programs that control the basic functions of a computer, e.g. operating systems, programming software, device drivers and utilities.
new sequence.
T
sound card /'saund ,ka:d/ n An expansion card
tablet
sound
1
Computer
instructions written in a high-level
C
or Pascal. 2
The HTML codes of
a
language
web
like
page,
spam /spaem/ n Unsolicited, junk email, spamming /'spaemirj/ n Posting unsolicited advertising messages,
speaker /'spi:ka/ n A device that provides sound output; also called a loudspeaker. A pair of speakers usually plug into the computer's sound card.
speech-synthesizer /,spi:t J" 'sin0asaiza/ n device that produces audio output. spell
checker
/'spel ,tjeka/ n
A
utility
A
to correct
typing mistakes. spit /spit/ n
Spam (unwanted messages)
over
internet telephony.
spooler /'spu:la/ n A utility which makes it possible to send one document to the printer
temporary file work on another.
(by creating a
user can
for
it)
so that the
spreadsheet /'spredjnt/ n A program for planning which allows the user to
financial
analyse information presented
in
tabular form, by
manipulating rows and columns.
spyware /'spaiwea/ n A type collects information
of software that
from your computer without
your consent.
standard toolbar /'staendad ,tu:lba:/ n A row of icons that, when clicked, activate certain commands of a program. For example, in a word processor, it allows you to save or print a document, include a hyperlink, check the
topology
/,sta: tD'pnlad3i/
three principal topologies for a all
nOne of the
LAN
,
in
data flows through a central hub, a
connection point
for
which
common
the devices on the network,
storage device /'st3:nd3 di,vais/ n A hardware device used to record and store data, e.g. a hard disk,
DVD or flash memory card,
store /sto:/ vTo copy data from the computer's internal disk,
computer
memory to a storage device, such memory card,
as a
tape or flash
streaming /'stri:min/ n A technique for sound and video so that it can be processed as a continuous stream. The files are played while they are downloading,
transmitting
stylus /'stailas/ n
A pen-shaped
tool that
is
used to draw images or point to menus on pressure-sensitive screens
subject /'sAbd3ikt/
nThe
(e.g.
line
n A type of notebook
pi:'si:/
LCD screen on which you
that has an
telecommunications /.telika.mjuini'keifanz/ n The transmission of signals over a distance for
on PDAs),
sensitive to
is
Used on portable
or pressure.
PCs.
that describes the
Symbian OS /,simbi:jan au'es/ n An operating system used by some phone makers, including Nokia and Siemens.
the operating
each one containing several sectors. Tracks and sectors are used to organize the information stored
on
disk.
A stationary device that mouse turned upside down. The freely to control the movement of the
trackball /'trackball/ n
works
like a
workstations.
electromagnetic impulses. A message
translation /traenz'lei Jan/ n Moving an object
transmitted by telegraph
to a different location.
a telegram.
is
telemarketing /'teli,ma:kitirj/nThe process of selling goods and services over the telephone,
A method
teletext /'telitekst/ n
of
communicating information by using TV signals. An extra signal is broadcast with the TV picture and translated into text on the screen by a
spins
laptops and
in
CAD
Trojan horse /,traod3an 'hais/ n Malicious software disguised as a useful program,
two-dimensional (2-D) /,tu:di'menjanal/ adj Having only two dimensions, length and width. 2-D drawings look
type style
flat.
/'taip ,stail/ n
decoder.
of a typeface,
teleworking /'teli,w3:kirj/ nThe practice of working at home and communicating with the office by phone and computer. Also called
A
visual characteristic
e.g. plain text, italic,
bold,
etc.
telecommuting.
typeface /'taip.feis/ n The design of a set of printed characters, such as Arial and Courier. The words typeface and font are used interchangeably, but the typeface is the primary
Telnet /'telnet/ n A protocol and a program
design, while the font
which is used to log directly into remote computer systems. This enables you to run programs kept on them and edit files directly,
typeface, such as the size
terabyte /'terabait/ n
1
A
text flow /'tekst ,flao/ n
you to wrap
feature that enables
around images on the page,
text
textphone /'tekstfaun/ n A phone with a small screen and a keyboard that transcribes spoken voice as text;
used by people with hearing or
it is
style (e.g. normal,
is
italic,
the particular use of (e.g.
