Law of Evidence - Study Notes
CON5EN5S #. IN5/OD
/ELEVANC> AND ADMISSI;ILI5> ADMISSI;ILI 5> OF FAC5S
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ADMISSIONS AND CONFESSIONS
1#*2, 1.
D>IN4 DECLA/A5ION
2*,, :.
E@PE/5 EVIDENCE AND
/ELEVANC> OF CHA/AC5E/ ,*: 2.
FAC5S /E
AND O/AL$DOC
EVIDENCE 2*%, ,.
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WI5NESSES
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IN5/OD
Substntie n- P!ce-ul l8s L8s 67 be -ii-e- int! substntie n- 0!ce-ul l8s. 5he l8s b7 8hich i(hts& -uties n- libilities e -efine- e clle- substntie l8s e.(. I.P.C. 8hich -efines seel !ffences n- ls! l7s -!8n the 0unish6ent f! such !ffences). 5he l8s 8hich 0escibe the 6!-e b7 8hich the 00licti!n !f the substntie l8 is e(ulte- e clle0!ce-ul l8s e.(. C. C.P.C. 5he 0!ce-ul l8s cn be futhe -ii-eint! t8! 0ts 9 fistl7& thee e ules -elin( 8ith i!us 0!ce-ues
t! be f!ll!8e- in c!ut !f l8. Sec!n-l7& thee e ules -elin( 8ith the 6!-e !f the 0!!f !f the eistence ! !the8ise !f i(hts& -uties n- libilities e.(. Ei-ence Act. 5he !b=ect !f ee7 =u-icil inesti(ti!n is enf!ce6ent !f s!6e i(ht ! lib libil ilit it7 7 8hic 8hich h in inib ibl7 l7 -e0e -e0enn-s s u0!n u0!n cet ceti in n fct fcts. s. L8 L8 !f eiei-en ence ce is s7st s7ste6 e6 !f ule ules s f! f! s sce cet ti inin nin( ( the the c! c!nt nt! !e et teeRuesti Ruesti!ns !ns !f fcts fcts in =u-ici =u-icil l inRuii inRuiies. es. 5he 5he subst substnti ntie e l8 6e 6eel el7 7 -efi -efine nes s 8ht 8ht fct fcts s (! t! c! c!ns nsti titu tute te i(h i(htt ! lib libil ilit it7 7. 5he 5he l8 l8 !f ei-ence inRuie int! these fcts it is 0!ce-ul l8 8hich 0!i-es& inte li& h!8 fct is i s t! be 0!e-. 5he l8 !f ei-ence bes the s6e elti!n t! =u-icil inesti(ti!n s l!(icl t! the es!nin(. H!8ee& thee e li6itti!ns !n the fee 0!cess !f es!nin( in the f!6 !f cetin ules ! 0inci0les. 5he l8 !f ei-ence is .s7ste6 !f ules 8hich c!ut hs t! f!ll!8. 5he l8 !f ei-ence is bsicll7 0!ce-ul n- -!es n!t ffect substntie i(ht !f 0ties. H!8ee& it hs hee n- thee !et!nes !f substntie l8. F! e60le& the l8 !f est!00el cn -efet 6ns i(ht. It shuts his 6!uth. It 8!ul- n!t 0e6it 0e6it hi6 t! s0e' s0e' !f
his i(hts.
/!le !f l8 !f ei-ence in Ciil$Ci6inl 0!cee-in(s 5he ules !f l8 !f ei-ence f! ciil n- ci6inl cses e& in (enel& the s6e e.(. the 6eth!- !f 0!in( tht 0ticul 0es!n is -e- in es0 es0ec ectt !f cii ciill c cse se 0e 0es! s!n n ee eecuti cutin( n( the the 8ill 8ill -ie-ie- ! n!t n!t !n 0ticul -te) ! ci6inl cse 0es!n ch(e- 8ith 6u-e). ;ut& thee e cetin secti!ns !f Ei-ence Act 8hich 00l7 !nl7 t! the ciil cses e.(. Ss.##: *##, -elin( 8ith est!00el) n- s!6e !nl7 t! the ci6inl cses e.(. Ss. "1*?+ -elin( 8ith c!nfessi!ns).
" LAW OF EVIDENCE 5he 6eth!- !f 0!in( i.e. bu-en !f 0!!f is !n the 0!secuti!n $ 0lintiff) is s6e in b!th& but thee is 6'e- -iffeence s t! the effect !f ei-ence ! 8ei(ht !f ei-ence) in ciil n- ci6inl cses. 5hee e 6'e- iti!ns in stn--s !f 0!!f in ciil n- ci6inl cses -iscusse- lte). L8 !f Ei-ence in In-i 5he 8!- ei-ence is -eie- f!6 the Ltin 8!- ei-ent ! ei-ee& 8hich 8hich 6ens 6ens t! sh!8 sh!8 clel clel7 7& t! -isc! -isc!e e clel clel7 7& t! scet scetin in&& t! 0! 0!e e. 5he 5he !b=e !b=ect ct !f ule ules s !f eiei-en ence ce is t! hel0 hel0 the the c! c!u uts ts t! sce s cet ti in n the the tut tuth& h& t! 0e 0een entt 0!t 0!t ct ctee- inRu inRui iie ies& s& nn- t! !i !ic!nfusi!n in the 6in-s !f =u-(es& 8hich 67 esult f!6 the -6issi!n !f ei-ence in ecess. 5hus& the In-in Ei-ence Act& #," 8s 0sse8ith 8ith the 6 6in in !b=ect !b=ect !f 0ee 0eenti ntin( n( in-isci0 in-isci0lin line e in the -6iss -6issi!n i!n !f ei-ence b7 enctin( c!ect n- unif!6 ule !f 0ctice. 5hee e thee 6in 0inci0les 8hich un-elie the l8 !f ei-ence 9*i) Ei-en Ei-ence ce 6ust 6ust be c!nf c!nfine ine- t! the the 6t 6tte tes s in issu issue. e. ii) ii)
Hes Hes7 7
ei-ence 6ust n!t be -6itte-. iii)
5he best ei-ence 6ust be (ien in ll cses.
5he In-in Ei-ence Act& #," is 6inl7 bse- !n the En(lish l8 !f ei-ence. 5he Act is n!t ehustie& i.e. it -!es n!t 0u0!t t! c!ntin ll the ules !f ei-ence. F! the inte0etti!n !f the secti!ns !f the Act& the c!uts cn l!!' t! the elent En(lish c!66!n l8. H!8ee& the the c! c!u uts ts c cnn nn!t !t i6 i60! 0!t t n7 n7 0in 0inci ci0l 0le e !f En(l En(lis ish h l8 l8 8hic 8hich h is inc!nsistent 8ith 8ht is li- -!8n b7 the Act. 5he In-in Ei-ence Act is -ii-e- int! thee 6in 0ts TSche6e !f the Act) 9
i)
/ele /elen nc7 c7 !f Fc Fcts ts 8ht 8ht fcts fcts 67 67 nn- 67 67 n!t be be 0!e 0!e-) -)
*Sees. 2*::. ii)
G
M!-e M!-e !f P!!f P!!f h!8 h!8 e e the the ele elen ntt fcts fcts t! be 0! 0!e-& e-& etc.) etc.)
*Sees. :2*##,. iii)
P!-ucti!n nn- Effect !f Ei-ence b7 8h!6 n- in 8ht 6nne
6ust the ei-ence be 0!-uce-) * Sees. ##*#2,. 5he 0!isi!ns !f the In-in Ei-ence Act e inten-e- t! se0te the (in f!6 the chff& n- secue f! the c!nsi-eti!n !f the c!ut the best ei-ence. Citicis6 !f l8 !f ei-ence A cucil Ruesti!n is 9 D!es this elb!tel7 f6e- c!-e !f l8 !f ei-ence (ie n7 ssistnce t! the =u-(e& 8hethe n- h!8 f he !u(htN5/OD
t+
beli belie ee e 8ht 8ht the the 8itn 8itnes ess s s s7 7 U 5he 5he ns8 ns8e e is =u-( =u-(e e c cnn nn!t !t
bs!lutel7 el7 !n the ules !f ei-ence. N! ule !f ei-ence cn (ui-e the =u-(e !n the fun-6entl Ruesti!n !f 8hethe ei-ence s t! elent fct sh!ul- be beliee- ! n!t nf beliee- 8ht infeence t! be -8n f!6 it s t! the 6in fct. A(in& the ules !f ei-ence e n!t ules !f l!(ic * the7 th!8 n! li(ht t ll !n futhe Ruesti!n !f eRul i60!tnce t! the !ne fist stte-. /ules /ules !f ei-ence e tificil. tificil. 5he best (ui-e !f =u-(e !n Ruesti!n Ruesti!n =S his !8n c!66!n sense n- e0eience !f hu6n nt<e* A 0es!n i(n!nt !f th!se ules 67 (ie 6uch bette ns8e thQn =u-(e. O8in( t! the -ifficult7 n- bstuseness !f the -!ctines 0!0!un-e-& the c!uts e less e(e t! entetin n- the l87es e -iffi-ent t! u(e u(e&& the the Rues Ruesti ti!n !ns s !f l8 l8 !f eiei-en ence ce 8hic 8hich h eRu eRui ies es cl!s cl!se e nnciticl stu-7 !f the 0!isi!ns !f Ei-ence Act.
It is su((este- tht the ules !f ei-ence sh!ul- n!t b+ 0e-ntic n! sh!ul- -isceti!n be t!! 8i-e. A00licti!n !f the In-in Ei-ence Act& #," 5he 5he Ac Actt 00li 00lies es t! ll ll =u-i =u-ici cil l 0!c 0!cee ee-i -in( n(s s in ! bef! bef!e e n7 n7 c! c!un un&& inclu-in( c!uts*6til ece0t un-e the A67 Act& Nl Disci0line Act n- Ai F!ce Act)& but n!t t! ffi-its 0esente- t! n7 cut ! !ffice& !ffice& n! t! 0!cee-in(s 0 !cee-in(s bef!e n7 bitt! Sec. #). 5he l8 !f ei-ence is the le f!i 8hich (!ens the c!uts 8hethe 8itness is c!60etent ! n!t 8hethe cetin ei-ence 0!es fct ! n!t tht is t! be -ete6ine- b7 the l8 !f the c!unt7 8hee the Ruesti!n ises& 8hee the e6e-7 is s!u(ht t! be enf!ce- n- 8hee the c!ut sits t! enf!ce it. 5hus& l8 !f ei-ence is the l8 !f the f!u6 ! c!ut) ! the le f!i. F! the 0u0!ses !f the Ei-ence Act& n inRui7 is =u-icil if it is un-e n !bli(ti!n t! t'e ei-ence f!6 b!th si-es& t! hQ b!th si-es nthen t! f!6ulte =u-(6ent b7 the use !f -isceti!n. Such n inRui7 is -iffeent f!6 fct*fin-in( inRui7 in 8hich !nl7 -isc!ee- fcts he t! be ec!-e- n- thee is t! be n! use !f -isceti!n& i.e.& t -6inisttie inRui7. 5he Act -!es n!t 00l7 t! ffi-its becuse the -e0!nents sseti!n !f fcts !n the bsis !f his 0es!nl 'n!8le-(e -!es n!t c!nstitute ei-ence. Futhe& bitt!s he t! f!ll!8 the 0inci0les !f ntul =ustice but the7 e n!t b!un- b7 the l8 !f ei-ence Munic. P!0n. Delhi J(n Nth Ash!' Ku6 M/ #%, SC "?#2). Still futhe& the EiEi-en ence ce Ac Actt hs hs n! 00l 00lic ict ti! i!n n t! enRu enRui iie ies s c! c!nn-uc ucte te- b7 the the tib tibun unl ls& s& een een th!u th!u(h (h the7 the7 6 67 7 be =u-i =u-ici ci l in ch ch cte cte such such tibunls f!ll!8s ules !f ntul =ustice.# =ustice.# LAW OF EVIDENCE IMPO/5AN5 DEFINI5IONS
Ei-ence# Sec.?) Ei-ence 6ens n- inclu-es * #)
ll stte6en stte6ents ts 8hich the c!ut 0e6its 0e6its ! eRuies eRuies t! be 6-e
bef!e it b7 8itnesses& in elti!n t! 6ttes !f fct un-e inRui7 !l ei-ence). ") ")
ll ll -!cu -!cu6e 6ent nts s 0!0!-uc ucee- f! f! the the
ins0 ins0ec ecti ti!n !n !f the the c! c!u utt
-!cu6ent7 ei-ence) 5his is n!t el -efiniti!n !f the te6 ei-ence& but is the stte6ent !f 8ht the te6 ei-ence inclu-es. 5he 8!- ei-ence i60lies the stte !f bein( ei-ent i.e. 0lin& 00ent ! n!t!i!us but it is 00lie- t! tht 8hich ten-s t! en-e ei-ence ! (enete 0!!f !f fct. 5he te6 ei-ence 6ens n7thin( b7 8hich the lle(e6tte ! fct is eithe estblishe- ! -is0!e-. An7thin( tht 6'es the thin( in Ruesti!n ei-ent t! the c!ut is ei-ence. F! e60le& 8hee the Ruesti!n is 8hethe n e0l!si!n t!!' 0lce bef!e fie !ccue-. 5he n!ise !f the e0l!si!n n- its flsh e ei-ence !f it. Pes!ns 8h! s8 the flsh ! he- the n!ise cn (ie ei-ence !f the fct !f the e0l!si!n. If the h00enin( !f fct is ec!-e- !n n7thin( 0t f!6 hu6n 6e6!7& tht ec!- is ls! n ei-ence !f the h00enin(. 5he -efiniti!n s (ien hee inclu-es !nl7 t8! 'in-s !f ei-ence& i.e.& stte6ents !f 8itnesses n- -!cu6ents. ;ut this -!es n!t 6en tht thee cnn!t be n7 !the 'in- !f ei-ence. F! e60le& 8hen the =u-(e ins0ects the scene !f !ccuence n- -8s cht !f it& tht is ls! n ei-ence th!u(h it is neithe n !l stte6ent !f 8itness n! -!cu6ent 0!-uce- b7 the 0ties. ;ut in 87 it is -!cu6ent. 5he c!nfessi!n !f n ccuse- 0es!n is n!t ei-ence in the !-in7 sense !f the te6& s -efine- in this secti!n s n!t t'en !n !th nn!t n!t sub= sub=ec ectt t! c!s c!ss* s*e e6 6in int ti! i!n) n) th!u th!u(h (h it hs hs t! be (ien (ien -ue -ue
c!nsi-eti!n in -eci-in( the cse. Si6ill7& the c!nfessi!n !f c!* ccuse- hs t! be e(-e- s 6!untin( t! ei-ence in (ene87 (ene87& bec becuse
8htee
ci cicu6 cu6st stnce nces
is
8hich hich
c!nsi-e i-ee-
b7
e c! c!ns nsii-e -ee-
the
c!ut
b7 the c! c!u utt
is
ei-ence ce s
8ell
s
0!bbilities -! 6!unt t! ei-ence in tht (eneic sense Hichn Ku6i Stte !f ;ih& AI/ #%21 SC ##1). Si6il Si6ill7 l7&& stte6 stte6ent ents s !f 0tie 0ties s 8hen 8hen e6 e6ine ine- !the8 !the8ise ise thn thn s 8itn 8itnes esse ses& s& 6 6te tei il l !b=e !b=ect cts s !the !the thn thn -!cu -!cu6e 6ent nts& s& etc. etc. e e n!t n!t ei-ence cc!-in( t! the -efiniti!n (ien in Sec. ?& but these e 6ttes 8hich the c!ut 67 le(iti6tel7 c!nsi-e. 5he -efiniti!n (ien in Sec. Sec. ? is& is& h!8e h!8ee e& eh ehus usti tie e in the the =ens =ense e tht tht ee ee7 7 'in'in- !f ei-ence cn ulti6tel7 be e-uce- eithe t! the cte(!7 !f !l ! -!cu6ent7 ei-ence. #. Wite sh!t n!te !n Definiti!n !f Ei-ence. XL.C. #*%1$%:Yf IN5/OD
Diect Diect ei-en ei-ence ce * It is the the testi6 testi6!n7 !n7 !f the the 8itnesses 8itnesses s t! the
0inci0l fct t! be 0!e-& e.(. the ei-ence !f 0es!n 8h! s7s tht he s8 the c!66issi!n !f the ct 8hich c!nstitutes the lle(e- ci6e. It ls! inclu-es the 0!-ucti!n !f n !i(inl -!cu6ent.
It 6ens n7 fct 8hich 8ith!ut the inteenti!n !f n7 !the fct 0!es the eistence !f fct in issue. 5he fct !f 6i(e& f! e60le& bet8een cetin 0es!ns 67 be 0!e- b7 0!-ucin( the 8e-8e--in( in( 0h!t 0h!t!( !( 0h 0hs. s. Die Diect ct ei-e ei-enc nce e is (ene (ene ll7 ll7 !f su0e su0ei i! ! c!(enc7 its (etest -nt(e is tht thee is !nl7 !ne s!uce !f e!& n6el7& fllibilit7 !f testi6!n7. ")
Cicu6stntil ei-enceQ* It is the testi6!n7 !f 8itness t!
!the elent fcts f!6 8hich the fct in issue 67 be infee-. In cses bse- !n cicu6stntil ei-ence& such ei-ence sh!ul- be s! st!n( s t! 0!int un6ist'bl7 t! the (uilt !f the ccuse-. In Stte !f <./ <. / /i /inn- P' P's sh h Mitt Mittl l Al/ Al/ #%%" #%%" SC "+1: "+1:)) the the c! c!u utt lili-!8n 9 i)
5he cicu6 cicu6stnc stnces es f!6 f!6 8hich 8hich the the c!nclusi! c!nclusi!n n is -8 -8n n sh!ulsh!ul- be
full7 estblishe-. ii)
5he cicu6stnces sh!ul- be c!nclusie in ntue.
iii) All the fcts s! estblishe- sh!ul- be c!nsistent !nl7 8ith the h70!thesis !f (uilt n- inc!nsistent 8ith inn!cence !f the ccuse-. i) i) 5he 5he cic cicu6 u6st stn nce ces s sh!u sh!ull-&& t! 6! 6! ll cet ceti int nt7 7& ecl ecluu-e e the the 0!ssibilit7 !f (uilt !f n7 0es!n !the thn the ccuse-. 5hus& thee 6ust be chin !f ei-ence s! c!60lete s n!t t! lee n7 es!nble (!un- f! c!nclusi!n c!nsistent 8ith the inn!cence !f the ccuse- n- it 6ust be such s t! sh!8 tht& 8ithin ll hu6n 0!bbilit7& the ct 6ust he been -!ne b7 the ccuse- Hnu6nt 4!in- N(un-' Stte !f M.P. AI/ #%:" SC .?1?). S!6eti6es the fcts h00en su--enl7 n- -! n!t lee behin- 6uch -iect ei-ence. In such cses the 6in eent 8ill he t! be ZG■ ". Wite sh!t n!te !n Cicu6stntil ei-ence. XLC.I*%2[LAW OF EVIDENCE
2 inst instuctecte- bef! bef!e
the c! c!u utt
8it 8ith
the the
hel0 hel0 !f
the the
su su!u !unn-in in( (
Qcu Qcu6 6st stnces nces such such s the the cuse use ! the effec ffects ts !f the the eent ent.. Cicu Cicu6s 6st tnc nces es s! s!6e 6eti ti6e 6es s s0e' s0e' s f!c f!cef eful ull7 l7 s -!es -!es the the -ie -iect ct ei-ence. F! e60le& thee is Ruite little ill(e t!uche- b7 !8hich en-s thee. Occsi!nll7 -ie 8h! bel!n(s t! the ill(e c!6es thee 8ith his l!7 f! ni(ht ests. 5he ni(ht !n 8hich the tuc' c6e& 6n !f the ill(e 8s f!un- l7in( -e- b7 the !-*si-e. 5he 0!siti!n !f his b!-7 n- the ntue !f in=uies lee !n -!ubt tht he 8s -((e- b7 ehicle f! little -istnce n- then !ne 8heel n !e hi6. 5hee 8s n! -ust st!6& in ! 6ist t! !bstuct isibilit7. F!6 these cicu6st cicu6stnces nces cetin fcts 67 es!nbl es!nbl7 7 be infeeinfeen- 6n7 !thes cn be sfel7 0esu6e- s 6tte !f 0!bbilit7. 5he fcts tell the st!7 be7!n- sh-!8 !f -!ubt tht it is the 8!' !f the ill(e l!7 n- tht it 6ust he been ne(li(entl7 hn-leWhee the cicu6stntil ei-ence !nl7 sh!8e- tht the ccuse- n-ecese- 8ee seen t!(ethe the 0ei!us ni(ht& it 8s hel- t! be n!t sufficient Pe6 5h'u Stte !f Pun=b AI/ #%? SC 112). 5he Kel Hi(h C!ut hs ecentl7 !bsee- tht& in 6u-e cse& =ust becuse becuse the -!ct! -!ct! c!n-uctin( c!n-uctin( the ut!0s7 is n!t in 0!siti!n t! (ie -efinite !0ini!n e(-in( the cuse !f -eth& the c!ut -!es n!t bec!6e hel0less. It cn still c!nict the ccuse- !n the bsis !f !the cicu6stntil ei-ence Stte Mni& #%%" C LJ #2"). In L6n Ni' Ni' Stt Stte e !f Ois Oiss s AI/ AI/ #%%: #%%: SC #?, #?,)& )& the the c! c!n nic icti ti!n !n nnsentence !f -eth sustine- !n the bsis !f cicu6stntil ei-ence sh!8in( n unb!'en n- c!60lete chin !f eents le-in( t! the 0e nn- 6u6u-e e !f se seen 7e 7e*! *!ll- -u( -u(ht hte e !f the the b!t b!the he !f the the ccuse-.
/el ei-ence * It efes t! n7 6tte 8hich the c!ut 0eceies
itself e.(. tht 6n stn-in( bef!e =u-(e hs (!t sc !n his fce& !b=ects li'e 6u-e 8e0!n& bl!!-*stine- cl!thes& 0h!t!(0hs& etc. 1)
Hes7 Hes7 ei-ence ei-ence *It is ls! clleclle- -eiti -eitie e ! sec!n-*hn sec!n-*hn-
ei-ence. It is the testi6!n7 !f 8itness s t! stte6ents 6-e !ut !f c!ut 8hich e !ffee- s ei-ence !f thei !8n tuth. 5hus& As ei-en ei-ence ce tht tht A hehe- tht tht 6u-e 6u-e h- t'en t'en 0lce 0lce is he hes7 s7 ei-ence. :)
Pi67 ei-ence * It 6ens the best ! !i(inl ei-ence.
2)
Sec!n-7 ei-ence * It is n in-iect ei-ence.
,)
Ol ei-ence.
)
D!cu6ent7 ei-ence.
6[ IIN5/OD
C!nc C!nclu lusi sie e eiei-en ence ce * Whe Whee e the the c!n c!nne nect cti! i!n n bet8 bet8ee een n the the
0inci0l n- ei-enti7 fct is necess7 c!nclusi!n. Fct Sec.?) Fct Fct 6ens n- inclu-es * #)
n7thin(& stte !f thin(s& ! elti!n !f thin(s& c0ble !f bein(
0eceie- b7 senses& ") ")
n7 n7 6e 6ent ntl l c! c!nn-it iti! i!n n !f !f 8hic 8hich h n7 n7 0es 0es!n !n is c! c!ns nsci ci!u !us. s.
Illustti!ns )
5ht thee e cetin cetin thin(s n(e n(e- in cetin cetin !-e !-e in
cetin 0lce& is fct.
b)
5ht 6n he- ! s8 s!6ethin(& is fct.
c)
5ht 6n si- cetin 8!-s& is fct.
-)
5ht 6n h!l-s cetin !0ini!n& hs cetin intenti!n& cts
in (!!- fith& ! fu-ulentl7& ! uses 0ticul 8!- in 0ticul sens sense& e& ! is ! 8s 8s t s0ecif s0ecifie ie- ti6e ti6e c! c!ns nsci! ci!us us !f 0t 0ticu icul l sensti!n& is fct. e)
5ht 6n hs cetin e0utti!n& is fct.
L8 hs n!t 6eel7 t! -el 8ith thin(s 0h7sicll7 but ls! 8ith thin(s f 8hich e s! hi--en s t! be be7!n- 0h7sicl !bseti!n& such s& I stte ! c!n-iti!n !f 0es!ns 6in-. 5hus& intenti!n& fu-& (!!fith& ne(li(ence& etc. e fcts. It hs been si- tht stte !f 6ns 6inis i s 6uch fct s the stte !f his -i(esti!n. 5he stte !f 0es!ns helth is fct. 5he 0s7ch!l!(icl fcts cn !nl7 be 0!e- b7 cicu6stntil i ei-ence. 5he fct s!u(ht s!u(ht t! be 0!e- Tfctu6 0!bn-u6) 0!bn-u6) is clleclle- 0inci0l 0inci0l ffcts& the fcts 8hich le- t! estblish it e clle- ei-enti7 fcts Tfctu6 0!bns). Pcts in Issue? Sec.?) Fcts in issue 6ens n- inclu-es * #) n7 ct f!6 8hich eithe b7 itself ! in c!nnecti!n 8ith !the fcts& the eistence& n!n*eistence& ntue ! etent !f n7 i(ht& libilit7 ! -isbilit7& ssete- ! -eniein n7 suit ! 0!cee-in(& 0 !cee-in(& necessil7 f!ll!8s& ") n7 fct ssete- ! -enie- in ns8e t! n issue !f fct ec!-e- ui-e.the Ciil P!ce-ue C!-e. Fct Fcts s 8hich 8hich e e in -is0 -is0ut ute e e e fct fcts s in issu issue. e. Ei-e Ei-enc nce e bec! bec!6e 6es s nece necess ss7 7 !nl7 !nl7 in efe efee enc nce e t! fct fcts s 8hic 8hich h e e in c! c!nt nt! !e es s7 7 ! -is0ute een the 0ties. Futhe& the fct sh!ul- be such tht the
Ruesti!n !f libilit7 sh!ul- -e0en- u0!n it. 5he f!ll!8in( illustti!n 6'e cle the J!int 9* ?. Wite sh!t n!te !n Fcts In issue. XLC.I*%1$%:
LC.II*%1$%:[!
LAW OF EVIDENCE A is ccuse- !f the 6u-e !f ;. At his til the f!ll!8in( fcts 67 be in issue * tht A cuse- ;s -eth tht A inten-e- t! cuse ;s -eth tht A h- eceie- (e n- su--en 0!!cti!n f!6 ; tht A t the ti6e !f -!in(*tht ct 8hich cuse- ;s -eth& 8s& b7 es!n !f uns!un-ness !f 6in- inc0ble i nc0ble !f 'n!8in( its ntue. 5hus 5hus&& ee ee7 7 fct fct 8hic 8hich h 0li 0lint ntif ifff 6ust 6ust 0! 0!e e in !-e !-e t! (et (et n -=u-icti!n in his f!u& ! 8hich -efen-nt 67 0!e t! -efet the suit& bec!6es fct in issue. Fcts in issue 8ill -e0en- u0!n the 0!is 0!isi!n i!ns s !f the subst substnti ntie e l8 00lic 00licbl ble e t! the !ffenc !ffence. e. If& If& f! e e60le 0le& the the cti! cti!n n is f! f! the t!t t!t !f ne(l ne(li( i(en ence ce&& such such !f the the in(e-ients in(e-ients !f libilit7 libilit7 f! ne(li(ence 8hfch e in -is0ute -is0ute shll be the fcts in issue. If the 0lintiff lle(es tht the -efen-nt 8s un-e -ut7 !f ce t!8-s hi6 n- the -efen-nt -enies the fct& this fct 8ill be fct in issue bet8een the 0ties. 5hus& fcts in issue -e0en- u0!n the in(e-ients !f the !ffence n- the stte !f the 0ties 0le-in(s. A fct in issue is clle- the 0inci0l fct ! fctu6 0!bn-u6. In ci6inl 6ttes& the lle(ti!ns in the ch(e*sheet c!nstitute the fcts in issue. In ciil 6ttes& the 0!cess !f scetinin( fcts in issue is 'n!8n s f6in( issues. Whtee be the fcts in issue& thee eistence hs t! be 0!e0 !e- t! the sti s tisf sfc cti ti!n !n !f the the c! c!u utt bef! bef!e e the the c! c!u utt c cn n be c cll llee- u0!n u0!n t! 0!n!unce =u-(e6ent !n the bsis !f th!se fcts. /elent fcts 1 Sec.?)
One fct is si- t! be elen elentt t! n!the n!the 8hen the !ne is c!nnectec!nnecte8ith the !the in n7 !f the 87s efee- t! in the 0!isi!ns !f this Act eltin( t! the elenc7 !f fcts& iB. i) i)
fct fcts s l!(ic l!(icl ll7 l7 c!nn c!nnec ecte te- 8ith 8ith fcts fcts in issu issue e Ss. Ss. :*#2) :*#2)&& ii) ii)
-6issi!ns -6issi!ns n- c!nfessi!ns c!nfessi!ns Ss. #,*?#)& #,*?#)& iii) 8itnesses 8itnesses Ss. Ss. ?"*?? ?"*??)& )& i) i) Ss. ?1*?,)& )
stte6en stte6ents ts b7 n!n*
stte6ent stte6ents s un-e un-e s0ecil s0ecil cicu6 cicu6stnc stnces es
=u-(e6ent in !the cses Ss. 1+*11)& i)
!f thi- 0es!ns Ss. 1:*:#)&
!0ini!ns
ii) ei-ence s t! chcte Ss. :"*::). It is t! be n!te- tht the secti!n -!es n!t -efine the te6 elent. /the& it si60l7 in-ictes 8hen !ne fct bec!6es elent t! n!the. N!6ll7& fcts elent t! n issue e th!se fcts 8hich e necess7 f! 0!!f ! -is0!!f !f fct fct in issue. issue. 5hus& 5hus& ele elent nt fcts fcts ! ei-en ei-enti ti7 7 fcts) fcts) ! fctu fctu6 6 0!b 0!bn ns s e e th!s th!se e 8hic 8hich h e e c c0 0bl ble e !f ff! ff!-in in( ( es es!n !nb ble le 0esu60ti!n s t! eithe the fcts in issue ! the 0inci0l IN5/OD
ISS
but e f!un-ti!ns !f infeences e(-in( the6. F! F! e60l e60le& e& 8hen 8hen A is ccuseccuse- !f the 6u-e 6u-e !f ;& the
fcts e * A h- 6!tie 6!tie n- !00!tunit !00!tunit7 7 t! 'ill ;& he h
QQ Q
0e0ti!ns b7 bu7in( 'nife& etc.& ! fte the 6u-e he W+G : unnin( 8ith bl!!-*stine- 'nife in hn-. /ele /elenc7 nc7 i60lies elti!nsh elti!nshi0 i0 n- such elti!nshi0 elti!nshi0 8ith the G] Q issue issue s c! c!n nin ince ces s ! hs hs tenten-en enc7 c7 t! c! c!n nin ince ce the the =u-( =u-(e e
S 6stn
t
eistence ! !the8ise !f the fcts in issue. 5he 8!- elent 6eQ n7 t8! fcts t! 8hich it is 00lie- e s! elte- t! ech !tn Q Q cc!-in( t! the c!66!n c!use !f eents !ne t'en b7 its+ c!nnecti!n 8ith !the fcts 0!es ! en-es 0!bble the
e s
!
GUence =s
n!n* n!n*e eist isten ence ce !f the the !the !the. It 6 67 7 be n!te n!te- tht tht cic cicu6 u6st stn nti til l eicl
&hu6n ei-ence tht eltes t! fcts& !the thn th!se in issue& 8hich
b7 QQ Q e0eience& he been f!un- t! be s! ss!cite- 8ith the fct in is the ltte ltte 6 67 7 be es!n es!nbl bl7 7 infe infeee- theef theef!6 !6.. D!c D!cu6e u6ent nt: Sec.?) 5he te6 -!cu6enf -!cu6enf 6ens 6ens n7 6tte 6tte e0essee0esse- ! -escib -escib
Q
n7 substnce b7 6ens !f lettes& fi(ues ! 6's& !f b7 6!e tnQ! tXie
!f th!s th!se e 6e 6en ns& s& inte intenn-ee- t! be useuse-&& ! 8hic 8hich h 6 67 7 be useuse-&&
0u0!se !f ec!-in( tht 6tte. 6tte. Illustti!ns * i) A 8itin(& ii) 8!-s 0inte-& lith!(0he- ! 0h!t!+D e
Q iii) 60 ! 0ln& i) n insci0ti!n !n 6etl 0lte ! st!ne& #
i cictue * e ll -!cu6ents. 5his -efiniti!n !f the 8!- -!cu6ent is si6il t! the !ne in the In-in In-in Penl Penl C!-e. C!-e. Ste0he Ste0hen n -efine -efines s -!cu6 -!cu6ent ent# s n n7 su* su* Q hin( n7 6ttes e0esse- ! -escibe- u0!n it b7 6's
c
Q
!f
he
bein( e-. 5hus& lettes i60inte- !n tees s ei-ence tht fG been 0sse- b7 the F!est /n(e e -!cu6ents. In /. D D7e 7e&& the the te6 te6 -!c -!cu6 u6en entt# 8s 8s -efine -efine- s n7 n7 0intin( 0intin( c0 c 0ble ble !f bein bein( ( 6 6-e -e ei-e ei-enc nce& e& n! 6 6tt tte e ^n 8ht 6 67 be inscibe-. 5hus& the 8!!-en sc!es !n 8hich b'es ! in-icte b7 n!tc n!tche hes s the the nu6b nu6be e !f l! l!es es !f be be- ! Ru Ruts ts !f 6i 6il' l' t! thei thei cust cust!6 !6e es s e e ls! ls! -!cu -!cu6e 6ent nts s * s 6uch 6uch
s
6!e
_
c!60uteise-
6eth!-s !f 'ee0in( cc!unts. P!e- Sec.?) See un-e the uesti!ns secti!n. IMPO/5 IMPO/5AN5 AN5 5OPICS$ 5OPICS$ILL
* E0l E0li in n the the te6 te6 D!c D!cu6 u6en ent t..
Dis0!e-& n- N!t 0!e-
e
) ) E0l E0li in n the the te6 te6s s P! P!e e-#&
#+
LAW OF
EVIDENCE A fct is si- t! be 0!e- 8hen& fte c!nsi-ein( the 6ttes bef!e it& the c!ut eithe beliees it t! eist& ! c!nsi-es its eistence s! 0!bble tht 0u-ent 6n !u(ht& un-e the cicu6stnces !f the 0ticul cse& t! ct u0!n the su00!siti!n tht it -!es eists. A fct is si- t! be -is0!e- 8hen& fte c!nsi-ein( the 6ttes bef!e it& the c!ut eithe beliee- tht it -!es n!t eist& ! c!nsi-es its n!n*eistence s! 0!bble tht 0u-ent 6n !u(ht& un-e the cicu6stnces !f the 0ticul cse& t! ct u0!n the su00!siti!n tht it -!es n!t eist. A fct fct is s sii- t! be n!t n!t 0! 0!ee- 8hen 8hen it is neit neithe he 0! 0!ee- n! n! -is0!e-. 5hese 0!isi!ns !f the Act -el 8ith the -e(ee ! stn-- !f 0!!f. 5hese e the !nl7 0!isi!ns tht -el 8ith the 6tte. It 67 be n!te- tht the 8!- 6ttes n- n!t the te6 ei-ence) is use- in the -efiniti!n !f the te6 0!e- n- -is0!e-. F! instnce& fct 67 be !ll7 -6itte- in C!ut such n -6issi!n 8!ul- n!t c!6e 8ithin the -efiniti!n !f te6 ei-ence& 7et it is 6tte 8hich the c!ut& bef!e 8h!6 the -6issi!n 8s 6-e& 8!ul- he t! t'e int! c!nsi-eti!n& in !-e t! -ete6ine 8hethe the 0ticul fct 8s 0!e- ! n!t 0!e-. It is becuse !f the use !f this 8i-e te6 tht c!ut cn ttch -ue 8ei(ht t! the -e6en!u !f 8itness& i.e.& the 6tte in 8hich he (ies ei-ence in the c!ut. In Stte !f Mhsht M-. >'ut AI/ #%+ SC ####)& it 8s 0!inte- tht the 8!8!- 0! 0!e e- - -!es -!es n!t n!t - -8 n7 n7 -ist -istin inct cti! i!n n bet8 bet8ee een n -ie -iect ct ! cicu6stntil ei-ence.
Wht n- h!8 6uch 0!!f is necess7 t! c!nince the =u-(e !f the eis eisttence ence !f fct fct in issu issue eU 5he 5he ns8e s8e -e0e -e0enn-s s u0!n 0!n 6n7 cicu6stnces s -iffeent stn--s !f 0!!f e -e6n-e- in ciil n- ci6inl cses. In ciil cses& 6tte is t'en t! be 0!e- 8hen the blnce !f 0!bbilit7 su((ests it& but in ci6inl cses the c!ut eRuies 0!!f be7!n- es!nble -!ubt. P!! P!!ff -!es -!es n!t n!t 6e 6en n 0!! 0!!ff !f i(i i(i- 6 6th the6 e6t tic icl l -e6! -e6!ns nst tt ti! i!n n bs bs!l !lut ute e cet ceti int nt7 7 ! c ccu cu c7 c7 !f stt stte6 e6en ents ts)& )& bec becus use e tht tht is i60!ssible it 6ust 6en such ei-ence such -e(ee !f 0!bbilit7) s 8!ul 8!ul- in-u in-uce ce es es!n !nb ble le 6 6n n t! c! c!6e 6e t! the the c! c!nc nclu lusi si!n !n.. Sus0ici!n cShn!t t'e the 0lce !f 0!!f& n! 6!l belief !f the =u-(e in the (uilt !f the ccuse-. 5he se !f sus0ici!n hs n! sh!e n- the c!ut tht e6b's u0!n it is 8ith!ut u--e n- c!60ss. In ;bu- Stte !f /=sthn AI/ #%%" SC "+%#)& it 8s hel- the ccuse- n!t t! be c!nicte- !f theft 8hee thee 8s n!thin( t! sh!8 his 0esence in the h!use f!6 8hee the ticles C!nt-....) b) Wite Wite sh!t sh!t n!te n!te !n StnStn--$De $De(e (ee e !f 0!!f 0!!f in es0ec es0ectt !f ciil$ci6inl
0!cee-in(s.
XLCI
*%1$%:YIN5/OD
.
H
su00!se- t! he been st!len f!6 e6!e-& the !nl7 ei-ence bein( ec!e7 !ne n- hlf 6!nths t lte f!6 the 0es!n t! 8h!6 &&lhe ticles 8ee lle(e-l7 s!l-& c!nicti!n n!t t! be bse- u0!n sus0ici!n. b) b)
Stn Stn- --$D $De( e(e ee e !f 0! 0!!f !f in in es0e es0ect ct !f !f cii ciill nn- ci6 ci66 6ll
0!cee-in(s 5he Ei-ence Act 6'es n! -istincti!n bet8een the -e(ee !f 0!!f ! 0!bb 0!bbili ilit7 t7 eRuisi eRuisite te f! ci6in ci6inl l s -istin -istin(ui (uishe she- f!6 f!6 ciil ciil cses. cses. H!8e H!8ee e&& s e6 e6'e 'e- b7 ;est ;est in his b!!' b!!' !n Ei-en Ei-ence& ce& 5hee 5hee is
6'e- -iffeence s t! the effect& i.e. 0!btie f!ce !f ei-ence& in ciil n- ci6inl 0!cee-in(s. In ciil cses& 6ee 0e0!n-ence !f 0!bb 0!bbili ilit7 t7 is suffic sufficien ient t 8hee 8hees& s& in ci6in ci6inl l cses& cses& issues issues 6ust 6ust be 0!e- be7!n- n7 es!nble -!ubt. 5he ule is bse- u0!n the 6i6 !f En(lish l8 li- -!8n b7 H!l!7- J. tht It is bette tht ten (uilt7 6en sh!ul- esc0e& the thn !ne inn!cent sh!uls h!ul- suffe. In cii ciill c cse ses& s& the the ule ule !f ei-e ei-enc nce e 6 67 7 be el ele e- b7 c! c!ns nsen entt !f 0ties ! b7 c!uts !-e e.(. 0!!f !f ffi-it. It is n!t s! in ci6inl cses. With e(- t! 0!!f in ci6inl cses& the f!ll!8in( (enel ules he t! be !bsee- 9 i) i) 5he 5he ccu ccusese- is l8 l87s 0e 0esu6 su6e- t! be inn! inn!ce cent nt unti untill the 0!secuti!n 0!es hi6 t! be (uilt7. While in ciil cses& ll tht is necess7 necess7 t! insist u0!n is tht the 0!!f --uce--uce- in su00!t su00!t !f fct is such tht sh!ul- 6'e 0u-ent 6n t! ct u0!n the su00!siti!n tht it eists. ii) 5he ei-ence 6ust be such s t! eclu-e ee7 es!nble -!ubt !f the (uilt !f the ccuse-. iii) In cse !f n7 es!nble -!ubt s t! the (uilt !f the ccuse-& the benefit !f -!ubt sh!ul- l87s be (ien t! the ccuse-. i)
5hee 6ust l87s be cle cle 0!!f !f c!0us -elicti& i.e.& i.e.& the
fct !f c!66is c!66issi!n si!n !f !f the ci6e& ci6e& )
5he h70!t h70!thesis hesis !f -elinRu -elinRuenc7 enc7
sh!ul- be c!nsistent 8ith ll the fcts 0!e-. As e(-s the stn-- !f 0!!f in ciil n- ci6inl cses& Dennin( J. !bsee- in ;te ;.& It is tue tht b7 !u l8& thee is hi(he stn stn- -- !f 0!! 0!!ff in ci6 ci6in inl l c cse ses s thn thn in cii ciill c cse ses s but but this this is sub=ect t! the Rulificti!n tht thee is n! bs!lute stn-- in eithe cse. In ci6inl cses& the ch(e 6ust be 0!e- be7!n- es!nble -!ubt& but thee 67 be -e(ees !f 0!!f 8ithin tht stn--. S!
ls!& in ciil cses& thee 67 be -e(ees !f 0!bbilit7. 5he (enel ule ules s
in
ci ciil
cti! cti!n ns
e ece0t ce0t
6ti6 ti6! !ni nil
cu c uses) ses)
is
th tht
n
unc!nteste- cse 67 be estblishe- b7 6ini6u6 !f 0!!f& n- c!nteste-
cse
b7
blnce&
!f
0!bbilities.#"
LAW OF EVIDENCE 5!0fc*, D!cu6ent Acc! Ac c!-in in( ( t! Sec. Sec. ?& -!c -!cu6 u6en ent t 6e 6en ns s n7 n7 6 6tt tte e e0 e0es esse se- ! -escibe- u0!n n7 substnce b7 6ens !f lettes& fi(ues ! 6's& ! b7 6!e thn !ne !f th!se 6ens& inten-e- t! be use-& ! 8hich 67 be use-& f! the 0u0!se 0 u0!se !f ec!-in( tht 6tte. 6tte. Illustti!ns * A 8itin( 8!-s 0inte-& lith!(0he- ! 0h!t!(0he- 60$0ln n insci0ti!n !n 6etl 0lte ! st!ne n-& cictue * e ll -!cu6ents. S0e'i S0e'in( n( (ene (enell ll7 7& it 6e 6ens ns n7th n7thin( in( ! 6 6tte tte 8hich 8hich c!nt c!ntins ins 0e6nent ec!- !f elent fct ! fct in issue. 5hus& 00e !n 8hich c!ntct is 8itten is -!cu6ent& s! is 8ll ! chttel ! st!ne !n 8hich s!6ethin( is inscibe-. It hs been si- tht the 8!-!cu6entG s use- in the l8 !f ei-ence sh!ul- n!t be c!nstueestictiel7. Et76!l!(icll7 the 8!- 6ens s!6ethin( 8hich sh!8s ! teches n- is ei-entil ! inf!6tie !f its chcte. Of c!use& 6uch -e0en-s u0!n the c!ntet in 8hich the 8!- -!cu6ent# is use-. 5hus& in the cse in Ruesti!n& i)& ii)& iii) n- i) e -!cu6ents. ,. Whethe Whethe the f!ll!8 f!ll!8in( in( cn be ch chcte cteise ise- s -!cu6 -!cu6ent ents s 9*i) 9*i) Witin(s !n the 8lls !f /e- F!t. ii) 5he 8!-s !8ne- b7 L.C.*I 8itten !n the fns hn(in( in the clss!!6 !f sch!!l. ii) Insci0ti!ns !n the bic's e6be--e- in the 8lls n- 0lsteef!6
!utsi-e&
)
Insci0ti!n
!n
TL.Ci*%1$%2)/ELEVANC> AND ADMISSI;ILI5> OF FAC5S
st!ne.
=$7 8ht fct 67 ei-ence be (ien Sec.:) Ei-ence 67 be (ien !f the eistence ! n!n*eistence !f ee7 fct in issue n- !f elent fcts& n- !f n! !thes. Acc!Acc!-in( in( t! Si J6es J6es Ste0he Ste0hens& ns& the ei-en ei-ence ce --uce --uce- sh!ulsh!ul- be li' li'e e -ie -iect ctee- nn- c! c!nf nfin inee- t! the the 6 6tt tte es s 8hic 8hich h e e in -is0 -is0ut ute. e. An7thi An7thin( n( n!t -iect -iectl7 l7 c!nnec c!nnectete- is iele iele nt. nt. 5hus& 5hus& ei-e ei-ence nce !f ll c!ll c! llt te el l fct fcts& s& 8hic 8hich h e e inc inc0 0bl ble e !f ff! ff!-in in( ( n7 n7 es es!n !nb ble le 0esu60ti!n s t! the 0inci0l 6ttes in -is0ute& e eclu-e- t! se 0ublic ti6e. L!(icl n- le(l elenc7 In !-e t! 0!e the eistence eistence ! n!n*eistence n!n*eistence !f the fcts fcts in issue& issue& cet ceti in n !the !the fct fcts s 6 67 7 be (ie (ien n in eiei-en ence ce&& c cll llee- ele ele nt nt ! ei-enti7 fcts See Ch0te #). Such fcts 67 he such -iect ! in-iect c!nnecti!n 8ith the fct in issue& tht the7 en-e the ltte 0!bble ! i60!bble. A fct is si- t! be l!(icll7 elent t! n!the 8hen it bes such csul elti!n 8ith the !the s t! en-e 0!bble the eistence ! n!n*eistence !f the ltte. All fcts 8hich e l!(icll7 elent e n!t le(ll7 elent. One fct is si- t! be le(ll7 elent t! n!the !nl7 8hen the !ne is c!nnecte- 8ith the !the in n7 !f the 87s efeet! in Ss Ss.2 .2*: *:: : !f the the Ac Act. t. Wht Whte ee e is le( le(ll ll7 7 ele ele nt nt is l!(i l!(ic cll7 ll7 ele ele nt nt.. H!8e H!8ee e& !nl7 !nl7 le( le(ll7 ll7 ele ele nt nt fct fcts s e e c! c!ns nsii-e eee- s elent fcts. A c!nfessi!n 6-e t! 0!lice !ffice 67 00e t! be l!(icll7 elent& but it is n!t le(ll7 elent& f! Sec.": -ecles tht it cnn!t be use- s ei-ence (inst the 0es!n 6'in( it. /elenc7 /elenc7 n- -6issibilit7# 5he 5he te6 te6s s el ele en nc7 c7 nn- -6 -6is issi sibi bilit lit7 7 e e n!t n!t c! c!*e *et ten ensi sie e ! intec intech hn(e n(ebl ble e te6s. te6s. All -6issi -6issible ble ei-en ei-ence ce is ele elent nt&& but ll
elent ei-ence is n!t -6issible. All fcts 8hich e ll!8e- b7 the 0!isi!ns !f the Ei-ence Act t! be 0!e- e elent but& h!8ee ele ele nt nt fct fct 6 67 7 be& be& unle unless ss it is ll! ll!8e 8e- t! be 0! 0!ee- b7 the the 0!isi!ns !f the Act& it is n!t -6issible. /elenc7 is the (enus !f 8hich -6issibilit7 is s0ecies. Ve7 !ften& 0ublic c!nsi-eti!n !f finess n- the 0cticl necessit7 f! echin( s0ee-7 -ecisi!ns necessil7 cuse the e=ecti!n !f 6uch !f #. Distin(uish bet8een elenc7 n- -6issibilit7. XLC. XLC.I* I*%2 %2
L.C. L.C.n* n*%` %`#1 #1
.
LAW OF EVIDENCE the the
ele ele nt nt ei-e ei-enc nce. e. 5hus 5hus&&
0i 0iile ile(e (e-
c!66 c! 66un unic ict ti! i!ns ns -ui -uin( n(
6i(e 8ith le(l -ise !fficil c!66unicti!ns) e 0!tectef!6 the -iscl!sue. 5h!u 5h!u(h (h 8hee hee the the ele ele nc7 nc7 !f fct fct is est stblis blishe he-& -& the hee is 0esu60ti!n !f its -6issibilit7 n- it is f! the !the si-e t! sh!8 tht the fct is n!t -6issible. It 67 be n!te- tht if -6issibilit7 is c!nsi-ee- s7n!n76!us 8ith the eceibilit7 in ei-ence& then ee7 -6i -6iss ssib ible le fct fct is n!t n!t nece necess ss il il7 7 ele ele nt nt.. 5hus 5hus&& the the 0e 0ei! i!us us stte6ents t! c!nt-ict 8itness n- the fcts t! i60ech the ce-it !f 8itness& e eceible in ei-ence but the7 e n!t elent. 5he c!ut is t! -eci-e the Ruesti!n !f -6issibilit7 !f n ei-ence Sec. #?2) #?2).. A-6i A-6issi ssibi bilit lit7 7 is Rul Rulit it7 7 stn stn-i -in( n( bet8 bet8ee een n ele ele nc nc7 7 ! ! 0!btie lue) !n the !ne hn- n- 0!!f ! 8ei(ht !f ei-ence) !n the !the hn-. A fct 67 be elent but the 0!!f !f it 67 be such s is n!t ll!8e- in the cse !f the hes7 ule e.(. stte6ents 6-e !ut !f the c!ut 8itness ssets n- the ccuse- si- s! ns!). 5hus& !l stte6ents 8hich e hes7 67 be elent& but e n!t -6issible.
Ei-ence !btine- b7 un-esible 6eth!-s * 8hethe -6issible 5he elent ei-ence e6ins elent& een if it 8s !btine- b7 i60!0e ! unl8ful 6ens. 5he test t! be 00lie- in c!nsi-ein( 8hethe ei-ence is -6issible is 8hethe it is elent t! the 6tte in issue. If it is& it is -6issible n- the c!ut is n!t c!ncene- 8ith h!8 it 8s !btine-. 5he H!use !f L!-s 8!ul- sncti!n the eclusi!n !f such such ei-e i-ence nce !nl7 nl7 8he 8hee e the ccuse cuse- hh- bee been lu lue- int! int! inci6intin( hi6self b7 -ece0ti!n fte the c!66issi!n !f n !ffence X/. Sn( #%,%) " All E/ #"""Y. 5he Su0e6e C!ut n!te- the !nl7 ece0ti!n t! this ule& 8hich is tht tht 8hee 8hee fte fte the lle( lle(ee- !ffenc !ffence& e& i6 i60! 0!0e 0e 6eth!6eth!-s s he he been been use- t! !btin ei-ence f! it n- the =u-(e is !f the ie8 tht the 0e=u-icil X effect !f such ei-ence 8!ul- be !ut !f 0!0!ti!n t! its eiei-en enci ci 7 7 lu lue& e& the the =u-( =u-(e e 6 67 7 ecl ecluu-e e it Pus Push0 h0-e eii Ml. Ml. W-h8n AlfJ& #%, SC #,1). 5he i60ct !n the finess !f the 0!cee-in(s is the cucil -ete6inin( fct!. In /. Chist!u #%%") 1 All E/ ::%& the 0!lice !0ete- f! b!ut ? 6!nths b7 estblishin( sh!0 !f =e8elles n- 0uttin( u0 the sh-7 i6(e !f bein( inteeste- in bu7in( st!len 0!0et7. 5he !b=ect 8s t! ec!e st!len (!!-s n- t! !btin ei-ence (inst th!se in!lein theft n- hn-lin(. All the tnscti!ns in the sh!0 8ee fil6e- nc!nesti!ns ec!-e-. 5he ei-ence s! c!llecte- 8s -6itte- t the til. 5he c!ut es!ne-& the tic' 8s n!t 00lie- t! the 00ellnts ccuse- 0es!ns) 9 the7 !luntil7 00lie- the6seles t! the tic'. It is n!t ee7 tic' 0!-ucin( ei-ence (inst n ccuse- 8hich esults in
unfiness ss./E ./ELEVANC>
AND
ADMISSI;ILI5>
OF
#: /elenc7 /elenc7 !f fcts f!6in( 0t !f s6e tnscti!n Sec.2)
FAC5S
Fcts 8hich& th!u(h n!t in issue& e s! c!nnecte- 8ith fct in issue& s t! f!6 0t !f the s6e tnscti!n& e elent& 8hethe the7 !ccue- t the s6e ti6e n- 0lce ! t -iffeent ti6es n0lces. 5he 0inci0le !f the secti!n is tht 8henee tnscti!n such s c!ntct ! ci6e& is fct in issue& then ei-ence cn be (ien !f ee7 fct 8hich f!6s 0t !f the s6e tnscti!n. 5nscti!n 5nscti!n efes t! seies !f cts s! c!nnecte- t!(ethe s e c0ble !f bein( clleb7 sin(le n6e e.(. c!ntct& ci6e& etc. /!u(hl7 tnscti!n 67 be -escibe-escibe- s n7 0h7sicl 0h7sicl ct& ! seies !f c!nnectec!nnecte- 0h7sicl 0h7sicl cts& t!(ethe 8ith the 8!-s cc!60n7in( cc!60n7in( such ct ! cts. A tnscti!n 67 c!nsist !f sin(le inci-ent stetchin( !e fe8 6inutes& ! it 67 be s0e- !e iet7 !f fcts& !ccu07in( 6uch l!n(e ti6e& n- !ccuin( !n -iffeent !ccsi!ns ! t -iffeent 0lces. Whee the tnscti!n c!nsists !f -iffeent cts& in !-e tht the chin !f such such c cts ts 6 67 7 c! c!ns nsti titu tute te the the s s6e 6e tn tns sct cti! i!n& n& the7 the7 6ust 6ust be c!nnecte- t!(ethe b7 0!i6it7 !f ti6e& 0!i6it7 ! unit7 !f 0lce& c!ntinuit7 !f cti!n& ! c!66unit7 !f 0u0!se ! -esi(n. A tnscti!n cn be tul7 un-est!!- !nl7 8hen ll its inte(l 0ts e 'n!8n nn!t in is!lti!n f!6 ech !the. Illustti!ns t! Sec.2 )
A is ccuseccuse- !f !f ;s 6u-e b7 betin( hi6. Whtee Whtee 8s 8s si- !