1
2 points)
a
and
bold).
u
,024 gigabytes,
terminal /'t3:minal/ n A hardware device, often equipped with a keyboard and a video screen, through which data can be entered or displayed,
difficulties.
Undo /An'du:/ or erases the
n A
last
command
editing
that reverses
change done to the
document.
Uniform Resource Locator (URL) /,ju:mfo:m n'zo:s lao.keita/ nThe address of a file on the Internet, e.g. http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio.
UNIX /'ju:niks/ n An operating system, designed by Bell Laboratories in the USA, found on mainframes and workstations in corporate
texturing /'tekst fanrj/ n Adding paint, colour
installations.
and
update /Ap'deit/ vTo make something more modern or suitable for use now by adding
to an object
filters
given look and
in
order to achieve a
feel.
thermal transfer printer /,93:mal 'traensf3: pnnta/ n A printer that produces colour images by adhering wax-based ink onto paper,
information or changing
thesaurus /Gi'so'.ras/ n A synonyms and antonyms,
upgrade /Ap'greid/ vTo add
its
design,
upgradable /Ap'greidabl/fld/' Can be upgraded
,
utility for
searching
three-dimensional (3-D) /,6ri:di'menfanal/ adj Having three dimensions e.g. width, length, and depth. 3-D drawings represent objects more accurately.
tilt-and-swivel stand 'stasnd/ n
A
/,tilt
lets
you move the
monitor up or around, so you can use right angle
and
at the
it
height.
toner /'taona/ n A special ink powder used copy machines and laser printers, that,
when
in
programs
browsers
like
(e.g.
MS Word
add-ons
for
web
the Google toolbar),
toolbox /'tuilbnks/ n A collection of drawing and painting tools.
topology /tD'polad3i/ nThe layout or shape of a network. See bus, star and ring topologies touch screen that
is
Used
many
/'tAt
f
,skri:n/ n
sensitive to the
in
A
display screen
touch of a finger or
PDAs, portable
game
consoles,
types of information kiosks.
hardware or software computer's power.
in
or replace
order to expand the
upload /Ap'laod/ vlo send files to a central, often remote computer. Compare with download. n
A
Universal Serial Bus, a
hardware interface that allows peripheral devices (disc drives, modems, cameras, etc.) to be easily connected to a computer.
USB port /ju:es'bi:
A USB socket on a which you can plug a USB
,pa:t/ n
into
cable.
a
clicked, activate
or as
expanded.
computer device
certain functions of a program. Toolbars are used in
or
USB /Juies'bi:/
,
kind of stand that
subroutine /'SAbru:,ti:n/ n A set of instructions which performs a specific function of the
information on the Web.
initialized,
is
surface into circular tracks,
ball
computer screen
program.
a disk its
cursor on the screen. Used
toolbar /'tu:lba:/ n A row of icons on
surf /s3:f/ vlo navigate and search for
When
system divides
telegraph /'teligra:f/ n A communications system that transmits and receives simple
content of an email.
system clock /'sistam ,klDk/ n A clock that measures and synchronizes the flow of data.
movement
the purpose of communication,
speech
spelling, etc.
star
finger
of a disk.
PC /,taeblat
can write with a stylus or digital pen. The screen can be easily folded or rotated,
board.
source code /'sa:s ,kaod/ n
A pointing device
/'tAt J" ,paed/ n
consisting of a soft pad which
track /trask/ n An area marked on the surface
reorder data into a
that processes audio signals; also called a
touchpad
stylus.
and
Usenet /'ju:znet/ n A
large collection of
discussion areas (called newsgroups)
on the
Internet.
user interface /,ju:za 'intafeis/ nThe standard procedures for interaction with specific computers. user-friendly /,ju:za 'frendli/ adj is
A system
that
easy to learn and easy to use
username/'ju:zaneim/ n
1
the part of an email
address that identifies the user of the service. 2
The name you use to identify yourself when you log onto a computer system or network; also called user ID.
n A small program designed improve the performance of the system. System utility refers to a diverse field covering anything from software designed to help you back up your hard disk or locate files, to anti-virus programs or routines used by the system. utility /jui'tilati/
known
to
using a special program
as the World
WWW or W3. By
Wide Web,
known
as a browser,
you
can find information on nearly any topic you can
,
Web Accessibility Initiative aksesa'bilati
make the Web
web editor /'web ,edita/ n Software that lets you design web pages without writing HTML
vidiao a.daepta/ n A expansion card that processes images and sends the video
unique URL. Web pages contain different elements, such as text, pictures, video, links,
signals to the monitor; also called video graphics
webcam /'webkaem/
codes.
web page /'web
video editing /'vidiau
.editirj/
nThe process
of
,peid3/ n
document on the Web,
send
live
An
by
its
own
A
wireless adapter /.waialas a'daepta/ n
device
computer PC card or a USB port.
video projector /'vidian pra,d3ekta/ n A device that projects images on a large screen
webmaster /'web,ma:st a/
etc.
to
It is
attached
via a
LAN
/.waialas
n A wireless local more computers
'laen/
two
or
without cables.
nAny
wireless network /.waialas 'netw3:k/
type of network that uses electromagnetic
over the Internet,
Someone
n
or PDA.
There are three main types of wireless adapters; Bluetooth, cellular (for mobiles) and Wi-Fi (for
area network, linking
webcasting /'webkaistin/ n Sending audio and video
responsible for designing, developing, marketing
waves, such as radio waves, to transmit data. These are the main types: satellites for long distances, WiMAX for connecting Wi-Fi hotspots, Wi-Fi for
medium-range
short distances, and
or maintaining websites,
videoblog /'vidiaoblDg/ n A blog that includes
to form a
wireless network.
wireless
A web camera used
n
manipulating video images.
using a lens system.
waialas 'aekses
laptops and desktop PCs),
individual
identified
video images via the Internet,
live
/,
that connects wireless
that adds wireless connectivity to a
Vector graphics /' vekta ,graef iks/ n Images represented through the use of geometric objects such as lines, curves and polygons, based on mathematical equations. They can be changed or scaled without losing quality,
board.
A device
paint/ n
communication devices together
(WAI) /.web
n A project that tries accessible to people with
i,ni Jativ/
disabilities.
/'
Wireless access point (WAP)
imagine.
to
video adapter
wireless /'waialas/ adj Having no wires; without
the use of cables.
distances, Bluetooth for
GSM for
mobile phones,
A device
wireless router/, waialas 'ru:ta/ n
videoconferencing /'vidiao, krjnfarantsirj/ n A technology that allows organizations to create virtual meetings with participants in multiple locations, enabling them to talk to and see each
website /'websait/ n A collection of web pages (usually including a homepage), set up by an organization or an individual, which are usually stored on the same server. The pages are all linked together; you can move from one page to another by clicking on words or pictures called
Word /w3:d/ n A word processor from Microsoft, word processor /'w3:d .praosesa/ n An
other.
hyperlinks.
application that manipulates text and produces
wide area network (WAN) /, waid ,earia 'netw3:k/ n A network that extends outside
word wrap /' W3:d
video.
virtual interface
/,
V3:tj~ual 'intafeis/ n
A type
on virtual reality techniques. The user puts on a head-mounted display, and uses data gloves and other devices which make you feel as if you are in a 3-D world, of interface based
virtual reality
V3:tj"ual ri'aelati/ n
A
a
building or small area. For long distance
communications, LANs are usually connected into a
WAN. The
WAN
largest
is
the Internet.
A term from the Wi-Fi
which allows computers to communicate base station.
documents
suitable for printing,
An editing facility a word to the not enough space for the ,raep/ n
which automatically moves next
line
if
there
is
complete word on the current
line,
sensory peripherals, such as data gloves and
one or more wireless access points (base stations) and various computer
workstation /'wsik.steijan/ n 1 A highperformance computer, typically used for graphics, CAD, software development and scientific applications. 2 Any computer connected to a network.
head-mounted displays, being immersed into an
devices acting as clients.
World Wide Web
Wi-Fi
/,
computer-generated space
in
interacts with artificial objects
computer
simulation. This
is
Wi-Fi /'waifai/ n
which the user through 3-D
done by
which
using
A
to give the feeling of illusionary, yet sensate,
piece of software which
itself to a file. Once you run an infected program, the virus quickly spreads to the system files and other software. Some viruses can
attaches
destroy the contents of hard disks. /, vi3ual 'beisik/ n A high-level programming language, developed by Microsoft
VisualBASIC in in
1
990, used to create graphical user interfaces
Windows
applications.