-!ne b7 A ! ; ! b7 the b7*stn-es t the betin( ! s! sh!tl7 bef!e ! fte it s t! f!6 0t !f the tnscti!n& is elent fct." b)
A iis s ccuseccuse- !f 8(in( 8(in( 8 8 (inst (inst the 4!en6 4!en6ent ent !f In-i b7
t'in( 0t in n 6e- insuecti!n in 8hich 0!0et7 is -est!7e-& t!!0s e ttc'e- n- (!ls e b!'en !0en. 5he !ccuence !f these fcts is elent& s f!6in( 0t !f the (enel tnscti!n& th!u(h A 67 n!t he been 0esent t ll !f the6.
c)
A sues sues ; f! f! llibe ibell c!nt c!nti ine ne- in llet ette te f!6 f!6in in( ( 0t 0t !f
c!es0!n-ence. Lettes bet8een the 0ties eltin( t! the sub=ect !ut !f 8hich the libel !se& n- f!6in( 0t !f the c!es0!n-ence in 8hich it is c!ntine-& e elent fcts& th!u(h the7 -! n!t c!ntin the libel itself."b -)
5he Ruesti Ruesti!n !n is& 8hethe 8hethe cet cetin in (!!-s (!!-s !-ee !-ee- f!6 f!6 ; 8ee 8ee
-elie -elieee- t! A. 5he (!!-s (!!-s 8ee 8ee -elie -elieee- t! see seel l inte6 inte6e-i e-it te e 0es!ns successiel7. Ech Ech -elie7 is elent fct. ". A Ruesti!n bse- !n the s6e fcts. " b. A Ruesti!n bse- !n the s6e fcts. XL.C.I*%1#
XL.C.I.*%S[#2
LAW OF EVIDENCE /es (este? Fct Fcts s f!6 f!6in in( ( 0t 0t !f tn tns sct cti! i!n n e e -esc -esci ibe be- b7 En(l En(lish ish nnA6eicn 8ites s bein( 0t !f es (este& i.e.& thin(s -!ne in the c!u c! use se !f tn tns sct cti! i!n. n. 5he 5he illu illust st ti ti!n !ns s ) ) t! -) -) b! b!e& e& e e ll ll instnces !f es (este. 5he te6 es (este is eRuilent t! the fcts 6enti!ne- in Sec.2. H!8ee& it is ls! use- in the f!ll!8in( senses * s eRuilent t! fct in issue& s eRuilent t! -etils !f fcts in issue& n- fct in issue nsu!un-in( cicu6stnces. 57l! -efines this e0essi!n s inclu-in( ee7thin( tht 67 be fil7 c!nsi-ee- s n inci-ent !f the eent un-e c!nsi-eti!n. 5hus& es (este e th!se cicu6stnces 8hich e e the the inst instin inct cti ie e nn- un-e un-esi sie e- inci inci-e -ent nts s !f 0t 0tic icul ul c ct. t. Cicu6stntil fcts e -6itte- s f!6in( 0t !f es (este& i.e.& s bein( 0t !f the !i(inl 0!!f !f 8ht hs t'en 0lce. Stte6 Stte6ent ents s 6 67 7 ls! ls! c cc!6 c!60n 0n7 7 0h7sic 0h7sicll h00en h00enin( in(s. s. An in=ue in=ue0es!n& f! e60le& is ntull7 b!un- t! c7. If the tnscti!n e.(. n cci-ent& h00ene- in 0ublic 0lce& nu6be !f b7*st[i-es 8ill
6'e 6utul c!nesti!n b!ut the inci-ent. 5he Ruesti!n is t! 8ht etent such stte6ents cn be e(-e- s 0ts !f the tnscti!n. S!6e i60!tnt (ui-elines in this e(- e 9* 9* i) i)
S0!n S0!nttne! ne!us us n- si6 si6ult ultne ne!u !us s
utt utte ence nce
is
0 0t
!f the the
tnscti!n& e.(. 8ht 0es!n sttes -uin( n !ccuence in es0ect !f the !ccuence itself. ii) Stte6ent 6ust be c!nte60!ne!us 8ith the fct& i.e.& stte6ent 6-e eithe -uin( ! i66e-itel7 bef!e ! fte its !ccuence& n- !f such ntue tht the eent s0e' f! the6seles n- n!t 8ht the 0e!0le s7 8hen tl'in( b!ut the eent). 5he 8!-s 6ust be t lest -e ecenti. iii) If the stte6ent is 6-e fte the ct is !e n- its 6'e hs h- the ti6e f! eflecti!n n- -elibeti!n fbicti!n) n-$! it is 6ee nti!n !f 0st eents& then it is n!t elent. i)
5he stte6 stte6ent ent 6ust 6ust be stte6e stte6ent nt !f fct fct nn- n!t n !0ini!n !0ini!n..
5he f!ll!8in( illustti!ns$cses& 8ill hel0 cle the 0!int 9* i) A& 8hile unnin( in steet& c7in( tht ; hs stbbe- hi6& is elent fct. Si6ill7& the stte6ent !f 0e- 8!6n c7in( f! hel0& is elent fct. ii) Stte6 Stte6ent ents s 6 6-e -e -uin( -uin( the inest inesti( i(ti! ti!ns ns !f ci6e ci6e e n!t elent fcts. iii) A& 8hen eche- the 6u-e s0!t& he- 0e!0le 0esent thee s s7in( tht s!6e!ne 6u-ee- s!6e!ne. It 8s n!t stte?. Wite sh!t n!te !n /es (este. XC.L.C*%#$%? L.CM*%1[/ELEVANC> AND ADMISSI;ILI5> OF FAC5S #, tht the 0es!ns 8h! 6-e b!e stte6ents 8ee 0esent t the ti6e !f 6u-e. It is n!t elent fct.
i) In A(ssiB L!n-!n 5687s C!. #,") "# W/ #%%& thee 8s t6 c!llisi!n n- n cti!n 8s b!u(ht (inst the t687 C!. in es0ect !f in=u7 t! 0ssen(e. 0ssen(e. A e6' b7 n!the 0ssen(e t! the effect tht the -ie !u(ht t! be e0!te- n- the c!n-uct!s e0l7& He hs le-7 been e0!te- f! he hs been !ff the line : ! 2 ti6es t!*-7 8ee e=ecte-& the tnscti!n bein( !e& n- s the e6's efee- n!t t! the es& but t! the 0st cts !f the -ie. -ie. ) In n!the cse& A 8s tie- f! the 6u-e !f ; b7 sh!!tin( hi6 8ith (un. 5he fcts tht the 0es!n& 8h! 8s t tht ti6e in the s6e !!6 8ith ;& s8 6n 8ith (un in his hn- 0ss b7 8in-!8 !f tht !!6 n- theeu0!n ecli6e- 5hee is the butche A 8s 'n!8n b7 tht n6e) 8ee hel- t! be b e elent.? i) Whee sh!tl7 fte 6u-e& the 0es!n sus0ecte- !f it e0line87 the bsence !f the -ecese- b7 s7in( tht he h- left the ill(e& the c!ut hel- the stte6ent t! be 0t !f the tnscti!n n- thus elent X;snti Stte !f H.P. #%,) ? SCC "",Y. ii) A 6n 8s 0!secute- f! the 6u-e !f his 8ife. His -efence 8s tht the sh!t 8ent !ff cci-entl7. 5hee 8s ei-ence t! the effect tht the -ecese- tele0h!ne- t! s7 9 4et 6e the 0!lice 0lese. ;ef!e the !0et! c!ul- c!nnect the 0!lice& the clle& clle& 8h! s0!'e in -istess& (e he --ess n- the cll su--enl7 en-e-. 5heefte the 0!lice c6e t! the h!use n- f!un- the b!-7 !f -e- 8!6n. He cll nthe the 8!8!-s s she she s0!' s0!'e e 8ee 8ee helhel- t! be ele ele nt nt s 0t 0t !f the the tns tnscti cti!n !n 8hich 8hich b!u(h b!u(htt b!ut b!ut he -eth -eth1 X/t X/tte ten n 5he 5he uee ueen n #%,#) ? WL/ %?+Y. Citicis6 !f es (este -!ctine 5he -!ctine !f es (este is 00licble t! hes7 ei-ence ls!& 8hich is n!t c!nsi-ee- (!!- 0iece !f ei-ence. In /. F!ste #?1) 2 C C& the 8itness h- seen !nl7 s0ee-in( ehicle& but n!t the
cci-ent. 5he in=ue- 0es!n e0line- hi6 the ntue !f the cci-ent. He 8s ll!8e- t! (ie ei-ence !f 8ht the -ecese- si-& lth!u(h it 8s ?.
A
Ruesti!n
bse-
!n
the
s6e
fcts.
XC.LC.*%"[ 1. In til f! -!87 6u-e !f ; the fct tht !n the lle(e- 6u-e ni(ht the 0!lice h- eceie- -istess tele0h!nic cll f!6 ; in 8hich bef!e bu0t -isc!nnecti!n she c!ul- !nl7 s7 9 Plese hel0 6e& I fe
i66e-ite
h6
t!
67self.
Is
the
fct
elentU
XC.L4*%:Y# LAW OF EVIDENCE !nl7 -eie- 'n!8le-(e& it bein( 0t !f es (este 1?. Si6ill7& c!llt c!llte el l fcts fcts e e es inte inte li!s li!s cte cte i.e. i.e. tns tnscti cti!ns !ns bet8ee bet8een n !thes& f! e60le& stte6ents 6-e behin- the ccuse-s bc' nt! be use- s ei-ence (inst hi6)& n- inclu-e- in es (este. As 6tte !f fct the f6!us En(lish =u-(e M. Justice ;lc'st!ne is sit! he t!l- n -!cte stu((lin( t! int!-uce n ielent fct s elent ei-ence& t! t7 t! bin( it un-e es (este& becuse the 0hse cn t'e in n7thin( if the =u-(e is s! incline-. Acc!-in( t! P!fess! St!ne& n! ei-entil 0!ble6 is s! sh!u-e- in -!ubt n- c!nfusi!n. 5he ule is n!t !nl7 useless but ls! h6ful. It is useless becuse ee7 0t !f it is c!ee- b7 s!6e !the ule& f! e60le& -eclti!ns s t! the stte ! 6in- ! helth. It is h6ful becuse it cuse- c!nfusi!n b!ut the li6itti!ns !f !the ules. 5he 0ecise li6its !f es (este e n!t the6seles n!t es7 t! -efine. Fcts -iffe s! (etl7 tht n! fie- 0inci0le cn be li- -!8n s t! the 6ttes tht 8ill f!6 0ts !f tnscti!n. ;ecuse !f its c!nfusin( ntue& the 0hse es (este hs n!t been inclu-e- in In-in Ei-ence Act. An- it ■ is left t! the =u-(es t! fin- the necess7 c!nnecti!n n-
tet
fct
s
elent.
@ Fcts 8hich e the !ccsi!n cuse ! effect !f fcts in issue Sec.,) Acc!-in( t! Sec.,& the f!ll!8in( fcts e elent * i)
fcts fcts 8hich 8hich e the !ccsi !ccsi!n !n & cus cuse e ! effe effect ct i66e i66e-i -ite te ! !
!the8ise) !f fcts in issue ! elent fcts& ii) ii)
fct fcts s 8hich 8hich c!ns c!nsti titu tute te the the stte stte !f thi thin( n(s s un-e un-e 8hi 8hich ch the7 the7
h00ene-& ! iii) iii)
*.
fcts fcts 8hic 8hich h ff! ff!-e-e- n n !00! !00!tun tunit7 it7 f! thei thei !ccu !ccuen ence ce !
tnscti!n. Illustti!ns ) [ 5he Ruesti!n is 8hethe A !bbe- ; * 5he fcts tht& sh!tl7 s h!tl7&& bef!e the !bbe7& ; 8ent t! fi 8ith 6!ne7 in his 0!ssessi!n&&ntht tht he sh!8 sh!8ee- it& it& ! 6e 6ent nti! i!ne ne- the the fct fct tht tht he hh- it t! thi thi0es!ns& e elent. b)
5he Ruesti!n Ruesti!n is 8hethe 8hethe A 6u-ee6u-ee- ; * M's M's !n !n the (!un-& (!un-&
0!-uce- b7 stu((le t ! ne the 0lce 8hee the 6u-e 8s c!66itte-& e elent fcts. c)
5he Ruesti!n Ruesti!n is 8hethe 8hethe A 0!is!ne0!is!ne- ; * 5he 5he stte stte !f !f ;s ;s helt helth h
bef!e the s760t!6s scibe- t! 0!is!n n- hbits !f ; 'n!8n t! A& 8hich& 8hich& ff!ff!-ee- n !00!t !00!tuni unit7 t7 f! the -6ini -6inist stt ti!n i!n !f 0!is!n 0!is!n e elent fcts. Occsi!n * Ei-ence cn l87s be (ien !f the set !f cicu6stnces 8hich c!nstitute- the !ccsi!n f! the h00enin( !f the 0inci0l fct * 1. A Ruesti!n bse- !n the s6e fcts. XC.LC.*%"[/ELEVANC> #%
AND
ADMISSI;ILI5>
OF
FAC5S
See illustti!n ). 5he fct tht the -ecese- (il 8s l!ne in he c!tt(e t the ti6e !f 6u-e is elent s it c!nstitute- the !ccsi!n f! the 6u-e. Cuse * Cuse !ften e0lins 8h7 0ticul ct 8s -!ne. It hel0s the c!ut t! c!nnect 0es!n 8ith the ct. 5he ct in Ruesti!n 6ust he been -!ne b7 the 0es!n 8h! h- the cuse f! it e.(. the fct tht ccuse- 8s in l!e 8ith -ecese-s 8ife. 5he 8!- cuse is b!-e thn the 8!- 6!tie. Whee& f! e60le& s!!n fte n ele electi! cti!n n
the the
8inn innin( in(
cnc n-ii-te -te
is
6u-e -eee-&&
the
elect lecti! i!n n
n-
s!6eb!-7s -efet t it is the cuse !f the 6u-e n- be7!n- tht cuse thee 67 be n! 6!tie in it. Effects * Ee7 ct lees behin- cetin effects 8hich n!t !nl7 ec!the h00enin( !f the ct& but ls! th!8 li(ht u0!n the ntue !f the ct. One !f the i60!tnt fcts 8hich c!nnects 0es!n 8ith the ct in Ruesti!n is the f!!t0ints !n the scene !f the ci6e n- the fin(e i60essi!ns: Xsee Xsee illu illust stti! ti!n n b)Y b)Y.. Si6i Si6il ll l7 7& 8he 8hee e 0es 0es!n !n is 0!is!ne- the s760t!6s 0!-uce- b7 the 0!is!n e elent& bein( the effects !f the fcts in issue. P!ssessi!n !f st!len ticles b7 0es 0es!n !n&& i6 i66e 6e-i -it tel el7 7 fte fte thef theft& t& is ls! ls! n effe effect ct..
ccuse ccuse- his !00!t !00!tuni unit7 t7.. Illust Illust ti! ti!n n c) ls! ls! (ies (ies n inst instnce nce !f !00!tunit7. Stte !f thin(s * 5he fct 8hich c!nstitute the stte !f thin(s un-e 8hich ! in the bc'(!un- !f 8hich the 0inci0l fcts h00ene- e elent e.(. the stte !f elti!ns bet8een the 0ties& the stte !f the helth !f the -ecese- n- his hbits. F! e60le& 8hee the ccuse- 8s 0!secute- f! sh!!tin( -!8n his 8ife n- he t!!' the -efence !f cci-ent& the fct tht the ccuse- 8s unh007 8ith his 8ife n- 8s c7in( n ffi 8ith n!the 8!6n 8s hel- t! be elent s it c!nstitute- the stte !f thin(s in 8hich the 0inci0l fct& n6el7& n6el7& the sh!!tin( -!8n& h00ene-. Mee -nt(e n!t en!u(h * 5he 6ee fct& h!8ee& !f 0t7 bein( s! situ situ te- tht ht n - -nt(e t(e 8!ul!ul- ccu ccue e t! hi6 hi6 f! f!6 the the c!66issi!n !f ci6e& 6!unts t! n!thin( ! net t! n!thin(& s 0!!f !f his hin( c!66itte- it. :. 5he 5he Rues Ruesti ti!n !n is 8het 8hethe he A c cus usee- the the -et -eth h !f ; b7 sh sh nnne(li(e ne(li(ent nt -iin -iin(. (. Wheth Whethe e t7e t7e*6 *6's 's 0!-uce 0!-uce- !n the s0!ts s0!ts e e elent
fct
U
XLC.I*%1$%:$%2["+
.
LAW OF EVIDENCE M!tie 0e0ti!n n- 0ei!us ! subseRuent c!n-uct Sec.) Acc!-in( t! Sec.& n7 fct is elent 8hich sh!8s ! c!nstitutes 6!tie ! 0e0ti!n f! n7 fct in issue ! elent fct. Futhe& Futhe& the c!n-uct 0ei!us ! subseRuent) !f 0t7 ! his (ent ! n ccuseis ele ele nt nt 8hic 8hich h infl influe uenc nces es ! is influ influen ence ce- b7 fct fct in issu issue e ! elent fct. Illustti!ns )
A is tie- f! the the 6u-e 6u-e !f !f ; * 5he 5he fcts tht A 6u-ee6u-ee- C& tht tht
; 'ne8 tht A h- 6u-ee- C& n- tht ; h- tie- t! et!t 6!ne7
f!6 f!6 A b7 the theten tenin( in( t! 6 6'e 'e his 'n!8le 'n!8le-(e -(e 0ublic 0ublic&& e e ele elent nt M!tie). b)
A sues ; u0!n u0!n b!nb!n- f! the 076ent 076ent !f 6!ne7 6!ne7.. ; -enies -enies the
6'in( !f the b!n-. 5he fct tht& t the ti6e 8he_n the b!n- 8s lle(e- t! be 6-e& ; eRuie- 6!ne7 f! 0ticul 0u0!se& is elent M!tie). c)
A is is tietie- f! the 6u-e 6u-e !f ; b7 0!is!n * 5he 5he fct tht& tht& bef!e bef!e
the the -e -eth !f ;& A 0!c 0!cu ue e- 0!is 0!is!n !n si6i si6il l t! th tht 8hich hich 8s -6inistee- t! ;& is elent2 Pe0ti!n). Pe0ti!n). -)
5he Ruesti!n is 8hethe cetin -!cu6ent is the 8ill !f A *5he *5he
fcts& tht& n!t l!n( bef!e the -te !f the lle(e- 8ill& A 6-e inRui7 int! 6ttes t! 8hich the 0!isi!ns !f the lle(e- 8ill elte& tht he c!nsulte- 'ils in efeence t! 6'in( the 8ill& n- tht he cuse-fts !f !the 8ills t! be 0e0e- !f 8hich he -i- n!t 00!e& e elent Pe0ti!n). e)
A is ccuse- !f ci6e * 5he 5he fcts tht& eithe bef!e& ! t the
ti6e !f& ! fte the lle(e- ci6e& A 0!i-e- ei-ence 8hich 8!ulten- t! (ie t! the fcts !f the cse n 00ence f!uble t! hi6self& ! tht he -est!7e- ! c!ncele- ei-ence& ! 0eente- the 0esence ! 0!cue- the bsence !f 8itness ! sub!ne- 0es!ns t! (ie flse ei-ence es0ectin( it& e elent C!n-uct). h) 5he Ruesti!n is 8hethe A c!66itte- ci6e * 5he fct tht A bsc!n-e- fte eceiin( lette 8nin( hi6 tht inRui7 8s bein( 6-e 6-e f! the ci6in ci6inl& l& nn- the c!ntents c!ntents !f the lette lette e e ele elen ntt C!n-uct). i) A is ccuse- !f ci6e * 5he fcts tht& fte the c!66issi!n !f the lle lle(e (e- ci6 ci6e& e& he bsc! bsc!nn-ee- ! 8s 8s in 0!ss 0!sses essi si!n !n !f 0!0 0!0e et7 t7 ! 0!cee-s !f 0!0et7 cRuie- b7 the ci6e& ! tte60te- t! c!ncel
thin thin(s (s 8hic 8hich h 8ee 8ee ! 6i 6i(ht (ht he he been been useuse- in c! c!66 66it itti tin( n( it& it& e e elent C!n-uct). 2. A Ruesti!n bse- .!n the s6e fcts. XC.LC.*%"$%1[/ELEVANC> AND ADMISSI;ILI5> OF FAC5S tie "# M!tie is 6!in( 0!8e 8hich i60els !ne t! -! n ct. It is the in-uce6ent f! -!in( the ct. Ei-ence !f 6!tie is l87s elent& f! 6en -! n!t ct 8h!ll7 8ith!ut 6!tie. 5he ei-ence !f 6!tie ssu s su6e 6es s Qs0e Qs0eci cil l i6 i60! 0!t tn nce ce 8hen 8hen the the 8h!l 8h!le e c cse se is built built u0!n u0!n cicu6stntil ei-ence 5see6 Ku6 Delhi A-6n. AI/ #%%1 SC "::). 5hus& !n the 6u-e !f n !l- 8i-!8 0!ssesse- !f 8elth& the fct tht the ccuse- 8s t! inheit he f!tunes !n he -eth 8s helt! be elent s it sh!8e- tht the ccuse- h- 6!tie t! -is0!se he !f. Whee cetin ln-s 8ee inheite- b7 the -ecese- l!n( 8ith his b!the but the ccuse- (!t the6 tnsfee- int! thei n6es nci6inl n- eenue cses 8ee 0en-in( bet8een the6 t the ti6e 8hen the -ecese- 8s 'ille-& it 8s hel- tht these fcts c!nstitute sufficient ei-ence !f 6!tie A8-hesh Stte !f
ct !f 0e0ti!n. F! the s6e es!n& it is elent t! sh!8 tht the ccuse- hie- e!le fe8 -7s bef!e the 6u-e. 5he c!n-uct !f 6n is 0ticull7 i60!tnt t! the l8 !f ei-ence& f! his (uilt ! the stte !f 6in- is !ften eflecte- b7 his c!n-uct. 4uilt7 6in- be(ets (uilt7 c!n-uct.
bsc!n-in(
!&
silence.""
LAW OF EVIDENCE JB0lnti!ns t! Sec. /elenc7 /elenc7 !f stte6ents) Wht is elent un-e Sec. is the c!n-uct !f the 0ties n- n!t thei stte6ents. While the l8 is (ene!us in efeence t! c!n-uct& it is stict in efeence t! stte6ents. 5he es!n is tht it is t!! es7 t! 6'e flse stte6ents but it is n!t s! es7 t! 0ut u0 flse c!n-uct. E0lnti!ns t! Sec. ec!(nise t8! ece0ti!ns 8hen stte6ents 67 be -6itte-. E0lnti!n # It 0!i-es tht 6ee stte6ents -! n!t c!nstitute c!n-uct unless the7 cc!60n7 n- e0lin cts !the thn stte6ents. Illustti!ns
=) =) nn- ') ') ee-s s 9 5he 5he Rues Ruesti ti!n !n is& is& 8het 8hethe he A 8s 8s i ish shee- ! ! !bbe-). !bbe-). 5he fcts fcts tht& tht& sh!tl7 sh!tl7 fte the lle(e- 0e ! !bbe7)& !bbe7)& A 6-e c!60lint eltin( t! the !ffence& the cicu6stnces un-e 8hich& n- the te6s in 8hich& the c!60lint8s 6-e& e elent. 5he fct tht A si- tht she h- been ishe- ! !bbe-) 8ith!ut 6'in( n7 c!60lint& is n!t elent s c!nc'=ctQun-e this secti!n& th!u(h it 67 be elent s -7in( -eclti!n un-e Sec.?" #)& ! s c!!b!tie ei-ence un-e Sec. #:,. 5hus& the ct !f n in=ue- 0es!n in 6'in( c!60lint b!ut the !ffence -!ne t! hi6 is c!n-uct n- the 8!-s in 8hich the c!60lint is 6-e is stte6ent cc!60n7in( tht c!n-uct n-& theef!e& b!th b!th e e ele ele nt nt un-e un-e e0l e0ln nt ti! i!n n #. If 8ith 8ith!u !utt 6 6'i 'in( n( n7 n7 c!60lint& the ((iee- 0t7 !nl7 stte- the fcts& tht 8ill n!t be ele ele nt nt&& f! f! be be stt stte6 e6en ents ts e e n!t n!t ele ele nt nt un-e un-e Sec. Sec.. . 5he 5he c!60lint sh!ul- he been 6-e s!!n fte the inci-ent. Wht is the -istincti!n bet8een stte6ent n- c!60lintU If fct is st sttete- in ns8 ns8e t! Rues Ruesti ti! !n& 8ill ill it 6!unt unt t! 6'in( 'in( c!60 c! 60l lin intU tU 5he 5he test test f! f! it is 8het 8hethe he stt stte6 e6en entt 8s 6 6-e -e in es0!nse t! Ruesti!n s'e- ! it 8!ul- he been 6-e een if Ruesti!n 8s n!t s'e-& the ltte bein( c!60lint. If the Ruesti!n 6eel7 ntici0tes stte6ent 8hich the c!60linnt 8s b!ut t! 6'e& it is n!t en-ee- in-6issible b7 the fct tht the Ruesti!ne h00ens t! s0e' fist e.(. 8ht is the 6tte& 8h7 e 7!u c7in(). 5he essentil -iffeence bet8een stte6ent n- c!60lint is tht the ltte is 6-e 8ith ie8 t! e-ess ! 0unish6ent n- 6ust be 6-e 6 -e t! s! s!6e 6e !ne !ne in uth uth! !it it7 7 the the 0!li 0!lice ce&& 0e 0ent nt ! s! s!6e 6e !the !the 0es 0es!n !n t! 8h!6 8h!6 the the c! c!60 60l lin inn ntt 8s 8s =ust =ustl7 l7 enti entitl tlee- t! l!!' l!!' f! f! ssistnce n- 0!tecti!n),. E0lnti!n "
It 0! 0!ii-es es tht tht 8hen 8hen the the c! c!nn-uc uctt !f n7 n7 0es 0es!n !n is ele ele nt nt&& n7 n7 stte6ent 6-e t! hi6 ! in his 0esence n- hein(& 8hich ffects such c!n-uct& is ls! elent. ,. 5hee 8s n tte60te- 0e n- in-ecent ssult u0!n 6isent. Ve7 Ve7 sh!tl7 fte the c!66issi!n !f the ct& the 6i- sent 6-e c!60lint !f it t! he 6istess tellin( the !ffen-es n6e. Is the
6i-
sents
c!60lint
elentU
.
XC.LC.*%"[ XN!te 9 It is elent /. Lill76n #%2) " .;.#2,)Y .;.#2,)Y
/ELEVANC>
AND
ADMISSI;ILI5>
OF
FAC5S
"? Such stte6ents e -6itte- becuse 8ith!ut thei hel0 the c!n-uct n7 be unintelli(ible. 5hus& if 6n ccuse- !f ci6e is silent ! flies& ! (uilt7 !f flse ! esie es0!nse& his c!n-uct is c!u0le8ith 8ith the stte6 stte6ent ent&& in the ntue ntue !f n -6iss -6issi!n i!n&& n- theef! theef!e& e& ei-ence (inst hi6self. Illustti!n f) 9 5he Ruesti!n is& 8hethe A !bbe- ;. 5he fcts tht& fte ; 8s !bbe- C si- in As 0esence * 5he 0!lice e c!6in( t! l!!' f! the 6n 8h! !bbe- ;& n- tht i66e-itel7 fte8-s A n 87& e elent. Illustti!n () 9 5he Ruesti!n is& 8hethe A !8es ; /s. #+&+++. 5he fcts tht A s'e- C t! len- hi6 6!ne7& n- D si- t! C in As 0esence n- hein( * I -ise 7!u n!t t! tust A& f! he !8es ; /s. #+&+ #+&+++ ++& & nn- tht tht A 8ent 8ent 87 87 8ith 8ith!u !utt 6 6'i 'in( n( n7 n7 ns8 ns8e e&& e e elent fcts. ueen*E60ess Ab-ullh #:) , All ?: F.;.) * 5he ccuse- 8s 0!s 0!sec ecut utee- f! f! the the 6u6u-e e !f 7!un 7!un( ( (il (il&& 0!s 0!sti titu tute te.. She She 8s 8s ttc'e- 8hile slee0 in he h!6e. It 8s le-7 6!nin( n- thee
8s sufficient li(ht t! enble he t! i-entif7 he ssilnt& 8h! cut he th!t 8ith B!. She 8s t'en t! 0!lice stti!n n- thence t! h!s0itl 8hee tte60ts 8ee 6-e t! 'n!8 f!6 he the n6e !f the ccu c cuse se-. -. ;ut ;ut she she 8s 8s unb unble le t! s0e s0e'& '& he he th! th!t t bein bein( ( cut. cut. She She ns8ee- b7 si(ns !f he hn-. When the n6e Ab-ullh ccuse-) 8s 6enti!ne- she 6-e n ffi6tie si(n. She -ie- !n the thi-7. A efeence 8s 6-e t! the Full ;ench !e the Ruesti!n 8hethe the si(ns !f the hn- she 6-e in es0!nse t! the Ruesti!ns 0ut t! he 8ee elent elent un-e Sec. s the c!n-uct c!n-uct !f n in=ue- 0es!n. 0es!n. 5he 6=!it7 hel- tht Sec. 8s n!t 00licble& s t! ttct Sec. the c!n-uct 6ust be influence- -iectl7 b7 the fcts in issue$elent fcts n- n!t b7 the inte0!s inte0!siti iti!n !n !f 8!-s 8!-s s0!'e s0!'en n b7 thi- 0es!n 0es!ns. s. 5he si(n si(ns s !f the the hnhn- 8ee 8ee n!t n!t infl influe uenc ncee- b7 the the fct fcts& s& but but b7 the the Ruesti!ns s'e-. ;ut f! the Ruesti!ns& thee 8s n!thin( in the6 t! c!nnect n7b!-7 8ith the in=u7. Left t! the6seles th!se si(ns 8!ulin-icte n!thin(. 5he ei-ence 8s& h!8ee& h!8ee& elent un-e Sec.?" s -7in( -eclti!n. Mh6!!- J.& -i- n!t (ee n- e(-e- the c!n-uct t! be elent un-e Sec.. E0lnti!n # !f Sec. 0!ints t! cse in 8hich 0es!n 8h!se c!n-uct is in -is0ute 6ies u0 t!(ethe cti!ns n- stte6ents n- in such cse th!se cti!ns n- stte6ents 67 be 0!e- s 8h!le. In illustti!n f) t! Sec.& lth!u(h As c!n-uct is un-!ubte-l7 inf influ luen ence ce- - b7 the the fct fct in issu issue& e& it is !nl7 !nl7 infl influe uenc ncee- th! th!u( u(h h the the inteenti!n !f thi- 0es!n& C. 5he 8!- c!n-uct -!es n!t 6en !nl7 such c!n-uct s is -iectl7 n- i66e-itel7 influence- b7 fct in issue ! elent fct. In the 0esent cse& the -ecese- 8!ul- n!t he cte- s she -i- if it . A Ruesti!n bse- !n the s6e fcts.
XLC.I*%1I"1 LAW OF EVIDENC0 h- n!t been f! the cti!n !f th!se 8h! Ruesti!ne- he. 5hee is n! -iffeence in 0inci0le bet8een the ct !f A in unnin( 87 8hen t!ltht 0!lice 8ee c!6in(& n- the ct !f -ecese- in 6!in( he hnin ns8e t! the Ruesti!ns. ;!th e the cses !f c!n-uct 8ithin the 6enin( !f Sec.. Fcts necess7 t! e0lin ! int!-uce elent fcts Sec.%)
H
Sec.% -ecles the f!ll!8in( 'in-s !f fcts t! be elent * i)
fcts necess7 t! e0lin ! int!-uce fct in issue ! elent elent
fct& ii)
fcts 8hich su00!t su00!t ! ebut ebut n n infeence infeence su((est su((estee- b7 fct in in
issue ! elent fct& iii)
fcts 8hich 8hich estblish the the i-entit7 i-entit7 !f n7thin( n7thin( ! 0es!n& 0es!n&
i)
fcts 8hich fi ti6e ! 0lce t 8hich n7 fct fct in issue ! elent elent
fct h00ene-& n) )
fct fcts s 8hich 8hich sh!8 sh!8 the the el elt ti! i!n n !f 0 0ti ties es.. Int Int!!-uc uct! t!7 7 ! !
e0lnt!7 fcts Ei-ence is l87s ll!8e- !f fcts 8hich e necess7 t! int!-uce the 6in fct ! s!6e elent fct. F! e60le& 8hee the Ruesti!n is 8hethe (ien -!cu6ent is 8ill 6-e b7 cetin 0es!n& ei-ence 67 be (ien !f the stte !f his 0!0et7 n- !f f6il7 t the -te -te !f the the lle lle(e (e- 8ill 8ill s it 6 67 7 be nece necess ss7 7 t! int int!!-uc uce e the the cicu6stnces in 8hich the 8ill bec6e necess7 XIllustti!n )Y. Si6ill7& in suit f! libel& ei-ence cn be (ien !f the stte !f 0t 0tie ies s el elti ti!n !ns s t the the ti6e ti6e !f the the lle lle(e (e- libe libell s this this 6 67 7 be necess7 t! int!-uce the cicu6stnces tht le- t! the libel. If the7 h- n7 -is0ute& tht t!! 67 be cite- th!u(h n!t the -etils !f it XIllustti!n f)Y.
Ei-ence !f e0lnt!7 fcts is ll!8e- f! the s6e es!n. Whee& f! e60le& 0es!n is tie- f! le-in( cetin 0e!0le t! i!t b7 6chin( t the he- !f the6. 5he cies !f the 6!b 67 be (ien in eiei-en ence ce
bein bein( (
e0l 0ln nt! t!7 7
!f
the
ntu ntue
!f
the the
t tns sct cti! i!n n
XIllustti!n +#* A& ccuse- !f theft& is seen t! (ie the st!len 0!0et7 t! ;& 8h0 is seen t! (ie it t! As 8ife. ; s7s& s he -elies it * A s7s 7!u e t! hi-e this. ;s stte6ent is elent s e0lnt!7 !f fct 8hich is 0t !f the tnscti!n Xlllustti!ne)Y. Xlllustti!ne)Y. A sues ; f! in-ucin( C t! be' c!ntct !f seice 6-e b7 hi6 8ith A. C& !n lein( As seice s7s t! A&* 5n lein( 7!u becuse ; hs 6-e 6e bette !ffe. 5his stte6ent is elent fct s e0l e0ln nt t! !7 7 !f Cs Cs c! c!nn-uc uct& t& 8hic 8hich h is ele ele nt nt s fct fct in issu issue e XIllustti!n -)Y. Si6ill7& stte6ent 6-e b7 0tne !n lein( his fi6 is elent bein( e0lnt!7 !f his c!n-uct in lein( the fi6. /ELEVANC>
AND
ADMISSI;ILI5>
OF
FAC5S
": Fcts 8hich su00!t ! ebut infeences Ei-ence cn be (ien !f fcts 8hich su00!t ! ebut n infeence su((este- b7 fct in issue ! elent fct. F! e60le& 0es!n is ccu c cuse se- !f ci6 ci6e e. 5he fct fct !f his bsc! bsc!n n-in -in( s! s!!n !n fte fte the the c!66issi!n !f the ci6e is c!n-uct& 8hich is elent becuse it su((ests the infeence tht he is (uilt7. An7 fct 8hich eithe su00!ts this infeence ! ebuts ! c!nt-icts it 8ill ls! bec!6e elent. F! e6 e60le 0le&& if fte fte bsc bsc!n !n-i -in( n(&& he 8s 8s e est stee- in il il8 87 7 ti tin n tellin( 8ith!ut tic'et ! in shbb7 -ess& this 8ill be elent s fct su00!tin( the infeence !f & his (uilt. It 8ill be eRull7 elent f!
hi6 t! sh!8 tht he left h!6e . becuse he h- u(ent n- su--en busine business ss t! ttentten- the the -etil -etils s !f such such busine business ss e e n!t ele elen nt) t) XIllustti!n c)Y. Whee it 8s lle(e- tht @ 6u-ee- >& fte l!n( chse& the fct tht @ h- un-e(!ne het su(e7 !0eti!n n- 8s Ruite 8e' bef!e lle(e- 6u-e is fct 8hich ebut the infeence !f @s (uilt. Whee the ccuse- 8s ll the ti6e 8ith the c!60linnt till the FI/ 8s l!-(e-& theefte he felt tht he 8s hi6self bein( sus0ecte-. He then 'e0t !ut !f the 87 n- e-e- est. It 8s& hel- tht the ei-ence !f his c!n-uct 0ei!us t! FI/ 8s elent t! c!nt-ict the infeence su((este- b7 the subseRuent e-in(. Een n inn!cent 6n 67 feel 0nic'7 n- t7 t! e-e est 8hen 8!n(l7 sus0ecte- !f (e ci6e TMtu Stte !f <.P.). I-entit7 !f 0es!n$thin( Whee the c!ut hs t! 'n!8 the i-entit7 !f n7 thin( ! n7 0es!n& n7 n7
fct fct
8hic 8hich h
est estbl blis ishe hes s
such such
i-en i-enti tit7 t7
is
ele ele nt. nt.
Pes Pes!n !nl l
chcteistics such s (e& hei(ht& c!60lei!n& !ice& hn-8itin(& 6nne 6nne&& -ess& -ess& -istin -istincti ctie e 6 6's 's&& bl!!bl!!- (!u0& (!u0& !ccu0 !ccu0ti! ti!n& n& f6il7 f6il7 elti!nshi0& e-ucti!n& tel& tel& eli(i!n& 'n!8le-(e !f 0ticul 0e!0le& 0lces ! fct n- !the -etils !f 0es!nl hist!7 e elent fcts. Vi!u i!us s
6eth 6e th!!-s s
li'e li'e
fin( fin(e e$$
thu6 thu6b* b*i6 i60 0es essi si!n !ns& s&
f!!t f!!t*6 *6 's 's&&
c!60is!n !f 8itin(& i-entificti!n 0-e b7 0!lice e use- in this e(-. 5i6e ! 0lce !f h00enin( Wht Whte ee e fct fct 8ill 8ill hel0 hel0 the the c! c!u utt t! fi fi the the ti6e ti6e ! 0lc 0lce e !f the the h00enin( !f the elent fct cn be -6itte- in ei-ence. 5he e0!t !f n e0et is elent t! fi the ti6e !f 6u-e n- the 6's !f stu(( stu((le le !n*the !n*the (!un(!un- e e ele elen ntt t! fi the 0lce 0lce !f the ci6e. ci6e. Su00!se 0es!n 8s 6u-ee- in tin& the -e- b!-7 8s seen t
the K6l stti!n. 5he tic'et f!un- in his 0!ssessi!n 8s f!6 Delhi t! Lu-hin it 0!es tht the 6u-e 8s c!66itte- bet8een Delhi nKnl. . In his til f! 6u-e !f ; b7 stbbin( fte l!n( chse& A --u --uce ce- eiei-en ence ce tht tht 8ee' 8ee' bef! bef!e e the the lle lle(e (e- 6u6u-e e A hhun-e(!ne
het
su(e7.
Is
the
fct
elent
U
XC.L.C.*%?[": LAW OF EVIDENCE /elti!n !f 0ties
.
■
A l(e nu6be !f cses !8e thei !i(in t! the 0e*eistin( elti!ns !f the 0ties& such s& f! e60le& th!se !f un-ue influence n- !f libel. /elence /elence !f C!ns0ic7 ei-ence Sec.#+) See un-e the uesti!ns Secti!n. When fcts n!t !the8ise elent bec!6e elent Sec.##) Acc!-in( t! Sec.##& fcts n!t !the8ise elent e elent *i)
if
the7 e inc!nsistent 8ith n7 fct in issue ! elent fct& ii) if b7 the6seles ! in c!nnecti!n 8ith !thes fcts the7 6-e the eistence ! n!n*eistence !f n7 fct in issue ! elent fct hi(hl7 0!bble ! i60!bble. Illustti!ns ) 9 5he Ruesti!n is& 8hethe A c!66itte- ci6e t Clcutt !n cetin -7. 5he fct tht& !n tht -7& A 8s t Lh!e is elent. 5he fct tht& ne the ti6e 8hen the ci6e 8s c!66itte-& A 8s t -istnce f!6 the 0lce 8hee it 8s c!66itte-& 8hich 8!ul- en-e it hi(hl7 i60!bble& th!u(h n!t i60!ssible& tht he c!66itte- it& is elent. b) 5he Ruesti!n is& 8hethe A c!66itte- ci6e.
5he cicu6stnces e such tht the ci6e 6ust he been c!66itteeithe b7 A& ;& C ! D. Ee7 fct 8hich sh!8s tht the ci6e c!ulhe been c!66itte- b7 n! !ne else n- tht it 8s n!t c!66itte- b7 eithe ;& C ! D is elent. Inc!nsistent fcts Ei-ence cn be (ien !f fcts 8hich he n! !the c!nnecti!n 8ith the 6in fcts !f cse ece0t this tht the7 e inc!nsistent 8ith fct in issue ! elent fct. 5hei inc!nsistenc7 8ith the 6in fcts !f the cse is sufficient t! 8nt thei elenc7. elenc7. 5his secti!n enbles 0es!n ch(e- 8ith ci6e t! tlte the 0le !f libi 8hich 6ens his 0etence else8hee t the ti6e !f the ci6e. His 0esence is inc!nsistent 8ith the fct tht he sh!ul- be 0esent t the 0lce 0lce !f the ci6e ci6e XSee XSee Illust Illustt ti!n i!n )Y. )Y. An!th An!the e instn instnce ce is n!n* n!n* cce c cess ss !f the the husb husbn n- t! 0! 0!e e ille ille(i (iti ti6 6c7 c7 !f chilchil-.. Si6i Si6il ll l7 7& 8hethe A c!66itte- 0e the fct tht his (enitl !(ns 8ee such s t! en-e the intec!use i60!ssible. Fcts sh!8in( 0!bbilities In 6n7 cses& 0ticull7 in efeence t! s!6e !f the fcts 8hich e n!t -iectl7 0!ble& the c!ut hs t! (! b7 the 0!bbilities !f the situti!n XSee illustti!n b)Y.
!f
!ne
si6u si6ult ltn ne! e!usn usnes ess s
tnscti!n !f
is
6-e
n!t n!the he/ /EL ELEV EVAN ANC> C>
f!6 AND AND
the
si6il
!
ADMI AD MISS SSI; I;I< I<5> 5>
OF
FAC5S ", Fcts Fcts 8hich 8hich 6 6'e 'e thin(s thin(s hi(hl7 hi(hl7 i60!b i60!bbl ble e e e ls! ls! ele elen nt. t. F! F! e60le& in Snt Sin(h Stte !f Pun=b AI/ #%:2 SC :":)& the 8itn 8itnes esse ses s test testif ifie ie- tht tht the7 the7 s s8 8 the the -ece -eces see- bein bein( ( sh!t sh!t f!6 f!6 -istnce !f ": feet. 5he 6e-icl e0!t sh!8e- tht the ntue !f 8!un- 8s such tht it c!ul- he been cuse- !nl7 f!6 -istnce
less thn 7-. 5hus& the e0et !0ini!n en-ee- the stte6ent !f the 8itnesses hi(hl7 i60!bble. In Klu MiB E60e!& #%+% ?, Cl. %#& 8hee the Ruesti!n 8s 8hethe 0es!n 8s hbitul chet& the fct tht he bel!n(e- t! n !(nisti!n 8hich 8s f!6e- f! the 0u0!se !f hbitull7 chetin( 0e!0le 8s hel- t! be elent& .n- it 8s !0en t! the 0!secuti!n t! 0!e (inst ech 0es!n tht the 6e6bes !f the (n( -i- chet 0e!0le. Sec. ## is e7 8i-e in its i60!t. At fist si(ht it 8!ul- 00e tht this secti!n 8!ul- 6'e ee7 fct elent becuse !f its 8!-in(. ;ut ce 6ust be t'en n!t t! (ie this secti!n n i60!0el7 8i-e sc!0e sc!0e b7 libe libell inte0 inte0et etti ti!n !n !f the 0hs 0hse e hi(hl hi(hl7 7 0!bb 0!bble le ! i60!bble. 5hese 8!-s in-icte tht the c!nnecti!n bet8een the fcts in issue n- the c!lltel fcts s!u(ht t! be 0!e- 6ust be i66e-ite s! s t! en-e the c!*eistence !f the t8! hi(hl7 0!bble. 5he elent fcts un-e Sec. ## eithe eclu-e ! i60l7& 6!e ! less -istinctl7&
the
eistence
!f
the
fct
s!u(ht
t!
be
0!e-.
5he 5heef ef! !e$ e$st stt te6 e6en ents ts s t! fct fcts s 6 6-e -e b7 0es 0es!n !ns s n!t n!t c cll llee- s 8itnes 8itnesses ses&& tns tnscti cti!ns !ns si6il si6il t! but unc!nn unc!nnect ectee- 8ith 8ith the fct fct in issue& n-& !0ini!ns f!6e- b7 0es!ns s t! fct in issue ! elent fct& e n!t elent un-e Sec.##. 5hus& Sec. ## 6'es -6issible !nl7 th!se fcts 8hich e !f (et 8ei(ht 8ei(ht -e(e -e(ee e !f 0!bb 0!bbili ilit7 t7 i66 i66e-i e-ite te nn- hi(h) hi(h) in bin(i bin(in( n( the c!ut t! c!nclusi!n e(-in( the eistence !f fct in Ruesti!n. Such c!lltel fcts e hi(hl7 luble t! the ccuse- in su00!t !f his -efence& n- t! e0!se the infi6it7 !f the 0!secuti!n cse. H!8ee& n!t 6uch use hs been 6-e !f this secti!n. IMPO/ IMPO/5 5AN5 AN5
5OPIC 5OPICS$I S$ILL LL
Secs.S*%#)%
5!0ie*% 0ie*%
/ele /elen nc7 c7
!f
Fcts Fcts
In !-e t! 0!e the eistence eistence ! n!n*eistence n!n*eistence !f the fcts fcts in issue& issue& cetin !the fcts 67 be (ien in ei-ence& clle- elent fcts. Such % Discuss the elenc7 !f the f!ll!8in( un-e the In-in Ei-ence Act& #," 9* ) 5he Ruesti!n is 8hethe A s!l- 0ue (hee t! ; fct In issue). A 8nts t! !ffe in ei-ence the fct tht he s!l- 0ue (hee t! C&D& E n- s!6e !the cust!6es !n the s6e -7. -7. TC!nt-....)" LAW OF EVIDENCE fcts 67 he such -iect ! in-iect c!nnecti!n 8ith the fct in issue& tht the7 en-e the ltte 0!bble ! i60!bble. Acc!-in( t! Sec.:& ei-ence 67 be (ien !f the eistence ! n!n*eistence !f ee7 fct in issue n- !f elent fcts& n- !f n! !thes. 5he 0!isi!ns eltin( t! Secs.2*% c!ul- be su66ise- s f!ll!8s 9* #) Sec. 2 /elenc7 !f fcts f!6in( 0t !f the s6e tnscti!n) 5he 0inci0le !f this secti!n is tht 8henee tnscti!n such s c!ntct ! ci6e& is fct in issue& then ei-ence cn be (ien !f ee7 fct 8hich f!6s 0t !f the s6e tnscti!n. 5nscti!n 5nscti!n efes t! seies !f cts s! c!nnecte- t!(ethe s e c0ble !f bein( clleb7 sin( sin(le le n6 n6e e.(. .(. c! c!nt ntct& ct& ci6 ci6e e& etc. etc. 5he cts cts in tnscti!n nee- n!t !ccu t the s6e ti6e n- 0lce. Illustti!n ) t! Sec.2 * A is ccuse- !f ;s 6u-e b7 betin( hi6. Whtee 8s si- ! -!ne b7 A ! ; ! b7 the b7*stn-es t the betin( ! sh!tl7 bef!e ! fte it s t! f!6 0t !f the tnscti!n& is elent fct. Stte6ents !ften cc!60n7 0h7sicl h00enin(s. 5he Ruesti!n is t! 8ht 8ht ete etent nt such such stt stte6 e6en ents ts c cn n be e( e(-ee- s 0t 0ts s !f the the t tnsc nscti ti!n !n.. F! stt stte6 e6en entt t! be ele ele nt nt fct fct&& it 6ust 6ust be
c!nt c! nte e60! 60!ne!u ne!us s
8ith 8ith
the the
fct fct&&
i.e i.e.&
6-e
eithe ithe
-ui -uin( n(
!
i66e-itel7 bef!e ! fte its !ccuence. If the stte6ent is 6-e fte the ct is !e n- its 6'e h- the ti6e f! eflecti!n n-elibeti!n ! nti!n !f 0st eents)& then it is n!t elent. 5hus& A& 8hile unnin( in steet& c7in( tht ; hs stbbe- hi6& is elent fct. ;ut& stte6ents 6-e -uin( the C!nt-....) b)
A 8s ch(e ch(e- f! the 6u-e 6u-e !f his 8ife 8ife 8h! 8s 8s 6issin( 6issin( f!
s!6e ti6e fct in issue). Lte !n& -e- b!-7 8s ec!ee- b7 the 0!lice n- the 0h!t!(0h 8s 0ublishe- in the ne8s00e. Afte seein( the 0h!t!(0h& A si- t! his c!lle(ue& Pe!0le e s7in( tht the 0h!t!(0h is !f 67 8ife. Plese (! n- see. 5hen A left the !ffice fte t'in( lee. c) 5he fct testifie testifie- t! b7 D tht s!!n bef!e bef!e the lle(elle(e- 6u-e 6u-e b7 A&C h- 0ee0e- th!u(h the 8in-!8 n- ecli6e- L!!' A is i6in( his (un t!8-s ;. -) 5he fct tht tht ; 8s 8s seen c!6in( c!6in( !ut !f the h!use !f A -istessen- s!bbin( s!!n fte he lle(e- 0e b7 A. e) e)
In As As ti till un-e un-e Sec. Sec.1 1"+& IPC IPC f! f! che chetin( tin( b7 f flsel lsel7 7
e0 e0es esen enti tin( n( t! ; tht tht he 8s 8s the the 6 6n n(e (e !f ; ;n' n' nn- 8!ul 8!ule60l e6 0l!7 !7 hi6 hi6 s c csh shie ie if he -e0! -e0!si site te- 8ith 8ith hi6 hi6 /s. /s. #+&+ #+&+++ ++$*& $*& ei-ence is s!u(ht t! be (ien tht A h- 6-e si6il e0esentti!ns t!
C
n-
+
n-
!btine-
XC.LC*%#$%?Y/ELEVANC>
AND
/s.#+&+++$*
f!6
ADMISSI;ILI5>
ech OF
!f
the6. FAC5S
"% inesti(ti!ns !f ci6e e n!t elent fcts. Whee sh!tl7 fte the 6u-e& the 0es!n sus0ecte- !f it e0line- 87 the bsence !f the -ecese- b7 s7in( tht he h- left the ill(e& hel- tht stte6ent is elent fct& bein( 0t !f the tnscti!n.
")
Sec. Sec. , F Fcts 8hich 8hich e the !ccsi! !ccsi!n& n& cuse cuse ! effect effect !f fct in
issue) Occsi!n 9 5he fct tht the -ecese- (il 8s l!ne in he h!use t the ti6e !f 6u-e is elent s it c!nstitute- the !ccsi!n f! the 6u-e. Cuse 9 5he fct tht the ccuse- 8s in l!e 8ith the -ecese-s 8ife is elent s it c!nstitute- the cuse c use f! the 6u-e. 6u-e. Effect 9 F!!t0ints n- fin(e i60essi!ns !n the scene !f the ci6e 8he 8hee e 0es 0es!n !n is 0!is 0!is!n !nee- the the s760 s760t! t!6s 6s 0!0!-uce uce- b7 0!is! 0!is!n n 0!ssessi!n !f st!len ticles b7 0es!n i66e-itel7 fte theft. O00!tunit7 9 5he fct tht ccuse- left l eft his fell!8 8!'es t b!ut the ti6e !f the 6u-e un-e the 0etence !f (!in( t! S6iths sh!0 8s elent s this (e the ccuse- his !00!tunit7. ?)
Sec. M!tie& 0e0ti!n n- c!n-uct)
M!tie 9 5he Ruesti!n is 8hethe A 6u-ee- ;. 5he fcts tht A 6u-ee- C& tht ; 'ne8 tht A h- 6u-ee- C& n- tht ; h- tiet! et!t 6!ne7 f!6 A b7 thetenin( t! 6'e his 'n!8le-(e 0ublic& e elent. Pe0ti!n 9 It is elent t! sh!8 tht the ccuse- hie- e!le fe8 -7s bef!e the 6u-e. C!n-uct 9 5he c!n-uct !f in=ue- ! ccuse- 0es!n ! the 0ties t! suit is elent. 5he c!n-uct 0ei!us ! subseRuent) 6ust be such s influences ! is influence- b7 the fcts in issue ! elent fcts e.(. the -efen-nt tune- 0le& 8hen este- bibin( c!ncelin( !nes i-entit7 bsc!n-in(& etc. E0l E0ln nt ti! i!n n # t! Sec. Sec.** It 0! 0!ii-es es tht tht 6e 6ee e stt stte6 e6en ents ts -! n!t n!t c!nsti c!nstitut tute e c!n-u c!n-uct ct unless unless the7 the7 cc!6 cc!60n 0n7 7 nn- e0li e0lin n cts cts !the !the thn thn stt stte6 e6en ents ts.. F! F! e6 e60le 0le&& c! c!60 60l lint ints s 6 6-e -e t! 0es 0es!n !n in uth!it7& sh!tl7 fte the c!66issi!n !f the ci6e e elent fcts.
If 8ith!ut 6'in( n7 c!60lint& the ((iee- 0t7 !nl7 stte- the fcts& tht 8ill n!t be b e elent. E0lnti!n " t! Sec. * It 0!i-es tht 8hen the c!n-uct !f n7 0es!n is elent& n7 stte6ent 6-e t! hi6 in his 0esence nhein(& 8hich ffects such c!n-uct& is ls! elent. 5hus& the fct tht ccuse- n 87 i66e-itel7 fte hein( tht the 0!lice is l!!'in( f! the cul0it. 1)
Sec.%
Fcts Fcts necess7 t! e0lin$int!-uce elent fcts)
Int!-uct!7 9 In suit f! libel& the stte !f 0ties elti!ns t the ti6e !f the lle(e- libel. LAW OF EVIDENCE A sues ; f! in-ucin( C t! be' c!ntct !f seice 6-e b7 hi6 8ith A. C& !n lein( As seice s7s t! A& I 6 lein( 7!u becuse ; hs 6-e 6e bette !ffe. 5his stte6ent is elent fct s e0lnt!7 !f Cs c!n-uct. Su00 Su00! !t$ t$e ebu butt infe infee ence nce 9 If fte fte bsc bsc!n !n-i -in( n(&& the the c ccu cuse se- 8s 8s este- in tin tellin( 8ith!ut tic'et ! in shbb7 -ess& this 8ill be elent s fct su00!tin( the infeence !f his (uilt. H!8ee& if he sh!8s tht he left su--enl7 becuse !f u(ent business 8!'& it 8ill ebut the infeence !f his (uilt. I-entit7 !f 0es!n$thin( 9 A(e& hei(ht& !ice& hn-*8itin(& bl!!(!u0& 0es!nl hist!7& etc. e elent fcts. 5i6e$Plce !f h00enin(9 Fcts tht hel0 t! fi the ti6e ! 0lce !f the h00enin(& e elent fcts. /elti!n !f 0ties 9 5he fct !f un-ue influence is elent. Sec.## When ielent fcts bec!6e elent) i) Inc!nsistent Inc!nsistent fcts * 5he fcts 8hich e inc!nsistent inc!nsistent 8ith the 6in 6in fcts& bec!6e elent e.(. the 6u-e !ccue- in Delhi& the ccuse-
!n tht tht -7 -7 8s 8s in Clc Clcut utt t n!n* n!n*c cce cess ss !f the the husb husbnn- t! 0! 0!e e ille(iti6c7 !f chil-. Fcts sh!8in( 0!bbilities * Fcts 8hich 6'e the eistence ! n!n* eist eisten ence ce !f n7 n7 fct fct in issu issue e ! ele ele nt nt fct fct hi(h hi(hl7 l7 0!b 0!bb ble le ! i60!bble i.e. the c!nnecti!n bet8een such fcts n- the fct in issue$elent fct is i66e-ite). 5hus& in cse !f flse 0!secuti!n& the the fct fct tht tht the the c ccu cuse se- hh- 0e 0ei! i!us usl7 l7 inst instit itut utee- n unf! unf!un un-e -e0!secuti!n (inst the s6e 0es!n is elent. Whee the 8itness testifie- tht he s8 the -ecese- bein( sh!t f!6 ":*feet -istnce& but the 6e-icl e0et !0ine- tht -istnce cnn!t be 6!e thn 7- c!nsi-ein( the ntue !f !un-& hee e0et !0ini!n en-ee- the stte6ent !f 8itness hi(hl7 i60!bble. Decisi!n !f the cses) in Ruesti!n ) 5he fct is n!t elent un-e Sec.2 ei-ence !f 0ue (hee bein( s!l- t! !the cust!6es is n!t 0t !f the s6e tnscti!n) ! Sec. ## ") thee is n! i66e-ite ! necess7 c!nnecti!n 8ith the fct in issue& becuse 0es!n cn he b- intenti!ns t!8-s !ne 0es!n l!ne). 5he fcts e elent un-e Sec.& s As c!n-uct is influence- b7 fct in issue ! elent fct. Inste- !f (!in( t! the 0!lice stti!n hi6self& he s'e- fien- t! -! it 8hile he hi6self 0!cee-e- t! (! !n lee. As his stte6ent is in 87 e0lnt!7 !f his c!n-uct& it is elent un-e E0lnti!n # / Sec.. b)
/ELEVANC> ?#
AND
ADMISSI;ILI5>
OF
FAC5S
c)
5he stte6ent is elent un-e Sec.2& s it is c!nte60!ne!us c!nte60!ne!us
8ith the fct in issue 6-e i66e-itel7 bef!e its !ccuence) nthus f!6 0t !f the tnscti!n See illustti!n ) t! Sec.2). -)
It is elent fct un-e Sec.& s ;s c!n-uct is influence- b7
fct in issue i.e9 0e). e)
5he ei-ence ei-ence !f si6il si6il but unc!nnecte unc!nnecte- fcts fcts is n! elent elent
ei-ence& eithe un-e Sec.2 n!t 0t !f the s6e tnscti!n) ! Sec. ##"). lllustti!n*#+ 9#+ )
It is elent elent ei-ence un-e Sec.& Sec.& s A hh- 6!tie t! 'ill /. /.
b)
It is ele ele nt nt fct fct un-e un-e Sec. Sec. c!n-u c!n-uct ct subseR subseRuen uentt t! t! nn-
ffecte- b7 fct in issue) n- Sec.% fcts su00!tin( the infeence !f As (uilt). c)
It is elent fct un-e Sec. ## fcts inc!nsistent 8ith fct in
issue& bec!6e elent). -)
It is (enel ule !f ei-ence tht ll such ei-ence is -6itte-
8hich hel0s the c!ut in iin(& t the tuth. 50e ec!-s& i-e!* fil6s& 0!l7(f tests& DNA fin(e 0intin(& etc. e t!!ls !f 6!-en techn!l!(7 8hich 6'e the 0!bbilit7 !f tuth hi(hl7 cetin. A DNA e0!t estblishin( the 0tenit7 !f the chil- is elent ei-ence un-e Sec.% i-entit7 !f 0es!n). e)
It is elent fct un-e Sec.2 Xillustti!n )Y.