VoIP /vaip/ n Voice over Internet which allows you to make phone Internet instead of the regular
Protocol, calls
phone
using the
lines,
network devices comply with
wireless specifications.
A
typical
,
wireless VoIP network
spreads through email attachments;
Wii /wi:/ n A video
game
Nintendo, introduced wiki /'wiki:/ n
A
and vice in
versa.
console from
itself
2006.
and sends
a
copy to everyone
collaborative website
WiMAX /' waimasks/ n A technology that
Xbox 360 /.eksbDks ,0ri: 'siksti/ game console from Microsoft.
enables the delivery of wireless broadband
XML /.eksem'el/ n
access as an alternative to cable and ADSL;
Language. While
short for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave
XML allows
Access.
describe data.
Extensible
HTML
files
Windows
Windows XP
2000,
YouTube /' ju:t ju:b/
it
doesn't hold
its
contents without power.
wearable computer /.wearabal kam'pjuita/ n A computer that is worn on the
in a
n
A network of documents
hypertext environment,
that contains links to other
i.e.
documents.
It's
also
and IM n
users upload, view,
2007.
'vista/ It
own
tags to better
services.
A popular website which and share video clips.
nThe new
includes security
new graphical
user interface,
.zip /zip/
system of
wires (cables).
files.
identifies
To decompress them you need
shareware program
a
zoom
a
n An extension that
compressed
and new ways of searching information
that
using text
lets
wired /waiad/ adj Equipped with
lines.
works
a
in
wireframe /,waia'freim/nThe drawing of a model by tracing features like edges or contour
body, or integrated into the user's clothing.
Web /web/
Windows, released improvements,
w
Markup
smartphones.
Windows Vista windauz /,
RAM);
A video
shopping, as well as search engine, internet
Windows Mobile /.windauz 'maobail/ n An operating system used on many PDAs and
(e.g.
n
Yahoo! /jai'hu:/ n A leading web portal, with a mix of news, entertainment and online
language which makes web content accessible via voice and phone. Short for Voice Extensible Markup Language.
Temporary memory
contact
or folders.
operating system
directory, email
'memari/ n
in a
uses pre-defined tags,
us to create our
and Windows Vista.
memory /.vDlatail
that
replicates
scrollable viewing area
from Microsoft that runs on most PCs. The most recent versions are
it
whose
VoiceXML /,vois eksem'el/ n A markup
volatile
program
list.
content can be edited by anyone who has access to it, e.g. WikiWikiWeb, Wikipedia, etc.
Windows /'windaoz/ nThe
digitized text or instructions.
W3:ld waid 'web/ n See
that can switch from the cellular network to a
A mobile phone
'faun/ n
on screen, which can contain
speech, converting spoken words into
/,
Web worm /w3:m/ n A self-copying
phone /,waifai
window /'windau/ n A
voice recognition /,vois rekag'nijan/ n A technology that allows computers to interpret
human
1
Wi-Fi setup contains
world.
virus /'vairas/ n
certifies that
the IEEE 802.1
Alliance,
via
radio waves. Also called wireless access point or
like
WinZip.
/zu:m/ n A tool used to magnify areas of an image when you are doing close, detailed work.
rregular verbs These are the most important irregular verbs. They can be divided into the following groups (A-E):
A
All
Base
three forms the Past simple
same Past
C Past simple = Past participle cont. Translation
Base
Past simple
Past participle
participle
bet
bet
bet
hear
heard
heard
cost
cost
cost
hold
held
held
cut
cut
cut
keep
kept
kept
hi1 MIL
hit Mil
hit MIL
lay
laid
laid
hi IU rfL
1
KU m rfL
lead
led
led
StrL
set
set
learn
learnt
learnt
let
let
let-
leave
left
left
put
put
put
lend
lent
lent
shut
shut
shut
light
lit
lit
spread
spread
spread
lose
lost
lost
read
read /red/
read /red/
make
made
made
mean
meant
meant
meet
met
met
pay
paid
paid
say
said
said
sell
sold
sold
send
sent
sent
shine
shone
shone
shoot
shot
shot
sit
sat
sat
sleep
slept
slept
spend
spent
spent
stand
stood
stood
stick
stuck
stuck
strike
struck
struck
sweep
swept
swept
teach
taught
taught
tell
told
told
think
thought
thought
understand
understood
understooc
win
won
won
U
1
1
r
of
1
L
i
1
1
1
1
B Base = Past simple Base
Past simple
Past
Translation
participle beat
beat
beaten
C Past simple = Past participle Base
Past simple
Past participle
bend
bent
bent
bleed
bled
bled
bring
brought
brought
build
built
built
buy
bought
bought
catch
caught
caught
deal
dealt
dealt
feed
fed
fed
feel
felt
felt
fight
fought
fought
find
found
found
get
got
got
hang
hung
hung
have
had
had
Translation
Translation
D Base = Base
Past participle Past simple
Past
E Translation
All
three forms different cont.
Base
Past simple
participle
Past participle
become
became
become
give
gave
given
come
came
come
go
went
gone
run
ran
run
grow
grew
grown
hide
hid
hidden
know
knew
known
lie
lay
lain
overwrite
overwrote
overwritten
participle
ride
rode
ridden
E All three forms different Base
Past simple
Past
Translation
Translation
arise
arose
arisen
ring
rang
rung
awake
awoke
awoken
rise
rose
risen
be
was/were
been
see
saw
seen
begin
began
begun
shake
shook
shaken
bite
bit
bitten
show
showed
shown
blow
blew
blown
shrink
shrank
shrunk
break
broke
broken
sing
sang
sung
choose
chose
chosen
sink
sank
sunk
do
did
done
speak
spoke
spoken
draw
drew
drawn
steal
stole
stolen
drink
drank
drunk
swear
swore
sworn
drive
drove
driven
swim
swam
swum
eat
ate
eaten
take
took
taken
fall
fell
fallen
tear
tore
torn
fly
flew
flown
throw
threw
thrown
forbid
forbade
forbidden
wake
woke
woken
forget
forgot
forgotten
wear
wore
worn
forgive
forgave
forgiven
withdraw
withdrew
withdrawn
freeze
froze
frozen
write
wrote
written
167
Acronyms and abbreviations ADSL Asymmetric
DVD-/+RW
Digital
Subscriber Line
Rewritable
Al
DVD
Artificial
Intelligence
Digital Versatile Disc-
Digital Versatile Disc or Digital
LAN
Network
Local Area
RSI repetitive strain injury
Laser Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
AIM AOL Instant Messenger ALU Arithmetic Logic Unit
Video Disc
LCD
Liquid-Crystal Display
DVD-R
LISP
LISt
AMD Advanced
Recordable
Micro Devices
ASCII American Standard Code for
Digital Versatile Disc-
DVD-ROM
Digital Versatile Disc-
AT&T American Telephone & company ATA Analogue Telephone Adaptor
DVI
ATM Automated Teller Machine
Programmable
Telegraph
EEPROM
Macintosh computer
SMS Short Message Service SMTP Simple Mail Transfer
MHz Megahertz
SQL Structured Query Lang
ROM
MIDI Musical Instrument
SXGA
Graphics Array)
Million Instructions Per
FTP
Modem
Transfer Protocol
Bcc: Blind carbon (or courtesy)
copy
BIOS
Basic Input/Output
System
MMS Multimedia
megabytes)
MPEG
messages
MOdulator/DEModulator
MP3MPEG-1
GB Gigabyte (1 ,024 GHz Gigahertz
Moving
Protocol / Internet Protocol
TFT Thin
NIC Network Interface Card
GNU Gnu's
NUI Network User
Cc: Carbon (or courtesy)
CCD Charge-Coupled CD Compact Disc
GPS
copy
communication
Conseil Europeen pour
la
Recherche Nucleaire
COBOL COmmon
CSS Cascading
Business-