#+. Discuss the elenc7 !f the f!ll!8in( un-e the In-in Ei-ence Act * ) A is ccuse- !f c!66ittin( c!66ittin( 6u-e !f /. Ei-ence is s!u(ht t! be (i (ien !f the fct fct tht ht / hh- 6u-e u-ee e- As b! b!the the n- A hhthetene- tht he 8!ul- t'e een(e.
b) On the bsis !f the F. F.I./. A is sus0ecte- !f hin( hin( c!66itte- the ci6e. 5he fct tht A 8s bsc!n-in( fte the inci-ent n- tht he 8s l!cte- ei(ht -7s fte in -el0i-te- el0i-te- c!n-iti!n. c) 5he Ruesti!n is 8hethe 8hethe 0e 8s 8s c!66itte- b7 A. 5he fct tht A 8s -6itte- t! h!s0itl 8ith 6ulti0le fctues -uin( the 0ei!- !f lle(e- 0e. -) A DNA e0!t tht clel7 estblishes estblishes tht the 'ille- chil- 8s 8s the s!n !f n in-ustilist& 8h! is -isinteeste- in !8nin( the 0tenit7 !f the chil-. e) e)
5he 5he 8itn 8itnes esse ses s -e0! -e0!se se tht tht fte fte he hein in( ( the the fis fistt sh!t sh!t the7 the7
cli6be- the b!un-7 8ll n- s8 the ccuse- chsin( the icti6 bef!e the finl sh!!t*!ut. I) Afte the lle(e- 0e the icti6 nte- the 8h!le inci-ent t! the 0!lice
!e
.
0h!ne.
XC.L.C*%1$%:$%2Y?" LAW OF EVIDENCE f) It is elent ei-ence un-e e0lnti!n # t! Sec.& becuse it 6!unts t! c!60lint. 5he nti!n !f inci-ent t! the 0!lice is 6-e 8ith ie8 t! e-ess ! 0unish6ent& thus it is n!t be stte6ent s! s t! be eclu-e- un-e Sec.. lllustt'n*## 9## )
It is elent fct un-e Sec. Xillustti!n )Y M!tie).
b)
It is elent fct un-e Sec.2 n- Sec. subseRuent c!n-uct).
c)
M's M's !n !n the the (!un(!un- is is elen elentt fct fct un-e Sec., effect effect !f
fct in issue). A t0e*ec!-e- stte6ent is elent fct un-e Sees. 2&,&&%+ ! ##. -)
It is ele elen ntt fct fct un-e un-e Sec.& Sec.& e0ln e0lnti ti!n !n #. If 8ith!u 8ith!utt
6'in( n7 c!60lint& the ((iee- 0t7 !nl7 stte- the fcts& tht 8ill n!t be elent& f! be stte6ents e n!t elent un-e Sec..
5!0ic*#" /elenc7 n- -6issibilit7 !f t0e*ec!-e- stte6ent#" 5he t!!ls !f 6!-en techn!l!(7 li'e t0e ec!-s& i-e! fil6s& DNA tests& etc. 6'e the 0!bbilit7 !f tuth hi(hl7 cetin. It is (enel ule !f ei-ence tht ll such ei-ence is -6itte- 8hich hel0s the c!ut in iin( t the tuth. ##. Discuss the elenc7 !f the f!ll!8in( * ) A is ccuse- !f 6u-e 6u-e !f his 8ife. 5he ei-ence (ien tht he 8s 8s in l!e 8ith n!the 8!6n n- 8nte- t! 67 he. 5he 8ife hc!6e t! 'n!8 !f it n- h- thetene- t! e0!t the 6tte t! 0!lice. b)
AccuseAccuse- 8s seen seen c!6in( !ut !ut !f !!6& !!6& f!6 8hee 8hee the -e-e-
b!-7 !f his 8ife 8s ec!ee-. 5he ccuse- n 87 fte hein( tht the 0!lice is c!6in( t! est the 6u-ee. 6u-ee. c)
5he Ruest Ruesti!n i!n is 8hethe 8hethe A 6u-e 6u-eee- ; -uin( -uin( the c!use c!use !f
stu((le. M's !n the (!un- 0!-uce- b7 the stu((le t the 0lce !f !ccuence n- t0e*ec!-e- stte6ent !f A n- ; ec!-esi6ultne!usl7
e
ten-ee-
in
ei-ence.
G -) In til !f A f! 0in( 0in( ;& the 0!secuti 0!secuti!n !n 8nts 8nts t! el7 u0!n c!60lint 6-e b7 ; eltin( t! the ci6e& the cicu6stnces un-e 8hich n- the te6 in 8hich the c!60lint 8s 6-e. If inste- !f c!60lint& the 0!secuti!n elies !n nti!n !f eent b7 ; t! fien- tellin( hi6 s t! h!8 A h- 0ef!6e- the ct& 8ill it be
elent
fctU
XLC.I*%:2Y #". #".
Disc Discus uss s
the the
ele ele nc nc7 7
stte6ent. XC.LC*%?$%1 L.C.I*%:Y
nn-
-6i -6iss ssib ibil ilit it7 7
!f t0e t0e* *ec ec! !-e -e-
Discuss the fcts n- 0!ints !f l8 s enuncite- in the cse !f /.M. Ml'ni
Stte
!f
Mhsht
AI/
#%,?
SC
#:,).
XL.C.I*%1Y C!nt-....)/ELEVANC> AND ADMISSI;ILI5> OF FAC5S ?? 5hus 5hus&& t0e t0e* *ec ec! !-i -in( n(s s c cn n be usese- s ei-e i-enc nce e in c! c!u utt t! c!!b c!!b! !t te e the stte6en stte6ents ts !f 0es!n 0es!n 8h! -e0!ses -e0!ses tht tht he hc c ie ie- !n c! c!n ne es sti ti!n !n 8ith 8ith 0t 0tic icul ul 0es 0es!n !n.. A 0e 0ei! i!us us stte6ent !f 0es!n 8hich hs been t0e*ec!-e- cn ls! be uset! test the ecit7 !f 8itness n- t! I60ech his i60tilit7. i60tilit7. In >usuf suflii lii Stt Stte e !f Mh Mh sh sht t #%2 #%2,) ,) ;! ;!6 6 L/ ,2 SC) SC)&& the the Su0e6e C!ut !bsee- 9 If stte6ent is elent& n ccute t0e*ec!- !f the stte6ent is ls! elent n- -6issible. 5he ti6e nn- 0lc 0lce e nn- c ccu cu c7 c7 !f the the ec! ec!-in in( ( 6ust 6ust be 0! 0!e e- b7 c!60etent 8itness n- the !ice 6ust be 0!0el7 i-entifie-. One !f the fetues !f the 6(netic t0e*ec!-in( is the bilit7 t! ese ne*use the ec!-in( 6e-iu6. ;ecuse !f this fcilit7 !f esue ne*use& the ei-ence 6ust be eceie- 8ith cuti!n. 5he c!ut 6ust be sti s tisf sfie ie- be7! be7!nn- es es!n !nb ble le -!ub -!ubtt tht tht the the ec! ec!- hs hs n!t n!t been been t60ee- 8ith In Mhbi Ps- Suin-e Ku AI/ #%" SC #+1?)& the c!ut helth tht
t0e* 0e*e ec! c!-ee-
c!n c! ne es stti!n i!n
cn c n
!nl7 !nl7
be
eli elie e-
u0!n 0!n
s
c!!b!tie ei-ence !f c!nesti!n -e0!se- b7 n7 !f the 0ties t! the c!nesti!n. In the bsence !f n7 such ei-ence& the t0e cnn!t be use- s n ei-ence in itself. /.M. Ml'ni Stte !f Mhsht AI/ #%,? SC #:,) In this this c cse se&& the the 0!s 0!sec ecut uti! i!n n c cse se 8s 8s bse bse- s! s!le lel7 l7 !n the the t0e t0e** ec!-e- c!nesti!n& 8hich clel7 0!e- the 00ellnts intenti!n
t!
!bt btin
bib bibe. e.
5he
00e 00ell llnts nts
c!nte !ntent nti! i!n n
8s
th tht
such such
c!n c! ne es sti ti!n !n c cnn nn!t !t be -6i -6itt ttee-.u .unn-e e the the 0! 0!isi isi!n !ns s !f In-i In-in n Ei-ence Act& 6!e!e s it 8s unl8ful. 5he Su0e6e C!ut helsuch c!nesti!n t! be elent. 5he 5he Su0 Su0e6 e6e e C!u C!utt lili- -!8n -!8n the the l8 l8 el elti tin( n( t! t0e t0e* *ec ec! !-e -ec!nesti!n s 9* #)
50e*ec!-e- c!nesti!n is -6issible in ei-ence 0!i-e-
the c!nesti!n is elent t! the 6tte in issue& the !ice cn be 0!0el7 i-entifie-& n- the 0!ssibilit7 !f esin( 0ts !f the t0e is eli6inte-. ")
When the t0e*ec! t0e*ec!-in( -in( is c!nte60! c!nte60!ne! ne!us us ec!ec!- !f such
c!n c! ne es sti ti!n !n i.e i.e.. 6 6-e -e si6u si6ult ltn ne! e!us usl7 l7 8ith 8ith the the fct fcts s in issu issue e ! elent fcts)& it is elent fct un-e Sec.2. It is es * (este. Since it is li'e 0h!t!(0h !f elent inci-ent& it is C!nt-....) A& 7!un( (il& eceies !bscene clls !n the tele0h!ne. She ec!-s the 0h!ne cll !n t0e*ec!-e in 8hich the clle i-entifies hi6self t! be @. @ Is bein( tie- f! 6'in( !bscene clls t! A. In the til the 0!secuti!n 0!secuti!n 8nts t! le- In ei-ence the ec!-e- cll. Cn it be le- in ei-enceU Wht is the test f! -6issibilit7 !f t0e*ec!-ec!nesti!nU
Deci-e
8ith
efeence
t!
-eci-e-
cses.
[LC.II*%S[?1 LAW OF EVIDENCE ls! -6issible un-e Sec.,. Such ec!-in( is ls! -!cu6ent un-e Sec.?. 5he ec!-in( is ls! -6issible un-e Sees. &%+ ! ##. ?)
As t! ei-enci ei-enci7 7 lue& lue& the c!ut hs si- tht such ei-ence ei-ence
6ust be eceie- 8ith cuti!n. 5hus& t0e*ec!-in( 6ust be (enuine n- fee f!6 t60ein( ! 6utilti!n the c!ut sh!ul- be !the8ise stisfie- !f its ccuc7.
1)
Een Een if the t0e* t0e*ec! ec!-i -in( n( is !btin !btinee- unl8 unl8ful full7 l7&& it 8ill 8ill be
-6issible in ei-ence& s -etecti!n b7 -ece0ti!n is f!6 !f 0!lice 0!ce-ue. In M(= Pt!-i /.K. ;iii #%,+) " SCC %& it 8s hel- tht een if -!cu6ent is 0!cue- b7 i60!0e ! ille(l 6ens& the thee e is n! b b t! its its -6i -6iss ssib ibil ilit it7 7 0! 0!ii-ee- its its ele ele nc nce e nn(enuineness e 0!e-. 5he M-s Hi(h C!ut hs& in /.Ven'tesn Stte #%+ C LJ1#)& c!nsi-ee- the ei-enti7 lue !f t0e*ec!-e- c!nesti!n. In tht tht cse& cse& the c!ne c!nes sti! ti!n n 8s 8s n!t u-ible u-ible th!u( th!u(h!u h!ut& t& n- 8s 8s b!'en t e7 cucil 0lce. 5he ccuse- lle(e- tht the s6e hs n!t n!t been been t60 t60e eee- 8ith 8ith.. 5he 5he c ccu cu c7 c7 !f the the ec! ec!-in in( ( 8s 8s n!t n!t 0! 0!ee-&& nn- the the !ic !ices es 8ee 8ee ls! ls! n!t n!t 0!0 0!0e el7 l7 i-en i-enti tifi fiee-.. In the the cicu6stnces& the c!ut c!nclu-e- tht it 8!ul- n!t be sfe t! el7 !n the t0e*ec!-e- c!nesti!n s c!!b!tin( the ei-ence !f the 0!secuti!n 8itness. As e(-s -6issibilit7 !f t0e*ec!-in(s& the ;!6b7 Hi(h C!ut C./.Meht Stte !f Mhsht& #%%? C LJ "2?) hs. !bsee- 5he 5he l8 l8 is Ruit Ruite e cle cle tht tht t0e t0e* *ec ec! !-e -e- ei-e ei-enc nce e if it is t! be cce c ce0t 0tb ble le&& 6ust 6ust be sel selee- t the the el elie iest st 0!in 0!intt !f ti6e ti6e&& nn- n!t n!t !0ene- ece0t un-e !-es !f the c!ut. In /6 Sin(h C!l. /6 Sin(h #%:) Su00. SCC 2##& the Su0e6e C!ut hs ti(htene- the ule s t! elenc7 !f t0e t! this etent tht it 6ust be sh!8n tht fte the ec!-in( the t0e 8s 'e0t in 0!0e cust!-7. In tht cse the De0ut7 C!66issi!ne h- left the t0e 8ith the the sten sten!( !( 0h 0he e.. 5ht 5ht 8s 8s helhel- t! be suff suffici icien entt t! -est -est! !7 7 the the uthenticit7 !f the t0e. 5he Su0e6e C!ut hs futhe su((estetht
h!8
the
css sse ette
c6e
int!
eistence
is
n
i60!tnt
c!nsi-eti!n. 5he c!ut e=ecte- t0e ec!-e- ei-ence !f n electi!n s0eech becuse becuse the t0e 8s 0e0e0e0e- b7 0!lice !ffice !ffice n- he 8s
n!t ble t! e0iin 8h7 he h- -!ne s!. s !. 5he cn-i-te h- -enie- tht the t0e 8s in his !ice u66l Isl6 S.K. Knt AI/ #%%1 SC #,??). Decisi!n !f the cse in Ruesti!n 5he 5he t0e t0e* *ec ec! !-e -e- c cll ll c cn n be lele- int! int! eiei-en ence ce&& 0! 0!ii-ee- the the c!n-iti!ns li- -!8n in /.M. Ml'ni cse e stisfie-. II/ELEVANC>
AND
ADMISSI;I<5>
OF
FAC5S
?: 5!0ic*#? Ei-ence t! 0!e C!ns0ic7 Sec.#+)#? Whee thee is es!nble (!un- t! beliee b eliee tht t8! ! 6!e 0es!ns he c!ns0ie- t!(ethe t! c!66it n !ffence ! n cti!nble 8!n(& n7thin( si-& -!ne ! 8itten b7 n7 !ne !f such 0es!ns in efeence t! thei c!66!n intenti!n& fte the ti6e 8hen such intenti!n 8s fist entetine- b7 n7 !ne !f the6& is elent fct s (inst ech !f the 0es!ns beliee- t! be s! c!ns0iin(& s 8ell s f! the 0u0!se !f 0!in( the eistence !f c!ns0ic7 s f! the 0u0!se !f sh!8in( tht n7 such 0es!n 8s 0t7 t! it. Illustti!n */es!nble */es!nble (!un- eists f! beliein( tht A hs =!ine- in c!ns0ic7 t! 8(e 8 (inst the 4!en6ent !f In-i. 5he 5he fct fcts s tht tht ; 0! 0!cue cue- 6s 6s in Eu Eu!0e !0e f! f! the 0u0 0u0! !se !f c!ns c! ns0i 0ic7& c7& C c! c!ll llec ecte te- 6! 6!ne ne7 7 in Clc Clcut utt t f! f! li'e li'e !b=e !b=ect ct&& D 0esu 0esu-e-e- 0es!n 0es!ns s t! =!in =!in the c!ns0i c!ns0ic7 c7 in ;! ;!6b 6b7 7& E 0ublish 0ublishee8itin(s -!ctin( the !b=ect in ie8 t A(& n- the c!ntents !f lette 8itten b7 H (iin( n cc!unt !f c!ns0ic7& e ech elent& b!th t! 0!e the eistence !f c!ns0ic7& n- t! 0!e As c!60licit7 in it& lth!u(h he 67 he been i(n!nt !f ll !f the6& n- lth!u(h the 0es!ns b7 8h!6 the7 8ee -!ne 8ee stn(es t! hi6& nlth!u(h the7 67 he t'en 0lce bef!e he =!ine- the c!ns0ic7 ! fte he left it.
C!ns0ic7 6ens c!6binti!n ! (ee6ent bet8een t8! ! 6!e 0es!ns t! -! n unl8ful ct ! t! -! l8ful ct b7 unl8ful 6ens. 5he un-el7in( 0inci0le !n 8hich Sec.#+ is bse- is the 0inci0le !f (enc7 8hich 6ens& if t8! ! 6!e 0es!ns c!ns0ie t!(ethe t! c!66it n !ffence& ech is e(-e- s bein( the (ent !f the !the n- ech c!ns0it! is lible f! 8ht is -!ne b7 his fell!8 c!ns0it!. c!ns0it!. 5he c!n-iti!ns !f elenc7 un-e Sec.#+ e * #) 5hee shll be 0i6 fcie ei-ence ff!-in( es!nble (!unt! beliee tht t8! ! 6!e 0es!ns he entee- int! c!ns0ic7. #?. A c!ns0ic7 is htche- in secec7 n- eecute- in -'ness. Ntull7& theef!e& it is n!t 0!ssible f! the 0!secuti!n t! c!nnect ech ech is!l is!lt tee- c ctt !f stt stte6 e6en entt !f !ne !ne c ccu cuse se- 8ith 8ith the the c cts ts nnstte6ents !f !thes& unless thee is c!66!n b!n- lin'in( ll !f the6 t!(ethe. E0lin 8ith the hel0 !f elent sttut!7 0!isi!ns n- cse l8.
XC.L.C. *%1Y
Secti!n #+ !f the In-in Ei-ence Act is n eil 0!isi!n but 0eh0s it is necess7 eil. D! 7!u (ee 8ith this !bseti!nU Discuss citicll7
8ith
efeence
t!
the
le-in(
cses.
IC.LC.*%?Y A& ; n- C c!ns0ie t! bl!8 il*bi-(e. 5! chiee thei !b=ect& the7 6'e 0ln t! 0lce ti6e b!6b bel!8 the il87*bi-(e. 5he ti6e b!6b is 0lce-& but it -!es n!t e0l!-e. 5he7 etun bc' n- 8ite lett lette e t! the the su00 su00li lie e !f the the ti6e ti6e b!6b b!6b e0l e0li ini nin( n( hi6 hi6 the the n!n* n!n* e0l!si!n !f the -eice n- eRuestin( f! n!the ti6e b!6b. 5he lett lette e is inte intec ce0 e0te te- nn- the the 0!s 0!sec ecut uti! i!n n 8nt 8nts s t! use use this this lett lette e (i (ins nstt ll ll c ccu cuse se- 0es 0es!n !ns s inclu inclu-in -in( ( the the su00 su00li lie e un-e un-e Sec.# Sec.#+. +. Deci-e. LAW OF EVIDENCE
XC.LC.*%# XC.LC.*%# L.C.I*%2Y?2
")
If the si- c!n-iti!n is fulfille-& n7thin( si-& -!ne ! 8itten& b7
n7 n7!ne !ne !f the6 the6 in efe efee enc nce e t! thei thei c! c!66 66!n !n inte intent nti! i!n n 8ill 8ill be ei-ence (inst the !the. ?)
An7thin( An7thin( si-& -!ne ! 8itten 8itten b7 hi6 sh!ulsh!ul- he he been si-&
-!ne ! 8itten b7 hi6 fte the ti6e 8hen the intenti!n t! c!ns0ie 8s fist entetine- b7 n7 !f the6. 5he cts$stte6ents !f c!ns0it! cn !nl7 be use- f! the 0u0!se !f 0!in( the eistence !f c!ns0ic7 ! tht 0ticul 0es!n 8s 0t7 t! it. It cnn!t be use- in f!u !f the !the 0t7 ! f! the 0u0 0u0!s !se e !f sh!8 sh!8in in( ( tht tht such such 0es 0es!n !n 8s 8s n!t n!t 0t 0t7 7 t! the the c!ns0ic7. An7thin( si-& -!ne ! 8itten 67 be 0!e- (inst c!ns0it! 8h! =!ine- fte ! left bef!e such thin( 8s si-& -!ne ! 8itten S- S-ul Sin(h 7 Stte !f Mhsht AI/ #%2: SC 2"). 1) :) 5hus& the s0ecil fetue !f the ule is tht n7thin( si-& 8itten ! -!ne b7 n7 6e6be !f the c!ns0ic7 is n ei-ence (inst the !the 6e6bes een if the7 e -!ne in thei bsence n- 8ith!ut thei 'n!8le-(e*& the !nl7 c!n-iti!n bein( tht the ct 6ust he efeence t! thei c!66!n intenti!n. 5est !f 0i6 0i6 fci fcie e c! c!ns ns0i 0i c7 c7#?G * Onl7 0i6 fcie cse !f c!ns0ic7 hs t! be 6-e !ut t! bin( Sec. #+ int! !0eti!n. 5he fct tht the t8! ccuse-& !ne !f 8h!6 ctull7 cuse- -eth& 8ee seen t!(ethe bef!e the eent is!ltin( the6seles !n !!f t!0 n6'in( ee7 0!ssible eff!t t! c!ncel thei c!nesti!n f!6 the f6i f6il7 l7 6e6bes bes&& 8s helhel- t! be en!u n!u(h 0i6 0i6 fci fcie e 0!! 0!!ff !f c!ns0ic7 s! s t! 0unish !ne f! the cti!n !f the !the Keh Sin(h Delhi A-6n. AI/ #%+ SC #?).
Sec.#+ * necess7 eil Sec. #+ hs 0!tentil 0!tentil t! !0e in the inn!cent inn!cent 8ith the (uilt7& (uilt7& n- t! !0e !0e in 0e!0 0e!0le le 8h! 8h! he he (enu (enuin inel el7 7 bn bn-! -!ne ne-
nn- e( e(et ette te-. -.
Illustti!n t! Sec. #+ hs been -escibe- t! be unntul. 5he 5he c cse se !f Keh Keh Sin( Sin(h h Stt Stte e Del Delhi hi A-6n A-6n.) .)&& Qh!8 Qh!8s s tht tht the the Su0 Su0e6 e6e e C!u C!utt c! c!ns nsii-e eee- 6e 6ee e c ctt !f t8! t8! 0e!0 0e!0le le is!l is!lt tin in( ( the6se the6sele les s t the h!use h!use t!0 n- subseR subseRuen uentl7 tl7 !i!i-in( in( Ruesti Ruesti!ns !ns b!ut the c!ntent !f thei c!nesti!n s en!u(h es!n t! beliee tht the7 8ee c!ns0iin( b!ut s!6e thin(. H!8ee& it 6ust be 'e0t in 6in- tht Sec.#+ !nl7 6'es s!6e fcts elent& 00eciti!n !f ei-ence n- (iin( -ue 8ei(ht t! it is the functi!n !f the c!ut. Whee cetin ei-ence hs been -6itte- un-e es!nble belief !f the eistence !f c!ns0ic7& but subseRuentl7 it 00es tht the belief 8s unf!un-e-& the ei-ence cn be stuc' !ut. #?. Wht is the test !f 0i6 fcie c!ns0ic7 in Sec.#+U XC.LC.*%2[/ELEVANC>
AND
ADMISS#;ILI5>
OF
FAC5S
?,
Sec. #+ is neetheless c!nsi-ee- necess7 eil. E0linin( the es!ns 8hich necessite- the elti!n !f the !-in7 ules in cses !f c!ns0i c!ns0i c7 c7&& ;.P ;.P. Sinh& Sinh& J. sisi- 9 Sec.# Sec.#+ + hs hs been been -elibe -elibe tel tel7 7 encte- in !-e t! 6'e such cts$stte6ents !f c!*c!ns0it! -6iss -6issibl ible e (ins (instt the 8h!le 8h!le b!-7 b!-7 !f c!ns0i c!ns0it t!s !s&& becus becuse e !f the ntue !f the ci6e. A c!ns0ic7 is htche- in secec7& n- eecutein -'ness. Ntull7& theef!e& it is n!t fesible f! the 0!secuti!n t! c! c!nn nnec ectt ech ech is!l is!lt tee- c ct$ t$st stt te6 e6en entt !f !ne !ne c ccus cusee- 8ith 8ith the the cts$stte cts$stte6ent 6ents s !f the !thes& !thes& unless thee is c!66 c!66!n !n b!n- lin'in( lin'in( ll !f the6 t!(ethe ;-i /i Stte !f ;ih AI/ #%: SC %:?). Cse*L8 MiB A'b E60e! #?b
AI/ #%1+ PC #,2) In this cse& the lle(ti!n !f the P!secuti!n 8s tht W& the 8ife !f M.@& n- he 06!u ;& c!ns0ie- t! 6u-e @. It is futhe lle(etht W n- ; hie- C f! c!66ittin( the 6u-e !f @. C 8s cu(ht e-*hn-e- in 6u-ein( @. ;& 8h! eche- the s0!t 0le-e- tht C is inn!cent bsence !f 6!tie). W&; n- C 8ee 0!secute- f! 6u-e n- c!ns0ic7 t! 6u-e. 5he 0inci0l ei-ence !f the c!ns0ic7 bet8een W n- he l!e ;& c!nsiste- !f cetin lettes& in 8hich the7 e0esse- -ee0 l!e t!8-s ech !the n- efee- t! 6!ne7 n- 6ens 6!st 0!bbl7 in c!nnec c!nnecti! ti!n n 8ith 8ith @s 6u-e 6u-e). ). W ls! ls! 6 6-e -e stte6 stte6ent ents s bef!e bef!e the 6(istte = fte she h- been este- !n the ch(e !f c!ns0ic7. He lettes n- = he stte6ents 8ee -6itte- in ei-ence (inst ; s bein( the thin(s =si- n- 8itten b7 c!ns0it! in efeence t! thei c!66!n intenti!n. ; 0efee- n 00el t! the Pi7 C!uncil (inst the elenc7 !f this I ei-ence. It 8s hel- tht the lettes 8ee elent un-e Sec.#+ s thei = te6s 8ee !nl7 c!nsistent 8ith c!ns0ic7 bet8een W n- ; t! 0!cue the -eth !f @& n- the7 8ee 8itten t ti6e 8hen the c!ns0ic7 8s (!in( !n n- f! the 0u0!se !f ttinin( thei !b=ect. ;ut the stte6ent t! the 6(istte 8s hel- t! be n!t elent un-e Sec.#+ s it 8s = 6-e fte the !b=ect !f the c!ns0ic7 h- le-7 been ttine- n- h- c!6e t! n en-. 5he c!ut !bsee- 9 5he 8!-s c!66!n intenti!n si(nif7 c!66!n intenti!n eistin( t the ti6e 8hen the thin( 8s si-& -!ne ! 8itten b7 !ne !f the6. 5hin(s si-& -!ne ! 8itten 8hile the c!ns0ic7 8s !n f!!t e elent s ei-ence !f the c!66!n intenti!n. ;ut it 8!ulbe
e7
-iffeent
6tte
t!
h!l-
n nt ti ie$ e$st stt te6 e6en ent$ t$c! c!nf nfes essi! si!n n 6 6-e -e t! thi thi-
tht
n7
0t 0t7 7 fte fte
the the
c!66!n intenti!n ! c!ns0ic7 8s n! l!n(e T !0etin( n- hcese- t! eist& is -6issible (inst the !the 0t7. 5hee is then n! c!66!n intenti!n !f the c!ns0it!s t! 8hich the #?b. A Ruesti!n bse- !n the s6e fcts. Xt.C.
#*%1$%:Y?
LAW OF EVIDENCE stt stte6 e6en entt c cn n he he efe efee enc nce. e. In E60e E60e! ! 4ne 4nesh sh /(h /(hun unt th h #% #%##)
?
Ct
#2%&
the
-istincti!n
8s
i(htl7
-8n
f!6
c!66unicti!ns bet8een c!ns0it!s 8hile the c!ns0ic7 8s (!in( !n n- the stte6ent 6-e fte est ! fte the c!ns0ic7 hen-e-& b7 87 !f -esci0ti!ns !f eents then 0st. ;-i /i Stte !f ;ih AI/ #%: SC %:?) * In this cse& /6=i n;-i 8ee 0!secute- f! c!ns0ic7 f! bibin( 0!lice !ffice. An ins0ect! !f 0!lice 8s !n his 87 t! the 0!lice stti!n. ;!th /6=i n;-i 00!che- hi6 n- eRueste- tht the7 8!ul- -ul7 e8hi6 if he c!ul- hush u0 the cse eltin( t! st!len !n6ents& etc. ec!ee- f!6 /6=is h!use n- 8hich 8s un-e inesti(ti!n. 5he ins0e ins0ect ct! ! t!lt!l- the6 the6 t! c! c!6e 6e t! the the 0!li 0!lice ce stt stti! i!n. n. 5he 5he ins0e ins0ect ct! ! e0!te- the 6tte t! his seni! !ffice. ;-i ls! c6e t! the 0!lice stt stti! i!n n nn- !ffe !ffee e- hi6 hi6 0c' 0c'et et !f cu cuen enc7 c7 n!te n!tesQ sQ He t!lt!l- the the ins0e ins0ect ct! ! tht tht /6= /6=ii hh- sent sent the the 6! 6!ne ne7 7 s c! c!ns nsii-e et ti! i!n n f! f! hushin( u0 the cse (inst hi6. 5he ins0ect! seiBe- the 6!ne7 n-e8 u0 the F.I./. 5he !nl7 Ruesti!n bef!e the Su0e6e C!ut 8s 8hethe the !ffe !f 6!ne7 n- the cc!60n7in( stte6ent 6-e b7 ;-i 8ee elent (inst /6=i. 5he c!ut si- tht 8hen b!th the ccuse- 00!chethe ins0ect! n- eRueste- hi6 t! hush u0 the cse& tht clel7 sh!8e- tht the7 h- c!ns0ie- t! bibe 0!lice !ffice. !ffice. 5ht bein( s!& n7thin( n7thin( si- ! -!ne b7 n7 !f the6 in efeence efeence t! thei c!ns0ic7 c!ns0ic7
t! bibe 8s elent (inst the !the ls!. 5he stte6ent n- the !ffe !f bibe h- cle efeence t! thei c!66!n intenti!n n- 8ee& theef!e& elent (inst b!th. 5hus& stte6ent 6-e l!n( 8ith the !ffence is 0t !f the s6e[ tnscti!n n- is hence -6issible. /. ;l'e 57e #11) 2 ; #"2 * In this cse #?+& S 8s n !ffice& e60l!7e- in the Cust!6s H!use& n- /& n (ent f! the i60!tes t the s6e 0lce. ;!th !f the6 8ee ch(ech(e- 8ith c!ns0ic7 c!ns0ic7 t! -!-(e the cust!6 -e0t6ent& b7 0ssin( (!!-s 8ith!ut 07in( full -ut7. / 6-e enties in t8! b!!'s. One !f the b!!'s 8s use- f! c7in( !ut the fu- n- enties 8ee necess7 f! tht 0u0!se. ;ut the !the 8s f! his 0ite ec!-& ! c!nenience& such s& the c!untef!il !f his cheR cheRue ue b!!' b!!'.. 5he 5he Rues Ruesti ti!n !n 8s 8s -6i -6iss ssibi ibili lit7 t7 !f thes these e b!!' b!!'s s sGei-ence !f c!ns0ic7& c!ns0ic7& n- (inst the !the 0es!n S). It 8s 8s helhel- tht tht the the b!!' b!!' useuse- f! f! c c 7i 7in( n( !ut !ut fu fu- is cet ceti inl nl7 7 elent& but the sec!n- b!!' is n!t. As the ltte is 6ee stte6ent !f 8ht 8ht this this 0t 0t7 7 8s 8s -!in -!in(. (. A 6e 6ee e stt stte6 e6en entt 6 6-e -e b7 !ne !ne c!ns c! ns0i 0it! t!&& ! n ct tht tht he 6 67 7 ch!! ch!!se ses s t! -!& -!& 8hic 8hich h is n!t n!t necess7 t! c7 the c!ns0ic7 t! its en-& is n!t ei-ence t! effect n!the. Acts n- -eclti!ns e n!t eceible unless the7 ten- t! the the - -nc nce6 e6en entt !f the the c! c!66 66!n !n !b=e !b=ect ct.. If the the !b=e !b=ect ct hs hs been been cc!60lishe-& the ct ! stte6ent is n!t eceible. 5his 8s 6ee stte6ent s t! the she !f the 0lun-e. 0lun-e. #?^. A Ruesti!n bse- !n the s6e fcts. XC.$..C*S"J /ELEVANC>
AND
ADMISSI;ILI5>
OF
FAC5S
?% 5he essence !f the -ecisi!n see6s t! be tht ei-ence !f n ct !f c!ns0it! is elent (inst !the !nl7 if the ct 8s -!ne t! c7 !ut the c!ns0ic7. 5he ct sh!ul- elte t! the futhence !f the
c!66!n !b=ect. An- it sh!ul- n!t 6eel7 ntie ! -esci0ti!n ! c!nfessi!n. Diffeence bet8een En(lish n- In-in l8s As e0li e0linene- b!e b!e&& un-e un-e En(lis En(lish h l8& l8& 6ee 6ee stte6 stte6ent ent b!ut b!ut c!ns0ic7 8!ul- n!t be elent. While un-e In-in l8& it is en!u(h if the ct ! stte6ent hs efeence t! the c!66!n intenti!n. ;ut this -iffeence !f 8!-s -!es n!t see6 t! 6'e -iffeence !f substnce ls!. In inte0etin( the 8!-s !f Sec.#+& the c!ut in MiB A'b E60e!& S-ul Sin(h Stte n- ;-i /i Stte efeet! . ft ;l'e n- !bsee- tht Sec. #+ is !n the s6e lines. Sec. #+ is bse- !n the the!7 !f (enc7. An- the the!7 8!ul- be c!60letel7 'n! 'n!c'e c'e-
!ut !ut
if Sec. Sec. #+
8ee ee
inte inte0 0e ete te-
t!
inc inclu-e lu-e n ntie ie
stte6ents 8hich he n!thin( t! -! 8ith the c7in( !ut !f the c!66 c! 66!n !n inte intent nti! i!n. n. 5hus 5hus&& n c cc! c!un untt !f c! c!ns ns0i 0i c7 c7 (ie (ien n b7 c!ns0it! in lette t! his fien- is n!t elent (inst the !thes s it is neithe in the eecuti!n n! in su00!t !f the c!66!n 0u0!se#?-. X/. H-7 #%,1) "1 HS 5 1:#Y. ;ut in ;h!l Nth E60e! AI/ #%?% All :2,)& such lette 8s hel- t! be elent. 5he sec!n- su((este- -iffeence is bse- !n the illustti!n 00en-et! Sec. #+& cc!-in( t! 8hich n7thin( si-& -!ne ! 8itten 67 be 0!e- (inst c!ns0it! 8h! =!ine- fte ! left bef!e such thin( 8s si-& -!ne ! 8itten.
c!ns0it!s h- been cie- !ut& i.e. fte the tte60t ci6e). As thee 8s n! c!ns0ic7 t! eecute& the lette 8ill he efeence t! 0st cts& 8hich is in-6issible MiB A'b E60e!). H!8ee& this 8ill be s!& if the su00lie h- (ee- t! su00l7 !ne ti6e*b!6b !nl7. If the su00lie hs n!t esticte- hi6self t! the li6it !f !ne b!6b& then it sh!ul- be si- tht the c!ns0ic7 8s still (!in( !n& n- then the lette 8ill be -6issible n- c!ul- be use- (inst the su00lie& un-e Sec. #+. #?-. Afte the 6u-e& A 8ites lette t! his fien- -escibin( the 0ln n- its eecuti!n. 5he lette is intece0te- b7 the 0!lice. Is the lette elent un-e Sec. #+ U XC.L.C.
*%2[1+
LAW OF EVIDENCE lllusttl!n*#1 9#1 )
An7thin( si-& -!ne -!ne ! 8itten 8hen the c!ns0ic7 c!ns0ic7 8s (!in( !n
is elent& but n!t 8hen the c!ns0ic7 hs en-e- MiB A'b E60e!). 58! t0e cssettes e elent becuse the7 e ei-ence !f ti6e 8hile the c!ns0ic7 8s !n f!!t& i.e.& in eistence. As t! the 0es!nl -i7& if it 8s 8itten fte the c!ns0ic7 h- been cie!ut& then it cnn!t be ten-ee- in ei-ence. b)
5hese enties cnn!t be -6issible in ei-ence un-e Sec. #+& s
the7 8ee 6-e b7 c!ns0it! fte the c!66!n intenti!n !f the c!ns0it!s hs been chiee-& iB. the chetin( !f C. 5he 8!-s in efeence t! thei c!66!n intenti!n& un-e Sec.#+& 6ens in efeence t! 8ht t the ti6e !f the stte6ent 8s inten-ein the futue. 5hus& nties c!6in( f!6 the c!ns0it!s s t! thei 0st 0st c cts ts c cnn nn!t !t be s sii- t! h he efe efee enc nce e t! thei thei c! c!66 66!n !n intent intenti!n i!n.. In E60e E60e! ! V Vish ish6 607 07n n L6 L6in( in(t!n t!n /!/!- sh!!ti sh!!tin( n(
c!ns0ic7 cse) AI/ #%?" ;!6 :2)& 0!lice !ffice n- his 8ife 8ee 8!un-e- b7 e!le sh!ts& fie- b7 s!6e 0es!ns. Afte seel 0es 0es!n !ns s 8ee ee e este ste-& ei-e i-ence nce 8s s! s!u( u(ht ht t! be (ie ien !f stt stte6 e6en entt !f n bsc bsc!n !n-i -in( n( ccus ccusee- t! the the 00 00! !e e&& tht tht the the c!ns0it!s h- sh!t 0!lice !ffice& n- tht 060hlet sh!ul- be 0inte- n- -istibute- t! stt 0!0(n- in futhence !f the !b=ects !f c!ns0ic7. Hel- tht the stte6ent e(-in( sh!tG is nti!n !f 0st eent n- thus in-6issible& but b ut tht b!ut 060hlet 8!ul- be elent becuse it futhes the !b=ect !f c!ns0ic7. c!ns0ic7. #1)A&;&C n- D f!6e- eli(i!us (!u0. A& the le-e& 8!te lette t! ;&C n- D 00ecitin( thei es!le t! lunch c!66!n stu((le (inst in=ustice n- ill*tet6ent t! thei 'u6. 5he c!66!n 0ln in!le- s!6e te!ist ctiities. Afte !ne such ctiit7 b!6b blst)& the 0!lice este- 6n7 sus0ects& inclu-in( A&;&C n- +. 5he 0!secuti!n 8nts t! --uce the f!ll!8in( t8! fcts un-e Sec.#+ * I) 58! t0e cssettes in 8hich the s0ecific !les ssi(ne- t! ech 6e6be !f the c!66!n stu((le is elb!te-. if) A 0es!nl -i7 !f A in 8hich the st!7 !f (!u0 8'enin( is ec!-e-
8ith
ie8
t!
be
0ublishe-
s
n!el.
Deci-e.
XC.L.C.*%:Y b) A n- ; e bein( tie- f! c!ns0iin( t! chet C in the su6 !f /s."1&+++. Afte the tnscti!n& ; 6-e cetin enties in -i7& sh!8in( tht ech !f the6 h- 0!fite- t! the etent !f /s. #"&+++ in the si- tnscti!n. 5hese enties in the -i7 !f ; e s!u(ht t! be use- s ei-ence (inst A. Cn the7 be -6issibleU
ADMISSIONS AND CONFESSIONS ADMISSIONS ADMISSIONS Secs.#,*"?) A-6issi!n -efine-# Sec.#,)
An -6issi!n is stte6ent& !l ! -!cu6ent7& 8hich su((ests ln7 infeence s t! n7 fct in issue ! elent fct& n- 8hich is 6-e b7 n7 !f the 0es!ns& n- un-e the cicu6stnces heeinfte 6enti!ne-. Acc!-in( t! Sec.#,& n -6issi!n is stte6ent 8hich su((ests 6e infeence s t! the eistence !f fct in issue ! elent fct& n -6iss -6issi!n i!n is c!nfes c!nfessi! si!n n ! !lun !lunt t7 7 c'n!8 c'n!8lele-(6e (6ent nt b!ut b!ut the eistence !f cetin fcts. An -6issi!n is stte6ent !f fct 8hich 8ies ! -is0enses 8ith the 0!-ucti!n !f ei-ence b7 c!nce-in( tht the fct ssete- b7 the !00!nent is tue. If& f! e60le& 0es!n is sue- f! the ec!e7 !f l!n n- thee s n ent7 in his cc!unt b!!' ec!-in( the fct !f the l!n& tht is n b-6issi!n !n his 0t !f his libilit7 ! if he 6'es n7 stte6ent t! the the ■effe effect ct tht tht he he -!es -!es !8es !8es the the 6! 6!ne ne7 7 tht tht 8ill 8ill ls! ls! be n -6i -6iss ssi! i!n n bein bein( ( -ie -iect ct c c'n 'n!8 !8le le-( -(6e 6ent nt !f li libili bilit7 t7.. It 8ill 8ill be sufficient if the stte6ent -6its fct 8hich su((ests n infeence s t! his libilit7. If& f! e60le& 0es!n is ch(e- 8ith cusin( -eth b7 0!is!nin( n- he -6its t! he 0uchse- 0!is!n. 5his stte6ent su((ests the infeence tht he is (uilt7 !f 6u-e unless he cn 0!e tht he nee-e- the 0!is!n f! s!6e inn!cent 0u0!se. 5he 6ee -6issi!n b7 0es!n tht he 0ut his thu6b i60essi!n$ si(n si(nt tu ue e u0!n u0!n 0iec 0iece e !f 00e 00e 8ith 8ith!u !utt 'n!8 'n!8in in( ( its its ntu ntue e nnc!ntents is n!t -6issi!n b7 hi6 tht he eecute- the -!cu6ents. 5he -6issi!ns t best !nl7 su((est infeences. 5he c!ut 6ust e6ine the stte6ent insi-e !ut n- bef!e h!l-in( 0t7 t! his stte6ents 6ust see tht the stte6ent is cle& uneRui!cl n- c!60ehensie. 5hee 5hee sh!ulsh!ul- n!t be n7 n7 -!ubt -!ubt ! 6 6bi( bi(uit uit7 7. Futhe Futhe& it 8!ul8!ul- be necess7 t! e- 8h!le !f the stte6ent.
If 0t 0t7 7s s -6i -6iss ssi! i!n n fll flls s sh! sh!tt !f the the t!t t!tli lit7 t7 !f the the eRu eRuis isit ite e ei-ence nee-e- f! le(l 0!!f !f fct in issue& such n -6issi!n 8!ul- be !nl7 tuncte- -6issi!n M.M. Chetti C!!6s867 AI/ #%+ M-
#. Define-6issi!n. XLC.I*%:$%2#1" LAW OF EVIDENCE "#"). "#"). When When 0es!n 0es!n 00lie 00lies s f! ee6 ee60ti 0ti!n !n un-e un-e n <bn <bn LnLnCeilin( Act& it -!es n!t 6!unt t! n -6issi!n !n his 0t tht the ln- in Ruesti!n is c!6in( 8ithin the 6enin( !f Act& becuse the c!ut 67 h!l- tht the Act 8s n!t 00licble t! the ln- in Ruesti!n. /es!ns f! -6issibilit7 !f -6issi!ns An -6issi!n is elent ei-ence. A-6issi!ns e -6itte- becuse the c!n-uct !f 0t7 t! 0!cee-in(& in es0ect !f the 6tte in -is0 -is0ut ute& e& 8he 8hethe the b7 cts& cts& s0ee s0eech ch ! 8it 8itin in(& (& 8hic 8hich h
is cle clel7
inc!nsistent 8ith the tuth !f his c!ntenti!n& is fct elent t! the issue. Seel es!ns he been su((este- f! eceiin( -6issi!ns in ei-ence 9* i) A-6issi!ns 8ie !f 0!!f * If 0t7 hs -6itte- fct& it -is0e -is0ens nses es 8ith 8ith the the nece necessi ssit7 t7 !f 0! 0!in in( ( tht tht fct fct (i (ins nstt hi6 hi6#. It !0etes s 8ie !f 0!!f. H!8ee& -6issi!ns c!nstitute e7 8e' 'in- !f ei-ence& n- the c!ut 67 e=ect n -6issi!n 8h!ll7 ! in 0t ! 67 eRuie futhe 0!!f. Wie !f 0!!f& thus& cnn!t be n eclusie es!n f! the elenc7 !f n -6issi!n. ii) iii) A-6iss A-6issi!n i!ns s s stte6 stte6ent ent (ins (instt intee inteest st * An -6issi -6issi!n& !n& bein( bein( stte6ent (inst the inteest !f the 6'e& sh!ul- be s(00!se- t! be
tue& f! it is hi(hl7 i60!bble tht 0es!n 8ill !luntil7 6'e flse stte6ent (inst his !8n inteest. H!8ee& Sec. #, -!es n!t eRui eRuie e tht tht stte6 stte6ent ent sh!ulsh!ul- be self*h self*h6 6in( in( stte6 stte6ent ent&& the -efiniti!n*ls! inclu-es self*sein( stte6ents. A-6issi!ns s ei-ence !f c!nt-ict!7 stte6ents * An!the es!n tht 0tl7 cc!unts f! the elenc7 !f n -6issi!n is tht thee is c!nt-icti!n bet8een the 0t7s stte6ent n- his cse. 5his 'in- !f c!nt-icti!n -isce-its his cse. H!8ee& 0t7 cn 0!e ll his !00! !00!ne nent nts s stt stte6 e6en ents ts b!u b!utt the the fct fcts s !f the the c cse se nn- it is n!t n!t necess7
tht
the7
sh!ul-
be
inc!nsistent
8ith
his
cse.
G i) A-6issi!ns s ei-ence !f tuth * 5he 6!st 8i-el7 cce0te- es!n tht cc!unts f! elenc7 !f -6issi!n is tht 8htee stte6ents 0t7 6'es b!ut the fct !f cse& 8hethe the7 be f! ! (inst his inteest& sh!ul- be elent s e0esentti!n ! eflectin( the tuth (inst hi6. Whtee 0t7 s7s in ei-ence (inst hi6self......8ht hi6self......8ht 0t7 hi6self -6its t! be tue 67 be 0esu6e0 esu6e- t! be s!. F!6s !f -6issi!ns A-6issi!ns e b!-l7 clssifie- int! t8! cte(!ies 9 ) =u-icil ! f!6l -6issi!ns& n- b) et*=u-icil ! inf!6l -6issi!ns. It isADMISSIONS
AND
CONFESSIONS
1? (enell7 i66teil t! 8h!6 n -6issi!n is 6-e. An -6issi!n 6-e t! stn(e is elent. Ju-icil -6issi!ns e 6-e b7 0t7 t! the 0!cee-in( !f the cse 0i! t! the til. Such -6issi!ns& bein( 6-e in the cse& e full7 bin-in( !n the 0t7 8h! 6'es the6. 5he7 c!nstitute 8ie !f
0!!f. 5he7 cn be 6-e the f!un-ti!n !f the i(hts !f the 0ties. In c!60is!n c!60is!n&& the ei-enti ei-enti7 7 -6issi!ns -6issi!ns 8hich e eceible eceible t the til s ei-ence& cn be sh!8n t! be 8!n(. Inf!6l ! csul& i.e.& et*=u-icil -6issi!ns e th!se 8hich -! n!t 00e !n the ec!- !f the cse& n- 67 !ccu in the !-in7 c!use !f life& ! in the c!use !f business& ! in csul c!nesti!n. 5he -6issi!n 67 be in 8itin( lettes& cc!unt b!!'s& etc.) ! !l. 5husQ ee7 8itten ! !l stte6ent b7 0t7 b!ut the fcts !f the cse is n -6issi!n. H!8ee& unli'e =u-icil -6issi!ns& the7 e bin-in( !n the 0t7 !nl7 0till7 n- n!t full7& ece0t in cses 8hee the7 !0ete s ! he the effect !f est!00el. A-6issi!ns * n ece0ti!n t! hes7 ule A-6iss A-6issi!n i!ns s c!nsti c!nstitut tute e n ece0 ece0ti! ti!n n t! the hes hes7 7 ule. ule. 5his 5his is s! becus becuse e n -6iss -6issi!n i!n&& th!u(h th!u(h hes hes7 7& is nee neethe theles less s the best best eiei-en ence ce.. Wht Wht is s sii- b7 0t 0t7 7 t! the the suit suit is n!t n!t !0en !0en t! the the !b=ecti!n tht 0t7 is (!in( t! !ffe 8!se ei-ence thn the ntue !f the cse -6its the su00!siti!n !n 8hich ule !f best ei-ence is f!un-e-). 5hus& if A sues ; !n l!n& 8hich ; -enies n- ; 6'es stte6ent t! C& thi- 0es!n& tht he h- t'en the l!n& ;s stte6ent is n -6issi!n n- C 67 (ie ei-ence !f it lth!u(h C 8s n!t 0esent t the ti6e !f the l!n n- hQe'!nl7 he- ; -6it the fct !f the l!n. A-6issi!ns b7 c!n-uct Actie ! 0ssie c!n-uct 67 in cicu6stnces bec!6e ei-ence !f n -6issi!n. In n Austlin cse& 8!6n e(istee- the bith !f the chil- but -i- n!t ente the n6e !f fthe& his n' ! 0!fessi!n. 5he c!ut si- 9 5ht 6ust 6en eithe tht she -i- n!t 'n!8 8h! the fthe 8s n- theef!e 8s unble t! (ie th!se 0ticuls& ! else tht she 8s -6ittin( tht the chil- 8s ille(iti6te. Whichee ie8
is t'en& thee is n -6issi!n !f -ulte7 n- n -6issible ei-ence !f -ulte7 XM7! M7! #%1%) P. #,"Y. Silence 67 6!unt t! -6issi!n in cetin situti!ns See illustti!n () t! Sec.). When stte6ent is 6-e t! 0es!n in his 0esence n- hein( ffectin( his 0!siti!n sei!usl7 n- he -!es n!t -en7 it& he theeb7 -6its the tuth !f the stte6ent. ;ut silence 8ill 6!unt t! -6issi!n !nl7 if it is ntul t! e0ect -enil ! e0l7. Just s -eni -enil l is n!t n!t l8 l87s 7s ne( ne(ti ti!n !n !f lib libil ilit it7 7& fil filu ue e t! -en7 -en7 is n!t n!t necessil7 n -6issi!n !f libilit7. libilit7. l
0t7 0t7 t! the suit ! 0!cee-in( 0!cee-in(&& ii)
n (ent (ent uth!iseuth!ise- b7
such 0t7& iii) iii) 0t 0t7 7 suin suin( ( ! suesue- in e0 e0es esen ent tti tie e ch chc cte te 6 6'i 'in( n( -6iss -6issi!n i!ns s 8hile 8hile h!l-in h!l-in( ( such such ch chcte cte e.(. e.(. tuste tustees& es& eecu eecut! t!s& s& etc.)& i) 0es!n 8h! hs 0!0iet7$0ecuni7 inteest in the sub=ect* 6tte !f suit -uin( the c!ntinunce !f such inteest& ) 0es!n f!6 8h!6 the 0ties t! suit he -eie- thei inteest in the sub=ect*6tte !f suit -uin( the c!ntinunce !f such inteest 0e-ecess!s*in*title) XSec. #Y i) 0es!n 8h!se 0!siti!n it is necess7 t! 0!e in suit& if such stte6ent 8!ul- be elent in suit b!u(ht b7 ! (inst hi6self Sec%) ii ii)) 0es 0es!n !n t! 8h!6 8h!6 0t 0t7 7 t! suit suit hs hs e0 e0es essl sl7 7 efe efe ee- f! f! inf!6ti!n in efeence1! 6tte in -is0ute Sec."+).
It is i60!tnt t! n!te tht un-e Sec.#& n -6issi!n b7 !ne !f seel -efen-nts in suit is n! ei-ence (inst n!the -efen-nt& f! !the8ise the 0lintiff cn -efet the cse !f the !the -efen-nts th!u(h the 6!uth !f !ne !f the6. S! -efen-nt is b!un- b7his stte6ents !nl7 t! the etent !f his !8n inteest. S! is tue !f the stte6ent !f c!*0lintiff. ;ut since ee7 0lintiff hs 0ecuni7 inteest in the sub=ect*6tte !f suit& his stte6ent cn fll in tht cte(!7. 5he -6issi!n !f n (ent e -6issible& becuse the 0inci0l is b!un- b7 the cts !f his (ent -!ne in the c!use !f his business n8ithin the sc!0e !f his uth!it7. 5hus& the c'n!8le-(6ent !f -ebt b7 0tne is n -6issi!n (inst the fi6. Li'e8ise& -6issi!ns !f fcts 6-e b7 0le-e in c!ut& !n behlf !f his client& e bin-in( !n the client. ;ut& n -6issi!n b7 0le-e !n 0!int !f l8 8ill n!t bin- the client. Sec. #% -els 8ith stte6ents !f 0es!ns 8h!se 0!siti!n is in issue& th!u(h the7 e n!t 0ties t! the cse. 5he secti!n is bse- !n the 0inci0le tht 8hee the i(ht ! libilit7 !f 0t7 t! suit -e0en-s u0!n the libilit7 !f thi- 0es!n& n7 stte6ent b7 tht thi- 0es!n b!ut his libilit7 is n -6issi!n (inst the 0ties. Illustti!n t! Sec. #% * A un-et'es t! c!llect ents f! ;. ; sues A f! n!t c!llectin( ent -ue f!6 C i! ;. A -enies tht ent 8s -ue f!6 C t! ;. A stte6ent b7 C tht he !8e- ; ent is n -6issi!n& n- is elent fct (inst A& if A -enies tht C -i- !8e ent t! ;.ADMISSIONS AND CONFESSIONS 1: Sec."+ f!6s n ece0ti!n t! the ule tht -6issi!ns b7 stn(es t! suit e n!t elent. 5hus& the -6issi!ns !f thi- 0es!n e ls! eceible in ei-ence (inst the 0t7 8h! hs e0essl7 efee-
n!the t! hi6 f! inf!6ti!n in e(- t! n uncetin ! -is0ute6tte. 5! ttct the !0eti!n !f Sec."+& thee 6ust be n e0ess efeence f! inf!6ti!n in !-e t! 6'e the stte6ent !f the 0es!n efee- t! -6issible. Illustti!n t! this secti!n e-s 9 5he Ruesti!n is& 8hethe h!se s!l- b7 A t! ; is s!un- A s7s t! ; * 4! n- s' C& C 'n!8s ll b!ut it. Cs stte6ent is n -6issi!n. A(inst 8h!6 -6issi!n 67 be 0!e-" Sec."#) Fist 0t !f Sec."# * A-6issi!ns e elent n- 67 be 0!e- s (i (ins nstt the the 0es 0es!n !n 8h! 6 6'e 'es s the6 the6&& !
his his e0 e0es esen ent tti tie es s 5n
inteest. Sec."# l7s -!8n the 0inci0le s t! 0!!f !f -6issi!ns. 5he secti!n is bse- u0!n the 0inci0le tht n -6issi!n is n ei-ence (inst the 0t7 8h! .h- 6-e the -6issi!n n-& theef!e& it cn be 0!e(inst hi6. He hi6self cnn!t 0!e his !8n stte6ents& !the8ise ee7 6n& if he 8ee in -ifficult7& 6i(ht 6'e -eclti!ns t! suit his !8n cse& n- then l!-(e the6 in 0!!f !f his cse. In /. Petc Petche hei ini ni #: #::) :) , C!. C!. C.C. C.C.,+ ,+&& 0ie 0iest st&& fci fcin( n( the the ch ch(e (e !f bls0he67& 8s n!t 0e6itte- t! 0!e his elie stte6ent t! the effe effect ct tht tht !nl7 !nl7 i6 i66! 6!l b!!' b!!'s s sh!u sh!ull- be -est -est! !7e 7e-. -. 5he 5he c! c!u utt es!ne- 9 If 6n 6'es -eclti!n cc!60n7in( n ct it is ei-ence but -eclti!ns 6-e " ! ? -7s& ! 8ee'& 0ei!us t! the tnscti!n tnscti!n in Ruesti!n Ruesti!n cnn!t be ei-ence& ei-ence& !the8ise !the8ise it 8!ul- be es7 f! 6n t! l7 (!un-s f! esc0in( the c!nseRuences !f his 8!n(ful cts b7 6'in( such -eclti!ns. 5hus& the (enel ule is tht the stte6ents !f liin( 0es!n cnn!t be eceie- unless the7 e (inst his inteests. N! 6n sh!ul- be t libet7 libet7 t! 6 6'e 'e ei-e ei-ence nce f! hi6sel hi6selff th!u( th!u(h h his !8n stte6 stte6ent ents. s. 4nte- this fcilit7& ee7 liti(nt 8!ul- c!nstuct f!uble cse b7 his his !8n !8n stt stte6 e6en ent. t. 5hus 5hus&& sel self* f*f f! !u uin in( (# -6i -6iss ssi! i!ns ns e e n!t n!t
0e6issible. In !the 8!-s& -6issi!ns cnn!t be 0!e- b7& ! !n behlf !f& the 0es!n 8h! 6'es the6& becuse 0es!n 8ill l87s ntull7 6'e stte6ents tht e f!uble f!uble t! hi6.? Illustti!n ) t! Sec."# e0lins the 6in 0inci0le 9 5he Ruesti!n bet8een A n- ; is&& 8hethe cetin -ee- is ! is n!t f!(e-. A ffi6s tht it is (enuine& ; tht it is f!(e-. A 67 0!e stte6ent b7 ; tht the -ee- is (enuine& n- ; 67 0!e stte6ent b7 A tht the -ee- is f!(e- but A cnn!t 0!e ".
efeence
t!
0!isi!ns
un-e
the
Ei-ence
Act.
XLC.II*%?[ XN!te 9 Als! see Sees. ""*"?Y. ?. Wht is 6ent 6ent b7 self*f!uin( self*f!uin( -6issi!ns nn- 8h7 e the7 n!t -6issibleU XLC.II*%1Y12 LAW OF EVIDENCE stte6ent b7 hi6self tht the -ee- is (enuine& n! cn ; 0!e stte6ent b7 hi6self tht the -ee- is f!(e-. . It 67 be n!te- hee tht Ei-ence Act -!es n!t see6 t! eRuie tht n -6issi!n sh!ul- be self*h6in( stte6ent the -efiniti!n Sec. #,) ls! inclu-es self*sein( stte6ents& th!u(h& !f c!use& 0t7 cn 0!e 0!e self* self*se sein in( ( stte6 stte6ent ent !nl7 !nl7 un-e un-e the ece0 ece0ti! ti!ns ns lili-!8n in Sec."#. Whee& h!8ee& 0es!ns self*sein( stte6ent subse subseRu Ruen entl tl7 7 bec! bec!6e 6es s -e -es se e t! his his inte intee est st&& it 6 67 7 be 0! 0!ee(inst hi6 s n -6issi!n. Sec!n- 0t !f Sec."# Ece0ti!ns t! Sec."#) A-6iss A-6issi!n i!ns s cnn!t cnn!t be 0!e 0!e- b7& b7& ! !n behlf behlf !f& !f& the 0es!n 0es!n 8h! 6'es the6& ece0t in the f!ll!8in( thee cses1 9*
Ece0ti!n # * When it is !f such ntue tht& if the 0es!n 6'in( it 8ee 8ee -e-e-&& it 8!ul 8!ul- be ele ele nt nt s bet8 bet8ee een n thi thi- 0es 0es!n !ns s un-e un-e Sec.?". 5hus& the stte6ent sh!ul- he been elent s -7in( -eclti!n ! s tht !f -ecese- 0es!n 0 es!n un-e Sec.?". Illustti!n b) t! Sec."# is !n the 0!int. 5he c0tin !f shi0 is sueb7 the shi0!8ne f! cstin( 87 the shi0 b7 his ne(li(ence. 5he shi0!8ne (e ei-ence !f the fct tht the shi0 8s t'en !ut !f he c!use. 5he c0tin 8s 6intinin( -i7 in the !-in7 c!use !f his -ut7 in 8hich he ec!-e- the c!use tht the shi0 f!ll!8e- n8hich sh!8e- tht the shi0 8s n!t t'en !ut !f he -ue c!use. N!8& if the liti(ti!n 8s bet8een the shi0!8ne n- the insunce c!60n7 n- the Ruesti!n 8s 8hethe the shi0 8s l!st -ue t! ne(li(ence ! !the8ise n- the c0tin 8s -e-& the c!ntents !f his b!!' 8!ulhe been elent th!u(h the7 !0ete in his f!u. illu illust st ti ti!n !n c) c) is ls! ls! !n the the s s6e 6e 0!in 0!int. t. A is c ccu cuse se- !f ci6 ci6e e c!66itte- b7a hi6 t Clcutt. He 0!-uces lette l ette 8itten b7 hi6self n- -te- t Lh!e !n tht -7 n- bein( the Lh!e 0!st6' !f tht -7. 5he stte6ent in the -te - te !f the lette is -6issible& becuse if A 8ee -e-& it 8!ul- be -6issible un-e Sec.?"").
*
Ece0ti!n " * When the -6issi!n c!nsists !f stte6ent !f the eistence !f n7 stte !f 6in- ! b!-7 elent ! In issue) 6-e t ! b!ut the ti6e 8hen such stte !f 6in- ! b!-7 eiste-& n- is cc!60nie- b7 c!n-uct en-ein( its flseh!!- i60!bble. 5he ece0ti!n enbles 0es!n t! 0!e his stte6ents s t! his stte !f b!-7 b!-7 ! !f 6i 6inn-.. If& If& f! f! e6 e60l 0le& e& 0es 0es!n !n is in=u in=ue e- nn- the the Ruest Ruesti! i!n n is 8het 8hethe he the the in=u in=u7 7 8s 8s inte intent nti! i!n nll ! c cci ci-e -ent ntl l&& his stte6ent
1. Wht e the ece0ti!ns t! the n!n*0e6issibilit7 !f self*f!uin( -6issi!nsU XL.C.II*%1[
5his ece0ti!n is inten-e- t! 00l7 t! cses in 8hich the stte6ent is s!u(ht t! be use- in ei-ence !the8ise thn s n -6issi!n& f! instnce& s 0t !f the es (este& ! s stte6ent cc!60n7in( cc!60n7in( ! e0linin( 0ticul c!n-uct. Whee& Whee& f! e60l e60le& e& i66 i66e-i e-it tel7 el7 fte fte !!- cci-e cci-ent& nt& 0es!n 0es!n 0ulle- u0 t! the in=ue- 8h! then 6-e stte6ent s t! the cuse !f the the in=u in=u7 7.. 5his 5his stt stte6 e6en entt 6 67 7 be 0! 0!ee- b7 ! !n beh behlf lf !f the the in=ue- 0es!n& it bein( 0t !f the tnscti!n 8hich in=ue- hi6 Sec.2). Whee A s7s t! ;& >!u he n!t 0i- bc' 67 6!ne7& n- ; 8l' 8l's s 87 87 in silen silence ce&& A 6 67 7 0! 0!e e his his !8n !8n stt stte6 e6en entt s it hs hs influence- the c!n-uct !f 0es!n 8h!se c!n-uct is elent Sec.). Si6ill7& 8hee 0es!n is seen unnin( -!8n steet in n in=uec!n-iti!n n- c7in( !ut the n6e !f his ssilnt& he 67 0!e his !8n stte6ent s it cc!60nies s!6e c!n-uct n- e0lins the fct !f in=u7. Li'e8ise& Li'e8ise& stte6ent 67 be 0!e- !n behlf !f the 0es!n 6'in( it if it is elent un-e Sec.?". A-6issi!ns h!8 f elent Sees. ""*"?) When When !l !l -6i -6iss ssi! i!ns ns s t! c! c!nt nten ents ts !f -!cu -!cu6e 6ent nts s e e ele ele nt nt Sec."") * Ol -6issi!ns s t! the c!ntents !f -!cu6ent e n!t elent& unless n- until the 0t7 0!0!sin( t! 0!e the6 sh!8s tht he is entitle- t! (ie sec!n-7 ei-ence !f the c!ntents !f such -!cu6ent un-e Sec.2:& ! unless the (enuineness !f the -!cu6ent 0!-uce-
is
in
Ruesti!n.1
LAW OF EVIDENCE When the Ruesti!n is 8hethe -!cu6ent is (enuine ! f!(e-& !l -6issi!ns b!ut this fct e elent. A -!cu6ent cn be 0!e- b7 the the 0i6 0i6 7 7 eiei-en ence ce !i !i(i (in nll -!cu6 -!cu6en ent) t) ! sec! sec!nn- 7 7 eiei-en ence ce tteste- c!0ies ! !l cc!unt). C!66unicti!n 8ith!ut 0e=u-ice: Sec."?)
In ciil cses& n! -6issi!n& is elent& if it is 6-e eithe u0!n n e0 e0es ess s c! c!nn-it iti! i!n n tht tht eiei-en ence ce !f it is n!t n!t t! be (ien (ien&& ! un-e un-e cicu6stnces f!6 8hich the c!ut cn infe tht the 0ties (eet!(ethe tht ei-ence !f it sh!uls h!ul- n!t be (ien. E0lnti!n * N!thin( in this secti!n shll be t'en t! ee60t n7 biste& 0le-e ! tt!ne7 f!6 (iin( in ei-ence !f n7 6tte !f 8hich he 67 be c!60elle- t! (ie (i e ei-ence un-e Sec. #"2. Sec."? (ies effect t! the 6i6 inteest ei 0ublice ut finis litiu6 it is in the inteest !f the Stte tht thee sh!ul- be n en- !f liti(ti!n. Sec."? 00lies !nl7 t! ciil cses. When 0es!n 6'es n -6issi!n 8ith!ut 0e=u-ice& i.e.& u0!n the c!n-iti!n tht the ei-ence !f it shll n!t be (ien& it cnn!t be 0!e- (inst hi6. 5his 0!tecti!n ! 0iile(e (inst -iscl!sue is inten-e- t! enc!u(e 0ties t! settle thei -iffeences 6icbl7 n- t! !i- liti(ti!n if 0!ssible. As 6 6tt tte e !f 0!li 0!lic7 c7 the the l8 l8 hs hs l!n( l!n( ecl ecluu-ee- f!6 f!6 eiei-en ence ce -6iss -6issi!n i!ns s b7 8!-s 8!-s ! c!n-uct c!n-uct 6 6-e -e b7 0ti 0ties es in the c!use c!use !f ne(!titi!ns t! settle liti(ti!n. 5he 0u0!se is t! enble 0ties in n tte60t t! c!60!6ise liti(ti!n t! c!66unicte 8ith !ne n!the fee feel7 l7 nn- 8ith 8ith!u !utt the the e6 e6b b s ss6 s6en entt 8hic 8hich h the the lib libil ilit it7 7 !f thei thei c!66un c!6 6unic icti! ti!ns ns t! be 0ut in ei-en ei-ence ce subseR subseRuen uentl7 tl7 6i(ht 6i(ht i60!se i60!se u0!n the6. 5he 0t7 0!0!sin( c!60!6ise 67 e0essl7 6'e his ne(!titi!n ! lette lette t! be 8ith 8ith!ut !ut 0e=u0e=u-ice ice. . 5he 8!-s 8!-s 8ith! 8ith!ut ut 0e=u0e=u-ice ice si60l7 6en this 9 I 6'e 7!u n !ffe n- if 7!u -! n!t cce0t it& this lette is n!t t! be use- (inst 6e. In !the 8!-s& 8ht the e0essi!n c!nn!tes is this 9 I 6 6'in( 7!u n !ffe& 8hich 7!u 67 ! 67 n!t cce0t& but& if 7!u -! n!t cce0t it& 67 hin( 6-e it is t! he n! effect t ll.
5he ule un-e Sec."? Sec."? 00lies !nl7 if thee is -is0ute ! ne(!titi! ne(!titi!n n 8ith n!the& ! if the7 e 8itten b!n fi-e. A stte6ent 8hich is n!t elte- t! the 0u0!se !f ne(!titi!ns is n!t 0!tecte- een if the ne(!titi!ns e 8ith!ut 0e=u-ice. Sec."? -!es n!t 0!tect ll lettes 6eel7 becuse the7 e he-e- 8ith the 8!-s 8ith!ut 0e=u-ice. At best& it !nl7 sh!8s the -esie !n the 0t !f !ne 0t7 t! he the 0iile(e& but the !the 0t7 6ust ls! es0ect such 0iile(e. It is n!t& h!8ee& necess7 f! this 0iile(e t! ise tht the 8!-s 8ith!ut 0e=u-ice sh!ul- be e0essl7 insete-& ! tht it sh!ul- be n e0ess c!n-iti!n tht -6issi!ns shll n!t be use- in ei-ence. An i60lie:. Wite sh!t n!te !n A-6issi!n 8ith!ut 0e=u-ice. XLC.II*%1$%:#ADMISSIONS AND CONFESSIONS 1% (ee6ent t! tht effect cn ls! be infee- f!6 the cicu6stnces !f the ne(!titi!ns. Ol stte6ents 6-e in c!nnecti!n 8ith 8itten c!es0!n-ence 8!ul- ls! be 0!tecte-. It is t! be n!te- tht n -6issi!n 6-e t! stn(e& un-e 8htee te6s s t! secec7& is n!t 0!tecte- b7 l8 f!6 -iscl!sue. When lettes 6'e- 8ith!ut 0e=u-ice e ten-ee- in ei-ence& nthe the !the !the 0t 0t7 7 -6i -6its ts the6 the6 ins inste te- !f !b=e !b=ect ctin in( ( t! the6 the6)& )& the the -6issi!n i60lie- tht the !the 0t7 hs 8ie- his 0iile(e& nsuch lettes cn then be use- in =u-icil 0!cee-in(. 5he e0lnti!n 00en-e- t! Sec."? 0!i-es tht n -6issi!n 6-e t! l87e 8hich he cn be c!60elle- t! -iscl!se un-e Sec. #"2 is n!t 0!tecte- een if it is 6-e u0!n the c!n-iti!n tht it shll n!t be use use-.
tht ht
sect secti! i!n& n&
c!6 c! 66uni unic ctti!n i!n
6-e
t!
futhence !f ci6e e n!t 0!tecte- f!6 -iscl!sue. Ei-enti7 lue !f -6issi!ns2
l8 l87e
in
An -6i -6iss ssi! i!n n -!es -!es n!t n!t c! c!ns nsti titu tute te c! c!nc nclu lusi sie e 0!! 0!!ff !f the the fct fcts s -6itte- Sec.?#). It is !nl7 0i6 fcie 0!!f. 5hus& ei-ence cn be (ien t! -is0!e it. 5he -6issi!ns thus c!nstitute 8e' 'in- !f eiei-en ence ce.. 5he 5he 0es 0es!n !n (i (ins nstt 8h!6 8h!6 n -6i -6iss ssi! i!n n is 0! 0!ee- is t libet7 t! sh!8 tht it 8s 6ist'en ! untue. ;ut until ei-ence t! the c!nt7 is (ien n -6issi!n cn sfel7 be 0esu6e- t! be tue. 5he 8ei(ht 8ei(ht t! be ttc ttchehe- t! it 6ust 6ust -e0en-e0en- u0!n cicu6 cicu6st stnce nces s un-e 8hich it is 6-e. An -6issi -6issi!n !n is subst substnti ntie e ei-en ei-ence ce !f the fct fct -6itt -6ittee- nn- the -6i -6issi ssi!n !ns s -ul7 -ul7 0! 0!ee- e e -6i -6iss ssib ible le eiei-en ence ce ie ies0 s0ec ecti tie e !f 8hethe the 0t7 6'in( the6 00es in the 8itness*b! ! n!t n8hethe tht 0t7 8hen 00ein( s 8itness 8s c!nf!nte- 8ith th!s th!se e stt stte6 e6en ents ts in c cse se he 6 6-e -e stt stte6 e6en entt c! c!nt nt 7 7 t! his his -6issi!ns T;ht Sin(h ;h(ith& AI/ #%22 SC 1+:). Acc!-in(l7& Acc!-in(l7& 8hee 0es!n 8s c!nten-in( tht he 8s n!t the el !8ne !f cetin 0!0et7 but he h- 6-e stte6ents bef!e the I.5. Office tht he 8s the !8nb !f the 0!0et7& it 8s hel- his -6issi!n 8s -iec -iectt ei-e ei-enc nce e !f the the fct fct !f !8ne !8nes shi hi0 0 X
t! (! (inst the fcts -6itte-. An est!00el 8ill ise un-e Sec.##: 8hen 2. Discuss the ei-enti7 lue !f -6issi!ns. XLC.$*%:Y:+ LAW OF EVIDENCE the -6issi!n 6!unts t! e0esentti!n tht the fct stte- is tue n- the !the 0t7 hs cte- n- ltee- his 0!siti!n !n the bsis !f tht e0esentti!n. CONFESSIONS Secs."1*?+) Definiti!n, 5he te6 te6 c!nfe c!nfessi! ssi!n n is n!8he n!8hee e -efine -efine- in the Ei-ence Ei-ence Act. Act. 5he -efiniti!n !f -6issi!n s (ien in Sec. #, bec!6es 00licble t! c!nfessi!n ls!. 5hus& c!nfessi!n is stte6ent 6-e b7 0es!n ch(e- 8ith ci6e su((estin( n infeence s t! n7 fcts in issue ! s t! ele ele nt nt fct fcts. s. 5he 5he infe infee enc nce e tht tht the the stt stte6 e6en entt sh!u sh!ullsu((est sh!ul- be tht he is (uilt7 !f the ci6e. H!8ee& in P'l N7n S86i E60e! AI/ #%?% PC 1,)& the c!u c! utt !bse !bse e e- tht tht it is i6 i60 0!0 !0e e t! c! c!ns nst tue ue c! c!nf nfes essi si!n !n s stte6ent stte6ent b7 n ccuseccuse- su((estin( su((estin( the infeence infeence tht he c!66 c!66itteittethe ci6e. A c!nfessi!n 6ust eithe -6it in te6s the !ffence& ! t n7 te substntill7 ll the fcts 8hich c!nstitute- the !ffence. An -6i -6iss ssi! i!n n
!f ( (el7 el7 inc inci6 i6in int tin in( (
fct fct&&
een een
c!nc c! nclu lusi sie el7 l7
inci inci6i 6in nti tin( n( fct fct&& is n!t n!t in itse itself lf c! c!nf nfes essi si!n !n&& f! f! e6 e60l 0le& e& n -6 -6issi! ssi!n n th tht the the ccu ccusese- is the the !8ne 8ne !f n- 8s in ece ecent nt 0!ss 0!sses essi si!n !n
!f
the
'nife nife$ $e e!le le
8hi 8hich
cus c use e-
-e -eth
8ith ith
n!
e0lnti!n !f n7 !the 6ns 0!ssessi!n. A c!nfessi!n is stte6ent 6-e b7 the ccuse- -6ittin( his (uilt. 5hus& if the 6'e -!es n!t inci6inte hi6self& the stte6ent 8ill n!t be c!nfessi!n. Futhe& 6ie- u0 stte6ent 8hich& een th!u(h
c!ntins s!6e c!nfessi!nl stte6ent& 8ill still le- t! cRuittl& is n! c!nfessi!n. c!nfessi!n. 5hus& stte6ent stte6ent tht c!ntins c!ntins self*e self*ecul0 cul0t!7 t!7 6tte 6tte e.(. 'illin( -!ne in 0ite -efence) 8hich if tue 8!ul- ne(tie the !ffe !ffenc nce e& c cnn nn! !t 6!unt !unt t! c! c!nf nfe essi ssi!n. !n. 5hi 5his is s! bec becus use e c!nfessi!n 6ust eithe be cce0te- s 8h!le ! e=ecte- s 8h!le& n- the c!ut is n!t c!60etent t! cce0t !nl7 incul0t!7 0t self* inci6inti inci6intin() n() n- e=ect e=ect ecul0t ecul0t!7 !7 0t self*-efe self*-efence) nce) PlinPlin-e e Ku Stte !f Pun=b AI/ #%:" SC ?:1). In E60e! ;l6u'n- XIL/ #%?+) :" All #+##Y& theGc!nfessi!n c!60ise- !f t8! ele6ents * n cc!unt !f h!8 the ccuse- 'ille- the 8!6 8!6n n nn- n cc!u cc!unt nt !f his his es es!n !ns s f! f! -!in -!in( ( s! s!.. 5he 5he f!6 f!6e e ele6ents bein( incul0t!7 n- the ltte ecul0t!7& hel- tht the c!nfessi!n cnn!t be s0lit u0 n- 0t !f it use- (inst the ccuse-. H!8ee& in J[lishi Knt Jh Stte !f ;ih #%:%) SC/ #+??& the Su0e6e C!ut 0!inte- !ut tht thee 8s n!thin( 8!n( in el7in( !n 0t& !f the c!nfessi!n stte6ent n- e=ectin( the est& n- f! this 0u0!se& the c!ut -e su00!t f!6 En(lish uth!ities. When the thee e is en!u en!u(h (h eiei-en ence ce t! e=e e=ec c the the ecu ecul0 l0t t! !7 7 0t 0t !f the the 00e 00ell lln nt ts s
stt stte6 e6en ent& t&
the the
c!u c! utt
67 6 7
el7 el7
! the the incu incul0 l0t t! !7 7
0t[Kesh!6 Stte AI/ #%, SC #+%2). ,. Define c!nfessi!n. %:$%2
L.CM*%1[
XLC. #* JEMISSIONS
AND
CONFESSIONS
Si In Vee Vee Ib Ibhi hi6 6 Stt Stte e !f Mh Mh sht sht AI/ AI/ #%,2 #%,2 SC ##2, ##2,)& )& bes bes!n !n bein bein( ( 0!s 0!sec ecut utee- un-e un-e the the Cust Cust!6 !6s s Ac Actt t!lt!l- the the cust cust!6 !6 !ffices ht he -i- n!t 'n!8 tht the (!!-s l!-e- in his tuc' 8ee c!ntbn-& = the7 8ee l!-e- 8ith his instucti!ns. 5he c!ut heltht the stte6ent s n!t c!nfessi!n& but it -i- 6!unt t! n
-6issi!n !f n inci6int!7 ct n6el7& l!- !f c!ntbn- (!!-s) n- 8s& theef!e& elent =n-e Sec.#, e- 8ith Sec."#. F!6 !f C!nfessi!n A c!nfessi!n 67 !ccu in n7 f!6. It 67 be 6-e t! the c!ut self Ju-icil c!nfessi!n) ! t! n7b!-7 !utsi-e the c!ut et*=u-icil c!nfessi!n). While& =u-icil c!nfessi!n is (!!- 0iece !f ei-ence& the et*=u-icil c!nfessi!n is 8e' 'in- !f ei-ence n- hs t! be useith (et cuti!n. A c! c!nf nfes essi! si!n n 6 67 7 be 8it 8itte ten n ! !l !l.. It is n!t n!t nece necess ss7 7 f! f! the the elenc7 !f c!nfessi!n tht it sh!ul- be c!66unicte- t! s!6e !the ■0es!n. 0es!n. It 67 67 een een c!nsist c!nsist !f c!n c!nes esti!n ti!n t! !neself& !neself& 8hich 67 be ■0!-uce0!-uce- in ei-en ei-ence ce if !e !ehehe- b7 b7 n!the n!the.. 5he Oiss Oiss Hi(h C!ut hs Tecentl7 hel- tht c!nfessi!n 6ust be --esse- t! s!6e 0es!n. S!& # if the ccuse- (!es !un- the ill(e sh!utin( tht he h- 'ille- his 8ife& Ithis 8!ul- n!t 6!unt t! c!nfessi!n Pn-u Kh-i Stte !f Oiss& ##%%" C LJ ,2"). It is sub6itte- tht the -ecisi!n see6s t! be 8!n(& f!& f!& lit is 8ell 'n!8n& tht c!nfessi!n 67 t'e 0lce een 8hen !ne is tl'in( t! !neself. An inteestin( Ruesti!n ises s t! 8hethe inci6intin( stte6ents 6-e b7 0es!n 8hile tl'in( in slee0 e t! be -6itte-. As (enel ule& such stte6ents e n!t t! be t'en s ei-ence (inst the 0es!n& 6inl7 becuse the fcult7 !f =u-(e6ent !f 0es!n is l6!st c!60letel7 sus0en-e- -uin( slee0. C!nfessi!ns 8hen ielent Ss. "1*"2) In!lunt7 c!nfessi!ns)2 Secti!ns "1 t! "2 in-icte the cicu6stnces in 8hich c!nfessi!n is n!t !lunt7 n-& theef!e& n!t elent. In!lunt7 c!nfessi!ns e nee eceie- in ei-ence. Sec."1 c!nfessi!n cuse- b7 in-uce6ent thet ! 0!6ise)
5! tt ttc ctt the the 0! 0!is isi! i!ns ns !f Sec. Sec."1 "1&& the the f!ll f!ll!8 !8in in( ( fct fcts s 6ust 6ust be estblishe- 9 )
5he c!nfessi!n c!nfessi!n 6ust 6ust he he been been 6-e b7 n ccuse- 0es!n 0es!n t!
0es!n in uth!it7. .
Wite
sh!t
n!te
!n
In!lunt7
c!nfessi!ns.
XC.LC.*%:Y Wht e the li6itti!ns t! the -6issibilit7 !f c!nfessi!n s 0iece !f
ei-ence.*un-e
the
Ei-ence
Act
U
Discuss.
XL.C.II*%1[ 9:" LAW OF EVIDENCE b)
It 6ust 00e t! the c!ut tht the c!nfessi!n hs been cuse-
! !bt !btin ine e-
b7 es s!n !n !f n7
in-uc n-uce e6ent& nt&
the the t
! 0!6 0!6is ise e
0!cee-in( f!6 0es!n in uth!it7. c)
5he in-uce6ent in-uce6ent&& the thett ! ! 0!6ise 0!6ise 6ust he he efeence efeence t! the
ch(e (inst the ccuse- 0es!n. -)
5he in-uce6ent in-uce6ent&& etc. etc. 6ust be such tht it 8!ul- 00e 00e t! t! the the
c!ut tht the ccuse-& in 6'in( the c!nfessi!n& beliee- ! su00!setht he 8!ul-& b7 6'in( it& (in n7 -nt(e ! !i- n7 eil !f te60!l ntue in efeence t! the 0!cee-in(s (inst hi6. When these c!n-iti!ns e 0esent& the c!nfessi!n is si- t! be n!t fee fee&& i.e. i.e.&& !lu !lunt nt 7 7 nn- 8ill 8ill n!t n!t be ece ecei ib ble le in ei-e ei-enc nce. e. It is necess7 tht the b!e c!n-iti!ns 6ust cu6ultiel7 eist. A 0!sitie 0!!f !f the fct tht thee 8s n7 in-uce6ent& thet ! 0!6ise is n!t necess7. On the ei-ence n- the cicu6stnces in 0ticul cse& it sh!ul- 00e t! the c!ut tht thee 8s thet& in-uce6ent ! 0!6ise& th!u(h this fct 67 n!t be stictl7 0!eP7e Li Stte !f /=sthn AI/ #%2? SC #+%1). An7thin( f!6 best sus0ici!n t! 0!sitie ei-ence 8!ul- be en!u(h t! -isc- c!nfessi!n. Futhe& in -eci-in( 8hethe 0ticul c!nfessi!n ttcts
the f!8n !f Sec."1& the Ruesti!n hs t! be c!nsi-ee- f!6 the 0!int !f ie8 !f the c!nfessin( ccuse- s t! h!8 the in-uce6ent& etc. 0!cee-in( f!6 0es!n in uth!it7 8!ul- !0ete !n his 6in-. 5he citei!n is the es!nble belief !f the ccuse- tht& b7 c!nfessin(& he 8!ul- (et n -nt(e ! !i- n7 eil !f te60!l ntue in efeence t! the 0!cee-in(s (inst hi6. Whee the 0is!ne is !nl7 t!l- t! tell the tuth 8ith!ut ecitin( n7 h!0e ! fe in hi6& his stte6ent cnn!t be e(-e- s bein( 6-e in es0!nse t! n7 thet ! 0!6ise. Si6ill7& 8hee 0is!ne 8s t!l- b7 c!nstble tht he nee- n!t s7 n7thin( t! ci6inte hi6self& but 8ht he -i- s7 8!ul- be use- in ei-ence (inst hi6. H!8ee& 8hee the -6issi!n t! s0e' the tuth hs been c!u0le- 8ith R7 e0essi!n i60!tin( tht it 8!ul- be bette f! hi6 t! -! s!& it hs been been helhel- tht& tht& the c!nfes c!nfessi! si!n n 8s 8s in-6i in-6issi ssible ble&& the !b=ect !b=ecti!n i!nbl ble e 8!-s bein( tht it 8!ul- be bette t! s0e' the tuth& becuse the7 i60!t tht it 8!ul- be bette f! hi6 t! s7 s!6ethin( 8hich 6-e the c!nfessi!n in!lunt7. 5he 8!-s 7!u h- bette c7 hi--en thet ! in-uce6ent X/. Jis J is #2,) L/ # CC/ %2Y. In Stbi Sin(h Stte !f Pun=b #%,,) " SCC "2?& seni! 0!lice !ffice& fte hin( file- t! (et n7 c!nfessi!nl stte6ent f!6 the ccuse ccuse- th!u( th!u(h h !the !the s!uce s!uces& s& t!!' t!!' u0!n u0!n hi6sel hi6selff t! Ruesti Ruesti!n !n the ccuse- n- he succee-e- in secuin( c!nfessi!n. 5he Ruesti!n 8s 8hethe theADMISSIONS AND CONFESSIONS :? c!nfes c!nfessi!n si!n 8s 8s !lun !lunt t7 7. HelHel- tht tht it 8s 8s n!t. n!t. 5he !ffice !ffice hin hin( ( stte- t! the ccuse- tht n!8 tht the cse hs been e(istee- he sh!ul- stte the tuth& the stte6ent 8!ul- (enete in the ccuse-s 6in- s!6e h!0e ! ssunce tht if he t!l- the tuth he 8!ul- eceie his su00!t.
Whee the ccuse- 8s t!l- b7 the 6(istte& 5ell 6e 8hee the thin(s e n- I 8ill be f!uble t! 7!u& ! If 7!u -! n!t tell the tuth 7!u 67 (et 7!uself int! t!uble n- it 8ill be 8!se f! 7!u& etc.& the stte6ents 8ee hel- t! be ielent. H!8ee& 6ee 6!l ! s0iitul in-uce6ents ! eh!tti!ns 8ill n!t itite c!nfessi!n. F! e60le& 8hee the ccuse- is t!l-& ;e s&ue t! tell the tuth& ! >!u he c!66itte- !ne sin& -! n!t c!66it n!the n- tell the tuth& c!nfessi!n 6-e in es0!nse t! this is li- X/. Slee6n #:?) 2 C! CC "1:Y. 5he s6e is tue 8hee the ccuse- is t'en t! te60le ! chuch n- is t!l- t! tell the tuth in the 0esence !f the Al6i(ht7. In ;h(btichn E60e! #%??) 2+ Cl ,#%& the ccuse-& 0!st* !ffice cle'& un-e sus0ici!n& fell t his -e0t6entl ins0ect!s feet be((in be((in( ( t! be sese- if he -iscl! -iscl!sese- ee ee7th 7thin( in(&& n- the ins0ec ins0ect! t! e0lie- tht he 8!ul- t7 his ut6!st t! se hi6 if he t!l- the tuth. 5he 5he c! c!nf nfe essi! ssi!n n 8s helhel- t! be in in-6i 6iss ssib ible le&& s the hee 8s n in-uce6ent b7 the ins0ect!. In-uce6ent& etc. sh!ul- b In efeence t! ch(e * 5he in-uce6ent thet ! 0!6ise sh!ul- be in efeence t! the ch(e in Ruesti!n. 5hus& 8hee 0es!n ch(e- 8ith 6u-e& 8s 6-e t! c!nfess t! Pnch7t 8hich thetene- his e6!l f!6 the cste f! life& the c!nfessi!n 8s hel- t! be elent) f! the thet h- n!thin( t! -! 8ith the ch(e. Pes Pes!n !n in uth uth! !it it7 7 * 5he 5he in-u in-uce ce6e 6ent nt&& the thet t ! 0!6 0!6ise ise sh!u sh!ull0!cee- f!6 0es!n in uth!it7& i.e.& !ne 8h! is en((e- in the 00ehensi!n& -etenti!n ! 0!secuti!n !f the ccuse- ! !ne 8h! is e60!8ee- t! e6ine hi6. thus& (!en6ent !fficils& 6(isttes& thei thei cle cle's 's&& 0!li 0!lice ce c! c!ns nst tbl bles es&& 88-en ens s nn- !the !thes s in cust cust!!-7 7 !f 0is!nes& 0!secut!s& tt!ne7s& etc. A 0uel7 0ite 0es!n cnn!t
be e(-e- s 0es!n in uth!it7& een if he is ble t! eet s!6e influence u0!n the ccuse-. 5he Pnch7t !ffices cn be si- t! be 0es!ns 8ithin the 6enin( !f Sec."1. Sec.": C!nfessi!n t! P!lice)
6-e 6 -e
-ui -uin( n( ine inest sti( i(t ti! i!n n
! bef! bef!e e ine inest sti( i(t ti! i!n n
is
ielent.
:1 LAW OF EVIDENCE 5he es!n f! this ule is stte- in ueen E60ess ;bu Li #1) IL/ 2 All :+%& 8heein it hs been si- tht the !b=ect !f the ule is t! 0eent the et!ti!n !f c!nfessi!ns b7 0!lice !ffices 8h! in !-e t! (in ce-it b7 secuin( c!nicti!ns (! t! the len(th !f 0!sitie t!tue. If c!nfessi!ns t! 0!lice 8ee ll!8e- t! be 0!e- in ei-ence& the 0!lice 8!ul- t!tue the ccuse- n- thus f!ce hi6 t! c!nfess t! ci6e 8hich he 6i(ht n!t he c!66itte-. A c!nfessi!n s! !btine8!ul8!ul- ntu ntu ll7 ll7 be une uneli lib ble le.. It 8!ul 8!ul- n!t n!t be !lu !lunt nt 7 7. Such Such c!nfessi!n 8ill be ielent 8htee 67 be its f!6& -iect& e0ess& i60lie- ! infee- f!6 c!n-uct. A seies !f c!nflictin( su((esti!ns s t! the ti!nl un-el7in( this infleible sttut!7 b e6e(es f!6 the -eci-e- cses 9
#)
An !b=ectie !b=ectie n- -is0ssi!n -is0ssi!nte te ttitu-e ttitu-e cnn!t cnn!t c!nfi-entl c!nfi-entl7 7 be
e0ecte- f!6 0!lice !ffices. ")
5he 0iile(e (inst self*inci6inti!n hs been th!u(ht t! lie t
the !!t !f the 0inci0le. ?)
I60!tnce hs been ttche- t! the -isc!u(e6ent !f buse
!f uth!it7 b7 the 0!lice tht c!ul- e!-e the fun-6entl i(hts !f the citiBen. 5he is' is (et tht the 0!lice 8ill cc!60lish behin- thei cl!se- -!!s 0ecisel7 8ht the -e6n-s - e6n-s !f !u le(l !-e f!bi-.% Effect !f 0!lice 0esence * Whee the c!nfessi!n is bein( (ien t! s!6e s! 6e!n !ne e else else nn- the the 0!li 0!lice ce6 6n n is !nl7 !nl7 c csu sul ll7 l7 0es 0esen entt nn!e !ehe he s s it tht tht 8ill 8ill n!t n!t -est -est! !7 7 the the !lu !lunt nt 7 7 ntu ntue e !f the the c!nf c! nfes essi! si!n. n. ;ut ;ut 8he 8hee e tht tht 0es 0es!n !n is sec secet et (en (entt !f the the 0!li 0!lice ce -e0ute- f! the e7 0u0!se !f eceiin( c!nfessi!n& it 8ill suffe f!6 the ble6ish !f bein( c!nfessi!n t! 0!lice. In Sit /6 Stte #+ AI/ #%22 SC #%+2)& the ccuse- left lette ec!-in( his c!nfessi!n ne the -e- b!-7 !f the icti6 8ith the !8e- !b=ect tht it sh!ul- be -isc!ee- b7 the 0!lice. 5he Su0e6e C!ut hel- tht the c!nfessi!n is elent& s it is n!t c!nfessi!n 6-e t! 0!lice !ffice un-e Sec.":. 5he lette 8s --esse- t! the 0!lice 0!lice !ffice !ffice& but the !ffice !ffice 8s 8s n!t neb7 neb7 8hen the lette lette 8s 8s 8itten&
!
'ne8
tht
it
8s
bein(
8itten.
a& C!nfessi!nl FI/ * Onl7 tht 0t !f c!nfessi!nl Fist Inf!6ti!n /e0!t is -6issible 8hich -!es n!t 6!unt t! c!nfessi!n ! 8hich c!6es un-e the sc!0e !f Sec.",. 5he n!n*c!nfessi!nl 0t !f the FI/ %. Wht is the ti!nle !f in-6isslbilit7 !f c!nfessi!n t! 0!lice !ffice U XC.LC.*%:$%2X
#+. W!ul- the b un-e Sec.": 00l7 een in cse in 8hich the c!nfessi!n
t!
0!lice
!ffice
is
sent
th!u(h
0!stU
XC.LC.*%:[ Is the f!ll!8in( elent c!nfessi!n9 M7 -e D!(=i& t!-7 I he c!66itte- the 6u-e !f 67 8ife S!nu. She 8s hin( illicit elti!ns 8ith 67 fien- @& 8h! hs un 87. I 8ill tce !ut @ n- bin( hi6 bef! bef!e e 7!u. !u. 5he 5he lett lette e Is f!un f!un- b7 the the si-e si-e !f the the -e-e- b!-7 b!-7.. XLC.I*%2X.
■.■■
ADMISSIONS AND CONFESSIONS :: cn be use- s ei-ence (inst tie inf!6nt ccuse- s sh!8in( his c!n-uct .
un-e
Sec..
&.c
■ I+)! $s 0!$$ce !ffice * A 0!lice !ffice n!t !nl7 inclu-es 6e6be
!f the the e(u e(ul l 0!li 0!lice ce f!c f!ce& e& but but 8!ul 8!ul- incl incluu-e e n7 n7 0es 0es!n !n 8h! 8h! is cl!the- 8ith the 0!8es !f 0!lice !ffice. 5hus& ecise ins0ect!s e hel- t! be 0!lice !ffices& but n!t the cust!6 !ffices ! 6e6be !f the /il87 P!tecti!n F!ce. It hs been hel- tht 6ee 0!8e !f est& sech n- inesti(ti!n e n!t en!u(h n- the 0!lice !ffices sh!ul- ls! be e60!8ee- t! file ch(e sheet ! l!-(e e0!t bef!e M(istte. 5hus& sub* ins0ect! is 0!lice !ffice. En(lish l8 * In En(ln-& c!nfessi!n 6-e t! 0!lice !ffice 8!ulbe elent ei-ence. If the Ju-(e feels c!nfi-ent tht thee 8s n! !00essi!n n- the stte6ent 8s fee& fi n- !lunt7& he 67 -6it it. Sec."2 C!nfessi!n in 0!lice cust!-7)
!f M(istte& shll be 0!e- s (inst such 0es!n. 5he secti!n 8ill c!6e int! 0l7 8hen the 0es! s!n n in 0!lice cust! st!-7 is in c!nesti!n 8ith n7 0es!n !the thn 0!lice !ffice n- c!nfesses t! his (uilt. 5he secti!n is bse- !n the s6e fe& n6el7& tht the 0!lice 8!ul- t!tue the ccuse- n- f!ce hi6 t! c!nfess& if n!t t! the 0!lice !ffice hi6self& t lest t! s!6e !ne else. 5hus the c!nfessi!n is li'el7 t! suffe f!6 the ble6ish !f n!t bein( fee n- !lunt7. !lunt7.## 5he 8!- cust!-7 -!es n!t 6en f!6l cust!-7& but inclu-es such stte !f ffis in 8hich the ccuse- cn be si- t! he c!6e int! the hn-s !f 0!lice*!ffice ! cn be si- t! he been un-e s!6e s!t !f sueillnce ! esticti!n. P!lice cust!-7 6ens 0!lice c!nt!l een if be eecise- in h!6e& in n !0en 0lce ! in the c!use !f =!une7 n- n!t necessil7 in the 8lls !f 0is!n ctul est). 5he i66e-ite i66e-ite 0esence 0esence !f 0!lice !ffices !ffices is n!t necess7 necess7& s! l!n( s the ccuse- 0es!ns e 8e tht the 0lce 8hee the7 e -etine- is ell7 ccessible t! the 0!lice. A te60!7 bsence !f the 0!lice6n 6'es n! -iffeence. 5he f!ll!8in( c!nfessi!ns e& thus& hel- t! be ielent 9* #)
A 8!6n este- f! the 6u-e !f 7!un( b!7 8s left in the
cust!-7 !f ill(es 8hile the ch!8'i- 8tch6n) 8h! este- he left f! the 0!lice*stti!n n- she c!nfesse- in his bsence E60e! J(i AI/ #%? Pt ?+). ")
While the ccuse- bein( cie- !n t!n( 8s left l!ne b7 the
0!lice6n in the cust!-7 !f the t!n(*-ie n- he t!l- !f ##. Wht is the ti!nle !f in-6issibilit7 !f c!nfessi!ns in 0!lice cust!-7 U XC.LC.*%2I
:2 LAW OF EVIDENCE his ci6inlit7 t! the t!n( -ie X/. Leste& IL/ #%:) "+ ;!6 #2:Y. ?)
Whee Whee the ccuse ccuse- 8s 8s t'e t'en n t! -!ct -!ct! ! f! tet6 tet6ent ent&& the the
0!lice6n stn-in( !utsi-e t the -!!& the ccuse- c!nfesse- t! the -!ct!#" XE60e! Mlln(!8- #%#,) #% ;!6. L/ 2?Y. 1)
A c!nfessi!n t! fell!8*0is!nes& 8hile in =il.
I66e I66e-i -it te e 0es 0esen ence ce !f M(i M(ist st te te * Sec. Sec. "2 ec! ec!(n (nis ises es !ne !ne ece0ti!n. If the ccuse- c!nfesses 8hile in 0!lice cust!-7 but in the i66e-ite 0esence !f M(istte& the c!nfessi!n 8ill be li-. 5he 0esence !f M(istte ules !ut the 0!ssibilit7 !f t!tue theeb7 6'in( 6'in( the c!nfes c!nfessi! si!n n fee& fee& !lun !lunt t7 7 n- elib elible. le. 5he M(ist M(ist te te 6ust 6ust be 0es 0esen entt in the the s s6e 6e !!6 !!6 8he 8hee e the the c! c!nf nfes essi! si!n n is bein bein( ( ec!-e-. A c!nfessi!n 6-e 8hile the ccuse- is in =u-icil cust!-7 ! l!c' l!c'u0 u0 8ill 8ill be ele ele nt nt&& een een if the the c ccu cuse se- is bein bein( ( (u (u-e -e- b7 0!lice6en. 5he 6ee fct tht the ccuse-& fte hin( 6-e c!nfessi!n bef!e 0!lice !ffice& subseRuentl7 s7s bef!e M(istte tht I t!l- the 0c*lf 0c*lfce ce !ffice !ffice tht tht I 6u-e 6u-eee- ; -!es -!es n!t en-e en-e the stte6e stte6ent nt -6issible. .C!nfessi!n 8hen elent Ss. ",*"%) 5he f!ll!8in( thee t70es !f c!nfessi!ns e elent n- -6issible9* . Sec." Sec.", , H!8 H!8 6uch 6uch !f inf! inf!6 6ti ti!n !n ece ecei iee- f!6 f!6 c ccu cuse se- 6 67 7 be 0!e-)#? Whe When n n7 n7 fct fct is -e0! -e0!se se- t! s -isc -isc! !e eee- in c! c!ns nseR eRue uenc nce e !f inf!6 inf!6ti! ti!n n ecei eceiee- f!6 f!6 0es!n 0es!n c ccus cusee- !f n7 !ffence& !ffence& in the cust!-7 !f 0!lice !ffice& s! 6uch !f such inf!6ti!n 8hethe it
6!unts t! c!nfessi!n ! n!t) s eltes -istinctl7 t! the fct theeb7 -isc!ee-& 67 be 0!e-.
A
Ruesti!n
bse-
!n
the
s6e
fcts.
XC.LC.*%"[ #?. Secti!n ", !f the Ei-ence Act is in the ntue !f n n ece0ti!n t! Sees."1 t! "2 in s 6uch s 8hen n7 fct is -e0!se- t! s -isc!eein c!nseRuence c!nseRuence !f inf!6ti inf!6ti!n !n eceie eceie- f!6 0es!n 0es!n ccuseccuse- !f n7 !ffe !ffenc nce e& in the the cust cust!!-7 7 !f the 0!li 0!lice ce !ffic ffice e& s! 6uch uch !f such such inf!6 inf!6ti! ti!n& n& 8hethe 8hethe it 6 6!un !unts ts t! c!nfes c!nfessi! si!n n ! n!t& n!t& s elte eltes s -istinctl7 t! the fct theeb7 -isc!ee- 67 be 0!e-. Elb!te 8ith efeence efeence t! cse l8. l8. XLC.II*%?[ADMISSIONS
* AND
CONFESSIONS
:, n!t t! he been etcte-. 5he tuth !f the c!nfessi!n is (unteeb7 the -isc! -isc!e e7 7 !f fcts fcts in c!nseR c!nseRuen uence ce !f the inf!6 inf!6ti ti!n !n (ien (ien.. Sec.", is 0!is! ! ece0ti!n t! Secs.": n- "2 !f the Act. 5he stte6ents -6issible un-e Sec.", e n!t -6issible (inst 0es!ns !the thn the 6'e!f the stte6ent Suen-e Ps- Stte !f ;ih& #%%" C LJ "#%+). 5he -isc!e7 6ust be 6-e b7 the 0!lice s esult !f inf!6ti!n (ien b7 the ccuse- n- n!t b7 n7 !the s!uce. 5he sc!0e !f Sec.", is e0line- b7 the Pi7 C!uncil in Puiu'ui K!tt7 E60e!.
Puiu'ui K!tt7 E60e! AI/ #%1, PC 2,) In this cse& the 00ellnts (uilt7 !f 6u-e 6-e s!6e c!nfessi!ns in the 0!lice cust!-7. In the 00el& the7 c!nten-e- tht thei stte6ents 8ee -6itte- in i!lti!n !f Secs."2 n- ",. 5he stte6ent !f !ne !f the6 the6 8s 8s 9 I& K!tt K!tt7 7&& nn- !thes !thes bet bet Si7 Si77 7 n- Subb7 Subb7 t! -eth. I hi- the s0e n- 67 stic' in the ic' !f 67 ill(e. I 8ill sh!8 if 7!u c!6e. We -i- ll this t the instnce !f P. K!tt7. An!the ccuse- si- 9 I stbbe- Si77 8ith s0e. I hi- the s0e in 7- in 67 ill(e. I 8ill sh!8 7!u the 0lce. 5he elent ticles 8ee 0!-uce- f!6 thei es0ectie 0lces !f hi-in(. hi -in(. E0l E0li ini nin( n( the the sc!0 sc!0e e !f Sec. Sec.", ", In (ene (ene ll te6 te6s& s& thei thei L! L!-sh shi0 i0s s !bsee- 9 Sec.", 0!i-es n ece0ti!n t! the 0!hibiti!n i60!se- b7 Sec."2 n- enbles cetin stte6ents 6-e b7 0es!n in 0!lice cust!-7 t! be 0!e-. 5he c!n-iti!n necess7 t! bin( Sec.", int! !0eti!n is tht -isc!e7 !f fct in c!nseRuence !f inf!6ti!n eceie- f!6 ccuse- in 0!lice cust!-7) 6ust be -e0!se- t!& ntheeu0!n s! 6uch !f the inf!6ti!n s elte- -istinctl7 t! the fct theeb7 -isc!ee- 67 be 0!e-. 5he secti!n see6s t! be bse- !n the the ie8 ie8 tht tht if fct fct is c ctu tul ll7 l7 -isc -isc! !e eee- in c! c!ns nseR eRue uenc nce e !f inf! inf!6 6ti ti!n !n (ien (ien&& s! s!6e 6e (u (un nte tee e is ff! ff!-ee- the theeb eb7 7 tht tht the the inf!6ti!n 8s tue n- cc!-in(l7 cn be sfel7 ll!8e- t! be (ien (i en in ei-ence. N!6ll7& the secti!n is b!u(ht int! !0eti!n 8hen 0es!n in 0!lice cust!-7 0!-uces f!6 s!6e 0lce !f c!ncel6ent s!6e !b=ect e.(. -e- b!-7& 8e0!n ! !n6ents& si- t! be c!nnecte- 8ith the ci6e !f 8hich the inf!6nt is ccuse-. E0linin( the elti!nshi0 bet8een Secs."2 n- ",& thei L!-shi0s si- 9 5he 0!is! t! Sec."2 --e- b7 Sec.", sh!ul- n!t be hel- t! nullif7 the substnce !f the secti!n. It is fllci!us t! tet the fct
-isc!ee- s eRuilent t! the !b=ect 0!-uce- the fct -isc!eels! e6bces the 0lce f!6 8hich the !b=ect is 0!-uce- n- the 'n!8le-(e !f ccuse- s t! this& n- the inf!6ti!n (ien 6ust elte -istinctl7 t! this fct. Inf!6ti!n s t! the 0st use !f the !b=ect 0!-uce- is n!t elte- t! its -isc!e7. -isc!e7. Inf!6ti!n su00lie- b7 0es!n in cust!-7 tht I 8ill 0!-uce 'nife c!ncele- in the !!f !f 67 h!use -!es n!t le- t! the -isc!e7
: LAW OF EVIDENCE !f 'nife. It le-s t! the -isc!e7 !f fct tht 'nife is c!ncele- in the h!use !f the inf!6nt t! his 'n!8le-(e& n- if the 'nife is 0!et! he been use- in the c!66issi!n !f !ffence& the fct -isc!ee- is e7 elent. ;ut if t! the stte6ent the 8!-s 8ith 8hich I stbbeA e --e-& these 8!-s e in-6issible becuse the7 -! n!t elte t! the -isc!e7 !f 'nife in the h!use !f the inf!6nt. 5he 0t 8hfch eltes s t! 8ht he -i- t! the !b=ect n- n!t 8ht he -i- 8ith the !b=ect& is elent un-e Sec.",& becuse the ltte entils e6!te c!nn c! nnec ecti ti!n !n 8ith 8ith the the fct fct.. Fut Futhe he& if the thee e is n! !the !the eiei-en ence ce c!nn c! nnec ecti tin( n( the the 'nif 'nife e 8ith 8ith the the ci6 ci6e e nn- the the !nl7 !nl7 eiei-en ence ce is stte6ent c!6in( un-e Sec.",& then the ccuse- 6ust be cRuitte-. /efein( t! the fcts !f the cse& thei L!-shi0s hel- tht the 8h!le !f the stte6ent ece0t the 0ss(e I hi- it s0e) n- 67 stic' in the ic' in the ill(e. I 8ill sh!8 if 7!u c!6e& is in-6issible. 5he b! b!e e 0ss 0ss( (e e is -6i -6iss ssib ible le s it se seee- t! c! c!nn nnec ectt the the !b=e !b=ect ct -isc -isc! !e eee- 8ith 8ith the the !ffe !ffenc nce e ch ch(e (e-. -. 5he 5he !the !the 0!t 0!ti! i!ns ns !f the the stte6ent eltes t! the 0st hist!7 !f the !b=ect 0!-uce-& thus n!t -6issible.
X5he X5he Su0e6 Su0e6e e C!ut C!ut in Pbh Pbhu u Stte Stte !f <.P <.P..& AI/ #%2? #%2? SC ###? ###?&& 00 00! !ee- the the test tests s lili- -!8n -!8n in the the b!e b!e c cse se.. In this this c cse se&& stte6ent le-in( t! -isc!e7 !f f!l!!-*stine- e& cl!thes& etc. 8s helhel- -6i -6iss ssibl ible& e& but but stt stte6 e6en entt t! the the 0!li 0!lice ce tht tht such such cl!t cl!the hes s bel!n(e- t! hi6 ccuse-) n- the e 8s use- in the 6u-e 8s hel- in-6issible un-e Sec.",Y. S!6e
e60les
= An ccuse- stte- t! the 0!lice 9 5he th!t 8s cut 8ith 'nife nthe 'nife 8s !n 0ni !f the 6!i in the 'itchen. 5he fist 0t& 8hic 8hich h 8s 8s the the inc inci6 i6in int tin in( ( 0t 0t !f stt stte6 e6en entt nn- 8hic 8hich h -i-i- n!t n!t -iectl7 le- t! the -isc!e7 !f 'nife sh!ul- be eclu-e-& but n!t the sec!n- 0t !f the stte6ent. An ccuse- stte- t! the 0!lice 9 I he buie- the 0!0et7 st!len b7 6e in the fiel-. I 8ill sh!8 it. 5he -6issible 0t is I he buiethe 0!0et7 in 67 fiel-. I 8ill sh!8 it. 5he in-6issible 0t is st!len b7 6e
si6il ill7
the
stte6ent
8ith
8hich
I
stbbe bbe-
A
is
in-6issible). 5he un-el7in( un-el7in( 0inci0le is tht n7 self*inc self*inci6in i6int!7 t!7 stte6ent stte6ent ! 8htee else si- b7 the ccuse- t the ti6e !f (iin( the inf!6ti!n b7 87 87 !f (iin( (iin( int!int!-uct ucti!n i!n ! n nti tie e ! e0ln e0lnti ti!n !n 6ust 6ust be i(!!usl7 eclu-e-& s it le-s t! n! -isc!e7 !f fcts. M!h-. In7tullh Stte !f Mhsht AI/ #%,2 SC 1?) In this cse& the ccuse-& ch(e- 8ith theft& stte- 9 I 8ill tell the 0lce !f -e0!sit !f the thee che6icl -u6s 8hich I t!!' !ut f!6 the /=i ;un-e !n fist Au(ust. 5he fcts -isc!ee- 8ee * che6icl -u6s& the 0lce !f -e0!sit !f -u6s& n- the ccuse-s 'n!8le-(e !f
such
-e0!sit.ADMISSIONS
AND
CONFESSIONS
:% 5he Su0e6e C!ut in this cse& li- -!8n s!6e 0!0!siti!ns 9* #)
Fist c!n-iti!n c!n-iti!n necess7 necess7 f! bin(in( bin(in( this secti!n secti!n Sec.",) Sec.",) int!
!0e !0e ti! ti!n is the the -isc! isc! e7 !f fct fct&& lbe lbeit ele elent fct fct&& in c!nseRuence !f the inf!6ti!n eceie- f!6 0es!n ccuse- !f n !ffence. ")
5he sec!nsec!n- is is tht tht the -isc!e7 -isc!e7 !f such fct 6ust be -e0!se-e0!se-
t!. 5he -isc!e7 !f fct inclu-es the !b=ect f!un-& the 0lce f!6 8hic 8hich h it is 0!0!-uc ucee- nn- the the 'n!8 'n!8le le-(e -(e !f the the c ccu cuse se- s t! its its eistence. ?)