CU Control
Unit
Style Sheets
CTP Computer To
Plate
Unit
OLE Interface
Hard Disk Drive
HD-DVD
High Definition-Digital
Versatile Disk
HDTV High-definition Television HP Hewlett-Packard
HTML
Hypertext Markup Language Protocol
VDU Visual Display Unit VGA Video Graphics Adapte VoiceXML Voice
pdf portable document format
PAN Personal Area Network PC Personal Computer; 2 Program PCL
Machines
ICT Information and
VoIP Voice over Internet
VRML Virtual
DAW Digital Audio Workstation
IM
PDL Page Description Language PGP Pretty Good Privacy PIN Personal Identification Number
Messaging
png
WAI Web
Accessibility Initiat
WAN Wide Area Network WAP wireless access point
pages per minute
2 Wireless Application Protoc
Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity
WiMAX Worldwide Interope
IP Internet Protocol
DDR Double Data Rate (RAM) DIMM Dual In-line Memory Module
IR Instruction Register
for
IrDA Infrared Data Association
WIMP Window,
DLP
ISP Internet Service Provider
Digital
Multimedia
PPP .ra
IT Information
technology
Broadcasting
Point to Point Protocol
RealAudio
RAM Random RGB
file
Access
JPG
dpi dots per inch
Experts
DTP Desktop Publishing DTTV Digital Terrestrial television DVB-H Digital Video Broadcast-
k
1
2
1
Handheld
KB
(or
kilo,
JPEG) Joint Photographic
Group
Memory
Red, Green, Blue
used to denote
identification
RIM Research a
,024 bytes kilobyte (1,024 bytes)
thousand;
Microwave Access Icon,
Menu
(
mouse) and Pointer
RFID Radio-Frequency
DNS Domain Name System
f
1
portable network graphic
ppm
.wav Windows wave audio
W3 See Web in Glossary
System
Digital-Light processing
Pre
Reality Modelli
Language
Digital Assistant
pixel picture element
DBMS
DMB
Extensible
Language
Markup) Language
Printer Control
PDA Personal
International Business
Instant
VAT Value Added Tax VCR Videocassette Recorder
1
Communications Technologies
Database Management
Programming
Operating System
Counter
I/O Input/Output
IBM
Light-Emitting
(display)
OOP Object Oriented OS
HTTP Hypertext Transfer Hz Hertz
and
URL Uniform Resource Loca USB Universal Serial Bus
Embedding standard Diodes
I
Audio Broadcasting
Microsoft's Object Linking
File Forr
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications Systen
Identifier
Character Recognition
OLED Organic
HDD
ICQ Seek You
DAB Digital
OCR Optical
.
Oriented Language
CPU Central Processing CRT Cathode Ray Tube
GUI Graphical User
Film Transistor (dis
TIFF Tagged Image
Global Positioning System
GSM Global System for Mobile
Devices
cd/m2 Candela per square metre CD-R Compact Disc-Recordable CD-ROM Compact Disc-Read Only Memory CD-RW Compact Disc-Rewritable
CERN
Not UNIX
(1,024 gigabyte
ms millisecond
GIS Geographic Information System Design
Authorizat
TCP/IP Transmission Contrc
Pictures Experts
bps
CAD Computer-Aided
TAN Transaction Number
Group
GIF Graphic Interchange Format
per second
XGA (Extendec
Super
TB Terabyte
Layer-3 Audio
bit binary digit bits
SSL Secure Sockets Layer
MIPS
BBS
File
I
Interface
Second
Board System
Digital
PostScript
FAQ Frequently Asked Questions FORTRAN FORmulaTRANslation
Bulletin
Synchronous Dyn,
MAN Metropolitan Area Network MB Megabyte ,024 kilobytes)
Symbolic Instruction Code
BASIC Beginner's All-purpose
SDRAM
(1
Electrically Erasable
EPS Encapsulated
AVI Audio Video Interface
Summary
SIM (card) Subscriber Idem Module
.mov QuickTime movie
Mac
Video Interface
Digital
Really Simple Syndicati
Rich Site
Random Access Memory
Read Only Memory
Information Interchange
Processing
RSS
WP Word Processing
WWW World Wide Web WYSIWYG What You
See
Is
V
You Get In
Motion
RIP Raster Image Processor
XGA
RISC Reduced Instruction Set
XML Extensible Markup Lane
Computer
ROM rpm
Read Only Memory revolutions per minute
Extended Graphics Arra
WXGA
Wide XGA (Extended
Graphics Array)