5he thi- is tht tht t the ti6e !f the ecei0t !f the inf!6ti!n the
ccuse- 6ust be in 0!lice cust!-7. 1)
5he lst but the 6!st i60!tnt c!n-iti!n is tht !nl7 s! 6uch
!f the inf!6ti!n s eltes -istinctl7 t! the fct theeb7 -isc!eeis -6issible -6issible.. 5he 8!- -istinctl7 -istinctl7 6ens 6ens -iectl7 -iectl7&& in-ubitbl in-ubitbl7& 7& stictl7& un6ist'bl7. un6ist'bl7. It 8s hel- tht !nl7 the fist 0t !f stte6ent& n6el7& I 8ill tell the 0lce !f -e0!sit !f thee che6icl -u6s 8s elent becuse !nl7 this 0t 8s the i66e-ite n- -iect cuse !f the ct -isc!ee-. 5he est !f the stte6ent 8s 0ue n- si60le c!nfessi!n 0st hist!7) 8hich le- t! n! -isc!e7. H!8ee& the elent 0!ti!n 8s n!t& b7 itself& sufficient t! 0esu6e tht the ccuse- 8s thief. He hi6self -e0!site- -u6s& ! he !nl7 'ne8 tht the -u6s 8ee l7in( theeU Since it 8s 0ublic 0lce il87 0ltf!6) n- n!t 0lce !f hi-in(& n7!ne c!ul- he 0ut the6 thee n- the ccuse- 6i(ht he !nl7 'n!8le-(e !f tht fct. 5hus& he 8s (ien benefit !f the -!ubt if the 8h!le !f his stte6ent h- been -6itte- he 8!ul- un-!ubte-l7 he been hel- (uilt7).
Sec.". C!nfessi!n 6-e fte e6!l !f thet in-uce6ent& etc.) If such c!nfessi!n s is efee- t! in Sec."1 is 6-e fte the i60essi!n cuse- b7 n7 such in-uce6ent& thet ! 0!6ise hs& in the !0ini!n !f the c!ut& been full7 e6!e- it is elent. elent. Sec." -els 8ith the li-it7 !f c!nfessi!n 8hich is 6-e fte the9 effect !f in-uce6ent is le-7 !e. Once the 6in- is set fee f!6 the fe cete- b7 thets !f eil ! f!6 the h!0es !f -nt(e f!6 c!nfessin( e.(. b7 l0se !f ti6e)& n7 c!nfessi!n 6-e is li'el7 t! be fee n- !lunt7 n- thee cn h-l7 be n7 !b=ecti!n s t! its li-it7. 5hus& c!nfessi!n 8hich is en-ee- ielent un-e Sec.", 67 bec!6e elent un-e Sec.". Sec."% Sec."%.. C!nfe C!nfessi ssi!n !n !the8 !the8ise ise ele elen ntt n!t t! bec!6e bec!6e iele iele nt nt becuse !f 0!6ise !f secec7& etc.) If c!nfessi!n is !the8ise elent& it -!es n!t bec!6e ielent& 6eel7 becuse it 8s 6-e *
2+ LAW OF EVIDENCE )
un-e 0!6ise !f secec7& !
b)
in c!nseRuences !f -ece0ti!n 0ctise- !n the ccuse- 0es!n
f! the 0u0!se !f !btinin( it& ! c)
8hen the ccuse- 8s -un'& !
-)
in ns8e t! Ruesti!ns he nee- n!t he ns8ee-& !
e)
8hen 8hen the the c ccus cusee- 8s 8s n!t n!t 8ne 8ne- tht tht he 8s 8s n!t n!t b!un b!un- t! t!
6'e such c!nfessi!n n- tht ei-ence !f it 6i(ht be (ien & (inst hi6 ece0t in =u-icil c!nfessi!ns& un-e Sec. #21& C.P.C.) In ci6inl cses& the 0ublic inteest lies in 0!secutin( ci6inls nn!t c!60!6isin( 8ith the6. 5heef!e& 8hee n ccuse- 0es!n is
0esu-e- t! c!nfess b7 ssuin( hi6 !f the secec7 !f his stte6ents ! tht ei-ence !f it shll n!t be (ien (inst hi6& the c!nfessi!n is neetheless elent. Whee the c!nfessi!n is the !utc!6e !f fu- bein( 0l7e- 8ith the ccuse ccuse-& -& it is neet neethel heless ess ele elen nt. t. 5hus& 5hus& 8hee 8hee the t8! t8! ccuse ccuse0es!ns 8ee left in !!6 8hee the7 th!u(ht the7 8ee ll l!ne& but sec secet et t0e t0e ec! ec!-e es s 8ee 8ee ec! ec!-in in( ( thei thei c! c!n ne es sti ti!n !n&& the the c!nfes c!nfessi!n si!ns s thus thus ec!ec!-ee- 8ee 8ee helhel- t! be ele elen nt. t. A c!nfes c!nfessi! si!n n secuesecue- b7 intece0tin( intece0tin( n- !0enin( lette lette hs ls! been hel- t! be elent. A c!nfessi!n !btine- b7 int!ictin( the ccuse- is eRull7 elent. 5he l8 is c!ncene- t! see tht the c!nfessi!n is fee n!lu !lunt nt 7 7 nn- if this this is s! it -!es -!es n!t n!t 6 6tt tte e tht tht the the c ccu cuse sec!nfesse- un-e the influence !f -in'. C!nfessi!n !f c!*ccuse- Sec.?+) See un-e the Ch0te %. Ei-enti7 lue !f c!nfessi!n A c!nfessi!n is c!nsi-ee- the best n- 6!st c!nclusie ei-ence& s n! 0es!n 8ill 6'e n untue stte6ent (inst his !8n inteest. It is 8ell settle- tht c!nfessi!n& if !luntil7 n- tuthfull7 n-e& is n efficci!us 0!!f !f (uilt. H!8ee& it 6ust be n!te- tht the ei-entil lue !f c!nfessi!n is n!t e7 (et. As !bsee- b7 ;est& c!nfessi!n 67 be flse -ue t! 6entl bbeti!n& 6ist'e !f l8& t! esc0e 0h7sicl ! 6!l t!tue& t! esc0e i(n!6it7 !f stiflin( enRui7& -ue t! nit7& t! en-n(e !the !thes s b7 n6i n6in( n( the6 the6 s c! c!*! *!ff ffen en-e -es s&& nn- s! !n. !n. 5he 5heef ef! !e& e& c!nfessi!ns 67 n!t l87s be tue. 5heef!e& the c!nfessi!ns 6ust be chec'e- in the li(ht !f the 8h!le !f the ei-ence !n the ec!- in !-e t! see if the7 c7 c!nicti!n. It
&■ 8!ul8!ul- be e e7 7 -n(e -n(e!us !us t! t! ct !n !n c!nfess c!nfessi!n i!n 0ut 0ut int! int! the 6!ut 6!uth h !f
theADMISSIONS
AND
CONFESSIONS
2# Muthus867 Stte AI/ #%:1 SC 1,)& the c!ut !bsee- tht c!nfessi!n sh!ul- n!t be cce0te- 6eel7 becuse it c!ntins 8elth !f -etils.
IMPO/5AN5 5OPICS$ILL
A-6issi!n 6-e in n elie suit
An -6issi!n -6issi!n is stte6ent stte6ent 8hich su((ests s!6e infeence infeence s t! the eistence !f fct in issue ! elent fct Sec.#,). Iths been heltht Sec.#, 6'es n! -istincti!n bet8een n -6issi!n 6-e b7 0t7 in his 0le-in( n- !the -6issi!ns. 5heef!e& n -6issi!n 6-e b7 0es!n in 0lint si(ne- n- eifie- b7 hi6 67 be use- s ei-ence #1)A -6its in s!6e elie 0!cee-in(s in c!ut tht the sh!0 @ bel!n(s t! his b!the ;. In suit bet8een A n- ; b!ut the sh!0& ; 0!-uces cetifie- c!07 !f the stte6ent !f A in the elie suit. 5he c!ut -eci-es the suit in ;s f!u el7in( !n the -6issi!n !f A in the elie suit. A files n 00el n- 0le-s tht the c!ut ee- in el7in( u0!n the -6issi!n s ; h- n!t c!nf!nte- hi6 8ith his -6issi!n 8hen he 00ee-
s
8itness.
Deci-e.
XL.C.I*%:$%2Y b) H!8 e -6issi!ns -iffeent f!6 c!nfessi!ns.
[email protected].*%"$%1 L.C.I*%:$%2 L.C.II*%?Y
=MQ62" LAW OF EVIDENCE ■(i (inst nst hi6 in !the !the suit suits. s. Of c! c!u use se&& the the -6i -6iss ssi! i!n n c cnn nn!t !t be
e(-e- s c!nclusie& n- it is !0en t! the 0t7 c!ncene- t! sh!8 tht the stte6ent is n!t tue ;snt Sin(h Jn'i Sin(h AI/ #%,2 SC ?1#). 5he 0esent 0!ble6 is bse- !n the f!ll!8in( cse 9
;ish8nth Ps- D8' Ps#%,1) # SCC , In this cse& the Ruesti!n Ruesti!n 8s 8hethe 8hethe cetin 0!0eties 0!0eties bel!n(e- t! the -efen-nt n- cetin !thes 8ee lible t! 0titi!n. 5he !00!site 0t7 0t7 h- 6-e stte6ents stte6ents in -is0!siti!ns -is0!siti!ns in n elie suit tht the7 bel!n(e- t! the -efen-nt. Si6il -6issi!ns !ccue- in the 8itten stt stte6 e6en entt file file- b7 the the 0li 0lint ntif ifff nn- his his fth fthe e in tht tht suit suit.. It 8s 8s c!nten-e- !n behlf !f the 0lintiff& el7in( !n Sec. #1: !f Ei-ence Act& Ac t& th tht if 8itne itness ss is t! be c!nt !nt -ict -ictee- b7 his his !8n e elie lie stte6ent& the stte6ent 6ust be 0ut t! hi6 s! tht he 67 he n !00!tunit7 t! e0lin it n- this 8s n!t -!ne in the 0esent cse. 5hus& the -6issi!n 6-e in n elie suit cnn!t be use- (inst the 0lintiff. 5he c!ut !bsee- 9 5hee is c-inl -istincti!n bet8een 0t7 8h! is the uth! !f 0i! stte6ent n- 8itness 8h! is e6inen- is s!u(ht t! be -isce-ite- b7 the use !f his 0i! stte6ent. In the f!6e cse& -6issi!n b7 0t7 is substntie ei-ence if it fulfils the eRuie6ents !f Sec."#& in the ltte cse 0i! stte6ent is use- t! -isce-it the ce-ibilit7 !f 8itness n- -!es n!t bec!6e substntie ei-ence. In the f!6e thee is n! necess7 eRuie6ent !f the stte6ent c!ntinin( the -6issi!n hin( t! be 0ut t! the 0t7 becuse it is ei-ence 0!0i! i(!e !f its !8n f!ce). In the ltte cse the c!ut cnn!t be inite- t! -isbeliee 8itness !n the sten(th !f the 0i! c!nt-ict!7 stte6ent unless it hs been 0ut t! hi6& s eRuie- b7 Sec. #1:. A-6issi!ns e substntie ei-ence b7 the6seles& th!u(h the7 e n!t c!nclusie 0!!f !f the 6ttes -6itte-. A-6issi!ns -ul7 0!ee -6issible ei-ence ies0ectie !f 8hethe the 0t7 6'in( the6 00ee- in the 8itness*b! ! n!t n- 8hethe he 8s c!nf!nte-
8ith these stte6ents in cse he 6-e stte6ent c!nt7 t! these -6issi!ns i-e ;ht Sin(hs cse AI/ #%22 SC 1+:). 5he c!ut futhe si- tht -6issi!ns e usull7 tellin( (inst the 6'e 6'e unless unless es!n es!nbl bl7 7.e0l e0line ine-& -& n- n! cce0t cce0tbl ble e (!un(!un- t! eticte the 00ellnts f!6 the effect !f thei !8n elie stte6ents hs been 6-e !ut. 5he c!ut& thus& hel- tht n -6issi!n in n elie suit is elent ei-ence (inst the 0lintiff. Decisi!n !f the cse in Ruesti!n As -6issi!n in n elie suit 8ill be elent ei-ence (inst hi6. 5hus& A 8ill n!t succee-.ADMISSIONS AND CONFESSIONS 2? b)
Distincti!n bet8een A-6issi!n n- C!nfessi!n
5he 5hee e e e 6 6n7 n7 c! c!66 66!n !n fet fetu ues es bet8 bet8ee een n n -6i -6iss ssi! i!n n nn- c!nfessi!n. In b!th thee is the c'n!8le-(6ent !f the eistence !f fct in issue in the cse& 8hich 67 in cicu6stnces be cce0te- b7 the c!uts s 0!!f !f the tuth n- cc!-in(l7 cte- u0!n. ;ut thee e !bi!us 0!ints !f -istincti!n t!!. 5he Act l7s -!8n -iffeent ules s t! thei elenc7. elenc7. #)
C!nfessi!ns fin- 0lce in ci6inl 0!cee-in(s !nl7. !nl7. A-6issi!ns
e (enell7 use- in ciil 0!cee-in(s& 7et the7 67 ls! be use- in ci6inl 0!cee-in(s. ")
Ee7 c!nfessi!n is n -6issi!n& but ee7 -6issi!n is n!t
c!nfes c!nfessi!n si!n.. 5he
8!8!-
-6i -6issi ssi!n !n
is
6!e 6! e c!6 c!60e 0ehen hensi sie e n-
inclu-es c!nfessi!n ls!. A c!nfessi!n is !nl7 s0ecies !f -6issi!n. A c!nfessi!n 6ust eithe -6it in te6s the !ffence& ! t n7 te& substntill7 ll the fcts 8hich c!nstitute the !ffence. While in n -6issi!n& thee is 6ee c'n!8le-(6ent !f fct su((estin( n infeence s t! fct in issue ! elent fct. An -6issi!n !f (!ssl7 inci6intin( fct& een c!nclusiel7 inci6intin( fct& is n!t
b7 itself c!nfessi!n e.(. n -6issi!n tht the ccuse- is the !8ne !f& n- 8s in ecent 0!ssessi!n !f& the 'nife$e!le 8hich cuse- -eth& 8ith n! e0lnti!n !f n7 !the 6ns 0!ssessi!n. ?)
A c!nfessi!n is the -6issi!n !f (uilt in efeence t! ci6e n-&
the theef ef! !e& e& in ini ib bl7 l7 uns uns (i (ins nstt the the infe infee est st !f the the c ccu cuse se-. -. A c!nfes c!nfessi!n si!n sh!ulsh!ul- necess necess il7 il7& & be !f incul0 incul0t! t!7 7 ntue ntue.. 5he te6 te6 -6issi!n inclu-es ee7 stte6ent 8hethe it uns in f!u !f ! (inst the 0t7 6'in( it& n- tht is 8h7 Sec."# 0e6its 0es!n& in cetin ece0ti!nl cses& t! 0!e his !8n stte6ents. It 67 be n!te- tht thee is n!thin( in Ei-ence Act 8hich 0eclu-es n ccuse0es!n f!6 el7in( u0!n his !8n c!nfessi!nl stte6ents f! his !8n 0u0!ses. 1) 1)
An -6i -6iss ssi! i!n n 6 6-e -e t! n7 n7 0es 0es!n !n 8ht 8hts! s!e ee e is ele ele nt nt
8hethe he be 0!lice6n ! 0es!n in uth!it7 ! 8hethe it 8s the esult !f n in-uce6ent ! 0!6ise. On the !the hn-& the c!nfessi!n t! 0!lice6n ! in 0!lice cust!-7 is ielent. 5hus& the c!nfessi!n 6ust be fee n- !lunt7. Futhe& stte6ent 67 be ielent s c!nfessi!n but it 67 be elent s n -6issi!n. A stte6ent n!t -6issible s c!nfessi!n 67 7et& f! !the 0u0!ses be -6issible s n -6issi!n (inst the 0es!n 8h! 6-e it.
HP#
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LAW OF EVIDENCE :)
A c!nfes c!nfessi! si!n n l87 l87s s 0!cee 0!cee-s -s f!6 f!6 the ccuse ccuse- ! sus0ec sus0ectt
0es!n 0es!n&& but in efee efeence nce t! -6iss -6issi!n i!ns& s& the stte6 stte6ent ents s !f ceti cetin n
0es!ns& 8h! e n!t 0ties t! the cse& s -6issi!ns (inst the 0ties. 2)
5he c!nfessi!n c!nfessi!n !f n ccuseccuse- 0es!n 0es!n is is ele elent nt (inst (inst ll his
c!* c! *cc ccus usee- 8h! 8h! e e bein bein( ( tie tie- 8ith 8ith hi6 hi6 f! f! the the s s6e 6e !ffe !ffenc nce e Sec.?+). In the cse !f -6issi!ns& stte6ents !f c!*0lintiff ! th!se !f c!*-efen-nt e n! ei-ence (inst the !thes. ,) ,)
5he 5he eff effec ectt !f !f n n -6 -6is issi si!n !n is tht tht it -!es -!es n!t n!t c!n c!nst stit itut ute e
c!nclusie 0!!f !f the fct -6itte-& th!u(h it 67 !0ete s n est!00 est!00el el (ins (instt the 0t7 0t7 6 6'in 'in( ( the -6iss -6issi!n i!n.. A c!nfes c!nfessi! si!n n is c!nsi-ee- stisfct!7 0!!f !f the (uilt !f the ccuse-& th!u(h s ule !f 0u-ence& the c!uts 67 eRuie c!!b!tie ei-ence. ei-ence. lllustti!n*#: 9#S .A(hn!! N(esi Stte !f ;ih AI/ #%22 SC ##%) 5he 5he fct fcts s !f the the c cse se e e s s6e 6e s (i (ien in the the c cse se in Rues Ruesti ti!n !n b!e). 5he 0inci0l ei-ence 8s the c!nfessi!nl F.I./. c!ntinin( # 0ts n- thee 8s n! e7e 8itness t! the 6u-es. ;ut the 6e-icl e0!t c!nfi6e- tht the 8!un-s !n the -e- b!-ies 8ee cuse- b7 sh0 8e0!n. 5he Ruesti!n f! -ecisi!n 8s 8hethe the stte6ent FI/) ! n7 0!ti!n !f it 8s -6issible in ei-ence. 5he 00ellnts c!ntenti!n 8s tht the entie stte6ent is c!nfessi!n 6-e t! 0!lice !ffice n- is n!t 0!ble un-e Sec.": (inst the 00ellnts. 5he 5he es0! es0!nn-en entt Stt Stte e c! c!nt nten en-e -e- tht tht Sec." Sec.": : 0!t 0!tec ects ts !nl7 !nl7 th!s th!se e 0!ti!ns !f the stte6ent 8hich -iscl!ses the 'illin( b7 the 00ellnt nn- est est !f the the stt stte6 e6en entt is n!t n!t 0!t 0!tec ecte te- un-e un-e Sec. Sec.": ":&& nn- is elent un-e Sec.",. #:. Discuss the fcts n- l8 s li- -!8n in A(hn!! N(esi Stte !f ;ih AI/ #%22 SC ##%).
XLC.I*%1Y
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@ (!es t! the 0!lice stti!n n- ntes the fcts n- cicu6stnces in 8hich he 'ille- his (il fien- n- he b!the. b!the. 5he 0!lice e(istee- cse un-e Sec.?+"& IPC (inst @ n- este- hi6. 5he FI/ hs f!u -istinct 0ts 9 ) Pticuls eltin( t! his i-entit7& --ess& etc. b) Pticuls eltin( t! 6!tie n- 0e0ti!ns c) Pticuls eltin( t! the ctul 'illin( -) Pticuls eltin( t! fte 'illin( c!n-uct such s hi-in( the -e- b!-ies& c!ncelin( the 'nife n- his bl!!-*stinecl!thes. On the bsis !f this inf!6ti!n& the 0!lice ec!ee- the -e- b!-ies& 'nife n- cl!thes. @ is !n til n- the FI/ is the !nl7 ei-ence (inst hi6.
Deci-e
in
the
li(ht
!f
elent
cse
l8.
XC.L.C*%?$%1Y
ADMISSIONS AND CONFESSIONS 2: 5he c!ut !bsee- 9 A c!nfessi!n ! -6issi!n is ei-ence (inst the 6'e !f it unless its -6issibilit7 is eclu-e- b7 s!6e 0!isi!ns !f l8. l8. Sec."1 Sec."1 eclu eclu-es -es c!nfes c!nfessi! si!ns ns cusecuse- b7 ceti cetin n in-uce in-uce6e 6ents nts&& thets n- 0!6ises. Sec.": 0!i-es tht n! c!nfessi!n 6-e t! 0!li 0!lice ce !ffi !ffice ce shl shlll be 0! 0!ee- s (i (ins nstt 0es 0es!n !n c ccu cuse se- !f n7 n7 !ffenc !ffence e c!nfes c!nfessi! si!nl nl FI/& FI/& thus& thus& hit b7 Sec.": Sec.":). ). Sec." Sec."2 2 0!hib 0!hibits its 0!!f (inst n7 0es!n !f c!nfessi!n 6-e b7 hi6 in the cust!-7 !f 0!lice !ffice unless it is 6-e in the i66e-ite 0esence !f 6(i 6 (ist st te te.. Sec. Sec.", ", is in the the f!6 f!6 !f 0! 0!is is! ! ! ece ece0t 0ti! i!n n nn0till7 lifts the bn i60!se- b7 Secs."1*"2. 5hese 0!isi!ns he been 6-e !n (!un-s !f 0ublic 0!lic7 n- fullest effect sh!ul- be (ien t! the6. 5he c!ut futhe !bsee- 9 A c!nfessi!n 67 c!nsist !f seel 0ts& n- 67 eel n!t !nl7 the ctul c!66issi!n !f the ci6e but ls!
the 6! 6!ti tie& e& 0e0 0e0t ti!n i!n&& !00!t !00!tuni unit7 t7&& 0!! 0!!ct cti!n i!n&& 8e0! 8e0!ns ns use-& use-& intenti!n& c!ncel6ent !f the 8e0!n& n- the subseRuent c!n-uct !f the ccuse-. If the c!nfessi!n is tinte-& the tint ttches t! ech 0t !f it. It is n!t 0e6issible in l8 t! se0te !ne 0t n- t! -6it it in ei-ence s n!n*c!nfessi!nl stte6ent. Ech 0t -iscl!ses s!6e inci6intin( fct& i.e. s!6e fct 8hich b7 itself ! l!n( 8ith !the !the -6i -6itt ttee- ! 0! 0!ee- fct fcts& s& su(( su((es ests ts the the infe infee enc nce e tht tht the the ccuse- c!66itte- the ci6e& n- th!u(h ech 0t t'en sin(l7 67 n!t 6!unt t! c!nfess ssii!n& ech !f the6 bei bein( 0 0t !f the c!nfessi!nl stte6ent 0t'es !f the chcte !f the c!nfessi!n. If 0!!f !f the c!nfessi!n is eclu-e- b7 n7 0!isi!n !f l8& the entie c!nfessi!nl stte6ent& in ll its 0ts& inclu-in( the I -6issi!ns !f 6in! inci6intin( fcts& 6ust ls! be eclu-e-& unless 0!!f !f it is 0e6itte- b7 s!6e !the secti!n. If n -6issi!n !f n ccuse- is t! be use- (inst hi6& the 8h!le !f it sh!u sh!ull- be tenten-e eee- in eiei-en ence ce&& nn- if 0t 0t !f the the eiei-en ence ce is ecul0t!7 n- 0t incul0t!7& the 0!secuti!n is n!t t libet7 t! use in ei-ence the incul0t!7 0t !nl7. 5he ccuse- is entitle- t! insist tht the entie -6issi!n& inclu-in( the ecul0t!7 0t& 6ust be ten-ee- in ei-ence. 5he c!ut hel- tht in the 0esent cse& n! 0t !f the stte6ent cn be se0te- n- the entie c!nfessi!nl stte6ent is hit b7 Sec.":& ece0t the f!6l 0t i-entif7in( the ccuse- s 6'e !f the e0!t n- the 0!ti!ns 8ithin the 0uie8 !f Sec.",. 5hus& the inf!6ti!n le-in( t! the -isc!e7 !f -e- b!-ies& 'nife n- cl!thes is -6issible in ei-ence& bein( the -isc!e7 !f fcts un-e Sec.",. 5his ei-ence is insufficient t! c!nict the 00ellnt !f the !ffence un-e Sec.?+"& I PC. 5he c!!b!ti!n b7 6e-icl e0!t 8ill n!t be sufficient. Decisi!n !f the cse in Ruesti!n
5he c!nfessi!n 6-e b7 @ is hit b7 Sec.":& n- !nl7 0t -) !f it n-isc!e7 !f fcts f!6 it 6'e it -6issible un-e Sec.", See22 LAW OF EVIDENCE K!t77 E60e!& M-. In7tull Stte& in the tet). 5he ccuse-& @& cnn!t be c!nicte- !n the bsis !f this ei-ence l!ne& s the !nl7 thin( 0!e- is tht ccuse- 'ne8 8hee the -e- b!-ies& 8e0!ns& etc. 8ee. 5hus& he 67 be inn!cent ! (uilt7. When t8! ie8s !f the ei-ence e 0!ssible& the ie8 tht f!us the ccuse- sh!ul- be t'en t'en.. M!e! M!e!e e& un-e un-e ci6in ci6inl l l8& l8& t! estbl estblish ish the (uilt (uilt !f the ccuse-& the 0!secuti!n hs t! 0!e be7!n- n7 es!nble -!ubt. 5hus& @ is lible t! be cRuitte-. lllustti!n*#2 9#2 F! the l8 eltin( eltin( t! Sec.",& Sec.",& see the tet. Onl7 such inf!6ti!n inf!6ti!n s lele-s s t! -isc -isc! !e e7 7 !f fct fcts s is 0e6 0e6is issib sible le n7 n7 self self*i *inc nci i6i 6in nt! t!7 7 stte6ent ! 8htee else si- b7 the ccuse- t the ti6e !f (iin( the the inf! inf!6 6t ti! i!n n b7 87 !f (ii (iin( n( int int!!-uc ucti ti!n !n&& ! n nt ti ie e ! e0lnti!n 6ust be i(!!usl7 eclu-e- s it le-s t! n! -isc!e7 !f fcts. )
5he stte6ent is ielent& s n! 0t !f it le-s le-s t! t! -isc!e7 !f
fcts un-e Sec.",. b) b)
Onl7 Onl7 stt stte6 e6en entt th thtt is ele ele nt nt un-e un-e Sec." Sec.", , is tht tht the the
!n6ents e 8ith @ n- tht the ccuse- 'ne8 b!7t the6. c)
Onl7 stte6ent stte6ent tht is elent elent un-e Sec.", Sec.", is tht /s9"J&+++ /s9"J&+++
8ee f!un- in the bn' cc!unt !f the ccuse-. #2. Cn n7 0t ! 0ts !f the f!ll!8in( stte6ents 6-e b7 the ccu c cuse se- 0es 0es!n !n be -6i -6issi ssibl ble e in eiei-en ence ce s c! c!nf nfes essi! si!n& n& un-e un-e Sec.", 9 )
A stte6 stte6ent ent 6-e 6-e t! the 0!lice 0!lice !ffice !ffice * I 8s -un'& -un'& I 8s 8s
-iin( the c t s0ee- !f + 6iles 0e h!u. I c!ul- see @ !n the
!- t -istnce !f + 7-s. I -i- n!t bl!8 the h!n& I 6-e n! tte60t t! st!0 the c. 5he c 'n!c'e- -!8n @. b) d 8s tietie- f! the 6u-e 6u-e !f > 8h!se -e- b!-7 b!-7 8s ec!e ec!eeef!6 8ell. > 8s 8ein( cetin !n6ents& but the7 8ee n!t f!un!n his b!-7. d 6-e stte6ent t! the 0!lice * I h- e6!e- the !n6ents& h- 0ushe- the b!-7 int! the 8ell n- h- 0le-(e- the6 8ith @. Jthe !n6ents 8ee ec!ee- f!6 @. c) A 0es!n in 0!lice 0!lice cust!-7 cust!-7 (ies (ies inf!6ti! inf!6ti!n n in these te6s te6s I 8s in nee- !f 6!ne7. I t!!' !ut "+&+++ u0ees f!6 the csh*b!. I -e0!site- the 6!ne7 in 67 ;n' Acc!unt the s6e -7. 5he 0!lice is le- t! the ;n' Acc!unt !f the ccuse- !n the bsis !f inf!6ti!n nc!nfi6s tht "+&+++ u0ees 8ee ctull7 -e0!site- b7 the ccuse!n the c!ncenec !ncene- -7. -) In 0!lice cust!-7& cust!-7& ; 6'es 6'es the f!ll!8in( stte6ent9 stte6ent9 I 8s =el!us =el!us !f As success in business. I set fie t! his sh!0 n- the8 the 0et!l cn n- the li(hte in the bush. On the bsis !f the inf!6ti!n the cn n- li(hte 8ee ec!ee-.
XC.LC*
%#$%"$%:$%2 L.C.I*%2& L.C. ##*%:YADMISSIONS AND CONFESSIONS 2, -) Onl7 stte6ent tht is elent un-e Sec.", is tht 0et!l cn nli(hte 8ee f!un- in bush& n- the ccuse-s 'n!8le-(e b!ut the6. lllustti!n*#, 9#, A c!nfessi!nl stte6ent 6-e t! 0!lice !ffice is in-6issible un-e Sec.":. H!8ee& b7 itue !f Sec.",& tht 0t ! 0ts !f stte6ent cn be eceie- in ei-ence 8hich le-s t! -isc!e7 !f fcts. In the 0esent cse& the 0lce f!6 8hee the -e- b!-7 8s ec!ee- nthe the c ccu cuse se- -s s 'n!8 'n!8le le-(e -(e b!u b!utt it e e thus thus ele ele nt nt 0t 0ts s !f the the stte6ent.
5he stte6ent is ls! elent un-e !the 0!isi!ns !f the Ei-ence Act& iB. un-e Sec., cuse !f the h00enin( !f fct in issue) nun-e Sec. c!n-uct& 0ei!us ! subseRuent& !f the ccuse-). #,. Is the f!ll!8in( stte6ent 6-e t! 0!lice !ffice c!nfessi!nU Discuss its elenc7 ls! in til !f 6u-e * M7 husbn- 8s suffei suffein( n( f!6 f!6 b!nch b!nchiti itis. s. He h- see seee e ttc' ttc' !f b!nch b!nchiti itis. s. In c!nfus c!nfusi!n i!n I -6ini -6iniste steee- hi6 P! P!t tssiu ssiu6 6 C7ni C7ni-e -e t'in( t'in( it t! be c!u(h 6itue. M7 husbn- nee c!u(he- (in. I e6!e- the -eb!-7 n- the8 it int! 0!n-. I cn 0!int !ut the 0lce 8hee the -e- b!-7 8s th!8n.
XL.C.#*
%:$?2Y I D>IN4 DECLA/A5ION Sec.?" #) When the stte6ent is 6-e b7 0es!n 0 es!n s t! the cuse !f his -eth& ! s t! n7 !f the cicu6stnces !f the tnscti!n 8hich esulte- in -eth& in cses in 8hich the cuse !f tht 0es!ns -eth c!6es int! Ruesti!n. Such stte6ents e elent 8hethe the 0es!n 8h! 6-e the6 8s ! 8s n!t& t the ti6e 8hen the7 8ee 6-e& un-e e0ectti!n !f -eth& n- 8htee 67 be the ntue !f the 0!cee-in( in 8hich the cuse !f his -eth c!6es int! Ruesti!n. Illustti!n ) 9 5he Ruesti!n is& 8hethe A 8s 6u-ee- b7 ; ! A -ies !f in=uies eceie- in tnscti!n in the c!use !f 8hich she 8s ishe-. 5he Ruesti!n is& 8hethe she 8s ishe- b7 ; ! 5he Ruesti!n is& 8hethe A 8s 'ille- b7 ; un-e such cicu6stnces tht suit 8!ul- lie (inst ; b7 As 8i-!8.
Stte6ents 6-e b7 A s t! the cuse !f his ! he -eth efein( es0ectiel7 t! the 6u-e& the 0e n- the cti!nble 8!n( un-e c!nsi-eti!n e elent fcts. Pinci0le Sec.?" #) inc!0!tes the 0inci0le !f En(lish l8 eltin( t! 8ht e 0!0ull7 'n!8n s -7in( -eclti!ns. - eclti!ns. A -7in( -eclti!n 6ens the the stt stte6 e6en entt !f 0es 0es!n !n 8h! 8h! hs hs -ie-ie- e0l e0li ini nin( n( the the c cuse use ! cicu6stnces !f his -eth#. As the 0es!n is -e-& this stte6ent bef!e bef!e the c!ut 8!ul- be hes7 hes7 8hich is eclu-e- f! the es!ns es!ns tht tht 0t 0t7 7 (i (ins nstt 8h!6 8h!6 it is useuse- hs hs n! !00! !00!t tun unit it7 7 !f c!s c!ss* s* e6inin( the !i(inl s!uce& n- it is n!t -eliee- un-e n !th. Sec.?" is n ece0ti!n t! the hes7 ule. 5he thee 6in (!un-s !n 8hich -7in( -eclti!ns e -6itte- e" 9 i) ii)
Deth !f the -eclnt& Necessit7 !nl7 ei-ence ilble ilble un-e un-e the the cicu6stnces) 9 the the
icti6 bein( (enell7 the !nl7 e7e*8itness t! the ci6e&. #. Wht is 6ent b7-7in( -eclti!n.
XLC.I*%2
L.C.II*%1[ ". Wht is the ti! ti!nle nle !f elen elenc7 c7 !f -7in( -ecl -eclti!n ti!n un-e un-e !u l8U XC.LC.*%W1$%2[D>IN4
DECLA/A5ION
4% the eclusi!n !f his stte6ent 8!ul- ten- t! -efet the en-s !f =ustice& niii) 5he sense !f i60en-in( -eth& 8hich cetes sncti!n eRul t! the !bli(ti!n !f n !th. Ne6! 6!ituus 0esu6untu 6enti n! !ne 8hen b!ut t! -ie is 0esu6e- t! lie). 5uth 5uth sits u0!n the li0s !f -7in( 6en.
5he (enel (enel 0inci0le 0inci0le !n 8hich this s0ecies !f ei-ence is -6itte-6itte- is& tht the7 e -eclti!ns 6-e in ete6it7& 8hen the 0t7 is t the 0!int !f -eth& n- 8hen ee7 h!0e !f this 8!l- is (!ne 8hen ee7 6!tie t! flseh!!- is silence-& n- the 6in- is in-uce- b7 the 6!st 0!8eful c!nsi-eti!ns t! s0e' the tuth. 5he 5he es es!n !n f! f! -6i -6itt ttin in( ( -7in -7in( ( -ecl -ecl ti!n ti!n is 8ell 8ell* *ef efle lect ctee- b7 Sh'es0ee in /ich- II& 8hee he si- *Whee 8!-s e scce& the7 e sel-!6 s0ent in in 5he7 bethe the tuth tht bethe thei 8!-s in 0in. Sec.?"#) is slut7 0!isi!n !f l8 n- hs hel0 hel0ee- in secu secui in( n( c! c!n nic icti ti!n !ns s in -!8 -!87 7 -et -eth h c cse ses s nn- henc hence e c!ntibute- t! c!nt!llin( this (e ( e s!cil eil. Distincti!n bet8een the En(lish n- In-in l8? 5hee e t8! itl 0!ints !f -istincti!n bet8een the En(lish n- the In-in l8 !n the 0!int !f -6issibilit7 !f -7in( -eclti!n 9 #)
Fistl7& in En(ln-& -7in( -eclti!n is elent elent !nl7 in ci6inl
cse c ses s 8hee hee the the c cu use !f -e -eth is in Rues Ruesti ti!n !n.. In In-i In-i & such uch stte6ents e -6issible b!th in ciil n- ci6inl 0!cee-in(s. ")
Sec!n-l7& Sec!n-l7& un-e En(lish l8& t! be elent& -7in( -eclti!n
6ust he been 6-e in e0ectti!n !f -eth. 5he -eclti!n 6ust be 6-e t ti6e 8hen the 6'e is un-e settle- n- h!0eless e0ect e0ectt ti!n i!n !f -eth. -eth. A -ecl -eclt ti!n i!n 6 6-e -e 8ith!u 8ith!utt 00ec 00ecit iti!n i!n !f i66e-ite ! i60en-in( -eth 8!ul- n!t be -6itte-& h!8ee it is n!t necess7 tht it sh!ul- c!6e c !6e i66e-itel7 fte the stte6ent. 5hee is n! such eRuie6ent un-e the In-in l8. If the -eclnt hs hs in fct fct -ie-ie- nn- the the stt stte6 e6en entt e0l e0li ins ns the the cic cicu6 u6st stn nce ces s su!un-in( his -eth& the stte6ent 8ill be elent een if n! cuse !f -eth h- isen t the ti6e !f the 6'in( !f the stte6ent. C!nC!n-it iti! i!ns ns -eclti!n)1
!f
-6 -6issi issibi bili lit7 t7
Ess Essen enti til l
eRu eRui ie6 e6en ents ts
!f
-7in -7in( (
#) 5! 8h!6 the stte6ent is t! be 6-e n- its f!6 * A stte6ent !f -7in( -eclti!n c!ul- be 6-e t! n7 0es!n * -!ct!&
?. Is thee thee n7 n7 -iffeen -iffeence ce bet8een bet8een En(lish En(lish n- In-in In-in l8 !n -7in( -7in( -eclti!nU
XC.L.C.*
%"$%?[ 1.
Wht e the the esse ssenti ntill
eRui Ruie6 e6e ents nts !f ele elent -7in -7in( (
-eclti!nU XC.L.C.*%#$%1[ ,+ LAW OF EVIDENCE 6(ist 6(istte& te& fienfien- ! ne eltie& eltie& 0!lice !ffice. !ffice. H!8ee H!8ee& stte6 stte6ent ent ec!ec!-ee- b7 6 6(is (ist tte te ! -!ct! -!ct! is c!nsi-e c!nsi-eee- 6! 6!e e elible& n- tht ec!-e- b7 0!lice !ffice ! cl!se eltie n!t eRuie 6!e scutin7). N! 0t 0tic icul ul f!6 f!6 !f ec! ec!-in in( ( stt stte6 e6en entt is 0es 0esc cib ibee-.. 5he 5he stte6ent c!ul- be 8itten& !l ! een ebl e.(. (estues). In ueen E60ess Ab-ullh #:) IL/ , All ?:& 8hee the th!t !f the -ecese- (il 8s cut n- she bein( unble t!. s0e' in-icte- the n6e !f the ccuse- b7 the si(ns !f he hn-& this 8s hel- t! be elent s -7in( -eclti!n. ")
5he 0es!n 0es!n 6'in 6'in( ( the the stte6ent stte6ent 6ust he he -ie-ie- * 5he 5he -eth -eth
nee- n!t !ccu i66e-itel7 fte the 6'in( !f the stte6ent s -iscu -iscusse sse- b! b!e) e).. H!8e H!8ee e& the the -et -eth h 6ust 6ust !c !ccu cu. If the the 0es 0es!n !n 6'in( the -eclti!n chnces t! lie& his stte6ent is in-6issible s -7in( -eclti!n& but it 6i(ht be elie- !n un-e Sec. #:, t! c!!b!te his testi6!n7 8hen e6ine-. Such stte6ent cn ls! be use- t! c!nt-ict hi6 un-e Sec. #1:. Futhe& it cn be use- t! c!!b!te the ei-ence in c!ut un-e Sees. 2 n- .
5he 5he fct fct tht tht the the 0es 0es!n !n is -e-e- 6ust ust be 0! 0!ee- b7 the the 0es 0es!n !n 0!0!sin( t! (ie ei-ence !f his stte6ent. ?) ?)
Stt Stte6 e6en entt 6us 6ustt el elt te e t! t! the the c cus use e !f !f his his -et -eth h ! ! the the
cicu6stnces !f the tnscti!n 8hich esulte- in his -eth *If the stte6ent 6-e b7 the -ecese- -!es n!t elte t! his -eth& but t! the -eth !f n!the 0es!n& it is n!t elent /tn 4!n- Stte !f ;ih ;ih AI/ #%:% SC #). F! e60le 60le&& 8hee hee the the 8ife 8ife 6-e stte6ent tht he husbn- is 'ille- b7 d n- then she c!66itte- the suici-e. 5he 5he ci cicu6s cu6st tnc nces es !f t tnsc nscti ti!n !n esu esult ltin in( ( in -et -eth h 6ust ust be be 0!i6te elti!n t! the cuse !f -eth ! ctul !ccuence. 5he (enel e0essi!ns in-ictin( fe ! sus0ici!n 8hethe !f 0ticul in-ii-ul ! !the8ise n- n!t -iectl7 elte- t! the !ccsi!n !f -eth 8ill n!t be -6issible. ;ut& stte6ents 6-e b7 the -ecese- tht he 8s 0!cee-in( t! the s0!t 8hee he 8s in fct 'ille-& ! s t! his es!ns f! s! 0!cee-in(& ! tht he 8s (!in( t! 6eet 0ticul 0es!n& 8!ul- ech t! the6 be b e cicu6stnces !f the tnscti!n. In Pl' N7n S86i E60e! AI/ #%?% PC 1,)& the -ecese6-e stte6ent t! his 8ife tht he 8s (!in( t! the ccuse- t! c!llect 6!ne7 f!6 hi6 the ccuse- bein( in-ebte- t! the -ecese-). He ctch tin f! ;eh60u& 8hee the ccuse- lie-. A c!u0le !f -7s lte& lte& his b!-7 8s f!un- in tun' 8hich h- been 0uchse- !n behlf !f the ccuse-. It 8s hel- tht the stte6ent 6-e b7 the -ecese- t! his 8ife 8s -6issible in ei-ence un-e Sec.?"#) s cicu6 cicu6st stnce nce !f the tns tnsct cti!n i!n 8hich 8hich esult esultee- in his -eth. -eth.D> D>IN4 IN4 DECLA/A5ION
.
,# 5he
Su0e6e
C!ut
in
Sh- ;ii-ichn-
Sh-
Stte
!f
Mhsht : AI/ #%1 SC #2"")& hel- tht 0!i6it7 -e0en-s u0!n
fcts n- cicu6stnces !f ech cse. In this cse& 6ie- 8!6n h- been 8itin( t! he 0ents n- !the elties b!ut he citicl c!nc! n-it iti! i!n n t the the hnhn-s s !f he he in*l in*l8 8s. s. She She l!st l!st he he life life s! s!6e 6e f!u f!u 6!nt 6! nths hs lte lte.. He He ■lett lette es s 8ee 8ee helhel- t! be -6i -6iss ssib ible le s -7in -7in( ( -eclti!n. 5he c!ut ls! 0!inte- !ut tht Sec.?" #) is 00licble t! cses !f suici-e ls!. 5hus& the stte6ents 6-e bef!e 0es!n hs eceie- n7 in=u7 ! bef!e the cuse !f -eth hs isen ! bef!e the -ecese- hs n7 es!n t! ntici0te !f bein( 'ille- e elent s -7in( -eclti!ns& but such stte6ents sh!ul- he -iect elti!n t! the cuse ! !ccsi!n !f -eth. 5hus& 8hee A c!66itte- suici-e s esult !f the ill*tet6ent b7 the ccuse-& tht tet6ent 8s the cuse& th!u(h n!t the -iect -iect cuse cuse&& ■ !f the -eth. -eth. 5he 5he 8h!le ffi ffi&& ill*tet6 ill*tet6ent ent nsubse subseRu Ruen entt suic suicii-e& e& bein bein( ( ll ll !ne !ne tn tns sct cti! i!n& n& c! c!ns nseR eRue uent ntl7 l7 the the stte6ent !f the -ecese- 8s -6issible un-e Sec.?"#). 5he -ecese- 6ust be 0!e- t! he -ie- s esult !f in=uies eceie- in the inci-ent. 5hus& 8hee A 6-e stte6ent sh!tl7 fte n in=u7& n- he 8s -6itte- in h!s0itl n- theefte -isch(e-& but fte =
: -7s he -ie- !f hi(h fee& fee& the stte6ent 6-e b7 hi6 is n!t
-6issible un-e Sec.?"#). 1)
5he cuse !f -eth 6ust be in Ruesti!n * 5he -eclti!n
un-e Sec.?"#) 6ust elte t! the -eth !f the -eclnt. In _
/e Dnnu Sin(h E60e! ": C LJ :,1)& A n- fie
!the
-c!it7 in
0es!ns 0es!ns 8ee ch(ech(e- 8ith hin( hin( c!66 c!66itteitte-
ill(e. A& 8h! 8s sei!usl7 8!un-e- 8hile bein( este-& I
6-e bef!e his -eth -7in( -eclti!n s t! h!8
the -c!it7 f.
8s c!66itte- n- 8h! h- t'en 0t in it. Hel-
tht 9
-eclti!n is n!t -6issible in ei-ence (inst the
!the I
0es!ns& 0es!ns& s it -!es n!t elte elte t! his -eth& -eth& but it
eltes t! 0tici0ti!n !f his ss!cites in the -c!it7. -c!it7. :)
5he stte6ent 6ust be c!60lete n- c!nsistent * If the
i
-ecese- fils t! c!60lete the 6in sentence s f!
instnce& the (enesis ! 6!tie f! the ci6e)& -7in( -eclti!n 8!ulbe unelible. H!8ee& H!8ee& if the -ecese- hs nte- the full I
st!7& st!7& but fils t! ns8e the lst f!6l Ruesti!n s t!
8ht 6!e he 8nte- t! s7& the -eclti!n cn be elie- u0!n I
XKus Stte !f Oiss #%+) " SCC "+,Y.
A -7in( -eclti!n !u(ht n!t t! be e=ecte- becuse it -!es n!t c!ntin -etils ! suffes f!6 6in! inc!nsistencies. Meel7 becuse it is I
:. 5he (ils lst lette lette t! he fthe fthe 8s 8itten 8itten fe8 h!us
bef!e he -eth b7
bunin( bunin( in 8hich she h- -escibe-escibe- in elb! elb!te te -etils -etils the
seies !f inci-ents
c!nce c!ncenin nin( ( -!87 -!87 -e6n-e6n-s. s. She hh- ls! ls! e0es e0essese-
00ehensi!ns b!ut he
I.
8ell*be 8ell*bein( in(.. Is such such lette lette -6iss -6issibl ible e ei-en ei-ence ce un-e un-e
Sec.?"#) U XC.LC.*%SY
I;P*," LAW OF EVIDENCE bie bieff stt stte6 e6en ent& t&** it is n!t n!t t! be -isch -isch (e (e-. -. Sh! Sh!tn tnes ess& s& in fct fct&& (untees tuth OB Stte !f ;ih M/ #%,% SC #:+:). Whee the bi-e ec!-e- t8! -eclti!ns& !ne t! 0!lice !ffice n- !the t! 6(istte& the7 bein( si6il in 6teil fct!s& ei-ence cce0teth!u(h 6in! -isce0ncies 8ee thee X/!=i Stte !f Mhsht #%%1) C LJ #: SC)Y. In K6l Stte !f Pun=b AI/ AI/ #%%? SC ?,1)& f!u -7in( - 7in( -eclti!ns 8ee 6-e b7 the -ecese-. One !f the6 in-icte- the inci-ent s n cci-e cci-ent. nt. 5he ccuse ccuse- 6!the 6!the*i *in*l n*l8 8 !f the -ece -ecesese-)) h- been been c!nicte- !n the bsis !f n!the -eclti!n i60lictin( he. he. 5he c!ut ls! f!un- (lin( inc!nsistencies s f s n6in( the cul0it 8s c!nc c! nce ene ne-. -. HelHel- tht tht the the c! c!n nict icti! i!n n c cnn nn!t !t be bse bse- u0!n u0!n such such -eclti!ns. 2)
Decln Declntt 6 6ust ust be c!60etent c!60etent s 8itnes 8itness s * It is necess7 necess7 f!
the elenc7 !f -7in( -eclti!n tht the -eclnt& if he h- lie!n& 8!ul- he been c!60etent 8itness. 5hus& in 0!secuti!n f! the the 6u-e u-e !f chil chil-& -& (e(e- 1 7es es&& it 8s 8s 0!0 0!0!s !see- t! 0ut 0ut in ei-ence& s -7in( -eclti!n& 8ht the chil- si- sh!tl7 bef!e he -eth. 5he -eclti!n 8s hel- t! be in-6issible X/. Pi'e #"%) ? C P :%Y. ,)
Othe 0!ints * Whee the in=ue- 0es!n 8s unc!nsci!us& -7in(
-eclti!n sh!ul- be e=ecte- K' Sin(h Stte !f M.P. AI/ #%" SC #+"#). Whee f! s!6e une0line- es!ns the 0es!n 8h! n!te-!8n scibe) the& stte6ent 8s n!t
N
J 0!-uce-&
the -eclti!n 8s
n!t cce0te- s n ei-ence 4!in- Nin Stte !f /=sthn AI/ #%%? SC "1:,). Whee thee e 6!e thn !ne -eclti!ns& the !ne fist in 0!int !f ti6e sh!ul- be 0efee- M!hn Li Stte !f Mhsht AI/ #%" #%" ■ SC ?%). ?%). Whee Whee n in=ue in=ue- 0es!n l!-(el!-(e- the F. F.I./. nn- then -ie-& it 8s hel- t! be elent s -7in( -eclti!n K. /6chn/e--7 Public P!secut! #%,2) ? SCC #+1). Ei-enti7 lue !f -7in( -eclti!n2
■
5hee is n! ule !f l8tht -7in( -eclti!n sh!ul- n!t be cteu0!n unless c!!b!te-. ;ut& !-inil7& it is n!t c!nsi-ee- sfe t! c!nict n ccuse- 0es!n !nl7 !n the bsis !f -7in( -eclti!n becuse !f its inheent 8e'nesses -iscusse- bel!8) 9 #)
It is hes hes7 7 eiei-enc ence& e& n!t 6 6-e -e !n !th !th nn- its e ecit cit7 7
cnn!t be teste- b7 c!ss*e6inti!n in the c!ut. ")
5he 6'e !f such stte6ent 6i(ht be 6entll7 n- 0h7sicll7
in stte !f c!nfusi!n n- 6i(ht 8ell be -8in( u0!n his i6(inti!n 8hen he 8s 6'in( the -eclti!n. 2. Wht is the ei-enti7 lue !f -7in( -eclti!nU Cn it be elieu0!n 8ith!ut c!!b!ti!nU LC.I*%1$%2
L.C.II*%1[D>IN4
XC.L.C*%"& DECLA/A5ION
,? ?) ?)
Ve7 !fte !ften& n& the the -7i -7in( n( 6 6n n t'e t'es s th thtt lst lst !00! !00!t tun unit it7 7 t!
i60licte ll his ene6ies. 1)
In 8ei(hin( the ei-ence !f -7in( -eclti!n& i!us fct!s !
cicu6stnces sh!ul- be t'en int! c!nsi-eti!n29* ) )
Ntu Ntue e !f its its c! c!nt nten ent& t& c! c!ns nsis iste tenc nc7 7 !f stt stte6 e6en ents ts 6 6-e -e t
-iffeent ti6es
b)
C0c C0cit7 it7 t! e6e6b e6e6be e fcts fcts 0!0! 0!0!tun tunit7 it7 !f -7in( -7in( 6 6n n f!
!bseti!n iB. ilbilit7 !f li(ht if ci6e -!ne t ni(ht& t! i-entif7 ssilnt. c)
P! P!i6i i6it7 t7 !f ti6e ti6e bet8ee bet8een n it n- the cci-e cci-ent nt 8hethe 8hethe the the
stte6ent 6-e t the eliest !00!tunit7 n- 8s n!t the esult !f n7 tut!in( ! 0!60tin( b7 inteeste- 0ties elties). 5hus& the !00!tunit7 t! c!nsult !the 0es!ns is n i60!tnt fct! fct!.. In 8ife bunin( cse& the 8ife e6ine- lie f! b!ut -7s fte eceiin( bu6 in=uies& but -i- n!t tell t! n7 b!-7 isitin( he in the h!s0itl s t! h!8 she c6e t! eceie the buns. When he uncle isi isite te- he he she she stt sttee- tht tht he he husb husbnn- hh- set set he he !n fie fie.. 5he 5he Su0e6e C!ut hel- tht stte6ent see6e- t! he been tut!e- b7 the uncle Stte !f Ass6 M. Ah6e- AI/ #%? SC ",1). H!8ee& the 6ee 0esence !f elties is n!t in itself sufficient t! sh!8 tht the -eclnt 8s tut!e- Hbib
the the
-ece -ece sese-
6-e f!u f!u se0 se0te
n- i-e i-entic ntic l
-ecl -eclt ti!n i!ns s bef!e bef!e the -!ct! -!ct!&& 0!lice 0!lice ins0ec ins0ect! t!&& 6 6(is (ist tte te n- t!
!the 0es!ns& sttin( tht he hs been ssulte- b7 Khushl n- !ne !the 2. Wht 0ecuti!ns e eRuie- bef!e c!nictin( n ccuse- s!lel7 !n
the
bsis
!f
-7in(
-eclti!n
U
XC.LC.*%: L.C.I*%1I ,. 5hee is n! bs!lute ule !f l8 tht -7in( -eclti!n cn n!t f!6 the s!le bsis !f c!nicti!n& unless it is c!!b!te-. C!66ent nelb elb! !t te e 8ht 8ht e e the the test tests s lili- -!8n -!8n b7 the the Su0 Su0e6 e6e e C!u C!utt in Khush Khushll /! /! Stte Stte !f ;!6 ;!6b b7 7 f! =u-(in =u-(in( ( the ecit ecit7 7 !f D7in( D7in( Declti!n.
XL.II*%? ,1
LAW OF EVIDENCE 0es!n. 5he Ruesti!n 8s 8hethe the ccuse- c!ul- be c!nicte- !nl7 !n
the
bsis sis
!f
this
-ecl clti!n&
!
the
-ecl clti!n
nee-e-
c!!b!ti!n. 5hee e -ie(ent ie8s !f -iffeent Hi(h C!uts in this e(-. Acc!-in( t! ;!6b7 Hi(h C!ut& -7in( -eclti!n is 8e' 8e'e e t70e t70e !f ei-e ei-enc nce e nn- eRu eRui ie e c! c! !b !b! !t ti! i!n. n. Ac Acc! c!-in in( ( t! Clcutt Hi(h C!ut& it is n!t 0e6issible t! cce0t -eclti!n in !ne 0t n- e=ect the !the 0t. Acc!-in( t! M-s Hi(h C!ut& -ecl -ecl ti!n ti!n c cn n be eli eliee- 8ith 8ith!u !utt c! c! !b !b! !t ti! i!n& n& if the the c! c!u utt is c!nince- !f its tuth& i.e.& i. e.& thee thee is n! sus0ici!n !f its ce-ibilit7. ce-ibilit7. 5he Su0e6e C!ut& (eein( 8ith M-s Hi(h C!ut& li- -!8n the f!ll!8in( 0inci0les 9 #)
5hee is n! bs!lute ule !f l8 tht -7in( -eclti!n cnn!t
be the s!le bsis !f c!nicti!n unless c!!b!te-. ")
Ech cse 6ust be -ete6ine- !n its !8n fcts 'ee0in( in ie8
the cicu6stnce in 8hich the -7in( -eclti!n 8s 6-e. ?)
A -7in( -eclt -eclti!n i!n is n!t 8e' 8e'e e 'in- !f ei-ence ei-ence thn n7
!the 0iece !f ei-ence. It stn-s !n the s6e f!!tin( s n7 !the 0iece !f ei-ence.
1)
A -7in( -7in( -ecl -eclt ti!n i!n cnn!t cnn!t be eRute eRute- 8ith 8ith c!nfes c!nfessi! si!n n !
ei-ence !f 00!e& 00!e& s it 67 n!t c!6e f!6 tinte- s!uce. If it is 6-e b7 0es!n 8h!se ntece-ents e s -!ubtful s in the !the cses& tht 67 be (!un- f! l!!'in( u0!n it 8ith sus0ici!n. :) :)
Nece Necess ssit it7 7 f! f! c! c! !b !b! !t ti! i!n n ise ises s n!t n!t f!6 f!6 n7 n7 inhe inhee ent nt
8e'ness !f -7in( -eclti!n s 0iece !f ei-ence& but f!6 the fct tht the c!ut in 0ticul cse c!6e t! the c!nclusi!n tht 0ticul -eclti!n is n!t fee f!6 infi6ities. 2)
5! test the elibilit7 elibilit7 !f -7in( -eclti!n& -eclti!n& the c!ut c!ut hs hs t! 'ee0
in ie8 the cicu6stnces li'e the !00!tunit7 !f the -7in( 6n !f !bseti!n& e.(. 8hethe thee 8s sufficient li(ht if the ci6e 8s c!66itte- t ni(ht 8hethe the c0cit7 !f the -eclnt 8s n!t i60ie- t the ti6e !f the stte6ent tht the stte6ent hs been c!nsis c!nsisten tentt th!u( th!u(h!u h!utt if he h- see seel l !00!t !00!tuni unitie ties s f! 6 6'in 'in( ( -7in( -eclti!n n- tht the stte6ent 8s 6-e t the eliest !00!tunit7 n- 8s n!t the esult !f tut!in( b7 inteeste- 0ties. ,)
A -7in( -eclt -eclti!n i!n ec!-eec!-e- b7 c!60etent c!60etent M(ist M(istte te in
0!0e 6nne in the f!6 !f Ruesti!ns n- ns8es& n- in the 8!-s !f the 6'e s f s 0cticble stn-s !n 6uch hi(he f!!tin( thn -7in( -eclti!n 8hich -e0en-s u0!n !l testi6!n7 8hich 67 suffe f!6 H the infi6ities !f hu6n 6e6!7 n- chcte. )
If the c!ut& c!ut& fte fte t'in( t'in( ee ee7th 7thin( in( int! int! c!nsi-e c!nsi-e ti! ti!n& n& is
c!nince- tht the stte6ent is tue& it is its -ut7 t! c!nict&D>IN4 DECLA/A5ION ,: n!t8ithstn-in( tht thee is n! c!!b!ti!n in the tue sense. 5he c!ut 6ust& !f c!use& be full7 c!nince- !f the tuth !f the stte6ent& n- ntull7& it c!ul- n!t be full7 c!nince- if thee 8ee n7thin( in
the su!un-in( cicu6stnces t! ise sus0ici!n s t! its ce-ibilit7. 5hus& tue n- !lunt7 -eclti!n nee-s n! c!!b!ti!n. * 5he 5he stt stte6 e6en entt !f the the -ece -eces see- in this this c cse se s sti tisf sfie ie- ll ll thes these e c!n-iti!ns the -eclti!n 8s tue in ll es0ects e.(. c!nsistent in s! f s n6in( !f the t8! ccuse-) n- theef!e the 00ellnts sh!ulbe c!nicte-.% Kus Stte !f Olss AI/ #%+ SC ::%) In this cse& the -ecese- 6-e -7in( -eclti!n bef!e -!ct!. -!ct!. It 8s cle in ll es0ects. H!8ee& the 00ellnts chllen(e- it !n the f!ll!8in( (!un-s 9 #) It -i- n!t c!ntin ll th!se n6es 8hich 8ee inclu-e- in F.I./. ") 5he cc!unt !f e7e*8itnesses is ls! -iffeent ?) 5he -ecese- 8s in stte !f sh!c'& thus his stte6ent c!ul- n!t be elie- 1) 5he -eclti!n 8s inc!60lete s the -ecese- -i- n!t ns8ee- the lst Ruesti!n 0ut t! hi6 5! 8in- u0 the stte6ent the -!ct! s'e- the in=ue- if he h- n7thin( else t! s7& he l0se- int! unc!nsci!uness 8ith!ut ns8ein( this Ruesti!n). 5he c!ut !bsee- tht !nl7 becuse cetin n6es 8ee inclu-e- in F.I./. but 8ee n!t 6enti!ne- in -7in( -eclti!n -!es n!t -etct f!6 the lue !f -7in( -eclti!n n- 8!ul- n!t b7 itself 0!e the flsit7 !f the -eclti!n. In Sut Sin(hs cse& the fist -eclti!n -in!t 6enti!ne- the n6e !f e7e*8itnesses& but the sec!n- -eclti!n 8hich 8s 6!e -etile-) c!ntine- it. 5he c!ut !bsee- tht fist -eclti!n 8s sh!t esi!n !f the entie inci-ent n- c!ntinetue fcts 8hen the -ecese- ecese- 8s un-e (et 0in. 5he 5he c! c!u utt fut futhe he !bse !bse e e- 9 5he 5he stt stte6 e6en entt !f -!ct -!ct! ! 8s tht tht -ecese- bec6e se6i*c!nsci!us 8hen lst Ruesti!n 8s 0ut t! hi6. L!(icll7 it 6ens tht 0i! t! tht he 8s full7 c!nsci!us. 5he lst
Ruesti!n 8s in the ntue !f 6ee f!6lit7 Wht 6!e 7!u 8nt t! . 5he c!ut 6ust 6ust be full7 stisfie- tht the -7in( -eclti!n -eclti!n hs the i60ess !f tuth !n it& fte e6inin( ll the cicu6stnces in 8hich the the -7in -7in( ( 0es 0es!n !n 6 6-e -e his his stt stte6 e6en entt e 0t 0te e nn- 8ith 8ith!u !utt the the ccuse- hin( the !00!tunit7 !f c!ss*e6inin( hi6. If !n such n e6inti!n the c!ut 8s stisfie- tht the -eclti!n 8s the tue es esi! i!n n !f !c !ccu cu en ence ce&& c! c!n nic icti ti!n !n c! c!ul ul- be bse bse- s! s!le lel7 l7 u0!n u0!n it. it. Elb!te it 8ith the hel0 !f elent cse l8.
XC.LC.*%?Y
%. In -!87 -eth cse the !nl7 ei-ence !n ec!- e thee thee -7in( -ecl -eclt ti!n i!ns s !f the icti6 icti6&& (ien (ien t! n i6 i66e6e-it ite e nei(hb! nei(hb!u u&& the tten-in( -!ct! n- the M(istte. In ll the thee -eclti!ns thee is 6enti!n !f the t8! ccuse-. Cn these -7in( -eclti!ns be the s!le bsis !f c!nicti!n in the cse U XC.LC.*%2[
,2 LAW OF EVIDENCE s7& n- ll the necess7 Ruesti!ns 8ee s'e- bef!e tht f!6l Ruesti!n. 5he stte6ent 8s thus n!t inc!60lete#+. 5he 5he c! c!u utt thus thus helhel- tht tht !nce !nce the the -ecl -ecl ti ti!n !n is belie beliee e- tu tue& e& c!nsistent& c!heent)& it cn be elie- u0!n f! c!nicti!n& c !nicti!n& een if thee is n! c!!b!ti!n Khusl /! 7 Stte !f ;!6b7& AI/ #%: SC "" /6 /6 Nth Nth M-h M-h! ! Ps Ps- Stt Stte e !fM. !fM.P P.& AI/ AI/ #%:? #%:? SC 1"+) 1"+).. In Lllubhi Stte !f 4u=t AI/ #%," SC #,,2)& 6ie- 8!6n 8s bunt t! -eth b7 he in*l8s& he -7in( -eclti!n 8s cce0ten- c!nicti!n 8s bse- s!lel7 !n the bsis !f the -eclti!n. It 8s hel- tht if the tuthfulness !f -7in( -eclti!n is cce0te-& it cn l87s f!6 the bsis !f c!nicti!n !f the ccuse-. 5he c!ut& in the
0esent cse& thus c!nicte- the 00ellnts !n the bsis !f the -7in( -eclti!n. IMPO/5AN5 5OPICS$ILL
5he stte6ent 8s 6-e t the eliest*!00!tunit7 eliest*!00!tunit7.. Abh 6-e
the stte6ent s!!n fte the !ccuence. ii) #+.
5he 0es!n 6'in( the stte6ent stte6ent i.e. Abh) Abh) he he -ie-. A
Ruesti!n
bse-
!n
the
s6e
fcts.
XC.L.C*%1Y ## ) On the -7 !f !ccuence& the 8itness @ he- the cies !f Abh n- !n ushin( !ut& s8 he l7in( en(ulfe- in fl6es in he h!use. @ l!n(8ith Abhs husbn- Sn=7 0ut !ut the fl6es. She 8s t'en t! neb7 h!s0itl t %.#: P.M. n- the 0!lice 8s inf!6e- b!ut the cci-ent. At ##.?: P.M. the -ut7 -!ct! cetifie- tht Abh 8s fit en!u(h t! 6'e stte6ent. lnVie stte6ent ec!-e- b7 the -ut7 -!ct!& Abh si- tht Sn=7 0!ue- 'e!sene !il !n he n- set fie t! he. At ".1+ P.M. she (in t!l- he fthe n- b!the tht Sn=7 h- set fie t! he. She -ie- t A.M. the s6e -7. Cn Sn=7 be c!nicte- f! the 6u-e !f Abh s!lel7 !n the bsis !f the XC.L.C.*%#Y
b!e
-eclti!nsU
Deci-e.
b) Ms. @ is b!u(ht t! the h!s0itl 8ith :+` bun in=uies b7 he husbn- n- in*l8s. She 6'es stte6ent t! the -!ct!& sttin( tht he 6!the*in*l8 h- 0!ue- 'e!sene !il !n he& he fthe*in* l8 hs 0ushe- he in the 'itchen n- he husbn- h- set fie b7 6tch stic'. Afte ? h!us& Ms. @ is -ecle- -e-. He husbn- nin*l8s e 0ut !n til f! @ 6u-e. 5he 0!secuti!n elies !n the !nl7
stte6ent
!f
Ms.
@.
Cn
the7
be
c!nict icte-U
Deci-e i-e.
XLC.$*%?YD>IN4 DECLA/A5ION *
*. ,,
■
iii) 5he stte6ent 6-e b7 he elte t! the cuse !f he -eth ! the cicu6stnces !f the tnscti!n 8hich esulte- in he -eth. i) 5he stte6ent 6-e b7 he 8s c!60lete n- c!nsistent. She 6-e c!nsistent stte6ent t8ice bef!e she -ie- s t! the fct !f Sn=7 0!uin( 'e!sene !e he. ) b) b)
All in(e-ients !f Sec.?"#) e stisfie-. 5he 5he ccus ccusee- cn cn be be c!n c!nic icte te- s!lel s!lel7 7 !n the the bs bsis is !f !f -7in -7in( (
-ecl -eclt ti!n i!n !f Ms. Ms. @. See See 0t 0t)) b!e b!e.E@ .E@PE/ PE/5 5 EVIDEN EVIDENCE CE AND /ELEVANC> OF CHA/AC5E/ O0ini!n !f thi- 0es!ns 8hen elent# Sees. 1:*:#) 5he 5he !0in !0ini! i!ns ns ! beli belief efs s !f thi thi- 0es 0es!n !ns s e& e& s (ene (ene ll ule ule&& ielent& n- theef!e& in-6issible. Witnesses e t! stte the fcts !nl7& i.e. 8ht the7 the6seles s8 ! he-& etc. It is the functi!n !f the =u-(e ! =u7 t! f!6 thei !8n c!nclusi!n ! !0ini!n !n the fcts stt sttee-.. 5hus 5hus&& the the !0in !0ini! i!n n ! the the i6 i60 0es essi si!n !n !f 8itn 8itnes ess s tht tht it 00ee- t! hi6 f!6 the c!n-uct !f 6!b tht the7 h- c!llecte- f! n unl unl8f 8ful ul 0u0 0u0!s !se e is inin-6i 6iss ssib ible le t! 0! 0!e e the the !b=e !b=ect ct !f the the sse6bl7.
5hee e& h!8ee& cses in 8hich the c!ut is n!t in 0!siti!n t! f!6 c!ect !0ini!n& 8ith!ut the hel0 !f 0es!ns 8h! he cRuies0ecil s'ill ! e0eience in 0ticul sub=ect. In these cses& the ule is ele-& n- e0et ei-ence is -6itte- t! enble the c!ut t! c!6e t! 0!0e -ecisi!n. 5he ule -6ittin( e0et ei-ence is& thus& f!un-e- !n necessit7. Sec. 1: O0ini!n !f e0ets) When the c!ut hs t! f!6 n !0ini!n u0!n 0!int !f f!ei(n l8 ! !f science ! t& ! s t! i-entit7 !f hn-8itin( ! fin(e i60essi!ns& the !0ini!ns u0!n tht 0!int !f 0es!ns s0ecill7 s'ille- in such f!ei(n l8& science ! t ! in Ruesti!ns s t! i-entit7 !f hn-8itin( ! fin( fin(e e i6 i60 0es essi si!n !ns& s& e e ele ele nt nt fct fcts. s. Such Such 0es 0es!n !ns s e e c cll lleee0ets. Illustti!ns ) 9 5he Ruesti!n is& 8hethe the -eth !f A 8s cuseb7 0!is!n. 5he !0ini!n !f e0ets s t! the s760t!6s 0!-uce- b7 the 0!is!n b7 8hich A is su00!se- t! he -ie-& e elent.
G
c) 5he 5he Rues Ruesti ti!n !n is 8het 8hethe he cet ceti in n -!cu -!cu6e 6ent nt 8s 8s 8it 8itte ten n b7 A. An!the -!cu6ent is 0!-uce- 8hich is 0!e- ! -6itte- t! he been 8itten b7 A. 5he !0ini!ns !f e0ets !n the Ruesti!n 8hethe the t8! -!cu6ents 8ee 8itten b7 the s6e 0es!n ! b7 -iffeent 0es!ns& e elent.. Sec. 1: 0e6its !nl7 the !0ini!ns !f n e0et t! be cite- in ei-ence. 5he te6 !0ini!n 6ens s!6ethin( 6!e thn 6ee eltin( !f (!ssi0 ! !f he hes s7 7 it 6e 6en ns s =u-( =u-(e6 e6en entt ! beli belief ef&& tht tht is beli belief ef ! c!nicti!n #. Wht e the cicu6stnces in 8hich !0ini!ns !f thi- 0es!ns e elentU Discuss 8ith efeence t! the 0!isi!ns !f the Ei-ence Act nXLC. ##*%?$%:#
-eci-e-
cses.
Wite
sh!t
n!te
!n
O0ini!n
Ei-ence.
XC.L.C.*%:[E@PE/5 EVIDENCE /ELEVANC> OF CHA/AC5E/ ,% esultin( f!6 8ht !ne thin's !n 0ticul Ruesti!n. An e0et 8itness is !ne 8h! hs -e!te- ti6e n- stu-7 t! s0ecil bnch !f lenin(& n- thus is s0ecill7 s'ille- !n th!se 0!ints !n 8hich he is s'e- t! stte his !0ini!n. His ei-ence !n such 0!ints is -6issible t! enble the c!ut t! c!6e t! stisfct!7 c!nclusi!n. An e0et c!ulbe Rul Rulif ifie ie- b7 s'il s'illl nn- e0e e0ei ien ence ce s 8ell 8ell s b7 0!f 0!fes essi si!n !nl l Rulificti!ns. 5hus& n e0eience- 0!lice !ffice 67 be 0e6itte- t! (ie e0et ei-ence s t! h!8 n cci-ent 67 he !ccue-. Diffeence bet8een e0ets testi6!n7 n- tht !f !-in7 8itness #)
An e0ets ei-ence is n!t c!nfine- t! 8ht ctull7 t!!' 0lce&
but c!es his !0ini!ns !n fcts. ")
An e0et cn efe t! n- el7 u0!n e0ei6ents c!n-ucte- b7
hi6 in the bsence !f the !the 0t7. 5hus& !n ch(e !f s!n& ei-ence !f n e0ei6ent c!n-ucte- b7 n e0et subseRuent t! the fie is -6issible t! sh!8 h!8 the fie 67 he !i(inte-. ?)
An e0et e0et 67 Ru!te 0ss(es 0ss(es f!6 8ell*'n!8n 8ell*'n!8n tet b!!'s b!!'s !n !n
the sub=ect n- 67 efe t! the6 t! efesh his 6e6!7. 1)
An e0et 67 stte fcts eltin( t! !the cses in 0i 6tei
si6il t! the cse un-e inesti(ti!n. On 8ht 6ttes e0et !0ini!n cn be (ien 5he sub=ects !n 8hich n e0et is c!60etent t! testif7 e 9 f!ei(n l8& 6ttes !f science& Ruesti!ns !f t& i-entit7 !f hn-8itin(& ! !f fin(e i60essi!ns. 5he 8!-s science ! t inclu-e ll sub=ects !n 8hich the c!use !f s0ecil stu-7 ! e0eience is necess7 t! the f!6 f!6ti! ti!n n !f !0ini! !0ini!n. n. 5he 6tte 6tte in Ruesti Ruesti!n !n 6ust 6ust be !f techni technicl cl
ntue& f! n! e0et cn be 0e6itte- t! s0e' !n 6tte 8ith 8hich the =u-(e 67 be su00!se- t! be eRull7 8ell cRuinte-. 5he Su0e6e C!ut hs hel- tht the !0ini!n !f 0es!n tht 0ticul lette 8s t70e- !n 0ticul t70e8ite is n!t -6issible s it -!es n!t fll 8ithin Sec. 1: Hnu6nt Stte !f <./ AI/ #%:" SC ?1?). 5he -ecisi!n hs been citicise- n- it hs been su((estetht tht the the cli cli6 6 !f e0e e0et ts s tht tht the the i-en i-enti tit7 t7 !f 6 6ch chin ine e 6 67 7 be estblishe- b7 0!in( the i-entit7 !f -efects ! 0eculiities 8hich it i60esses !n 00e sh!ul- he been c!nsi-ee-. Vlue !f e0et !0ini!n" 5he Ei-ence Act !nl7 0!i-es b!ut the elenc7 !f e0et !0ini!n but (ies n! (ui-nce s t! its lue. It is !ften si- tht thee cnn!t be n7 6!e unstisfct!7 ei-ence thn tht !f n e0et. 5he lue !f e0et !0ini!n suffes f!6 i!us -8bc's -8bc's 9 ". A& hn-8itin( e0et (ies !0ini!n b!ut 0ticul lette s bein( tht !f the ccuse-. Cn the =u-(e -is(ee 8ith his fin-in(U Wht Wht 0ec 0ecu uti ti!n !ns s e e eRu eRui iee- bef! bef!e e 0! 0!in in( ( the the hnhn-8 8it itin in(U (U XC.L.C.*%2X
+ LAW OF EVIDENCE i) i) 5he 5hee e is .the .the -n( -n(e e !f e! e! ! -eli -elibe be te te fls flseh eh!! !!-. -. 5he 5hese se 0iile(e- 0es!ns 6i(ht be hlf blin-& inc!60etent ! een c!u0t. ii) His ei-ence is fte ll !0ini!n n- hu6n =u-(e6ent is fllible. Hu6n 'n!8le-(e is li6ite- n- i60efect. iii) An e0et 8itness& h!8s!ee i60til he 67 be& is li'el7 t! be unc!nsci!usl7 0e=u-ice- in f!u !f the si-e 8hich clls hi6. 5hus& e0et 8itnesses e clle- 8itnesses etine- n- 0i- t! su00!t b7 thei ei-ence cetin ie8 !n scientific ! technicl Ruesti!n.
5hese fct!s sei!usl7 e-uce the 0!btie lue !f e0et ei-ence. 5he elibilit7 !f such ei-ence hs& theef!e& t! be teste- the s6e 87 in 8hich n7 !the 0iece !f ei-ence is teste-. 5he Su0e6e C!ut hs li- -!8n f!ll!8in( 0inci0les in this e(- Mui Li Stte !f M.P. AI/ #%+ SC :?#) 9 i) i) 5he 5hee e is n! ule ule !f l8 l8& n! n! n7 n7 ule ule !f 0u0u-en ence ce 8hic 8hich h hs hs c7stllise- int! ule !f l8& tht the !0ini!n ei-ence !f n e0et 6ust nee be cte- u0!n& unless substntill7 c!!b!te-. c!!b!te-. ii) ;ut& hin( -ue e(- t! the i!us -ese fct!s !0etin( in cse c se !f e0e e0et t !0in !0ini! i!n& n& the the 00 00! !ch ch sh!u sh!ull- be !ne !ne !f c cut uti! i!n. n. /es!ns f! the !0ini!n 6ust be cefull7 0!be- n- e6ine-. All !the elent ei-ence 6ust be c!nsi-ee-. iii) iii) In 00!0 00!0i ite te cses& cses& c!!b c!!b! !ti! ti!n n 6ust 6ust be s!u(ht s!u(ht.. In c cses ses 8he 8hee e the the es es!n !ns s f! f! the the !0ini !0ini!n !n e e c! c!n ninc incin in( ( nn- the thee e is n! elible ei-ence th!8in( -!ubt& the unc!!b!teunc!!b!te- testi6!n7 !f n e0et 67 be cce0te-. i) i) 5he 5he hB hB- in c cce ce0t 0tin( in( the the e0e e0et t !0in !0ini! i!n& n& is n!t n!t bec becus use e e0ets& in (enel& e unelible 8itnesses * the eRulit7 !f ce-ibilit7 ! inc incee-ib ibil ilit it7 7 bein bein( ( !ne !ne 8hic 8hich h n e0e e0et t sh shes es 8ith 8ith ll ll !the !the 8itnesses * but becuse ll hu6n =u-(e6ent is fllible n- n e0et 67 6 7 (! 8!n 8!n( ( bec becus use e !f s! s!6e 6e -efe -efect ct !f !bse !bse t ti! i!n& n& ! h!ne h!nest st 6ist 6i st' 'e e !f c!ncl c!nclus usi! i!n. n. 5he 5he 6! 6!e e -ee -eel! l!0e 0e- nn- 6! 6!e e 0ef 0efec ectt science science&& less less is the chnce chnce !f n inc! inc!ect ect !0ini!n. !0ini!n. 5he scienc science e !f i-entificti!n !f fin(e 0ints hs ttine- ne 0efecti!n n- the is' !f inc!ect !0ini!n is 0cticll7 n!n*eistent. On the !the hn-& the science !f& i-entificti!n !f hn-8itin( is n!t s! 0efect n- the is' is& theef theef!e !e&& hi(he hi(he.. ;ut tht tht is f f!6 -!ubti -!ubtin( n( the !0ini! !0ini!n n !f hn-8itin( e0et s n inible ule n- insistin( u0!n substntil c!!b!ti!n in ee7 cse& h!8ee the !0ini!n 67 be bc'e- b7
the the
s!un s! un-e -est st
!f
es es!n !ns. s.E@ E@PE PE/ /5
EVID EVIDEN ENCE CE
/ELE /ELEV VANC> NC>
OF
CHA/AC5E/ # ) 5he !0ini! !0ini!n n !f e0et e0et is n!t -ecisie -ecisie !f the 6tte 6tte.. 5he c!ut c!ut sh!ul sh!ul- n!t n!t sue suenn-e e its its !0in !0ini! i!n n t! tht tht !f the the e0e e0et t.. An e0e e0et t -e0!ses n- n!t -eci-es. His -ut7 is t! funish the =u-(e 8ith the necess7 scientific citei f! testin( the ccuc7 !f his c!nclusi!n& s! s t! enble the =u-(e t! f!6 his !8n in-e0en-ent =u-(e6ent b7 the 00licti!n !f th!se citei t! the fcts 0!e- in ei-ence. In Wil7t Khn Stte AI/ #%2" SC #"")& it 8s hel- tht e0et !0ini!n is n!t t! be beliee- u0!n 8hen it is in c!nflict 8ith -iect ei-ence. It hs been hel- tht 6e-icl ei-ence cnn!t be -ecisie !f the 6 6tte tte. In cse cse !f n7 n7 c!nfli c!nflict ct bet8e bet8een en e7e*e e7e*eii-enc ence e nn- the 6e-icl ei-ence the c!ut 8ill he t! (! b7 the ei-ence 8hich ins0ies 6!e c!nfi-ence. 5hus& 8hee the e7e*8itnesses testifie- t! !ne lthi bl!8 u0!n the he- !f -ecese-& but the 6e-icl ei-ence ec! ec!-ee- f!u f!u ete eten nl l in=u in=ui ies es&& the the c! c!u utt helhel- tht tht the the 6e 6e-ic -icl l ei-ence 8s 6!e tust8!th7 n- it sh!8e- tht the s!*clle- e7e* 8itnesses h- n!t seen the inci-ent. /6 Nin Stte !f <.P. AI/ #%,? SC ""++) In this cse& chil- 8s 'i-n00e-. 5he 0ent !f the chil- eceie- hn-8 hn-8itt itten en 0!st* 0!st*c c- f!ll!8 f!ll!8ee- b7 n inlninln- lette lette -e6n-e6n-in( in( /s. #&+++ n- /s. :&+++& es0ectiel7 s ns!6 f! the chil-. 5he uth! !f the lettes 8s tce- n- hn-8itin( e0et testifie- the lettes t! be in the hn-8itin( !f the ccuse-. S!lel7 !n the bsis !f this ei-ence the ccuse- 8s c!nicte- b7 the l!8e c!uts. 5he Su0e6e C!ut u0hel- the c!nicti!n.
5he C!ut si- 9 ;!th un-e Sec. 1: n- Sec& 1, the ei-ence is n !0ini!n& in the f!6e b7 scientific c!60is!n n- in the ltte !n the bsis !f f6iliit7 esultin( f!6 feRuent !bseti!n. In eithe cse& the c!ut 6ust stisf7 itself b7 such 6ens s e !0en tht the !0ini!n 67 be cte- u0!n. One such 6ens is t! 00l7 its !8n !bse !bse ti!n ti!n t! the the -6i -6itt ttee- ! 0! 0!ee- 8it 8itin in(s (s&& n!t n!t bec! bec!6e 6e hn-8itin( e0et but t! eif7 the !0ini!n !f the 8itness. 5his is n!t t! s7 tht the c!ut 67 0l7 the !le !f n e0et& but t! s7 tht the c!ut 67 cce0t the fct !nl7 8hen it hs stisfie- itself !n its !8n !bseti!n tht it is sfe t! cce0t the !0ini!n !f the e0et ! the !the 8itness. In this cse& Du J. hi6self c!60e- the hn-8itin( in Ruesti!n 8ith 0!en hn-8itin( !f the ccuse- n- stisfie- hi6self n- heltht n! futhe c!!b!ti!n 8s necess7. 5he 5he c! c!u utt helhel- tht tht if fte fte c! c!60 60 is is!n !n !f -is0 -is0ut utee- nn- -6i -6itt ttee8itin(s b7 c!ut itself& it is c!nsi-ee- sfe t! cce0t the !0ini!n !f e0et& then the c!nclusi!n s! ie- t cnn!t be ttc'e- !n s0ecil le lee 6e 6ee el7 l7 !n the the (!u (!unn- tht tht c! c!60 60 is is!n !n !f hnhn-8 8it itin in( ( is (enell7. c!nsi-ee- hB-!us n- inc!nclusie. It sh!ul- be n!tetht the ei-ence> " LAW OF EVIDENCE !f e0ets is n!t finl ! c!nclusie. 5he c!ut 67 stisf7 itself bef!e el7in el7in( ( !n the e0e e0ett !0ini! !0ini!n. n. 5hus 5hus in 6 6n7 n7 cses& cses& thei thei L!-sh L!-shi0s i0s he c!6e t! the c!nt7 !0ini!n n- e=ecte- the e0et !0ini!n& it is 6!e s! in cse !f hn-8itin(. In Stte !f 4u=t V.C. Ptni AI/ #%2, SC ,,)& it 8s 0!inte- !ut tht e0et !0ini!n is elent but is n!t c!nclusie.
N!te 9 In Mui Li Stte !f M.P. AI/ #%+ SC :?#)& the Su0e6e C!ut h- li- -!8n s!6e i60!tnt 0inci0les in elti!n t! the lue !f the !0ini!n !f hn-8itin( e0et -iscusse- elie). In this cse& the the c! c!u utt u0he u0hell- the the c! c!n nic icti ti!n !n !n the the ei-e ei-enc nce e tht tht the the 0iec 0iece e !f 8itin( left behin- b7 the 6u-ee in the !!6 !f the -ecese- 8s test testifi ifiee- b7 hnhn-8 8it itin in( ( e0e e0et t t! be in the the hnhn-8 8it itin in( ( !f the the ccuse-. 5he c!ut ls! !bsee- tht een if n! hn-8itin( e0et is 0!-uce- bef!e the c!ut& the c!ut hs the 0!8e t! c!60e the hn-8itin( itself n- -eci-e the 6tte. Sec. 12 Fcts bein( u0!n !0ini!n !f e0ets) F Fcts& n!t !the8 !the8ise ise ele elen nt& t& e e ele elen ntt if the7 the7 su00! su00!tt ! e e inc!ns inc!nsist istent ent 8ith 8ith the !0ini! !0ini!ns ns !f e0et e0ets& s& 8hen 8hen such such !0ini! !0ini!ns ns e elent. 5he effect !f the 0!isi!n is tht 8hen the !0ini!n !f n e0et is elent n- hs been cite-& n7 fct 8hich 8ill eithe su00!t his !0ini!n ! c!nt-ict it 8ill ls! bec!6e elent. 5hus& 8hee the Ruesti!n is& 8hethe A 8s 0!is!ne- b7 cetin 0!is!n the fct tht !the 0es!ns& 8h! 8ee 0!is!ne- b7 tht 0!is!n& ehibite- cetin s760t!6s 8hich e0ets ffi6 ! -en7 t! be the s760t!6s !f tht 0!is!n& is elent. Sec. 1, O0ini!n s t! hn-8itin( 8hen elent) Acc!-in( t! Sec. 1,& 8hen the c!ut h- t! -ete6ine the Ruesti!n 8hethe -!cu6ent is 8itten ! si(ne- b7 cetin 0es!n& the c!ut cn -6it the !0ini!n !f 0es!n 8h! is cRuinte- 8ith tht 0es!ns hn-8itin(. 5he e0lnti!n ttche- t! the secti!n (ies (ui-nce s t! 8h! is c!nsi-ee- t! be cRuinte- 8ith n!thes hn-8itin(. It inclu-es 0es!n * i)
8h! hs seen tht 0es!n 8ite& !
ii) 8h! hs eceie- -!cu6ents 8itten b7 tht 0es!n in ns8e t! -!cu6ents 8itten b7 hi6self ! un-e his uth!it7 n- --esse- t! tht 0es!n& ! iii) 8h! hs in the !-in7 c!use !f business& eceie- -!cu6ents 8itten b7 tht 0es!n ! such -!cu6ents e hbitull7 sub6itte- t! hi6. In F'hu--in Stte !f M.P. AI/ #%2, SC #?"2)& it 8s hel- tht hnhn-8 8it itin in( ( 6 67 7 be 0! 0!ee- b7 eiei-en ence ce !f 8itn 8itnes ess s in 8h!s 8h!se e 0esence the 8itin( 8s -!ne n- this 8!ul- be -iect ei-ence n- if it is ilble the ei-ence !f n7 !the 'in- is en-ee- unnecess7. E@PE/5
EVIDENCE
/ELEVANC>
OF
CHA/AC5E/
? M!-es !f 0!in( 0 !in( hn-8itin( Sees. 1: n- 1, ec!(nise the f!ll!8in( 6!-es !f 0!in( hn-8itin(9 i)
;7 the ei-ence ei-ence !f the .8ite .8ite hi6self& hi6self& ii)
;7 the !0ini!n !0ini!n !f n
e0et. iii iii))
;7 the the ei ei-e -enc nce e !f 0es! 0es!n n 8h! is is cRu cRui int ntee- 8it 8ith h the the
hn-8itin( !f the 0es!n in Ruesti!n. i)
elti!nshi0 !f !ne 0es!n t! n!the. n!the. 5he Ruesti!n is& 8hethe A n- ; 8ee 6ie-. 5he fct tht the7 8ee usull7 eceie- n- tete- b7 thei fien-s s husbn- n- 8ife& is elent. Sec.: Sec.:# # 0! 0!ii-es es tht tht 8hen 8hene ee e the the !0in !0ini! i!n n !f liin liin( ( 0es 0es!n !n is ele ele nt nt&& the the (!u (!unn-s s !n 8hic 8hich h his his !0ini !0ini!n !n is bse bse- shl shlll ls! ls! be elent. CHA/AC5E/ WHEN /ELEVAN5 ? Sees. :"*::) 5! 8ht etent is the chcte& (enel e0utti!n !f 0es!n elent in ciil ! ci6inl 0!cee-in(s hs been 6-e cle b7 Sees. :"*::. Chcte is c!6binti!n !f 0eculi Rulities i60esse- b7 ntue ! b7 the hbit !f the 0es!n& 8hich -istin(uish hi6 f!6 !thes& In es0ect !f the chcte !f 0t7& t8! -istincti!ns 6ust be -8n& n6el7 bet8een the cses 8hen the chcte is in issue n- is n!t in issue n- 8hen the cuse is ciil ! ci6inl. In Ciil cses Sec.:" l7s -!8n the b!- (enel 0inci0le tht the ei-ence !f 0t7s chcte cnn!t be (ien f! the 0u0!se !f sh!8in( tht it en-es the c!n-uct i60ute- t! hi6 s 0!bble ! i60!bble. 5hus& 0t7 cnn!t (ie ei-ence !f his (!!- chcte f! the 0u0!se !f sh!8in( tht it is i60!bble tht he sh!ul- be (uilt7 !f the c!n-uct ?.
Wite
sh!t
n!te
!n
*
Chcte
8hen
elent.
XLC.II*%?X1 LAW OF EVIDENCE i60ute- t! hi6. F! e60le& if 0es!n is ch(e- 8ith ne(li(ent -iin( he cnn!t (ie ei-ence !f the fct tht his chcte nc!nc! n-uc uctt hs been been such such th tht he c! c!ul ul- n!t n!t h he bee been (uil (uiltt7 !f ne(li(ence. Si6ill7& his !00!site 0t7 cnn!t (ie ei-ence !f the fct tht his chcte n- c!n-uct h- been s! b- tht he 6ust he
been ne(li(ent. 5he es!n is tht the c!ut hs t! t7 the cse !n the bsis !f its fcts f! the 0u0!se !f -ete6inin( 8hethe the -efen-nt sh!ul- be lible ! n!t. 5he c!ut hs n!t t! t7 the chcte !f the 0t 0tie ies s nn- the the eiei-en ence ce !f ch ch cte cte 8ill 8ill n!t n!t !nl7 !nl7 0!l 0!l!n !n( ( the the 0!cee-in(s but 8ill ls! unnecessil7 0e=u-ice the 6in- !f the =u-(e !ne 87 ! !the. Futhe& in ciil cses& the 0ei!us c!nicti!ns !f the -efen-nt e ielent. 5hee e s!6e ece0ti!ns t! the (enel 0inci0le li- in Sec.:" 9 #)
Sec.:: Sec.:: s7s in ciil cses cses the fct tht the chcte chcte !f n7
0es!n is such s t! ffect the 6!unt !f -6(es 8hich he !u(ht t! eceie& is elent. 5he ei-ence !f (!!- ! b- chcte !f the -efen-nt is ielent t! -6(es. ;ut the chcte !f the 0lintiff is elent. In n cti!n f! -6(es& f! se-ucti!n ! 0e& ei-ence !f b- chcte !f the 0lintiff is ll!8e- s it is li'el7 t! ffect the -6(es tht the 0lintiff !u(ht t! eceie. ")
Ei-ence cn be (ien !f 0t7s chcte 8hen his chcte
is itself fct in issue. Whee& f! e60le& n cti!n is b!u(ht f!V -i!ce !n the (!un- !f cuelt7& the cuel chcte !f -efen-nt& bein( fct in issue& the 0lintiff cn le- ei-ence !f it. ?)
A fct fct 8hich 8hich is !the8 !the8ise ise ele elent nt c cnn! nn!tt be eclu eclu-e-e- f!6 f!6
ei-ence !nl7 becuse it inci-entll7 e0!ses ! th!8s li(ht u0!n 0t7s chcte Sec.:"). In Ci6inl cses Sec.:? s7s tht in ci6inl cses& the fct tht the 0s!n ccuse- is !f (!!- chcte is elent. N!6ll7& 8e 0esu6e tht 0es!n !f (!!(!!- ch chc cte te nn- e0u e0ut tti ti!n !n 8ill 8ill n!t n!t (ene (ene ll7 ll7 es! es!t t t! n7 n7 ci6inl ct. 5hus& (!!-ness if 0!e-& le-s t! 0esu60ti!n (inst the c!66issi!n !f ci6e.
Acc!Acc!-in( in( t! Sec.:1 Sec.:1&& ei-en ei-ence ce 6 67 7 n!t be ecei eceiee- e(e(-in( in( the b-ness !f 0t7s chcte in ci6inl 0!cee-in(s& unless ei-ence hs been (ien tht he hs (!!- chcte& in 8hich cse it bec!6es elent. In !the 8!-s& the 0!secuti!n cnn!t le- ei-ence !f the b- chcte !f ccuse- s 0t !f its !i(inl cse. 5he7 cn 0!-uce ei-ence !f b- chcte !nl7 in e0l7 t! the ccuse- sh!8in( his (!!(!!- ch chc cte te._PE/ _PE/5 5 EVID EVIDEN ENCE CE
/ELE /ELEVA VANC NC> >
OF CHA/ CHA/AC AC5E 5E/ /
: Ci6inl cses ls! -6it !f cetin ece0ti!ns. 5hee e cetin ses in 8hich ei-ence !f 0is!nes b- chcte cn be (ien 9 #) ")
5! ebut 0i! ei-ence !f (!!- chcte Sec.:1). 5he chcte chcte is itself fct fct in issue issue e0lnt e0lnti!n i!n # t! t! Sec.:1 Sec.:1). ).
F! e60le& 0le& in 0! 0!secu secuti ti!n !n f! f! 0e& 0e& the bb- ch chcte cte !f 0!secuti!n 0e- 8!6n) 67 be fct in issue f! it 67 ff!- -efence t! the ccuse-. ?)
A 0ei!us c!nicti!n is elent s ei-ence !f b- chcte in
ci6inl cses e0lnti!n " t! Sec.:1).2 FAC5S /E
EVIDENCE Fcts 8hich nee- n!t be 0!e-# Sees. :2*:) 5he (enel ule is tht ll fcts in issue n- elent fcts 6ust be 0!e- b7 ei-ence& eithe !l ! -!cu6ent7. 5! this ule& thee e t8! ece0ti!ns 9 ) fcts =u-icill7 n!ticeble Sees. :2*:,)& b) fcts -6itte- Sec. :). Sec.:2 e-s 9 N! fct !f 8hich the c!ut 8ill t'e =u-icil n!tice neebe 0!e-. Sec.:, enu6etes thiteen fcts !f 8hich the c!ut is b!un- t! t'e the =u-icil n!tice 9 #)
All l8s in f!ce in the teit!7 !f In-i.
")
All Acts !f the ;itish Pli6ent. Pli6ent.
?)
Aticles Aticl es !f W f! the In-in A67& A67& N7 ! Ai F!ce.
1)
5he c!use c!use !f 0!cee 0!cee-in -in(s (s !f fie fie ;itis ;itish h P Pli li6e 6ent& nt& !f the
C!nstituent Asse6bl7 !f In-i& n- !f Pli6ent Pli6ent nn- Le(isltues. :)
5he ccessi!n n- the si(n 6nul !f the s!eei(n !f <.K. n-
Ieln-. 2)
All sels !f 8hich En(lish c!uts t'e =u-icil n!tice the sels !f
ll ll the the c! c!u uts ts in In-i In-i& & etc. etc. nn- ll ll the the sel sels s 8hic 8hich h 0es 0es!n !n is uth!ise- t! use b7 the C!nstituti!n ! n Act. ,)
5he ccessi!n t! !ffice& n6es& titles& functi!ns& =i- si(ntues
!f 4Bette- !ffices. )
5he nti!nl fl( !f ee7 c!unt7 ec!(nise- b7 the 4!en6ent 4!en6ent
!f In-i. %)
5he -iisi!n !f ti6e& the (e!(0hicl -iisi!ns !f the 8!l- n-
0ublic festils& fcts n- h!li-7s n!tifie- in the !fficil (Bette. #+) ##) ##)
5he teit!ies un-e the -!6ini!n !f the 4!en6ent 4!en6ent !f In-i. 5he c!6 c!66e 6ence nce6e 6ent& nt& c!ntin c!ntinun unce ce ! te6in te6inti ti!n !n !f 8 8
bet8een the 4!en6ent !f In-i n- n7 !the c!unt7. #. Wite sh!t n!te !n Fcts 8hich nee- n!t be 0!e-. XC.LC*%1#O/AL$DOC
EVIDENCE
, #") #")
5he 5he n6 n6es es !f c! c!u utt !ff !ffic ici ils ls nn- !f !f ll ll -! -!c cte tes& s& etc. etc.
uth!ise- b7 l8 t! 00e ! ct bef!e the c!ut. #?)
5he ule !f the !-& !n ln- ! t se.
5he 0!isi!n is su00le6ente- b7 t8! -eclti!ns t the en- !f the sect secti! i!n. n. One One !f the6 the6 s s7s 7s tht tht in ll ll thes these e 6 6tt tte es& s& nn- ls! ls! !n 6tte 6ttes s !f 0ublic 0ublic hist! hist!7 7& lite litet tue ue&& scienc science e ! t& t& the c!ut c!ut 6 67 7 c!nsult the 00!0ite b!!'s ! -!cu6ents !f efeence. 5he sec!n-eclti!n is tht if 0t7 clls u0!n the c!ut t! t'e the =u-icil n!tice !f n7 fct& it 67 efuse t! -! s! unless n- until such 0es!n
0!0!-uc uces es n7 n7 such such b!!' b!!' ! -!cu -!cu6e 6ent nt s the the c! c!u utt 6 67 7 c! c!ns nsii-e e necess7 t! enble it t! t'e =u-icil n!tice. Ju-icil fcts * 5he e0essi!n t'e =u-icil n!tice 6ens ec!(niti!n 8ith!ut 0!!f !f s!6ethin( s eistin( ! s bein( tue. Ju-icil n!tice is bse- u0!n e7 !bi!us es!ns !f c!nenience n- e0e-ienc7 n- the 8is-!6 !f -is0ensin( 8ith 0!!f !f 6ttes 8ithin the c!66!n 'n!8le-(e !f ee7 !ne. Ju-icil n!tice is the c!(niBnce t'en b7 the c!u c! utt itse itself lf !f cet ceti in n 6 6tt tte es s 8hic 8hich h fe fe s! n!t! n!t!i i!u !us s ! cle clel l7 7 est estbl blis ishe he-& -&
th tht
the the
eiei-en ence ce
!f
thei hei
eist iste ence nce
is
-ee -ee6e-
unnecess7. Ju-icil n!tice t'es the 0lce !f 0!!f& n- is !f eRul f!ce. f!ce. As 6e 6ens ns !f estbl estblish ishin( in( fcts& fcts& it is theef theef!e !e su0ei! su0ei! t! ei-ence. 5he[ 6ttes enu6ete- in Sec.:2 -! n!t f!6 n ehustie list. 5he c!ut fc!ul- t'e =u-icil n!tice !f !the fcts& n!t t! be f!un- in the the list list.. 5he 5he c! c!u utt c cnn nn!t !t t'e t'e =u-i =u-ici cil l n!ti n!tice ce !f fct fcts s stt sttee- in ne8s00e& s stte6ent !f fcts in it is 6eel7 hes7 n-& theef theef!e !e&& in-6 in-6issi issible ble in ei-en ei-ence ce unless unless 0!e 0!e- !the8 !the8ise ise.. 5he Su0e6e C!ut in Shshi N7
A-6itte- fcts * An!the set !f fcts 8hich nee- n!t be 0!e- e fcts fcts 8hich 8hich he he been been -6it -6ittete-.. Sec.: Sec.: l7s l7s -!8n -!8n this this 0inci 0inci0l 0l.. Ae6ents Ae6ents 6-e in 0etiti!n 8hich he n!t been c!nt!e c !nt!etete- b7 the es0!n-ent c7 the effect !f fct -6itte-. Fcts 8hich he been -6itte- !n b!th si-es e n!t in issue n-& theef!e& n! 0!!f neebe !ffee- !f the6. H!8ee& Sec.: ls! 0!i-es tht the c!ut 67 in its -isceti!n eRuie s!6e !the 0!!f !f n -6itte- fct. LAW OF EVIDENCE MODES OF P/OOF A fct fct 6 67 7 be 0! 0!ee- eith eithe e b7 !l !l eiei-en ence ce !f the the fct fct ! b7 -!cu6ent7 ei-ence& if n7. 5hus& thee e t8! 6eth!-s !f 0!in( fct& !ne is b7 0!-ucin( 8itnesses !f fct !l ei-ence)& n- the !the& b7 0!-ucin( -!cu6ent 8hich ec!-s the fct in Ruesti!n -!cu6ent7 ei-ence). XAY Ol Ei-ence Ss. :%*2+) All stte6ents 8hich the c!ut 0e6its ! eRuies t! be 6-e bef!e it b7 8itnesses in elti!n t! the 6ttes !f fct un-e inRui7 e clle!l ei-ence. In (enel& the ei-ence !f 8itnesses is (ien !ll7& nn- this this 6e 6en ns s !l !l eiei-en ence ce.. A 8itn 8itnes ess s 8h! 8h! c cnn nn!t !t s0e s0e' ' 6 67 7 c!66unicte his 'n!8le-(e !f the fcts b7 si(ns ! b7 8itin( n- in eithe cse it 8ill be e(-e- s !l ei-ence. Sec.:%. P!!f !f fcts b7 !l ei-ence * All fcts ece0t the c!ntents !f -!cu6ents& 67 be 0!e- b7 !l ei-ence. Sec.2+ Sec.2+.. Ol Ol ei-en ei-ence ce 6ust 6ust be -iect -iect * Ol Ol ei-en ei-ence ce 6ust& 6ust& in ll cses& 8htee& be -iect& i.e.& * If it efes t! fct 8hich c!ul- be seen ! he- ! 0eceie- b7 n7 !the senses)& it 6ust be the ei-ence !f 8itness 8h! s7s he s8 ! he- ! 0eceie- it b7 tht sense) it
If it efes t! n !0ini!n ! t! the (!un-s !n 8hich tht !0ini!n is hel-& it 6ust be the ei-ence !f the 0es!n 8h! h!l-s tht !0ini!n !n th!se (!un-s.
*
5hus& !l ei-ence 6ust be -iect. 5his 6ens tht 8itness cn tell the c!ut !f !nl7 fct !f 8hich he hs the fist hn- 'n!8le-(e e7e* 8itness) in the sense tht he 0eceie- the fct b7 n7 !f the fie senses. If& !n the !the hn-& the stte6ent 8s n!t 6-e in his 0esence ! hein( n- he subseRuentl7 c6e t! 'n!8 !f it th!u(h s!6e !the s!uce& he cnn!t cnn!t 00e s 8itness& f! his 'n!8le-(e 'n!8le-(e is -eie- 'n!8le-(e n- is n!thin( but hes7 n- it is 6i6
!f
l8
tht
hes7
ei-ence
is
n!t
elent.
G Hes7 ei-ence" 5he 8!- hes7 6en 8htee 0es!n is he- t! s7 u6!u ! (!ssi0 (!ssi0)) ! 8hte 8htee e 0es!n 0es!n -ecl -ecles es !n inf!6 inf!6ti ti!n !n (ien (ien b7 s!6e!ne else& ! it 67 be s7n!n76!us 8ith ielent. A stte6ent& !l ! 8itten& b7 0es!n n!t clle- s 8itness ! stte6ents 6-e !ut !f c!ut) c!6es un-e the (enel ule !f hes7. Sec.2+ !f EiEi-en ence ce Ac Actt is -ie -iect ctee- (i (ins nstt !i-i !i-in( n( ! ecl ecluu-in in( ( he hes s7 7 ei-ence. 5he test t! -istin(uish bet8een -iect ei-ence n- hes7 ei-ence is 9 It is -iect ei-ence if the c!ut& t! ct u0!n it& hs t! el7 !nl7 u0!n ". Wite sh!t n!te !n Hes7 ei-ence. XLC.
##*%1$%:YO/AL$DOC
EVIDENCE
% the 8itness& 8hees it is hes7 if it hs t! el7 n!t !nl7 u0!n the 8itness& but s!6e !the 0es!n ls!. 5hus& if @ is ch(e- 8ith >s 6u-e& 6u-e& n- if d& in his ei-ence& sttes tht I s8 @ stbbin( > 8ith
'nife& it 8!ul- -iect ei-ence. Instnces !f hes7 ei-ence 8!ulbe the Ei-ence !f A tht d t!l- 6e tht he h- seen @ stbbin( > ! tht d 8!te lette t! 6e sttin( tht he h- seen @ stbbin( > ! tht I e- in the ne8s00e tht @ h- 6u-ee- >. It 67 be n!te- tht hes7 ei-ence is n!t -6issible een if n!t !b=ecte- t! & ! een if c!nsente- t!. 5he c!ut hs n! -isceti!n in this 6tte& ece0t in cetin ece0ti!nl cses. 5he ule (inst the -6i -6issi ssi!n !n !f he hes s7 7 ei-e ei-enc nce e is funfun-6 6en ent tl. l. It is n!t n!t the the best best ei-ence n- it is n!t -eliee- !n !th. 5he tuthfulness n- ccuc7 !f the 0es!n 8h!se 8!-s e s0!'en t! b7 n!the 8itness cnn!t be testeteste- b7 c!ss*e6in c!ss*e6inti!n. ti!n. It is l87s l87s -esible& -esible& in the inteest !f =ustice& t! (et the 0es!ns 8h!se stte6ents e elie- u0!n& int! c!ut f! e6inti!n in the e(ul 87& in !-e tht 6n7 0!ssible s!uces !f inccuc7 n- untust8!thiness cn be best b!u(ht t! li(ht n- e0!se-. 5hus& its -6issi!n ten-s t! !0en the -!! f! fu- 8hich 6i(ht be 0cti 0ctisese- 8ith 8ith i60uni i60unit7 t7.. It is sec!nsec!n-*h *hnn- ei-en ei-ence ce the 0es!n 0es!n (iin( such ei-ence -!es n!t he n7 sense !f es0!nsibilit7. 5hee is tenten-en enc7 c7 tht tht tut tuth h 8ill 8ill be -ilu -ilute te- nn- -i6i -i6ini nish shee- 8ith 8ith ech ech e0eti e0etiti! ti!n. n. Futhe Futhe& its -6iss -6issi!n i!n ten-s ten-s t! 0!l!n 0!l!n( ( tils tils un-ul7 un-ul7 b7 lettin( in stte6ent& the 0!btie lue !f 8hich is e7 sli(ht. Ece0ti!ns t! the hes7 ule Pe!0 Pe!0le leS S6 6e6 e6! !ie ies s
e e
f( f(il ile e
nn-
sh! sh!t. t.
Subs SubseR eRue uent nt
0ubl 0ublic icit it7 7&
-iscussi!ns n- su((estie Ruesti!nin( ll eet thei influence. 5his 67 le- t! eclusi!n !f ei-ence 8hich is su0ei! in tust8!thiness t! ei-ence 8hich is feel7 -6itte- i.e. -iect ei-ence). In Sh- ;i;i-ic ich hnn- S S- Stt Stte e AI/ AI/ #%1 #%1 SC #2"" #2"")& )& the the test testi6 i6!n !n7 7 !f 0es!ns 8h! h- seen the 0itible c!n-iti!n !f 7!un( 8!6n in he* l8s h!6e 8hee she l!st he life 8s& thus& hel- t! be elent
5he c!uts he 6!-ifie- the i(i- ule s t! -iect ei-ence b7 nu6be !f ece0ti!ns 9 i) /es (este Sec.2) * A stte6ent 6-e b7 0es!n 8h! is n!t 8itness bec!6es elent n- -6issible if the stte6ent is 0t !f the tnscti!n in Ruesti!n. ii) A-6issi!ns n- c!nfessi!ns * An -6issi!n !f libilit7 ! c!nfessi!n !f (uilt 8hich t'es 0lce !utsi-e the c!ut th!u(h the testi6!n7 !f 8itness t! 8h!6 the -6issi!n ! the c!nfessi!n 8s 6-e. Such 8itness is n!t 8itness !f fct. iii iii)) Stt Stte6 e6en ents ts ele ele nt nt un-e un-e Sec. Sec.?" ?" * 5hes 5hese e e e 6! 6!st stl7 l7 the the stte6ents !f -ecese- 0es!n ! 0es!ns 8h! e n!t ilble%+ LAW OF EVIDENCE s 8itnesses. Such stte6ents inclu-e -7in( -eclti!ns& -eclti!n s t! 0ublic i(hts& etc. i) Stte6ents !f e0ets in tetises * Acc!-in( t! Sec.2+& 0!is!& the !0ini!n !f n e0et cn be cite- in his bsence if it hs been e0esse- in b!!' f!6 n- the e0et hi6self is eithe -e- ! is !the8ise unilble s 8itness. ) S!6eti6es& sln-e!us stte6ent 6-e b7 thi- 0es!n nhe- b7 the 8itness 8ill be elent& n!t e(-in( the tuth !f the c!ntents !f the stte6ents& but e(-in( the fct !f the stte6ent bein( 6-e. X;Y D!cu6ent7 Ei-ence D!cu D! cu6e 6ent nt 7 7
eiei-en ence ce
6en 6e ns s
ll
-!cu -!cu6e 6ent nts s
0!0!-uc ucee- f! f!
the the
ins0ecti!n !f the c!ut. D!cu6ents e -en!6inte- s -e- 0!!f& s -ist -istin in(u (uis ishe he- f!6 f!6 8itn 8itnes esse ses s 8h! 8h! e e s sii- t! be lii liin( n( 0!! 0!!fs fs.. D!cu6ent D!cu6ent7 7 ei-ence ei-ence is su0ei! su0ei! t! !l !l ei-ence ei-ence in 0e6nenc 0e6nence& e& n-*in 6n7 es0ects& in tust8!thiness.
Sec.2#. P!!f !f c!ntents !f -!cu6ents * 5he c!ntents !f -!cu6ents 67 be 0!e- eithe b7 0i67 n- sec!n-7 ei-ence. 5hee is n! thi- 6eth!- !f 0!in( the c!ntents !f -!cu6ent. 5he c!ntents nee- n!t be 0!e- b7 the uth! !f -!cu6ent& n- cn be 0!e- b7 n7 !the ei-ence. Pi67 ei-ence Sec.2") 5he e0essi!n 0i67 ei-ence inclu-es 9* i)
5he !i(inl !i(inl -!cu6ent -!cu6ent itself 0!-uce0!-uce- f! the ins0ecti!n ins0ecti!n !f the the
c!ut. ii) ii) Whe Whee e -!cu -!cu6e 6ent nt is eec eecut utee- in see see ll 0t 0ts& s& ech ech 0t 0t is 0i67 ei-ence !f the -!cu6ent. Hi) Whee -!cu6ent is eecute- in c!unte0ts& ech c!unte0t is 0i67 ei-ence (inst the 0t7 si(nin( it. F! e60le& in the cse !f cheRue& the 6in cheRue is si(ne- b7 the the -8 -8e e s! tht tht it is 0i6 0i6 7 7 ei-e ei-enc nce e (i (ins nstt hi6& hi6& nn- the the c!untef!il 67 be si(ne- b7 the 07ee !f the cheRue s! tht it 8ill be 0i67 ei-ence (inst the 07ee. .
i) i) Whe Whee e nu6b nu6be e !f -!cu -!cu6e 6ent nts s e e ll ll 6 6-e -e b7 !ne !ne unif unif! !6 6 0!cess& s f! e60le& b7 0intin(& lith!(0h7 ! 0h!t!(0h7& ech is 0i67 ei-ence !f the c!ntents !f -!cu6ent. Pi67 ei-ence is the best ! hi(hest ei-ence& ! in !the 8!-s& it is the 'in- !f 0!!f 8hich& in the e7es !f the l8& ff!-s the (etest cetint7 !f the fct in Ruesti!n. Pi67 ei-ence !f tnscti!n& ei-en ei-encece- b7 8itin 8itin(& (& is the !i(in !i(inl l -!cu6e -!cu6ent nt itself itself&& 8hich 8hich sh!ulsh!ulbeO/AL$DOC
EVIDENCE %# 0!-uce- in !i(inl t! 0!e the te6s !f the c!ntct& if it eists nis !btinble. Sec!n-7 ei-ence Sec.2?)
5he e0essi!n sec!n-7 ei-ence inclu-es 9*i)
Cetifie- c!0ies !f
the !i(inl -!cu6ent. ii) C!0ies 8hich e 6-e f!6 the !i(inl b7 6echnicl 0!cesses 8hic 8hich h in the6 the6se sel les es s ssu sue e the the c ccu cu c7 c7 !f the the c! c!07 07 nn- c! c!0i 0ies es c!60e- 8ith such c!0ies e.(. 0h!t!(0h !f n !i(inl). iii)
C!0ies 6-e f!6 ! c!60e- 8ith the !i(inl.
i) C!unte0t !f -!cu6ent is sec!n-7 ei-ence (inst the 0t7 8h! -i- n!t si(n it. ) Ol cc!unt !f the c!ntents !f -!cu6ent (ien b7 0es!n 8h! hs hi6self seen the -!cu6ent. P!!f b7 0i67 ei-ence Sec.21) Sec.21) Acc! Ac c!-in in( ( t! Sec.2 Sec.21& 1& -!cu -!cu6e 6ent nt 6ust 6ust be 0! 0!ee- b7 its its 0i6 0i6 7 7 ei-ence ece0t in the cses heeinfte 6enti!ne-. When sec!n-7 ei-ence cn be (ien? Sec.2:) 5he cicu6stnces in 8hich sec!n-7 ei-ence cn be (ien e listein Sec.2:. In the f!ll!8in( cses& the sec!n-7 ei-ence cn be (ien 9* #)
When the !i(inl is sh!8n ! 00es t! be in the the 0!ssessi!n O
0!8e !f 0es!n (inst 8h!6 the -!cu6ent is s!u(ht t! be 0!e-& ! !f n7 0es!n !ut !f ech !f ! n!t sub=ect t! the 0!cess !f c!ut& ! n7 0es!n le(ll7 b!un- t! 0!-uce- it& n- lth!u(h -ue n!tice hs been (ien t! hi6 in cc!-nce 8ith the te6s !f Sec.22& he -!es n!t 0!-uce it. ")
When the eistence& c!n-iti!n ! c!ntents he been 0!e- t!
be -6itte- in 8itin( b7 the 0t7 (inst 8h!6 the -!cu6ent is t! be 0!e-. ?)
When the !i(inl hs been -est!7e- ! l!st& ! 8hen the 0t7
!ffei !ffein( n( ei-en ei-ence ce !f its c!nten c!ntents& ts& cnn!t cnn!t f! n7 n7 !the !the es!n es!n n!t isin( f!6 his !8n -efult ! ne(lect& 0!-uce it in es!nble ti6e.
1)
When the !i(inl is !f such ntue s n!t t! be esil7 6!ble 6!ble
e.(. bul'7 -!cu6ents). :)
When the !i(inl !i(inl is 0ublic -!cu6ent -!cu6ent 8ithin 8ithin the 6enin( 6enin( !f
aaaaaaaSec.,1.aaaaa aaaaaaaSec.,1.aaaaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaa aaa ?.
Discuss.
XL.C.II*%1[
l%" LAW OF EVIDENCE 2)
When the !i(inl !i(inl is -!cu6ent -!cu6ent !f 8hich the Ei-ence Ei-ence Act !
n7 !the l8 !f the c!unt7 0e6its cetifie- c!0ies t! be (ien in ei-ence. ,)
When When the !i(in !i(inl l c!nsist c!nsists s !f nu6e! nu6e!us us cc!un cc!unts ts ! !the !the
-!cu6ents 8hich cnn!t be c!nenientl7 e6ine- in the c!ut nthe fct t! be 0!i-e- is the (enel esult# !f the 8h!le c!llecti!n. It 67 be n!te- tht sec!n-7 ei-ence !f the c!ntents !f 8itten instu6ent cn n!t be (ien& unless thee is s!6e le(l ecuse f! n!n*0!-ucti!n !f the !i(inl 0i67 ei-ence). Futhe& sec!n-7 eiei-en ence ce c cn n !nl7 !nl7 be (i (ien 8hen 8hen the the 0i6 0i6 7 7 eiei-en ence ce ! the the -!cu6ent itself is -6issible. Sec!n-7 ei-ence cnn!t be (ien !f -!cu6ent 8hen the !i(inl is f!un- t! be in-6issible. If -ee- !f (ift is in-6issible in ei-ence f! 8nt !f e(istti!n& n! sec!n-7 ei-ence !f the -ee- cn be (ien in suit t! ec!e the (ifte0!0et7. Whee the -!cu6ent is in the 0!ssessi!n !f 0t7 8h! -!es n!t een fte n!tice) 0!-uce it& ! 8hen the !i(inl hs been l!st ! -est!7e- ! 8hen it is bul'7& n7 'in- !f sec!n-7 ei-ence !f the
c!ntents cn be (ien. When the c!ntents !f -!cu6ent he been -6itte- b7 the 0t7 (inst 8h!6 it hs t! be 0!e-& his 8itten -6issi!n cn be (ien s sec!n-7 ei-ence !f -!cu6ent. In cse !f 0ublic -!cu6ents& !nl7 cetifie- c!0ies cn be (ien. IMPO/ IMPO/5 5AN5 AN5 5OPIC 5OPICS$I S$ILL LL
!f
Ei-ence
Act
n-
-eci-e-
cses.
XLC. ##*%1$%:Y Wite sh!t n!te !n E=f_Qu2i!n]2f !l b7 -!cu6ent7 ei-ence. XC.L.C*%#$%"YO/AL$DOC
EVIDENCE %?
be e-uce- t! -!cu6ent& n! ei-ence shll be (ien f! the 0!!f !f it ece0t the 0i67 ! sec!n-7 ei-ence !f the 8itin( itself. 5he secti! secti!n n eteneten-s s t! b!th b!th t70es t70es !f tns tnscti cti!ns !ns&& n6el7 n6el7&& 8hich 8hich he he !luntil7 been 6-e b7 8itin( n- f! 8hich 8itin( is c!60uls!7. 5hus& 8itin( bec!6es its !8n ei-ence n- eclu-es ll !the 'in-s !f ei-ence. ei-ence. 5he 8itin( eclu-es eclu-es !l !l ei-ence ei-ence lt!(ethe lt!(ethe.. It 67 be n!te- tht n !l cc!unt !f the c!ntents !f -!cu6ent is n!t n !l ei-ence. 5he 5he 0! 0!is isi! i!n n in Sec. Sec.%# %# is fut futhe he su00 su00le le6e 6ent ntee- b7 Sec. Sec.%" %" b7 0!i-in( tht !nce n7 such c!ntct& (nt ! -is0!siti!n hs been 0! 0!ee- b7 the the 8it 8itin in(& (& then then n! ei-e ei-enc nce e c cn n be (ie (ien n !f n7 n7 !l !l (ee6ent t! c!nt-ict ! chn(e the te6s !f the c!ntct. In !the 8!8!-s& s& n! !l !l eiei-en ence ce c cn n be (ie (ien n t! Rul Rulif if7 7 the the te6 te6s s !f the the -!cu6e -!cu6ent. nt. Sec.% Sec.%" " 0eclu 0eclu-es -es !nl7 !nl7 the 0tie 0ties s t! the -!cu6 -!cu6ent ent nthei e0esentties*in*inteest f!6 (iin( !l ei-ence c!ncenin( the c!ntents !f -!cu6ent. Othe 0ties ! stn(es) e left fee t! (ie (ie such such eiei-en ence ce.. Fut Futhe he& ei-e ei-enc nce e c cn n be (ie (ien n !f n7 n7 ! !l (ee6ent 8hich -!es n!t c!nt-ict& 7& -- ! substct f!6 the te6s !f the -!cu6ent. 5he 5he ti ti!n !nl le e behi behinn- Sec. Sec.%" %" is tht tht the the 0t 0tie ies s hi hin( n( 6 6-e -e c!60lete 6e6!il !f thei (ee6ent& it 6ust be 0esu6e- tht the7 he 0ut int! 8itin( ll tht the7 c!nsi-ee- necess7 t! (ie full e0essi!n t! thei 6enin( n- intenti!n futhe& the ece0ti!n !f !l testi6!n7 8!ul- cete 6ischief n- !0en the -!! t! fu-. If& f! e60le& 0!lic7 !f insunce 00lies t! shi0s lein( Clcutt. One !f the shi0s is l!st. It is s!u(ht t! be 0!e- tht b7 n !l (ee6 (ee6ent ent the 0tic 0ticul ul shi0 shi0 8s 8s ece0 ece0tete- f!6 f!6 the 0!lic7 0!lic7.. Such Such ei-ence is in-6issible illustti!n ) t! Sec.%"). Si6ill7& Si6ill7& 8itten (e (ee6 e6en entt t! 07 07 su6 su6 !f 6! 6!ne ne7 7 !n cet ceti in n -7 -7 c cnn nn!t !t be
c!nt-icte- b7 0!in( tht the -7 in Ruesti!n 8s chn(e- b7 n !l (ee6ent. A (ees bs!lutel7 in 8itin( t! 07 ; /s.#+++ !n #st Mch #,?. 5he fct tht& t the s6e ti6e& n !l (ee6ent 8s 6-e tht the 6!ne7 sh!ul- n!t be 0i- till the ?#st Mch cnn!t be 0!e- illustti!n b) t! Sec.%"). Ece0ti!ns * 8hen !l ei-ence cn be (ien e(-in( -!cu6ent. 5he 5hee e e e i! i!us us ece ece0t 0ti! i!ns ns t! the the (ene (ene ll ule ule !f ecl eclus usi! i!n n !f ei-ence !f !l (ee6ent 9* #) Vli-it7 !f -!cu6ent 0!is! #& Sec.%") *5he ei-ence cn be (ien !f n7 fct 8hich 8!ul- inli-te the -!cu6ent in Ruesti!n ! 8hich 8!ul- entitle 0t7 t! n7 -ecee ! !-e eltin( t! the -!cu -!cu6e 6ent nt.. 5he 5he li li-i -it7 t7 !f -!cu -!cu6e 6ent nt 6 67 7 be Rues Ruesti ti!n !nee- !n the the (!un(!un-s s !f fu-& fu-& inti6i inti6i-t -ti!n i!ns& s& ille( ille(lit lit7 7& filu filue e !f c!nsi-e c!nsi-e ti! ti!n& n& 6ist'e in fct ! l8. F! e60le& A entes int! 8itten c!ntct 8ith ; t! 8!' cetin 6ines !f ;& u0!n cetin te6s. A 8s in-ucet! -! s! b7 6ise0esentti!n !f ;s s t! thei lue. 5his fct 67 be 0!e- illustti!n t! Sec.%").
%1
♦
LAW OF EVIDENCE 5he !8ne !f h!use b!!8e- su6 !f 6!ne7 n- eecute- n!6inl sle*-ee- n- ent n!te. She 8s ll!8e- fte8-s t! 0!e tht the -!cu6ents 8ee n!t inten-e- t! be cte- u0!n n- tht the ent ent 0i0i- t!7 t!7 he he e0 e0es esen ente te- inte intee est st !n the the l!n l!n 4n 4n( (b bii Chbbubi AI/ #%" SC "+). ") ")
Mtt Mtte es s !n 8hic 8hich h -!cu6 -!cu6en entt is sile silent nt 0! 0!i is! s! "& Sec. Sec.%" %"))
*Ei-ence cn be (ien !f n !l (ee6ent !n 6tte !n 8hich the -!cu6ent is silent. ;ut the !l (ee6ent sh!ul- n!t be inc!nsistent 8ith the te6s stte- in the -!cu6ent. 5he se0te !l (ee6ent
sh!ul- be !n -istinct c!lltel 6tte& 6tte& lth!u(h it 67 f!6 0t !f the the t tnsc nscti ti!n !n.. In c! c!ns nsii-e ein in( ( 8het 8hethe he c cse se fll flls s un-e un-e this this ece0ti!n&
the
f!6lit7
!f
the
-!cu6ent
is
n
i60!tnt
c!nsi-et c!nsi-eti!n. i!n. 5he 6!e f!6l f!6l the -!cu6ent& -!cu6ent& the (ete 8ill be the c!uts eluctnce t! -6it !l ei-ence. 5he illustti!ns t! Sec.%" 6'e cle the 0!int. A 8itten (ee6ent& f! e60le& is silent s t! the ti6e !f 076ent !f the 0ice. If thee is n7 !l (ee6ent e(-in( this& it 67 be 0!e-. Whee !!6 is hie- in l!-(in( !n fie- ent 0e 6!nth b7 8itten (ee6ent& but but the the (e (ee6 e6en entt -!es -!es n!t n!t 6 6'e 'e it cle cle 8het 8hethe he the the 6 6!u !unt nt esee- 8s f! l!-(in( !nl7 ! inclu-e- b!-in( ls!. If thee 8s n7 !l (ee6ent !n the 0!int the s6e 67 be 0!e-. In ;i= Kish!e L'hn 5i8i AI/ #%, All ?,1)& the -!cu6ent in Ruesti!n 8s !ne b7 8hich the eistence !f -ee- 8s c'n!8le-(en- it 8s 8s !n st60 st60 00e 00e.. 5he -!cu6e -!cu6ent nt 8s 8s silent silent b!ut the inteest 07ble n-& theef!e& !l ei-ence 8s !ffee- !n the 0!int. 5he Ruesti!n 8s 8hethe the -!cu6ent 8s s! f!6l s t! shut !ut !l ei-ence. 5he c!ut ll!8e- the ei-ence. 5he 5he c! c!u utt !bse !bse ee- 9 When When the the -!cu -!cu6e 6ent nt is such such tht tht !ne !ne 6 67 7 es!nbl7 beliee tht the entie te6s n- c!n-iti!ns (ee- 8ee s!u(ht t! be 0ut int! the -!cu6ent& then !l ei-ence sh!ul- n!t be ll!8e ll!8e-. -. 4ene 4enell ll7 7 s0e' s0e'in( in(&& 6e 6ee e c'n!8 c'n!8lele-(6e (6ent nt !f -ebt& -ebt& een een th!u(h st60e-& cnn!t be -ee6e- t! be such f!6l -!cu6ent s t! inc!0 inc!0! !t te e ll ll the te6s te6s nn- c!n-it c!n-iti!n i!ns s !f the b!!8in b!!8in(. (. It is bsicll7 n c'n!8le-(6ent !f libilit7 n!t 6enti!nin( the te6s nc!n-iti!ns !n 8hich the b!!8in( 8s c!ntcte-. In tht sense& it -iffe -iffes s f!6 f!6 f!6 f!6l l 0!n 0!n!t !te e 8hic 8hich h inc! inc!0 0! !t tes es the the te6 te6s s nnc!n-iti!ns !f l!n.
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C!n-iti!n C!n-iti!n 0ece-ent 0ece-ent 0!is! 0!is! ?& Sec.%") Sec.%") * 5he 5he eistence eistence !f n7
se0 se0 te te !l !l (e (ee6 e6en entt c! c!ns nsti titu tuti tin( n( c! c!n-i n-iti ti!n !n 0ec 0ecee-en entt t! the the ttchin( !f n7 !bli(ti!n un-e the -!cu6ent 67 be 0!e-. 5his ece0ti!n 6ens tht 8hee thee is se0te !l (ee6ent tht the te6s !f 8itten c!ntct e n!t t! t'e effect until c!n-iti!n 0ec 0ecee-en entt
hs hs
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EVIDENCE %: eent hs h00ene-& !l ei-ence is -6issible t! sh!8 tht s the eent -i- n!t t'e 0lce& thee is n! 8itten (ee6ent t ll. 5hus& if ecei0t f! 076ent hs been sent !n n !l un-estn-in( tht the ecei0t 8s t! 00l7 !nl7 8hen 076ent 8s 6-e& this fct 67 be 0!e- illustti!n t! Sec.%"). Si6ill7& 8hee the 0ties t! 0!6iss!7 n!te 07ble !n -e6n-& !ll7 (ee- tht 076ent 8!ul8!ul- n!t be -e6n-e6n-ee- f! fie 7es 7es&& the c!ut ll!8ell!8e- the !l (ee6ent t! be 0!e- Nin-s P066l AI/ #%2, SC ???). 1)
/ecis /ecissi!n si!n ! 6!-ifi 6!-ifict cti!n i!n 0!i 0!is! s! 1& Sec.% Sec.%") ") * Whee Whee fte fte
eecutin( -!cu6ent& the 0ties !ll7 (ee t! tet ii s cncelle! t! 6!-if7 s!6e !f its te6s& such !l (ee6ent 67 be 0!e-. H!8ee& 8hee the c!ntct is !ne 8hich is eRuie- b7 l8 t! be in 8itin(& ! 8hee it hs been e(istee- l8full7& then 0!!f cnn!t be (ien !f n7 !l (ee6ent b7 8hich it 8s (ee- eithe t! escinthe c!ntct ! t! 6!-if7 its te6s. :)
!l ei-ence is -6issible t! e0lin ! su00l7 te6s in c!66ecil tnscti!ns !n the 0esu60ti!n tht the 0ties -i- n!t inten- t! 0ut int! int! 8it 8itin( in( the the 8h!l 8h!le e !f thei thei (e (ee6 e6en ent& t& but but tci tcitl tl7 7 i60 i60lie lie-l7 -l7)) (e (eee- tht tht thei thei c! c!nt nt ct ct 8s 8s t! be inte inte0 0e ete te- ! e(u e(ul lte te- b7 estblishe- us(es n- cust!6s& 0!i-e- the7 e n!t inc!nsistent
8ith the te6s !f such c!ntct. 5hus& !l ei-ence 67 be !ffeetht b7 the cust!6 !f the t-e the selle h- t! n(e f! 8(!ns ;e=!7 Kishn N.;. Su( Mills C!. AI/ #%1% Cl 1%+). 2)
/elti!n !f ln(u(e t! fcts 0!is! 2& Sec.%") * An7 fct 67
be 0!e- 8hich sh!8s in 8ht 6nne the ln(u(e !f -!cu6ent is elte- t! eistin( fcts. 5his ece0ti!n c!6es int! 0l7 8hen thee is ltent 6bi(uit7 in -!cu6ent i.e. &9 & 8hen thee is c!nflict bet8een the 0lin 6enin( !f the ln(u(e use- n- the eistin( fcts. In such cses& ei-ence !f the su!un-in( s u!un-in( cicu6stnces 67 be -6itte- t! scetin the el intenti!n !f the 0ties. 5hus& the c!n-uct !f the 0ties cn ls! be t'en int! cc!unt s! s t! fin- !ut 8ht the7 6i(ht 6ent b7 thei 8!-s. Whee& f! e60le& 0es!n tnsfes the 8h!le !f his 0!0et7& but -!es n!t -escibe ! stte 8ht his 0!0et7 is. In such cses the 0!0 0!0e et7 t7 t! 8hic 8hich h the the -!cu -!cu6e 6ent nt el elte tes s c cn n be 0! 0!ee- b7 ! !l ei-en ei-ence. ce. Ol Ol ei-en ei-ence ce is ls! ls! ecei eceibl ble e t! th!8 th!8 li(ht li(ht u0!n u0!n the ntue !f -!cu6ent. ,)
A00!int6e A00!int6ent nt !f 0ublic 0ublic !ffice !ffice ece0ti!n ece0ti!n #& Sec.%#) Sec.%#) * Whee Whee
the 00!int6ent !f 0ublic !ffice is eRuie- b7 l8 t! be
%2 LAW OF EVIDENCE 6-e b7 8itin( n- the Ruesti!n is 8hethe n 00!int6ent 8s 6-e& if it is sh!8n tht 0ticul 0es!n hs cte- s such !ffice& tht tht 8ill 8ill be suffi sufficie cient nt 0!! 0!!ff nn- the the 8it 8itin in( ( neenee- n!t n!t be 0! 0!ee-.. )
& Wills ece0ti! ece0ti!n n "& "& Sec.% Sec.%#) #) * Wills -6itte-6itte- t! 0!bte 0!bte in In-i
67 be 0!e- b7 the 0!bte. 5he -!cu6ent c!ntinin( the 8ill neen!t be 0!-uce-.
%)
Etne!us fcts e0lnti!n ?& Sec.%#) * Whee in --iti!n t!
the te6s !f the c!ntct& etc. -!cu6ent efes t! n7 !the fct ls!& s t! tht fct !l ei-ence is l87s ll!8e-. A c!ntct f! sle !f (!!-s 6enti!n tht (!!-s su00lie- !n elie !ccsi!ns he been 0i- f!. Since this is n!t te6 !f the c!ntct& it is n etne!us fct n-& theef!e& !l ei-ence cn be !ffee- t! sh!8 tht n! such 076ent 8s ee 6-e illustti!n t! Sec.%#) 5!0ic*: ;est Ei-ence ule 5he 6in !b=ect !f the l8 !f ei-ence is t! estict the inesti(ti!n 6-e b7 c!uts 8ithin the b!un-s 0escibe- b7 (enel c!nenience. 5hus& the ei-ence 6ust be c!nfine- t! the 6tte in issue& hes7 ei-ence 6ust n!t be -6itte-& n-& the best ei-ence 6ust be (ien in ll cses. 5he best ei-ence ule 6ens tht the best ei-ence !f 8hich the cse in its ntue is susce0tible 6ust l87s be 0!-uce-. 5he ule -!es n!t eRuie the 0!-ucti!n !f the (etest 0!ssible Runtit7 !f ei-ence& but it is f6e- t! 0eent the int!-ucti!n !f n7 ei-ence 8hich ises the su00!siti!n tht thee is bette ei-ence behin- it& in 0!ssessi!n 0!ssessi!n ! un-e c!nt!l c!nt!l !f the 0t7 b7 8hich he 6i(ht 0!e the s6e fct& n- 8hich is 8ithhel- b7 the 0t7. It is !ne !f the c-inl ules !f the l8 !f ei-ence tht the best ei-ence in 0!ssessi!n !f the 0t7 6ust l87s be (ien& i.e.& if fct is t! be 0!e- b7 !l ei-ence& the ei-ence 6ust be tht !f 0es 0es!n !n 8h! 8h! hh- -ie -iect ctl7 l7 0ec 0ecei eie e- the the fct fct t! 8hic 8hich h he test testif ifie ies. s. Othe8ise& it 8!ul- be i60!ssible t! test& b7 c!ss*e6inti!n& the tuth !f the testi6!n7 n- the l8 e=ects the ei-ence 8hich cnn!t -eRutel7 be teste-. 5hus& hes7 ei-ence is n!t ei-ence it is !nl7 in ece0ti!nl cses tht such ei-ence is -6issible.
Si6il Si6ill7 l7&& 8hee 8hee the tns tnscti cti!n !n s!u(ht s!u(ht t! be 0!e 0!e- is 0i6 0i6il7 il7 eiei-en ence ce- b7 8it 8itin in(& (& the the 8it 8itin in( ( itse itself lf 6ust 6ust be 0!0!-uc ucee- ! cc!unte- f!. It is !nl7 in the bsence !f best ! 0i67 ei-ence !i( !i(in inl l -!cu -!cu6e 6ent nt)) tht tht the the c! c!u utt 8ill 8ill c cce ce0t 0t 8ht 8ht is 'n!8 'n!8n n s sec!n-7 ei-ence c!07 !f :. One !f the 6in 0u0!ses !f the Ei-ence Act is tht ;est Ei-ence 6ust
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EVIDENCE EVIDENCE
C!66ent. ■
%, the !i(in !i(inl l -!cu6e -!cu6ent) nt).. Sec!n Sec!n- -7 7 ei-e ei-ence nce 8ill 8ill nee nee be ecei eceieeuntil the 0t7 ten-ein( it 0!es tht it is !ut !f his 0!8e t! !btin the best ei-ence. Futhe Futhe& it is 8ell*e 8ell*est stbli blishe she- ule ule !f l8 l8 tht tht 8hene 8henee e 8itte 8itten n instu6ents e in!le-& n7 !the ei-ence e.(. !l) is eclu-ef!6 f!6 bein bein( ( useuse-&& eith eithe e s subst substit itut ute e f! f! such such inst instu u6e 6ent nt ! t! c!nt c!nt-ic -ictt such such instu6 instu6ent ent /ule /ule !f eclu eclusi! si!n n !f !l !l ei-e ei-ence nce b7 -!cu6ent7 ei-ence). 5he 8itten instu6ents e entitle- t! 6!e ce-it thn 0!le ! !l) ei-ence. H!8ee& in cetin ece0ti!nl cses& n !l ei-ence cn be (ien e(-in( the -!cu6ents See A.1).
;
5he bu-en !f 0!!f 6ens the !bli(ti!n t! 0!e fct. Ee7 0t7 hs t! estblish fcts 8hich (! in his f!u ! (inst his !00!nent. An- this is the bu-en !f 0!!f. 5he 0hse bu-en !f 0!!f hs t8! -istinct 6enin(s 9 #)
;u-en ;u-en !f 0!!f 0!!f s 6tt 6tte e !f l8 n- 0le-i 0le-in( n( * i.e. i.e.&& the
bu-en !f 0!in( ll the fcts ! estblishin( !nes cse. 5his bu-en ests u0!n the 0t7& 8hethe 0lintiff ! -efen-nt& 8h! substntill7 ssets the ffi6tie !f the issue. It is fie-& t the be(innin( !f the til& b7 the stte6ents !f 0le-in(s& n- it is settle- s Ruesti!n !f l8 l8&
e6 e6in inin in( (
unch unchn n(e (e-
un-e un-e
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cic cicu6 u6st stn nce ces s
8ht 8hte ee e
Sec.#+#). ")
;u-en !f 0!!f s 6tte !f --ucin( ei-ence * eithe t the
be(innin( be(innin( ! t n7 0ticul 0ticul st(e !f the cse. cse. It is l87s l87s unstble n- 67 shift c!nstntl7 th!u(h!ut the til Sees. #+"*#+?). It lies t fist !n the 0t7 8h! 8!ul- be unsuccessful if n! ei-ence t ll 8s 8s (ie (ien n !n eith eithe e si-e si-e.. 5he 5he bubu-en en 6ust 6ust shif shiftt s s! s!!n !n s he 0!-uces ei-ence 8hich 0i6 fcie (ies ise t! 0esu60ti!n in his f! f!u u.. It 6 67 7 (i (in n shif shiftt bc' bc' !n hi6& hi6& if the the ebu ebutt ttin in( ( ei-e ei-enc nce e 0!-uce- b7 his !00!nent 0e0!n-etes. 5his bein( the 0!siti!n& the Ruesti!n s t! the !nus !f 0!!f is !nl7 ule f! -eci-in( !n 8h!6 the !bli(ti!n ests !f (!in( futhe if he 8ishes t! 8in. Sec.#+#. ;u-en !f 0!!f Wh!ee -esies n7 c!ut t! (ie =u-(e6ent s t! n7 le(l i(ht ! libilit7 -e0en-ent !n the eistence !f fcts 8hich he ssets& 6ust 0!e tht th!se fcts eist. When 0es!n is b!un- t! 0!e the eistence !f n7 fct& it is si- tht the bu-en !f 0!!f lies !n tht 0es!n. #. Wite sh!t n!te !n ;u-en !f P!!f. XC.LC*%# LC.$$*%:Y;
%% Illus Illust tt ti! i!n n * A -esi -esie es s c! c!u utt t! (ie (ie =u-( =u-(e6 e6en entt tht tht ; shl shlll be 0unishe- f! ci6e 8hich A s7s ; hs c!66itte-. A 6ust 0!e tht ; hs c!66itte- the ci6e. Sec. #+". On 8h!6 bu-en !f 0!!f 0 !!f lies 5he bu-en !f 0!!f in suit ! 0!cee-in( lies !n tht 0es!n 8h! 8!ul- fil if n! ei-ence t ll 8ee (ien !n eithe si-e. Illustti!n * A sues ; f! ln- !f 8hich ; is in 0!ssessi!n& n- 8hich& s A ssets& 8s left t! A b7 the 8ill !f C& ;s fthe. If n! ei-ence 8ee (ien !n eithe si-e& ; 8!ul- be entitle- t! etin his 0!ssessi!n. Si6ill7& in cses !f insnit7& bu-en !f 0!in( tht fct lies !n the 0es!n 8h! 8nts t! el7 !n it. i t. Sec. #+?. ;u-en !f 0!!f s t! 0ticul fct 5he bu-en !f 0!!f s t! n7 0ticul fct lies !n tht 0es!n 8h! 8ishes the c!ut t! beliee in its i ts eistence& unless it is 0!i-e0 !i-e- b7 n7 l8 tht the 0!!f !f tht fct shll lie !n n7 0ticul 0es!n. Illustti!n * A 0!secutes ; f! theft& n- 8ishes the c!ut t! beliee tht ; -6itte- the theft t! C. A 6ust 0!e the -6issi!n. ; 8ishes the c!ut t! beliee tht& t the ti6e in Ruesti!n& he 8s else8hee. He 6ust 0!e it. ;u-en n- !nus !f 0!!f 5hee is n essentil -istincti!n bet8een bu-en !f 0!!f n- !nus !f 0!!f. ;u-en !f 0!!f lies !n the 0es!n 8h! hs t! 0!e fct n- it nee shifts& but the !nus !f 0!!f shifts. Such shiftin( !f !nus is c! c!nt ntinu inu!u !us s 0!c 0!ces ess s in the the el elu uti ti!n !n !f eiei-en ence ce.. 5hus 5hus&& in ci6inl cse& !nce the 0!secuti!n hs stisfie- the c!ut !f the fct tht the ccuse- c!66itte- the ci6e !f 8hich he is ch(e-& the !nus is shifte- t! the ccuse- t! sh!8 s t! 8h7 he sh!ul- n!t be 0unishef! it -iscusse- b!e).
Onus 0!bn-i * 5he te6 6eel7 6ens tht if fct hs t! be 0!e-& the 0es!n in 8h!se inteest it is t! 0!e it& sh!ul- --uce s!6e ei-ence& h!8ee sli(ht& u0!n 8hich c!ut c!ul- fin- the fcts 8hich he -esies the c!ut t! fin-. 5he Ruesti!n !f !nus 0!bn-i is cetinl7 i60!tnt in the el7 st(e !f his cse. When the entie ei-ence 8hich is 0!ssible !n sub=ect hs le-7 c!6e bef!e the c!ut& f!6 8htee s!uce it 67 be& it is 8ell settle- tht the Ruesti!n !f bu-en !f 0!!f bec!6es i66teil. A 0es!n cnn!t be eliee- !f his bu-en !f 0!in( fct een if the fct is such tht it is e7 -ifficult ! the i60!ssible t! 0!e. Whee 8ife 8ife in -i -i!ce !ce 0eti 0etiti ti!n !n lle( lle(ee- -ul -ulte te7 7 !n the the 0t 0t !f he he husbn-& it 8s hel- tht bu-en 8s u0!n he t! 0!e tht fct nit 8s n! ecuse t! s7 tht it 8s itull7 i60!ssible t! 0!cue ei-ence !f tht fct TPush0 Dtt Mish Achn Mish AI/ #%%" M.P. "2+).#++ LAW OF EVIDENCE Sec. Sec. #+1. #+1. ;u;u-en en !f 0! 0!in in( ( fct fct t! be 0! 0!ee- t! 6 6'e 'e eiei-en ence ce -6issible 5he bu-en !f 0!in( n7 fct in !-e t! enble n7 0es!n t! (ie ei-ence !f n7 !the fct is !n the 0es!n 8h! 8ishe- t! (ie such ei-ence. F! e60le& A 8ishe- t! 0!e -7in( -eclti!n b7 ;. A 6ust 0!e ;s -eth. Sec. Sec. #+:. #+:. ;u;u-en en !f 0! 0!in in( ( tht tht c cse se !f c ccu cuse se- c! c!6e 6es s 8ith 8ithin in ece0ti!ns When 0es!n is ccuse- !f n !ffence& the bu-en !f 0!in( tht his cse flls 8ithin n7 ece0ti!n in the I.P.C. ! n7 !the l8& lies !n hi6. F! e60le& A& ccuse- !f 6u-e& lle(es tht& b7 es!n !f uns!un-ness !f 6in-& he -i- n!t 'n!8 the ntue !f the ct. 5he bu-en !f 0!!f is !n A.
Sec. #+2. ;u-en !f 0!in( fct es0ecill7 8ithin 'n!8le-(e When When fct fct is s0eci s0ecil ll7 l7 8ith 8ithin in the the 'n!8 'n!8le le-( -(e e !f n7 n7 0es 0es!n !n&& the the bu-en !f 0!in( tht fct is u0!n hi6. F! e60le& A is ch(e8ith tellin( !n il87 8ith!ut tic'et. 5he bu-en !f 0!in( tht he h- tic'et is !n hi6. Sec. #+,. ;u-en !f 0!in( -eth Discusse- lte. Sec. #+. ;u-en !f 0!in( tht 0es!n is lie 8h! hs n!t been he- !f f! , 7es Discusse- lte. Sec. #+%. ;u-en !f 0!!f s t! elti!nshi0 in the cses !f 0tnes& ln-l!- n- tennt& 0inci0l n- (ent When 0es!ns he cte- s 0tnes& ! s ln-l!- n- tennt& ! s 0inci0l n- (ent& the bu-en !f 0!in( such elti!nshi0 lies !n the 0es!n 8h! ffi6s it. Sec. ##+. ;u-en !f 0!!f s t! !8neshi0 When 0es!n is in 0!ssessi!n !f n7 thin( s !8ne& the bu-en !f 0!in( tht he is n!t !8ne is !n the 0es!n 8h! ffi6s tht he is n!t the !8ne. Sec. ###. P!!f !f (!!- fith
G
When When 0es 0es!n !n stn stn-s -s t!8 t!8-s -s n!t n!the he in 0!si 0!siti ti!n !n !f cti ctie e c!nfi-ence& the bu-en !f 0!in( the (!!- fith !f n7 tnscti!n bet8een the6 lies !n the 0es!n in ctie c!nfi-ence. P/ES
XLC.I*%:I;
OF
P/OOF
AND
P/ES
#+# -8 0ticul infeence f!6 0ticul fcf.! f!6 0ticul ei-ence& unless n- until the tuth !f such infeence is -is0!e-. 5he effe effect ct !f 0es 0esu6 u60t 0ti! i!n n is tht tht 0t 0t7 7 in 8h!s 8h!se e f! f!u u fct fct is 0esu6e- is eliee- !f the initil i nitil bu-en !f 0!!f. Pes Pesu6 u60t 0ti! i!ns ns e e the the esu esult lt !f hu6 hu6n n e0e e0ei ien ence ce nn- es es!n !n s 00lie- t! the c!use !f ntue n- the !-in7 fl!8 !f life. If 6n nn- 8!6 8!6n n e e f!un f!un- l!n l!ne e in sus0i sus0ici! ci!us us cicu cicu6s 6st tnc nces es the the l8 l8 0es 0esu6 u6es es*t *th htt the7 the7 8ee 8ee n!t n!t the thee e t! s s7 7 thei thei 0 07es 7es nn- the the -i!ce l8s 8!ul- t'e this s ei-ence !f -ulte7. Pesu60ti!ns e i-s t! the es!nin( n- (u6entti!n& 8hich ssu6e the tuth !f cetin 6ttes f! the 0u0!se !f s!6e (ien inRui7. 5he7 67 be (!un-e- !n (enel e0eience& ! 6eel7 !n 0!lic7 n- c!nenience. F! e60le& the 0esu60ti!n in Sec.##" !f the le(iti6c7 !f chilb!n t! 6ie- 0ents is 6tte !f 0!lic7 n- e0e-ienc7 n- ls! !f c!nenience. On 8htee bsis the7 est& the7 !0ete in -nce !f (u6ent !f ei-ence. Kin-s !f Pesu60ti!ns? ) Pesu60ti!n !f fct? M7 Pesu6e) Whenee it is 0!i-e- b7 this Act tht the c!ut 67 0esu6e fct& it 6 67 7 eith eithe e e( e(- such such fct fct s 0! 0!ee-&& unle unless ss nn- unti untill it is -is0!e-& ! 67 cll f! 0!!f !f it Sec.1). Pesu60ti!ns !f fct& ! ntul 0esu60ti!ns& e infeences 8hich the 6in- ntull7 n- l!(icll7 -8s f!6 (ien fcts& ies0ectie !f thei le(l effect. 5he s!uces bein( the c!66!n c!use !f ntul eents& the c!66!n c!use !f hu6n c!n-uct n- the c!66!n c!use !f 0ublic n- 0ite business. F! e60le& 8hee -!ct! (e n in=ecti!n f! -ete6inti!n !f 0e(nnc7 8hich esulte- in 6isci(e
nn- -et -eth h !f the the 8!6 8!6n& n& it 8s 8s helhel- tht tht the the -!ct -!ct! ! c! c!ul ul- be 0esu6 0esu6ee- t! 'n!8 'n!8 the si-e*effe si-e*effects cts !f the 6e-icine 6e-icine s -!ct! -!ct!s s e e (enell7 inf!6e- !f such effects b7 the 6nufctues !f 6e-icines XA'hil Ku6 D.) Stte& #%%" C LJ "+"% M.P.Y. A 0esu60ti!n !f this 'in- is 8h!ll7 in the -isceti!n !f the c!ut. 5he c!ut 67 ! 67 n!t 0esu6e the eistence !f the fct in Ruesti!n. F! e60le& 8hee 0es!n is sh!8n t! be in 0!ssessi!n !f st!len (!!-s s!!n fte the theft& the c!ut 67 0esu6e tht he 8s the thief hi6self ! h- 'n!8le-(e !f the fct tht the 0!0et7 in Ruesti!n 8s st!len. All the 0esu60ti!ns stte- in Sec.##1 e !f this 'in-. Pesu60ti!ns !f fct e ls! ebuttble& s thei ei-enti7 effect cn be ne(tie- b7 c!nt7 0!!f. 5he c!ut 67 een eRuie futhe 0!!f !f the fct 0esu6e-. ?. Discuss the i!us 'in-s !f 0esu60ti!ns un-e In-in l8. XC.L.C.*%: LC.I*%1 L.C.il*%?# ?. Wht Wht is the the ele ele nce nce !f 0es 0esu6 u60t 0ti! i!ns ns in 0!! 0!!ff !f fct fctU U XL.C.I*%1[#+" LAW OF EVIDENCE b) Pesu60ti!n !f l8 Shll Pesu6e) Wheee it is li- -!8n tht the c!ut shll 0esu6e fct& it 6ens tht the c!ut 6ust e(- such fct s 0!e-& unless n- until it is -is0!e- Sec.1). Pesu60ti!ns !f l8 e bit7 infeences 8hich the l8 e0essl7 -iect the =u-(e t! -8 f!6 the 0ticul fcts. 5hese 0esu60ti!ns e e n!th n!thin in( ( but but -e-u -e-uct cti! i!ns ns - -8n f!6 f!6 hu6 hu6n n e0e e0ei ien ence ce nn!bseti!n& n- e0esse- in the f!6 !f tificil ules. 5hese 0esu60ti!ns e l87s l87s !bli(t!7& i.e.& i.e.& the c!ut hs n! !0ti!n in the 6tte& n- is b!un- t! t'e the fct s 0!e-& unless the 0t7 inte intees este te- in -is0 -is0! !i in( n( it 0!0!-uc uces es suff suffic icie ient nt eiei-en ence ce f! f! tht tht
0u0!se. 5hus& the c!ut shll 0esu6e the ccuc7 !f 60s$0lns 6-e b7 4!en6ent uth!it7. 5he 5hee e e e t8! t8! 'in'in-s s !f 0es 0esu6 u60t 0ti! i!ns ns !f l8 l8 9 ebu ebutt ttb ble le sh shl lll 0esu6e) n- iebuttble c!nclusie 0!!f).?b /ebuttble Pesu60ti!n Iebuttble Pesu60ti!n C!nclusie 0!!f) i) It 6ens 0esu60ti!n 8hich cn be !eth!8n b7 c!nt7 ei-ence. ii)
5he c!ut e(- such fct s
0!e- unless n- until it is .
-is0!e-. 5he
c!ut&
hee&
-is0enses 8ith the necessit7 !f f!6l 0!!f Sec. 1). iii) E60les * A 0es!n n!t he- !f f! , 7es is -e-& ! tht bill !f echn(e hs been (ien f! lue. Sec. Sec. #+: #+: bu bu-e -en n !f 0! 0!in( in( tht tht c cse se !f c ccu cuse se- c! c!6e 6es s 8ith 8ithin in ece0ti!ns) n- Sec.##1*A 0esu60ti!n s t! bsence !f c!nsent in cetin 0!secuti!ns f! 0e). i) It is -8n -8n s! c!nclusie c!nclusiel7 l7 tht n! c!nt7 c!nt7 ei-ence ei-ence is ll!8e-. ll!8e-. It is Juis et -e =ue& i.e.& inc0ble !f ebuttl. ii) 5he c!ut shll !n 0!!f !f !ne fct e(- the !the s 0!e8hen !ne fct is -ecle- t! be c!nclusie 0!!f !f n!the) n- shll n!t ll!8 ei-ence t! -is0!e it. Sec.1). iii) E60les * A chil- un-e cetin (e is inc0ble !f c!66ittin( n7 ci6e Sec."& IPC). Sec. Sec.1# 1# fin finl l =u-( =u-(e6 e6en entt
in
0!b 0!bt te& e&
6t 6 ti6 i6!n !ni il& l&
-6i -6i lt lt7 7
!
ins!lenc7 =uis-icti!ns e c!nclusie in cetin es0ects)& Sec. ##" c!n c!ncl clus usi ie e 0!! 0!!ff teit!7).
!f le(i le(iti ti6 6c7 c7))
nn-
Sec. Sec.## ##? ?
l lii- cess cessi! i!n n
!f
?b. Wht is c!nclusie 0esu60ti!n !f l8 n- h!8 its ei-enti7 lue lue &
is
-iff -iffe eent ent
f!6 f!6
tht ht
!f
!the the
'in-s in-s
!f
0e 0esu6 su60ti! 0ti!n ns.
XC.L XC.LC. C.**%1[; %1[;
#+? Pesu60ti!n n- P!!f ?c . P!!f is tht 8hich le-s t! the c!nclusi!n s t! the tuth ! flsit7 !f lle(e- fcts 8hich e the sub=ect !f inRui7. P!!f 67 be effecte- b7 ei-ence& -6issi!ns ! =u-icil n!tice. 5hus& 0esu60ti!ns e the 6ens n- 0!!f is the en- !f =u-icil inRui7. Pesu60ti!n is 6eel7 n infeence. A 0esu60ti!n is n!t in itself ei-ence but !nl7 6'es 0i6 fcie cse f! 0t7 in 8h!se f!u it eists. It in-ictes the 0es!n !n 8h!6 the bu-en !f 0!!f lies. When 0esu60ti!n is c!nclusie& it !bites the 0!-ucti!n !f n7 !the ei-ence. A 0t7 in 8h!se f!u fct is 0esu6e- is eliee- !f the initil bu-en !f 0!!f. 5he c!ut 0esu6es the eistence !f the fct in his f!u n- 67 ct !n it unless the c!nt7 is sh!8n. Pes Pesu6 u60t 0ti! i!n n nn- !nus !nus !f 0!! 0!!ff e e t8! t8! si-e si-es s !f the the s s6e 6e c! c!in in.. ;ecuse the bu-en !f -is0!in( fct lies !n the !ne 0t7& 0t7& the c!ut 6ust 0esu6e the fct in f!u !f the !the. A ule !f bu-en !f 0!!f is n!thin( but ule !f 0esu60ti!n. Pesu60ti!ns eltin( t! -!cu6ents Ss.,%*%+) 5hese 5hese secti! secti!ns ns e f!un-e f!un-e- !n the 6 6i6 i6 !6ni! 0!su6 0!su6unt untu u ite ite esse ct 8hich 6ens ll cts e 0esu6e- t! be i(htl7 -!ne. ;ut these 0esu60ti!ns e !nl7 0i6 fcie 0esu60ti!ns n- if the -!cu6ents e inc!ect& ei-ence cn be le- t! -is0!e the6. Acc!-in( t! Sec.,%& the c!ut shll 0esu6e t! be (enuine ee7 -!cu -!cu6e 6ent nt 0u0 0u0! !ti tin( n( t! be cet cetif ific ict te& e& cet cetif ifie ie- c! c!07 07 ! !the !the -!cu6ent& 8hich is b7 the l8 -ecle- t! be -6issible s ei-ence
!f n7 0ticul fct n- 8hich 0u0!ts t! be -ul7 cetifie- b7 n7 !ffice !f the centl c entl ! stte (!en6ent. (!en6ent. Sec.+ inclu-es -!cu6ents 0!-uce- bef!e the c!ut& 0u0!tin( t! be ec! ec!- ! 6e6! !n-u6 n-u6 !f ei-e i-enc nce e. Sec. Sec. # incl inclu u-es -es ll (!e (!en6e n6ent nt 0ublic 0ublicti! ti!ns ns 0ubli 0ublic c -!cu6 -!cu6ent ents) s) e.(. e.(. cuen cuenc7 c7 n!tes& n!tes& =u-icil 00es& 0!stl st60s& etc. Sec.? inclu-es 60s n- 0lns 6-e b7 the uth!it7 !f (!en6ent. Sec.1 inclu-es ll 0ublicti!ns !f =u-icil ec!-s ! -ecisi!ns. Sec.%+ l7s -!8n tht 8hee -!cu6ent is 0u0!te- ! 0!e- t! be ?+*7 ?+*7e e !l!l- nn- is 0!0!-uc ucee- f!6 f!6 n7 n7 cust cust!!-7 7 8hich 8hich the the c! c!u utt in 0ticul cse c!nsi-es 0!0e& 0!0e& the c!ut 67 0esu6e tht si(ntue n- ee7 0t7 !f -!cu6ent is in tht 0es!ns hn-8itin(& n- in cse !f -!cu6ent tteste- ! eecute- tht it 8s -ul7 tteste- ! eec eecut utee- b7 the the 0es 0es!n !n b7 8h!6 8h!6 it 0u0 0u0! !ts ts t! be tte ttest stee- ! eec eecut utee-.. 5he 5he bsi bsis s !f the the sect secti! i!n n is tht tht s ti6e ti6e 0ss 0sses es&& the the eecutnts& en-!s& 8itnesses 67 n!t be ilble ilble t! 0!e title& etc. 5hus& if 0es!n hs been h!l-in( 0!0et7 f! !e ?+ 7es un-e sle*-ee-& the c!ut 67 0esu6e
?^. Pesu60ti!ns n- !nus !f 0!!f e t8! si-es !f the s6e c!in. Elb!te. XL.C.II*%?[#+1 LAW OF EVIDENCE in tht 0es!ns f!u. It 67 be n!te- tht thee is n! 0esu60ti!n tht the eecutnt h- the uth!it7 t! -! ! n!t 8ht the -!cu6ent 0u0!ts t! -!& n- 8hethe the c!ntents !f -!cu6ent e tue ! n!t. Pesu60ti!n !f inn!cence n- Sec. #+: 5h!u(h the ccuse- is 0esu6e- t! be inn!cent& but Sec. #+: ises 0esu60ti!n (inst the ccuse- n- ls! th!8s bu-en !n hi6 t!
ebut the si- 0esu60ti!n. Acc!-in( t! Sec. #+:& 8hen 0es!n is ccu c cuse se- !f n7 n7 !ffe !ffenc nce& e& the the bubu-en en !f 0! 0!in in( ( the the eis eiste tenc nce e !f cicu6stnces bin(in( the cse 8ithin n7 !f the 4enel Ece0ti!ns in the I.P.C.& is u0!n hi6 n- the c!ut shll 0esu6e the bsence !f such cicu6stnces. Pesu60ti!n !f sui!shi0 ! bu-en !f 0!in( -eth Ss. #+,*#+) #+,*#+) 5he 5hee e is (ene (ene ll 0es 0esu6 u60t 0ti! i!n n !f c! c!nt ntin inui uit7 t7 !f thin thin(s (s.. Sec. Sec. #+, #+, 0!i-es tht 8hen 0es!n is sh!8n t! he eiste- 8ithin the lst ?+ 7es& the 0esu60ti!n is tht he is still lie n- if n7b!-7 lle(es tht he is -e-& he 6ust 0!e tht fct. 5his 0esu60ti!n is& h!8ee& h!8ee& n!t e7 st!n( !ne. Acc!-in( t! Sec. #+& if 0es!n is n!t he- !f f! , 7es& the 0esu60ti!n is tht he hs -ie-& n-& if n7 b!-7 lle(es tht he is still lie& he 6ust 0!e tht fct. 5hus& seen 7es bsence cetes ebuttble 0esu60ti!n !f -eth. 5hee is si60le 0esu60ti!n !f -eth n- n!t !f the ti6e !f -eth& f! 8hich n in-e0en-ent ei-ence is nee-e-. In Muh66- Shif ;n-e Ali IL/ #%##) ?1 All ?2)& !ne M 6!t((e- cetin 0!0et7 t! the -efen-nt in #%+. 5heefte he -is00ee- n- n!thin( 8s he he- !f hi6 hi6 (i (in. n. His His hei heis s file file- suit suit f! f! the the e-e e-e60 60ti ti!n !n !f 6!t 6! t( ((e (e # 7e 7es s fte fte Ms Ms bse bsence nce.. 5he7 5he7 c! c!nt nten en-e -e- tht tht s M -is00ee- s!6e # 7es (!& he 6ust be* 0esu6e- t! he been -e- f! the lst ## 7es. It 8s hel- tht 0esu60ti!n in Sec. #+ -!es -!es n!t n!t (! fut futhe he th thn the the 6ee fct fct !f -e -eth. th. 5he hee is n! 0esu60ti!n tht he -ie- in the fist , 7es ! in the lst , 7es. If 0es!n is n!t he- !f& f! 6!e thn , 7es& thee is n! 0esu60ti!n tht such 0es!n -ie- -uin( fist 0ei!- !f , 7es n- n!t t n7 subseRuent 0ei!-. Pesu60ti!n !f le(iti6c7 Sec. ##")
See un-e the uesti!ns Secti!n. Pesu60ti!n s t! bet6ent !f suici-e b7 6ie- 8!6n Sec. ##? A) Sec. ##?*A -els 8ith the Ruesti!n !f bet6ent !f 8!6ns suici-e b7 he husbn- ! n7 !f his elties. In such cses& 0esu60ti!n ises tht such suici-e hs been bette- b7 the husbn- ! his elties& if the f!ll!8in( t8! c!n-iti!ns e stisfie- 9*;
hss6ent in c!nnecti!n 8ith n7 -e6n- f! -!87& the c!ut shll 0esu6e tht such 0es!n h- cuse- the -!87 -eth. Pesu60ti!n !f eistence !f cetin fcts Sec. ##1) 5he c!ut 67 0esu6e the eistence !f n7 fct 8hich it thin's li'el7 t! he h00ene-& e(- bein( h- t! the c!66!n c!use !f ) ntu ntu ll een eents ts&& b) b) hu6 hu6n n c! c!nn-uc uct& t& nn- c) c) 0ubl 0ublic ic nn- 0i 0i te business& in thei elti!n t! the fcts !f the 0ticul cse. Sec. ##1 is bse- !n the 6i6 tht ll e 0esu6e- t! he been -!ne c!ectl7 n- e(ull7. Sec. ##1 uth!ises the c!ut t! 6'e cetin 0esu60ti!ns !f fcts& 8ith!ut the hel0 !f n7 tificil ules !f l8. Such 0esu60ti!ns !f fcts e l87s ebuttble i.e. cn be -is0!e- b7 c!nt7 fct). L!!'in( t s! 6n7 fct!s if the c!ut thin's tht 0ticul fct sh!ul- eist& it 0esu6es the eistence !f the fct. If& f! e60le& 0es!n efuses t! ns8e Ruesti!n the c!u c! utt 6 67 7 0es 0esu6 u6e e tht tht the the ns8 ns8e e&& if (ien (ien&& 8!ul 8!ul- he he been been unf!uble t! the 0es!n c!ncene-. 5hee is the 0esu60ti!n tht ee7 0es!n is 0esu6e- t! inten- the ntul c!nseRuences !f his ct& tht ee7 0es!n ch(e- 8ith ci6e is inn!cent& etc. Illustti!ns * 5he c!ut 67 0esu6e ) 5ht 6n in 0!ssessi!n !f st!len (!!-s fte the theft is eithe the thief ! hs eceie- the (!!-s 'n!8in( the6 t! be st!len& unless he
cn
cc!unt
f!
his
0!ssessi!n.#+2
LAW OF EVIDENCE b) b)
5ht 5ht n c cc! c!60 60li lice ce is un8 un8!th !th7 7 !f !f ce ce-i -it& t& unle unless ss he is
c!!b!te- in 6teil 0ticuls. c)
5ht bill !f echn(e echn(e&& cce0t cce0tee- ! en-!se-& en-!se-& 8s cce0tecce0te- !
en-!se- f! (!!- c!nsi-eti!n.
-)
5ht thin( ! stte !f thin(s thin(s 8hich 8hich hs been sh!8n sh!8n t! t! be in
eistence eistence 8ithin 0ei!0ei!- sh!te thn tht 8ithin 8hich such thin( ! stte !f thin(s usull7 cese t! eist& is still in eistence. e)
5ht =u-icil =u-icil n- !fficil !fficil cts he he been e(ull7 e(ull7 0ef!6e0ef!6e- if
the =u-icil ct 8s 0ef!6e- un-e ece0ti!nl cicu6stnces& the c!ut shll he e(- t! such fct). f)
5ht 5ht the the c! c!66 66!n !n c! c!u use se !f busin busines ess s hs hs been been f!ll f!ll!8 !8ee- in
0ticul cse if the usul c!use 8s inteu00te- b7 -istubnces& the c!ut shll he e(- t! such fct). ()
5ht 5ht ei-e ei-ence nce 8hich 8hich c!ulc!ul- be n- is n!t 0!-uc 0!-ucee- 8!ul-& 8!ul-& if
0!0!-uc ucee-&& be unf unf! !u ub ble le t! the the 0es 0es!n !n 8ith 8ithh! h!ll-in in( ( it if 6 6n n efuses t! 0!-uce -!cu6ent 8hich 8!ul- be !n c!ntct !f s6ll i60!tnce !n 8hich he is sue-& but 8hich 6i(ht ls! in=ue the feelin(s n- e0utti!ns !f his f6il7& the c!ut shll he e(- t! such fct). h) h) 5ht 5ht&& if 6 6n n efu efuse ses s t! ns8 ns8e e Rues Ruesti ti!n !n 8hic 8hich h he is n!t n!t c!6 c! 60ell 0elle e-
t! ns8e s8e
b7 l8 l8& the ns8 ns8e& if (ie ien& 8!ul!ul- be
unf!uble t! hi6 if the ns8e 6i(ht cuse l!ss t! hi6 in 6ttes unc!nnecte- 8ith the 6tte in elti!n t! 8hich it is s'e-& the c!ut shll he e(- t! such fct). i) 5ht& 8hen -!cu6ent cetin( n !bli(ti!n is in the hn-s !f the !bli(! the !bli(ti!n hs been -isch(e- if it 00es tht !bli(! 67 he st!len it& the c!ut shll he e(- t! such fct). In efeence t! illustti!n e)& the Su0e6e C!ut hs !bsee- 9 A 0esu60ti!n hs t! be -8n un-e Sec. ##1e) tht the c!60etent uth!it7 6ust he bef!e it the necess7 6teils 8hich 0i6 fcie estblish the c!66issi!n !f the !ffence ch(e- n- tht the uth!it7 h- 00lie- its 6in- bef!e ten-ein( the c!nsent Stte !f ;ih P.P. Sh6 AI/ #%%# SC #"2+). In ShhnB D. Vi=7 AI/
#%%: ;!6 ?+)& fte =u-icil -i!ce& the 8ife 8s n!t 0e6itte- t! s7 tht he si(ntue !n the -i!ce -i !ce 0etiti!n 8s t'en b7 f!ce. 5he Su0e6e C!ut hs !bsee-& c!66entin( !n illustti!n ()& tht n -ese infeence (inst 0t7 f! his filue t! 00e in c!ut cn be -8n !nl7 in bsence !f n7 ei-ence !n ec!-. Whee the -6issi!n !f the 0ties n- !the 6teils !n ec!- 60l7 0!e the 0!int in issue& n! 0esu60ti!n cn be ise- (inst the 0es!n 8h! 8h! hs hs fil filee- t! 00e 00e in the the c! c!u utt XP XPn-u n-u n( Ji Ji=i =i A0te A0te /6chn-& #%#);
5his 0esu60ti!n 8!ul- 00l7 n!t !nl7 t! 0e cses& but ls! t! cses !f tte60te- 0e& s f! instnce& 8hen the icti6 8s -is!be- ntte60ts 8ee 6-e t! 0e he& 8hich h!8ee c!ul- n!t 6teilise becuse !f inteenin( cicu6stnces F(nu ;hi Stte !f Oiss&& #%%" C LJ #+). In ecent cse !f lle(e- (n( 0e !f (il b!e #2& the F.I./. 8s l!-(e- , -7s fte the !ccuence. 5he (il -6itte- tht she s he 8s -esi!us !f 67in( !ne !f the ccuse-& n- the che6icl e6ines e0!t n c!unte t! n7 seul intec!use& in the cicu6stnces& it 8s hel- tht the 0esu60ti!n un-e Sec. ##1*A c!ul- n!t be in!'eShl(hn Stte !f M.P.& #%%? C. LJ #"+). Pesu60ti!n !f 6i(e A st!n( 0esu60ti!n ises in f!u !f 8e-l!c' 8hee the 0tnes 6n n- 8!6n) he lie- t!(ethe f! l!n( s0ell s husbnn- 8ife& n- tete- s such b7 the elties n- fien-s. Alth!u(h the 0esu60ti!n is ebuttble& he7 bu-en lies !n hi6 8h! see's t! -e0 -e0i ie e the the el elti ti!n !nsh shi0 i0 !f le( le(ll !i( !i(in in l8 l8 len lens s in f! f!u u !f le(iti6c7 n- f!8ns u0!n bst-7. bst-7. IMPO/5AN5 5OPICS$ILL
;ith
-uin(
6i(e
c!nclusie
0!!f
!f
le(iti6c7
aaaaaaaaSec. aaaaaaaaSec. ##")aaaaaaaaaa ##")aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa&ftU aaaa&ftU 1) A Hin-u 8!6n& 8s 6ie- t! S in Oct!be #%2. S -ie- in June #%%+. She then 6ie- n!the 6n K in Jul7 #%%+ n- (e bith t! s!n in Se0te6be #%%+. Cn It be l8full7 cli6e- tht thu MM i
#+ OF EVIDENCE
LAW
Acc!-in( t! Sec. ##"& the fct tht n7 0es!n 8s b!n * #)
-uin( the c!ntinunce !f li- 6i(e bet8een his 6!the
n- n7 6n& ! ")
8ithin t8! hun-ehun-e- n- ei(ht7 ei(ht7 -7s fte fte its -iss!luti!n -iss!luti!n the
6!th 6! the e e6 e6in inin in( ( un6 un6 ie ie-) -)&& is c! c!nc nclu lusi sie e 0!! 0!!ff tht tht he is the the le(iti6te s!n !f tht 6n& unless it cn be sh!8n tht the 0ties t! the 6i(e h- n! ccess t! ech !the t n7 ti6e 8hen he c!ulhe been be(!tten. Se60e 0esu6ite 0! le(iti6ti!ne 0ue!u6 it is l87s t! be 0esu6e- tht chil-en e le(iti6te * le(l 6i6). Sec. ##" is n instn instnce ce !f l8 futhe futhein in( ( s!cil s!cil !b=ect !b=ectie ies s b7 lenin lenin( ( (ins (instt the ten-enc7 t! bste-ise the chil-. It -!es s! b7 6'in( c!nclusie 0esu60ti!n in f!u !f the le(iti6c7 !f the chil- 5he bsis !f the ule c!ntine- in Sec. ##" see6s t! be n!tice tht it is un-esible t! enRuie int! the 0tenit7 !f chil- 8h!se 0etns he ccess t! ech !the. 5he f!ll!8in( i60!tnt 0!ints& e(-in( Sec. ##"& 67 be n!te-9* i)
5his secti! secti!n n efes efes t! the the 0!int 0!int !f ti6e ti6e !f the bith bith !f the the chilchil- s
the -eci-in( fct! n- n!t t! the ti6e !f c!nce0ti! !f tht chil- the ltt ltte e 0!in 0!intt !f ti6e ti6e hs hs t! be c! c!ns nsii-e eec ec !nl7 !nl7 t! see see 8het 8hethe he the the husbn- h- n! ccess t! the 6!the. 6!the. ii) As le(iti6c7 in!les seul intec!use bet8een husbn- n8ife& thee is theef!e& 0esu60ti!n 8hen chil- is c!nceie- nb!n -uin( 6i(e tht such intec!use t!!' 0lce t ti6e 8hen cc!-in( t! the l8s !f ntue& the husbn- c!ul- be the fthe !f chil-. iii) 5he 0esu60ti!n 00lies 8ith eRul f!ce een 8hee the chil- is b!n 8ithin fe8 -7s ! een h!us fte the 6i(e. Futhe& it is
i66teil tht the 6!the 8s 6ie- ! n!t t the ti6e !f the c!nce0ti!n.
Sethu Plni XIL/ #%":) 1% M- :"?Y * A Hin-u 8!6n 8s 6iet! S in Oct. #%+?. She 8s -i!ce- b7 hi6 in June #%+1. She 6ieC!nt-....) b) S!!n fte 6i(e the husbn- n- 8ife 8ee estn(e-. 5he7 c!ntinue t! lie in the s6e h!use& but h- se0te be-*!!6s n'itchen& etc. Just !e #+ 6!nths fte 6i(e& -u(hte 8s b!n t! the the c! c!u u0le 0le. Sus0e s0ectin ctin( ( the the fi-e fi-eli litt7 !f his his 8ife 8ife the husb husb n-iscli -iscli6e 6e- the -u(hte -u(hte i(ht f!6 the ti6e !f he bith. bith. Cn Cn the husbn- --uce ei-ence !f 9 #) ") ")
;l!!- test t! -is0ute the 0tenit7 !f the s!n. A-ul A-ulte te! !us us elti elti!n !nsh shi0 i0 !f his his 8ife 8ife&& in !-e !-e t! -is0 -is0ut ute e the the
0esu60ti!n !f le(iti6c7 !f the s!n U
XC.LC.*
%#$%1$%:$%2& LC.I*%1$%:t2Y;
his chil- unless the 6n 0!es tht he h- n! ccess t! the 8!6n 8hen he c!ul- he been be(!tten. i) Sec.##" 00es t! 0!i-e si60le 0esu60ti!n !f le(iti6c7 8hich 00lies t! chil-en b!n -uin( 6i(e 8hethe c!nceiebef!e bef!e ! fte fte the 6 6i i(e (e t!!' t!!' 0lce& 0lce& n- t! chil- chil-en en c!ncei c!nceie e-uin( the 6i(e& 8hethe b!n bef!e the 6i(e is -iss!le- b7 the husbn-s -eth ! !the8ise. ) 5he 0hse n!n*ccess i60lies n!n*eistence !f !00!tunit7 f! 0h7s 0h7sic icl l inte intec c!u !us se. e. As the the 0es 0esu6 u60t 0ti! i!n n !f le(i le(iti ti6 6c7 c7 is hi(h hi(hl7 l7 f!ue- b7 l8 it is necess7 tht 0!!f !f n!n*ccess 6ust be cle n- stisfct!7. In Chilu'ui Ven'tes8lu Chilu'ui Ven'tn7n AI/ #%:1 SC #,2) #,2)&& the the husb husbn n- tie tie- t! sh!8 sh!8 tht tht he hh- 0! 0!i-e i-e- se0 se0 te te esi-ence t! h=s sec!n- 8ife n- theefte nee isite- he. 5he 8ife lle(e- isits b7the husbn- n- the husbn- bein( n!t ble t! 0!e his lle(ti!n& chil- b!n b7 the sec!n- 8ife 8s 0esu6e- t! be le(iti6te chil-. Een the illness !f the husbn- 67 n!t be sufficient t! -is0lce the 0esu60ti!n !f ccess& unless the illness is t!tll7 -isblin(. 5he 8!ccess 6ens effectie ccess s is sh!8n b7 the use !f the 8!-s 8he 8hen n he c! c!ul ul- he he been been be(! be(!tt tten en nn- 0h7 0h7sic sicll inc inc0 0ci citt7 t! 0!cete 6!unts t! n!n*ccess 8ithin the 6enin( !f this secti!n. In Chn Chn- -6 6t thi hi FBh FBhet etti ti ; ;l ln n AI/ AI/ #%" #%" Ke Ke 2)& 2)& 6 6 ie ie8!6 8!6n n bec bec6e 6e 0e( 0e(n nnt nt een een fte fte he he husb husbn n- hh- un-e un-e( (!n !ne e sect!67 !0eti!n.5he c!ut hel- tht sect!67 8s n!t sufficient b7 itself t! !e th!8 the 0esu60ti!n !f le(iti6c7. N! 0!!f 8s !ffee- t! sh!8 8hethe the !0eti!n 8s successful. N! thee 8s n7 ei-ence ei-ence e(-in( e(-in( the fct tht 0ties h- n! ccess bef!e the c!nce0ti!n.
i) ;i!6e-icl tests * In s!6e ecent cses it hs been hel- tht !nl7 87 t! ebut 0esu60ti!n un-e Sec.##" is b7 0!in( LAW OF EVIDENCE n!n*ccess& n- bi!6e-icl ei-ences li'e bl!!- test& DNA test& etc. cnn!t be ll!8e- X4ut6 Kun-u Stte !f W.;. AI/ #%%? SC ""%: 5ush /!7 Su'l /!7& #%%? C LJ #2:% Cl)Y. Whee& h!8ee& such ei-ences e ilble& it cn be use- s cicu6stntil ei-ence. ii) It 67 be n!te- tht n -6issi!n b7 the 8ife tht the chil- is ille(iti6te is -6issible in ei-ence. Decisi!n !f the cse in Ruesti!n In the 0esent cse& the s!n hs been b!n -uin( c!ntinunce !f li6i(e bet8een his 6!the n- n!the 6n& K.
n!tificti!n in the !fficil (Bette. 5he 0etiti!nes c!nten-e- tht the si- cti!n i!lte thei fun-6entl i(hts un-e Aticle #% t! 0!ssess sis i- lnln- nn- c c 7 7 !n thei thei t t-e& -e& etc. etc. An-& An-& the the (! (!en6 en6en ent tll -eclti!n is c!nclusie ei-ence !nl7 !f nee- n- n!thin( 6!e& n- is n!t c!nclusie 0!!f. 5he c!ntenti!n !f the Stte (!en6ent 8s tht its !0ini!n b!ut 0ublic 0u0!ses 8s c!nclusie 0!!f nc!ut cnn!t (! behin- the Ruesti!n. 5he Ruesti!n is& 8hen fct is !nl7 !nl7 c!n c!ncl clus usi ie e ei-e ei-enc nce e s t! eis eiste tence nce !f n!t n!the he fct fct&& !the !the ei-ence s t! the eistence !f !the fct is shut !ut ! n!t. 5he Su0e6e C!ut !bsee- 9 5he !b=ect !f --ucin( ei-en!G is t! 0!e fct. Since n ei-ence 6ens n- inclu-es ll stte6ents :. Cn 0t7 successfull7 (ue tht cetin fct ec!(nise- b7 the sttut sttute e s c!nclu c!nclusi sie e ei-e ei-ence nce e -iffe -iffeent ent f!6 f!6 c!nclus c!nclusie ie 0!!fU 0!!fU 4ie es!ns. XC.L.C*%2Y;
OF
P/OOF
AND
P/ES
l<
8hich the c!ut 0e6its& 8hen the l8 s7s tht 0ticul 'in- ^ ei-ence 8!ul- be c!nclusie s t! eistence !f 0ticul fct& it es i60les tht fct cn be 0!e- eithe b7 tht ! s!6e !the ei-ence
8hich the c!ut 0e6its. Whee such !the ei-ence is --uce-& the c!ut c!u c!nsi-e 8hethe u0!n tht ei-ence& the fct eists ! n!t. On the the !the !the hnhn-&& 8hen 8hen eiei-en ence ce 8hic 8hich h is 6 6-e -e c! c!nc nclu lusi si e is --u --uce ce-& -& the the c! c!u utt hs hs n! !0ti !0ti!n !n but but t! h!lh!l- tht tht fct fct eis eists ts.. Othe8ise& it 8!ul- be 6enin(less t! cll 0ticul ei-ence s c!nclusie c!nclusie ei-ence shuts !ut n7 !the ei-ence 8hich 8!ul- -etc f!6 the c!nclusieness !f tht ei-ence. 5he c!nce0t !f c!nclusie 0!!f is -efine- un-e Sec.1 9 When !ne fct is -ecle- b7 this Act t! be c!nclusie 0!!f !f n!the& the c!u
shll& !n 0!!f !f the !ne fct& e(- the !the s 0!e-& n- shll n! ll!8 ei-ence t! be (ien f! the 0u0!se !f -is0!in( it. In subs subst tnc nce& e& the theef ef! !e& e& the thee e is n! -iff -iffe een ence ce bet8 bet8ee een n c!n c!ncl cluSe eiei-en ence ce nn- c!n c!ncl clus usi ie e 0!! 0!!ff. In ech& ech& the the effe effect ct is s s6e 6e&& i.e. i.e.&& 6'in( fct n!n*=usticible iebuttble). 5he i6 !f b!th bein( t! (ie finlit7 t! the estblish6ent !f eistence !f fct f!6 the 0!!f !f n!the* In the 0esent cse& thus& the !0ini!n ! -eclti!n !f (!en6ent is c!nclusie 0!!f ! c!nclusie ei-ence& n- n7 G ut e =u-icil 0!be is be-. 5he 0etiti!nes cnn!t le- ei-ence t! -is0!e the iebuttble 0esu60ti!n. XN!te 9
e
sttute s c!nclusie ei-ence e -iffeent f!6 c!nclusie 0!!f* ES5OPPEL Acc!-in( t! the -!ctine !f est!00el thee e cetin fcts 8hich the 0ties e 0!hibite- f!6 0!in(. Est!00el is 0inci0le !f l8 b7 8hich 0es!n is hel- b!un- b7 the e0esentti!n 6-e b7 hi6 ! isin( !ut !f his c!n-uct. Est!00el is -elt 8ith in Secs.##: t! ##, !f the Ei-e Ei-ence nce Act. Act. While While Sec.## Sec.##: : c!nti c!ntins ns the (ene (enel l 0inci 0inci0le 0le !f est!00el b7 c!n-uct& Sees. ##2 n- ##, e instnces !f est!00el b7 c!ntct. H!8ee& thee e !the ec!(nise- instnces !f est!00el& iB.& 5he In-in C!ntct Act Sec."?1)& 5he S0ecific /elief Act Sec. #)& 5he 5nsfe !f P!0et7 Act Secs.1# n- 1?). Est!00els 8hich e e n!t n!t 0! 0!e e- b7 the the EiEi-en ence ce Ac Actt 6 67 7 be te6 te6ee- eRu eRuit itb ble le est!00els. Sec.##:. Est!00el#
When !ne 0es!n hs& b7 his -eclti!n& ct ! !6issi!n& intenti!nll7 cuse- ! 0e6itte- n!the. 0es!n t! beliee thin( t! be tue nt! c ctt u0!n u0!n such such belie belieff neit neithe he he n! n! his his e0 e0es esen ent tti tie e shl shlll be ll!8e-& in n7 suit ! 0!cee-in( bet8een hi6self n- such 0es!n ! his e0esenttie& t! -en7 the tuth !f tht thin(. Illustti!n * A& intenti!nll7 n- flsel7 le-s ; t! beliee tht cetin ln- bel!n(s t! A& n- theeb7 in-uces ; t! bu7 n- 07 f! it. 5he ln- fte8-s bec!6es the 0!0et7 !f A& n- A see's t! set si-e the sle !n the (!un- tht& t the ti6e !f the sle& he h- n! title. He 6ust n!t be ll!8e- t! 0!e his 8nt !f title. Est!00el is n!t ule !f eRuit7 ! l8& but ule !f ei-ence 8hich is bsebse- !n the 6 6i6 i6 Alle( Alle(ns ns c!nt c!nt i i n!n est u-inu-in-us us 0es! 0es!n n lle lle(in (in( ( c! c!nt nt 7 7 fct fcts s 8ill 8ill n!t n!t be he he-) -).. D! D!ct cti ine ne !f est! est!00 00el el is f!un-e- !n the f6!us En(lish cse Pic'- Ses #?,) 2 A E 1,:& sttin( the 0inci0le tht it is ineRuitble n- un=ust t! ll!8 0es!n t! -en7 the tuth !f stte6ent 8hich he hs 6-e t! n!the n- the !the 0es!n hs cte- !n it beliein( it t! be tue. 5he !b=ect is t! 0eent fu- n- secue =ustice bet8een 0ties b7 0!6!ti!n !f h!ne h!nest st7 7 nn- (!!(!!- fit fith. h. 5he 5he 0in 0inci ci0l 0le e s s7s 7s tht tht 6 6n n c cnn nn!t !t 00!bte n- e0!bte ! tht 6n cnn!t bl!8 h!t n- c!l- t the s6e ti6e ! tht 6n shll n!t be ll!8e- t! s7 !ne thin( t ti6e n- -iffeent thin( t !the ti6e. It 6ust be n!te- tht est!00el is !nl7 !nl7 ule ule !f cii ciill c cti ti!n !n nn- hs hs n! 00l 00lic ict ti! i!n n in ci6 ci6in inl l 0!cee-in(s.
N
#. E0lin the -!ctine !f est!00el s enuncite- in Sec.##: !f the Ei-ence Act. XLCI ##? Essentil in(e-ients !f Sec.##:#
#*%?$%1$%:YES5OPPEL
5hee essentil essentil in(e-ients in(e-ients !f Sec.## Sec.##: : e e 9 i)
e0ese e0esentt ntti!n i!n is
6-e b7 0es!n t! n!the& ii)
!the 0es!n beliees beliees it n- cts cts u0!n such belief belief theeb7 theeb7 ltein( ltein(
his 0!siti!n& iii)
then in in suit bet8e bet8een en the 0ties& 0ties& the the 0es!n 0es!n 8h! e0es e0esenteente-
shll n!t be ll!8e- t! -en7 the tuth !f his e0esentti!n. /e0esentti!n /e0esentti!n !f the eistence !f fct 67 ise in n7 87 * -eclti!n& ct ! !6issi!n. An7thin( -!ne 8hich hs the effect !f cetin( in the 6in- !f the !the belief s t! the eistence !f the fct e0esente- 8ill -!. 5he f!cus !f l8 !f est!00el is the 0!siti!n in l8 !f 0t7 8h! is in-uce- t! ct. 5hus 0es!n 8h! is est!00e- i.e. 0es!n 6'in( the e0esentti!n) 67 n!t he intenti!n t! -eceie n- 67 hi6self be ctin( un-e 6ist'e ! 00ehensi!n. 5he est!00el 8ill n!netheless !0ete in such cses ls! XSut Chun-e De7 4!0l Chn-e Lh #%") #% IA "+?Y. A e0esentti!n 67 ls! ise f!6 n !6issi!n t! -! n ct 8hich !nes -ut7 eRuies !ne t! -!. An est!00el 8ill ise 8hen the filue t! 0ef!6 !nes -ut7 hs 6isle- n!the n- ls! the -ut7 sh!ul- be 'in- !f le(l !bli(ti!n. In Mecntile ;n' !f In-i Lt-. Centl ;n' !f In-i Lt-. #%?) AC ",& n !6issi!n t! st60 the ecei0ts 8s hel- sufficient t! cete n est!00el. Est!00el b7 ne(li(ence is bse- !n the eistence !f -ut7 8hich the 0es!n est!00e- is !8in( t! the 0es!n le- int! the 8!n( belief ! t! the (enel 0ublic !f 8h!6 the 0es!n is !ne. Est!00el b7 c!n-uct 67 be ctie ! 0ssie. Est!00el b7 silence ! cRuiescence ises !nl7 8hen thee is -ut7 t! s0e' ! -iscl!se.
Illusttie cses * In Sec7& !f Stte 5t7 H!l'& the (!en6ent cRuie- ln- !f the es0!n-ent n- 0i- c!60ensti!n thee!f. Lte !n& (!en6ent -isc!ee- tht the ln- ctull7 bel!n(e- t! it. 5he (!e (!en n6e 6ent nt s! s!u( u(ht ht t! ec! ec!e e the the 6 6!u !unt nt 0i0i-.. It 8s 8s helhel- tht tht (!en6ent is est!00e- b7 its c!n-uct. In cse& =u-(e& 8h! h- sh!8e- hi(h (e in his cetifictes i(ht f!6 the be(innin( !f his cee& s!u(ht t! -en7 it b7 sh!8in( ctul 6unici0l bith*ec!-s& s! s t! etie t lte (e. Hel- tht the =u-(e is est!00e-. In n!the cse& the 8ife 8s !f ;u--hist fith n- the husbn- Musli6. She s!u(ht -i!ce un-e ;u--hist l8. Hel- tht she 8s est!00e- f!6 -en7in( he elie c!66ittl t! Isl6ic l8. #. Wht e the essentil c!n-iti!ns f! the 00licti!n !f the ule !f est!00el U XC.L.C.*%:I*t G ##1 LAW OF EVIDENCE /elince n- -eti6ent a 5he 5he sec! sec!nn- c! c!nn-it iti! i!n n nece necess ss 7 7 t! ce cete te n est! est!00 00el el is tht tht the the 0lintiff ltee- his 0!siti!n !n the bsis !f the e0esentti!n n- he 8!ul- suffe l!ss if the e0esente is ll!8e- t! esile f!6 his stt stte6 e6en ent. t. De Det ti6 i6en entt is 0e 0eeR eRui uisit site e !f c cti ti!n !nb ble le 0!6 0!6is iss! s!7 7 est!00el. 5hus& 6ee stte6ent !f 0es!n tht he 8!ul- n!t sset his i(hts -!es n!t cete n est!00el unless it is inten-e- t! be cteu0!n n- is in fct cte- u0!n Si- Nitin'u6 4u=t
licence licences& s& the 4!e 4!en6e n6ent nt 8s 8s helhel- b!unb!un- t! (nt (nt tht tht 0ti 0ticul cul licence& th!u(h the 0!lic7 67 be eise- f! the futue J!7=lt Ds Stte !f Ass6 AI/ #%%+ 4u. "1). Ceti Cetin n cn-icn-i-te tes s 8ee 8ee -6itt -6ittee- t! ec!(n ec!(nise ise- c!use c!use in Ph7si Ph7sicl cl E-uc E-uct ti! i!n n f! f! the the 0u0 0u0!s !se e !f 00!i 00!int nt6e 6ent nt s 0h7s 0h7sic icl l t tinin inin( ( instuct!s in 4!en6ent sch!!ls. 5he 4!en6ent 4!en6ent 8s n!t 0e6ittet! -ec!(nise the c!use in efeence t! such cn-i-tes but h- i(ht t! -! f! the futue TSuesh Pl Stte !f H7n AI/ #%, SC "+",). P!6iss!7 est!00el D!ctine !f est!00el hs (ine- ne8 -i6ensi!n in ecent 7es 8ith the ec!(niti!n !f n eRuitble -!ctine !f 0!6iss!7 est!00el b!th b7 En(lish n- In-in c!uts. Acc!-in( t! it& if 0!6ise is 6-e in the e0ectti!n tht it sh!ul- be cte- u0!n in the futue& n- it 8s in fct cte- u0!n& the 0t7 6'in( the 0!6ise 8ill n!t be ll!8e- t! bc' !ut !f it. 5he -eel!06ent !f such 0inci0le 8s es7 in ;itin n-
G
5h!u(h such 0!6ise futue) is n!t su00!te- in 0!int !f l8 b7 n7 c!nsi-eti!n the bsis !f c!ntct)& but !nl7 b7 0t7s c!n-uct h!8ee& h!8ee& if 0!6ise is 6-e in cicu6stnces in!lin( le(l i(hts n!bli(ti!ns& !bli(ti!ns& it is !nl7 0!0e tht the 0ties 0ties sh!ulsh!ul- be enf!ce- t! -!
8ht the7 0!6ise-. In cses& 8hee (!en6ent (!en6ent is !ne !f the 0ties& the the c! c!u utt 8ill 8ill bl blnc nce e the the h6 h6 t! 0ubli 0ublic c inte intee est st b7 c! c!60 60el elli lin( n( (!en6ent t! its 0!6ise n- h6 t! citiBen t! ll!8 (!en6ent t! bc' !ut !f it.... t! see tht the (!en6ent -!es n!t ct bitil7. 5he -!cti -!ctine ne hs hs been been i! i!usl usl7 7 -esci -escibebe- s eRuit eRuitbl ble e est!00 est!00el el&& Rusi est!00el n- ne8 est!00el. 5he -!ctine is n!t ell7 bseu0!nES5OPPEL ##: the 0inci0le !f est!00el& but it is -!ctine e!le- b7 eRuit7 in !-e t! 0eent in=ustice 8hee 0!6ise 6-e b7 0es!n 'n!8in( tht it 8!ul- be cte- !n.... it is ineRuitble t! ll!8 the 0t7 6'in( the 0!6ise t! (! bc' u0!n it. 5he -!ctine !f 0!6iss!7 est!00el neen!t& theef!e& be c!nfine- t! the li6itti!ns !f est!00el in the stict sense !f the 8!- XM.P. Su( Mills Stte !f
e6' tht it -i- n!t c!nstitute c!66it6ent !n the 0t !f the instituti!n. Hel- tht thee 8s n! 0!6ise t! f!un- the -!ctine !f 0!6iss!7 est!00el /bisn' Oiss Stte Fin. C!0n. AI/ #%%" Oi. %?). 5he 0!6ise !f Stte 4!en6ent t! bs!b its ill(e !ffices 8h!se 0!sts h- been b!lishe- int! !the seices !n cetin bsis& 8s n!t fte8-s 0e6itte- t! be 6en-e- b7 insetin( the eRuie6ent !f (e 8hich 8s n!t thee in the !i(inl c!66it6ent /.K. /6 /! Stte !f A.P. AI/ #%, SC #12,). Ece0ti!ns t! the -!ctine !f est!00el 5hee e i!us ece0ti!ns t! the -!ctine !f est!00el 9* #) #)
N! est! est!00 00el el (i (ins nstt 6i 6in! n! * Whe Whee e 6i 6in! n! e0 e0es esen ents ts
fu-ulentl7 ! !the8ise tht he is !f (e n- theeb7 in-uces n!the t! ente ente int! int! c! c!nt nt ct ct 8ith 8ith hi6& hi6& then then in n c cti ti!n !n f!un f!un-e -e- !n c!ntct& the infnt is n!t est!00e- f!6 settin( u0 infnc7 s 0le. H!8ee& eRuit7 -e6n-s tht he sh!ul- n!t etin benefit 8hich he h- !btine- b7 his fu-ulent c!n-uct. ")
When tue fcts e 'n!8n 'n!8n t! t! b!th the 0ties 0ties * Sec.##: Sec.##: -!es
n!t 00l7 t! cse 8hee the stte6ent elie- u0!n is 6-e t! 0es!n 8h! 'n!8s the el fcts n- is n!t 6isle- b7 the untue stt stte6 e6en entt
TM TM-n -n0 00 0
Chn Chn- -6 66 6 AI/ AI/
#%2: #%2: SC# SC##" #"). ). ##2
LAW OF EVIDENCE ?)
FuFu- ! ! ne(l ne(li(e i(ence nce !t the 0t 0t !f !f !the !the 0t7 0t7 * If the !the !the
0t7 -!es n!t beliee the e0esentti!n but cts in-e0en-entl7 !f such belief& ! in
cses 8hee the 0es!n t! 8h!6 e0esentti!n is
6-e [ un-e -ut7 t! 6'e futhe inRui7& the est!00el 8ill n!t !0ete. Li'e8ise& if thee is fu- !n the 0t !f the !the 0t7& 8hic 8hich h c! c!ul ul- n!t n!t be -ete -etect ctee- b7 0!6 0!6is is! ! 8ith 8ith !-i !-in n7 7 c ce e&& the the est!00el 8ill n!t !0ete.
1) 1)
When When b!th b!th the the 0 0ti ties es 0le0le- est! est!00 00el el *If *If b!t b!th h the the 0t 0tie ies s
estblish cse f! 00licti!n !f est!00el& then it is s if the t8! est!00els cncel !ut n- the c!ut 8ill he t! 0!cee- s if thee is n! 0le !f est!00el !n eithe si-e. Futhe& if b!th si-es h- lb!ueun-e 6ist'e h!8ee b!n fi-e ! (enuine& the 0le !f est!00el 67 n!t be ilble. :)
N! est!00el !n 0!int !f l8 l8 * Est!00el Est!00el efes !nl7 t! belief in
fct. If 0es!n (ies his !0ini!n tht l8 is such n- such nn!the cts u0!n such belief& then thee cn be n! est!00el (inst the f!6e subseRuentl7 ssetin( tht l8 is -iffeent. One cnn!t be est! est!00 00ee- f!6 f!6 chl chlle len( n(in in( ( the the effe effect cti ien enes ess s !f s! s!6e 6eth thin in( ( e.( e.(.. 0tit 0titi!n i!n -ee-) -ee-) f! 8nt 8nt !f l8 l8 e.(. e.(. e(ist e(ist ti! ti!n). n). /e0e /e0esen sentt tti!n i!ns s un-e Sec.##: sh!ul- be !f fcts& n!t !f l8 ! !0ini!n
N! est!00el (inst sttus$s!eei(n sttus$s!eei(n cts * A ule !f l8 cnn!t
be nullif nullifieie- b7 es!t es!tin( in( t! the -!cti -!ctine ne !f est!00 est!00el. el. F! F! e60 e60le& le& 8hee 6in! hs c!ntcte- b7 6ise0esentin( his (e& he still cn fte8-s -iscl!se his el (e. It is ule !f l8 !f c!ntct tht 6in! is n!t c!60etent t! c!ntct n- tht ule 8!ul- be -efete- if 6in! n!t 0e6itte- t! -iscl!se his el (e. Hence thee cn be n! est!00el (inst the 0!isi!ns !f sttute. 5hus& if 0es!n is (ien i(hts un-e sttute& n- he (ies the6 u0 t !ne st(e !luntil7 n- lte !n ties t! enf!ce th!se i(hts& n! est!00el cn be in!'e- (inst hi6. F! e60le& un-e the /ent C!nt C!nt!l Act& ct& the the lnln-l! l!- c cn n -e6 -e6n- f!6 f!6 his his ten ennt !nl7 nl7 fi$stn-- ent If tennt (ee- t! 07 hi(h ent n- theefte files 0etiti!n f! fiin( the fi ent& he 8!nt be est!00e-. In ;l Kishn /e8
fct fcts s iB iB.& .& n!n* n!n*( (-u ute te 00e 00e in in( ( t l8 l8 e6 e6in int ti! i!n) n)&& the the uniesit7 8ill n!t be est!00e- f!6 cncellin( the e6inti!n if his cn-i-tue is (inst ule !f l8. 5he Su0e6e C!ut hs li- -!8n tht it is 8ell settle- tht thee cnn!t cnn!t be n7 n7 est!00 est!00el el (ins (instt the 4!e 4!en6 n6ent ent in the eec eecise ise !f itsIES5OPPEL ##, s! s!e eei( ei(n& n&
le(i le(isl slt ti ie e
nn-
eec eecut uti ie e
func functi ti!n !ns. s.
Whee hee
l!c l!cll
-eel!06e -eel!06ent nt uth!it uth!it7 7 nn!uncenn!unce- h!usin( h!usin( sche6e sche6e n- cce0tecce0te00licti!ns un-e lit& subseRuentl7 fin-in( tht the sche6e 8s in i!lti!n !f the Mste Pln cncelle- it. It 8s hel- tht t! be fee t! -! s! 8ith!ut n7 shc'les !f 0!6iss!7 est!00el H!usin( ;!- C!!0etie S!ciet7 Stte AI/ #%, M.P. #%?). /.S. M-n00 Chn-66 Chn-66 AI/ #%2: SC ##") In this cse& in suit f! 0!ssessi!n !f 0lintiffs hlf she !f cetin 0!0e 0!0etie ties& s& -ecee -ecee 8s 0sse0sse- in f!u f!u !f the -efen-n -efen-ntt N!. N!. # b!the !f 0lintiff) 8ith es0ect t! the !the hlf she. In 00el b7 the the !the !the -efe -efenn-n nts ts&& it 8s 8s c! c!nt nten en-e -e- tht tht -efe -efenn-n ntt N!.# N!.# 8s 8s est!00e- f!6 cli6in( hlf she -ecee-)& becuse * i) he -i- n!t e0l7 t! n!tice b7 the 0lintiff s'in( hi6 t! =!in he in filin( the suit& ii) he 8!te lette t! his ste0 6!the -iscli6in( inteest in suit 0!0et7& n-& iii iii)) he tte ttest stee- 8ill 8ill ee eecute cute- b7 his his fth fthe e -is0 -is0!s !sin in( ( !f suit suit 0!0eties. 5he Su0e6e C!ut hel- tht *
i) the c!n-uct in n!t e0l7in( t! n!tice -!es n!t 6en thee 8s i60l i6 0lie ie- -6i -6iss ssi! i!n n ! ! cRui cRuies esce cenc nce) e) tht tht he hh- n! inte intee est st in 0!0eties& =ustif7in( n infeence !f est!00el& ii) 8hen the fthe -efen-nt N!.") 'ne8 b!ut tue le(l 0!siti!n tht he 8s n!t the !8ne !f 0!0eties n- his 0!ssessi!n 8s !n behlf !f 0lintiff n- -efen-nt N!.#& the -efen-nt N!.is lette t! ste06!the c!ul- n!t he cete- n e!ne!us ! 6ist'en belief in fthes 6in- b!ut his title t! the suit 0!0eties& iii) si6ill7& the es!n !f c!n-uct !f -efen-nt N!.# in ttestin( his fthes 8ill c!ul- n!t =ustif7 n infeence !f est!00el. 5hus& in this cse& s the fcts e 'n!8n t! b!th the 0ties& the -!ctine !f est!00el cnn!t be in!'e-. Sec.##: -!es n!t 00l7 t! cse 8hee the stte6ent elie- u0!n is 6-e t! 0es!n 8h! 'n!8s the el fcts n- is n!t 6isle- b7 the untue stte6ent. Als!& in the 0esent cse& thee is n! -eti6ent t! the !the 0t7 b7 the cti!ns !f -efen-nt N!.#.Y Secti!ns ##2*##, Secti!ns ##2 n- ##, e illusttie !f the 0inci0le !f est!00el li-!8n in Sec.##:. 5hese t8! secti!ns -el 8ith est!00els in s0ecific cses. 5ennt$licencee * Sec.##2 0!i-es tht 0es!n 8h! c!6es int! n i66!ble 0!0et7 t'in( 0!ssessi!n f!6 0es!n 8h! he cce0ts sLAW OF EVIDENCE ## ln-l!-& is n!t 0e6itte- t! s7 s (inst his ln-l!- tht he hn!2titl title e t! the the 0!0 0!0e et7 t7 t the the c! c!66 66en ence ce6e 6ent nt !f the the ten tennc nc7 7. Si6ill7& 0es!n 8h! c!6es u0!n n7 i66!ble 0!0et7 8ith the licence !f the 0es!n in 0!ssessi!n& is n!t 0e6itte- t! s7 fte8-s tht his licens! h- n! i(ht t! the 0!ssessi!n !f the 0!0et7. In
sh!t sh!t&& ten tennt nt$li $lice cenc ncee ee is n!t n!t 0e6 0e6it itte te- t! -en7 -en7 the the titl title e !f his his ln-l!-$licens!. 5he est!00el is c!nfine- t! the stte !f thin(s t the c!66ence6ent !f tennc7$licence. 5he tennt$licencee is l87s fee t! tl' !f the subseRuent -eel!06ents i.e. the ln-l!-$licens! hs l!st his title. Acce0t! !f bill !f echn(e& bilee$licencee * Sec.##, 0!i-es tht n! cce0t! !f bill !f echn(e cn -en7 tht the -8e h- uth!it7 t! -8 such bill ! t! en-!se it but he 67 -en7 tht the bill 8s ell7 -8n b7 the 0es!n b7 8h!6 it 0u0!ts t! he been -8n it cn l87s be sh!8n tht the -8es si(ntue 8s f!(e-). Li'e8ise& n! bilee$licencee cn -en7 tht his bil!$licens! h-& t the ti6e 8hen the bil6ent$licence c!66ence-& uth!it7 t! 6'e such bil6ent ! (nt such licence. ;ut& if bilee !f the (!!-s bilet! 0es!n 0 es!n !the thn the bil!& bil!& he 67 0!e tht such 0es!n hs i(ht t! the6 s (inst the bil!. bil!. XN!te 9 Est!00el b7 ttestti!n * An ttest! !-inil7 'n!8s n!thin( !f the c!ntents !f -!cu6ent& n- s! he is n!t est!00e- f!6 -en7in( the tuth in -!cu6ent. ;ut& if he 'n!8s b!ut c!ntents& then est!00el !0etes.Y C!60is!n !f est!00el 8ith !the c!nce0ts Est!00el n- Pesu60ti!n * An est!00el is 0es!nl -isRulificti!n li- u0!n 0es!n 0eculil7 cicu6stnce- f!6 0!in( 0ticul fcts& 8hees 0esu60ti!n is ule tht 0ticul infeence is t! be -8n f!6 0ticul fcts& 8h!ee 0!es the6. In 0esu60ti!n& eiei-en ence ce t! ebu ebutt it c cn n be (ien (ien&& 8hil 8hile e in est! est!00e 00el& l& the the 0t 0t7 7 is est!00e- f!6 -en7in( the tuth. Est!00el Est!00el n- C!nclusie C!nclusie P!!f P!!f * When fct is c!nclusie c!nclusiel7 l7 0!e-& 0!e-& it is s! (i (ins nstt ll ll the the 8!l 8!l-. -. Est! Est!00 00el el !0e !0et tes es !nl7 !nl7 s 0es 0es!n !nl l
-is -isb bilit7 it7.
In
b!th&
h!8ee&
the
e7
s6 s 6e
fct
cnn!t
be
-eniec=.=iebuttble). Est!00 Est!00el el n- A-6iss A-6issi!n i!n * A-6iss A-6issi!n i!ns s bein( bein( -ecl -eclt ti!n i!ns s (ins (instt n inteest e (!!- ei-ence but the7 e n!t c!nclusie n- 0t7 is l87 l87s s t libet7 libet7 t! 8ith- 8ith-8 8 -6issi -6issi!ns !ns b7 0!i 0!in( n( tht tht the7 the7 e e eithe 6ist'en ! untue. ;ut n est!00el cetes n bs!lute b. Futhe& Futhe& est!00el bein( ule !f ei-ence& n cti!n cnn!t be f!un-e!n it& 8hees n cti!n 67 be f!un-e- !n n -6issi!n& it 67 be n!te- tht -6issi!ns& if the7 he been cte- u0!n b7 thi- 0es!n& n- if substntie i(hts he been cete-& !0ete s est!00el. Est!00 Est!00el el n- Wie Wie* * Wie Wie is the bn-! bn-!n6 n6ent ent !f i(ht i(ht 8hich 8hich n!6ll7 ee7b!-7 is t libet7 t! 8ie. A 8ie eRuies 0!sitie elinRuish6entES5OPPEL ##% !f s!6ethin( 8hich !ne h- bef!e& but est!00el -!es n!t eRuie n7 such
thin(
s
tht
n-
0t7
8iin(
his
i(hts
67
in
cicu6stnces einf!ce the6& 8hile in est!00el it cnn!t be s!. In 8ie 8ie& thee thee is full full 'n!8l 'n!8le-( e-(e e !f fcts& fcts& 8hile 8hile in est!00 est!00el& el& een een 6ist'e ! !6issi!n hs n! effect. Est!00el n- /es Ju-ict * /es =u-ict 0eclu-es 6n ein( the s6e thin( t8ice !e in successie liti(ti!n& 8hile est!00el 0eents hi6 s7in( !ne thin( t !ne ti6e n- the !00!site t n!the. 5hus& es =u-ic =u-ict t 0!hibi 0!hibits ts c!ut c!ut f!6 f!6 inRui inRuiin( in( int! int! 6 6tte tte lele-7 7 -=u-icte-& 8hile est!00el 0!hibits 0t7. Futhe& es =u-ict is n!t ule !f ei-ence& but ule !f 0!ce-ue. Est!00el n- Fu- * An cti!n cnn!t be f!un-e- !n est!00el& 8hile fu- (ies ise t! cuse !f cti!n. Si6il is the cse !f est!00el nbech !f c!ntct. IMPO/5AN5 5OPICS$ILL
Est!00el is 0inci0le !f l8 b7 8hich 0es!n is hel- b!un- b7 the e0 e0es esen ent tti ti!n !n 6 6-e -e b7 hi6 hi6 ! is isin in( ( !ut !ut !f his his c! c!n-u n-uct ct.. If& If& f! f! e6 e60le 0le&& 0es 0es!n !n 6 6-e -e stt stte6 e6en entt inte intenn-in in( ( tht tht s! s!6e 6e !the !the 0es!n sh!ul- ct u0!n it& he 8ill be est!00e-& i.e.& 8ill be 0eente-& f!6 -en7in( the tuth !f his stte6ent !nce the !the 0es!n hs ltee- his 0!siti!n !n the bsis !f the stte6ent. 5he f!ll!8in( ei(ht c!n-iti!ns 6ust be stisfie- t! bin( cse 8ithin the sc!0e !f est!00el s -efine- in Sec. ##: XChh(nll Meht Hibhi Pte$#%") Pte$#%") # SCC ""?Y 9* ") A intenti!nll7 n- flsel7 le-s ; t! beliee tht 0ticul 0l!t !f ln- bel!n(s t! A n- ; un-e b!n- fi-e belief bu7s it f! fie lc u0ees. u0ees. A& fte8 fte8-s -s bec!6es the !8ne !8ne !f the si- 0l!t !f ln- nsee's t! set si-e the sle !n the (!un- tht t the ti6e !f the sle& he
h-
n!
title.
Cn
he
be
ll!8e-
t!
0!e
itU
Deci-e.
XC.LC.*%#$%?Y b) A tustee& lle(in( lle(in( tht the tust 0!0et7& 0!0et7& c!nsistin( !f ln- 8s 8s his !8n 0!0e 0!0et7 t7&& 6!t( 6!t((e(e- it. 5he 6!t( 6!t((ee (ee t!!' t!!' 0!sses 0!ssessi! si!n n in (!!- fith& f! luble c!nsi-eti!n& n- 8ith!ut n!tice !f tust. 5he 6!t((ee !btine- -ecee (inst the tustee f! the sle !f lnn- the ln- 8s s!l- in eecuti!n !f tht -ecee. 5he tustee& lte& b!u(ht suit t! ec!e the ln- f!6 the 0uchse !n the (!untht it 8s tust 0!0et7 n- tht he h- n! 0!8e t! tnsfe it. Deci-e. c)
XC.LC*%"Y
A& 8h! 8s -ecl -ecle e- 0ss 0ss in ;.A. ;.A.&& !n the the bsi bsis s !f.t !f.the he esult esult
00ee- in Ciil Seices E6s. H!8ee& bef!e the Ciil Seices esults c6e !ut the
XC.L.C.*%:$%2Y#"+ LAW OF EVIDENCE i) 5hee 6ust he been e0esentti!n b7 0es!n t! n!the& 0es!n& 8hich 67 be in n7 f!6 * -eclti!n ! n ct ! n !6issi!n. ii) Such e0esentti!n 6ust he been !f the eistence !f fct& nn!t !f futue 0!6ises ! intenti!n. iii) 5he e0esentti!n 6ust he been 6ent t! he been elieu0!n. i) 5hee 6ust he been belief !n the 0t !f the !the 0t7 in its tuth. ) 5hee 6ust he been s!6e cti!n !n the fith !f tht -eclti!n& ct ! !6issi!n. In !the 8!-s& such -eclti!n& etc.& 6ust he ctull7 cuse- the !the 0es!n t! ct !n the fith !f it n- t! lte his 0!siti!n t! his 0e=u-ice ! -eti6ent. i) 5he 6ise0esentti!n ! c!n-uct ! !6issi!n 6ust he been the 0!i6te cuse !f le-in( the !the 0t7 t! ct t! his 0e=u-ice. ii) 5he 0es!n cli6in( the benefit !f n est!00el 6ust sh!8 tht he 8s n!t 8e !f the tue stte !f thin(s. 5hee cn be n! est!00el if such 0es!n 8s 8e !f the tue stte !f ffis ! if he h- 6ens !f such 'n!8le-(e. iii) Onl7 the 0es!n t! 8h!6 the e0esentti!n 8s 6-e ! f! 8h!6 it 8s -esi(ne-& cn il !f the -!ctine. 5he bu-en !f 0!in( est!00el lies !n such 0es!n. Decisi!n !f the cse in Ruesti!n A 6'es flse e0esentti!n t! ; 8h! beliees it in (!!- fith ncts u0!n it. ;7 ctin( s!& ; hs ltee- his 0!siti!n t! his -eti6ent. 5hus& ; cn cli6 the benefit !f n est!00el& s ll the c!n-iti!ns !f Sec. ##: e stisfie-. ; cn etin 0!ssessi!n !f the ln- s its l8ful
!8ne& !8ne& n- A 8ill be est!00e- f!6 0!in( his 8nt !f title t the ti6e !f
!i(inl
cse.
G b)
5he tustee hs 6-e flse e0esentti!n& n- the 6!t((ee
hs cte- u0!n his e0esentti! e0esentti!n n in (!!- fith. fith. 5hus& 5hus& the -!ctine !f est!00el 00lies. 5he tustee cnn!t be n!8 ll!8e- t! -en7 the tuth !f his elie stte6ent. c)
Est!00el (inst
5he -!ctine !f est!00el hs been ll!8e- t! be in!'e- (inst
8s
n!t
in
theES5OPPEL
#"# list !f SSLC h!l-es. 5hus& his n6e 8s e6!e- f!6 thec!lle(e !ll !lls. s. HelHel- tht tht it 8s 8s c cse se !f le( le(ll ! eRui eRuit tbl ble e est! est!00e 00ell 8hic 8hich h stisfies 0cticll7 ll the c!n-iti!ns in Sec. ##:. 5he uniesit7 c!uln!t -en7 hi6 his i(ht& 6!e!e 6!e!e thee 8s n! 6l fi-e !n the 0t !f the es0!n-ent. 5he fct !f 6isclculti!n !f 6's 8s 8ithin the s0ecil 'n!8le-(e !f the uniesit7 n- 8s n!t 'n!8n t! n7 !the 0es!n. 5he Su0e6e C!ut hs hel- in Si Kishn Kuushet
5he 5he /= /=st sth hn n Hi(h Hi(h C!u C!utt c cte te- u0!n u0!n this this 0in 0inci ci0l 0le e in efu efusi sin( n( 0e6issi!n t!
OF WI5NESSES#? Sec.##. Wh! 67 testif7##? All 0es!ns e c!60etent t! testif7& unless the c!ut c!nsi-es tht& b7 es!n !f ten-e (e& ete6e !l- (e& -isese& ! infi6it7& the7 e inc0bl inc0ble e !f un-es un-estn tn-in -in( ( the Ruesti Ruesti!ns !ns 0ut t! the6& the6& n- !f (iin (iin( ( ti ti!n !nl l ns8 ns8e es. s. Een Een lun lunti tic c is c! c!60 60et eten entt t! test testif if7 7&
0!i-e- he is n!t 0eente- b7 his lunc7 f!6 un-estn-in( the Ruesti!ns 0ut t! hi6 n- (iin( ti!nl ns8es t! the6. 5hus& n! 0es!n is 0ticull7 -ecle- t! be inc!60etent. It is 8h!ll7 left left t! the the -isc -iscet eti! i!n n !f the the c! c!u utt t! see see 8het 8hethe he the the 0es 0es!n !n 8h! 8h! 00es s 8itness is c0ble !f un-estn-in( the Ruesti!ns 0ut t! hi6 n- !f (iin( ti!nl ns8es. Husbn- n- 8ies e& in ll ciil n- ci6inl cses& c!60etent 8itnesses (inst ech !the& !the& sub=ect t! the Rulif Rulific icti! ti!n n tht tht c!6 c!66u 6unic nicti! ti!ns ns bet8ee bet8een n the s0!use s0!uses s 6 6-e -e -uin( 6i(e e 0!tecte- f!6 -iscl!sue Sec. #"+). In ll ciil 0!c 0!cee ee-i -in( n(s& s&
the the
0t 0tie ies s
t! the the
suit suit
e e
c!60 c! 60et eten entt
8itn 8itnes esse ses s
Se!.#"+). 5heef!e& 0t7 t! suit cn cll s his 8itness n7 !f the the -efe -efenn-n nts ts t! the the suit suit.. AnAn- lth lth!u !u(h (h n ccus ccusee- 0es 0es!n !n is inc!60etent t! testif7 in 0!cee-in(s in 8hich he is n ccuse-& n cc! c c!60 60li lice ce is c! c!60 60et eten entt 8itn 8itnes ess s (in (inst st n. n. c ccu cuse se- 0es 0es!n !n XSec.#??). Chil- 8itness * A chil- is c!60etent 8itness& unless he is unble t! un-estn- the Ruesti!ns ! is unble t! (ie ti!nl ns8es. 5hee is n! 0!isi!n in In-i b7 8hich c!!b!ti!n t! the ei-ence !f chil- Is eRuie-. It is s!un- ule in 0ctice n!t t! ct !n the unc!!b!te- ei-ence !f chil-& but this is ule !f 0u-ence& nn!t !f l8. Du6b 8itness Sec. ##%) * A 0es!n 8h! b7 es!ns !f -u6bness ! !the8ise is unble t! s0e'& 67 (ie ei-ence b7 n7 6ens b7 8hich he cn 6'e hi6self intelli(ible& such s& b7 8itin( ! b7 si(ns. Ei-ence s! ec!-e- shll be e(-e- s !l ei-ence. Victi6 !f 0e * 5he Su0e6e C!ut hs 0escibe- ne8 00!ch t! the testi6!n7 !f the icti6 !f se !ffence. She is c!60etent 8itness un-e Sec.## n- he ei-ence 6ust eceie the s6e 8ei(ht s is
#. E0lin the te6 C!60etence !f 8itness. #b. Wite sh!t n!te !n Wh! 67 testif7. XLC.II*%?[ XLC.II*%1[WI5NESSES XLC.II*%1[WI5NESSES #"? ttche- t! n in=ue- in cses !f i!lence. 5he Ei-ence Act n!8hee s7s tht he ei-ence cnn!t be cce0te- unless it is c!!b!te- in 6teil 0ticuls TStte !f Mhsht C.K. Jin AI/ #%%+ SC 2:). Inte Intee est stee- 0es 0es!n !ns s s 8itn 8itnes esse ses s * If 8itn 8itnes ess s is el elti tie e !f the the 0es!n 8h! 0!-uces hi6& his stte6ent cnn!t be -isc-e- !nl7 f! tht es!n& unless it is sh!8n tht the stte6ent is tinte- !ne n8s (ien !nl7 t! benefit the 0es!n 0!-ucin( hi6 T
5hee e cetin 6ttes 8hich 8itness cnn!t eithe be c!60ellet! -iscl!se ! een if the 8itness is 8illin( t! -iscl!se& he 8ill n!t be 0e 0e6itte-
t!
-!
s!.
Such
6ttes
e
'n!8n
s
0i 0iile(e(e-
c!66unicti!ns. 5he 0!-uc 0!-ucti! ti!n n !f ceti cetin n c!6 c!66un 6unic icti! ti!ns ns nn- -!cu6e -!cu6ents nts is eithe eithe 0iil 0iile(e e(e- f!6 f!6 -iscl! -iscl!su sue e ! 0!hibi 0!hibitete- f!6 f!6 bein( bein( -iscl!s -iscl!se-& e-& s 6tte !f 0ublic 0!lic7 ! !n the (!un- tht the inteest !f Stte is su0e6e n- !ei-es tht !f n in-ii-ul. Sec.#"". C!66unicti!ns -uin( 6i(e" A 0es!n cnn!t be c!60elle- t! -iscl!se n7 c!66unicti!n 6-e t! hi6 ! he -uin( 6i(e b7 n7 0es!n t! 8h!6 he ! she is ! hs been been 6 6 ie ie- - n! n! 8ill 8ill such such c! c!66 66un unic ict ti! i!n n be 0e6 0e6it itte te- t! be -iscl!se- ece0t in the f!ll!8in( thee cses& iB.& i)
if the 0es!n 8h! 8h! 6-e 6-e it& ! his ! he he e0esenttie*in*inteest& e0esenttie*in*inteest&
c!nsents& ! ii)
in suits bet8een 6ie- 0es!ns& !
". Wite sh!t n!te !n Piile(e- c!66unicti!n bet8een s0!uses. XC.L.C*%:
L.C.II*%1I#"1
LAW OF EVIDENCE iii)
in 0!cee-in(s 0!cee-in(s in 8hich !ne !ne 6ie6ie- 0es!n 0es!n is 0!secute- f! n7 n7
ci6e c!66itte- (inst the !the. 5hus& Sec. #"" 0eents c!66unicti!ns bet8een 6n n- his 8ife f!6 bein( -iscl!se-. 5his secti!n ests !n the !bi!us (!un- tht the -6i -6issi ssi!n !n !f such such test testi6 i6!n !n7 7 8!ul 8!ul- he he 0!8e 0!8ef ful ul tenten-en enc7 c7 t! -ist -istu ub b the the 0ec 0ece e !f f6i f6ili lies es&& t! 0!6 0!6!t !te e -!6e -!6est stic ic b!i b!ils ls&& nn- t! 8e'en& if n!t t! -est!7& tht feelin( !f 6utul c!nfi-ence 8hich is the 6!s 6!stt en-e en-ein( in( s!lce s!lce !f 6 6i iee- life. life. 5hus& 5hus& the 0!hib 0!hibiti iti!n !n is f!un-e- !n 0inci0le !f hi(h i60!t 8hich n! c!ut cn el.
5he 0!tec 0!tecti! ti!n n is n!t c!nfin c!nfinee- t! cses cses 8hee 8hee the c!6 c!66un 6unic icti! ti!n n s!u(ht t! be (ien in the ei-ence is !f stictl7 c!nfi-entil chcte& chcte& but the sel !f l8 is 0lce- u0!n ll c!66unicti!ns !f 8htee ntue 8hich 0ss bet8een husbn- n- 8ife. It eten-s ls! t! cses in 8hich the inteests !f stn(es e s!lel7 in!le-& s 8ell s t! th!se in 8hich the husbn- ! 8ife is 0t7 !n the ec!-. It is i60!tnt t! n!te tht the 0!tecti!n is li6ite- t! such 6ttes s he been c!66unicte- -uin( the 6i(e. Such c!66unicti!n -uin -uin( ( subsis subsisten tence ce !f 6 6i i(e (e)) e6in e6in 0!tec 0!tectete- een een fte fte the -iss!luti!n !f 6i(e ! 8hen !ne s0!use -ies. ;ut th!se 6-e eithe bef!e 6i(e ! fte its -iss!luti!n e n!t 0!tecte-. P!tecti!n 8hen n!t ilble Ece0ti!ns) 5he 5he 0i 0iil ile( e(e e -6it -6its s !f cet cet in ece0t ce0ti! i!ns ns ls! ls!. It is n!t n!t ee c!66unicti!n 8hich is ee60t f!6 -iscl!sue. 5he ece0ti!ns e s f!ll!8s 9 #) #)
Acts Ac ts 0 0tt f! f!6 6 c! c!66 66un unic ict ti! i!ns ns * 5he 5he c cts ts ! c! c!nn-uc uctt !f !f
s0!uses 0t f!6 c!66unicti!ns e n!t 0!tecte- un-ei= Sec. #"". A 8ife cn testif7 s t! 8ht he husbn- -i- !n cetin !ccsi!n& th!u(h n!t s t! 8ht he si- t! he. In /6 ;h!se Stte !f
")
Wie Wie !f 0iile(e * Ei-ence !f 0iile(e- c!66unicti!n cn
be (ien b7 s0!use 8ith the c!nsent !f the 0t7 8h! 6-e the c!66unicti!n. 5his is 'n!8n s 8ie !f the 0iile(e. e 7WWI5NESSES .
#":
. ?) Suit ! ci6inl& 0!cee-in( bet8een the t8! s0!uses * As the bsis !f Sec. #"" is t! 0esee 6utul c!nfi-ence& it is !bi!us tht the secti!n -!es n!t 00l7 8hen the s0!uses e n(e- !n !00!site si-e. 1) :)
C!66unicti!n 6-e bef!e 6i(e ! fte its -iss!luti!n. P!!f P!!f !f c!66 c!66unic unicti!n ti!n b7 thi- 0es!n 0es!n * C!66unic C!66unicti!ns ti!ns !
c!nesti!ns bet8een husbn- n- 8ife t'in( 0lce in the 0esence !f thi- 0es!n& ! 8hen !ehe- b7 thi- 0es!n& cn be testifiet! b7 the thi- 0es!n 8ith!ut 0uttin( n7 !f the s0!uses in the 8itness*b!). 5his is s! becuse 0iile(e un-e Sec. #"" is tht !f the 0ties t! 6i(e& n- n!t !f !thes. 5hus& if. c!es0!n-ence e.(. lette) c!ntinin( c!66unicti!n f!6 husbn- t! 8ife ! ice es) flls int! the hn-s !f thi- 0es!n& it is -6issible in ei-ence& becuse this secti!n 0!tects the in-ii-ul n- n!t c!6 c!66un 6unic icti! ti!n. n. Wht Wht is bebe- is the 0es!n 0es!n hi6sel hi6selff i.e.& i.e.& s0!u s0!use ses s c cn ntt be c! c!60 60el elle le- t! 00e 00e s 8itn 8itnes ess s nn- -isc -iscl! l!se se c!66unicti!n the c!66unicti!n is n!t be- * it is the lette tht -iscl -iscl!s !ses es nn- n!t n!t s0!u s0!use se.. In uee ueen n E60 E60es ess s D Dn! n!(h (hue ue&& IL/ IL/ #%%) "" M-.#& lette c!ntinin( c!66unicti!n b7 the ccuset! his 8ife 8s seiBe- -uin( sech !f h!use in the 0esence !f 8ife. 5he lette 8s hel- -6issible f! she h- n!t 0ut lette int! the hn-s !f uth!ities.
In A00u Stte AI/ #%,# M-.#%1)& c!nfessi!n 8s 6-e b7 6n t! his 8ife in the 0esence !f !the 0es!ns. 5he c!ut ll!8e- the c!nfessi!n t! be 0!e- th!u(h th!se !the 0es!ns. While thi- 0es!n !ehein( c!nfi-entil c!66unicti!n 67 test testif7 if7 t! it& it& 7et& 7et& s t! -!cu -!cu6e 6ent nts& s& lett lette es& s& etc. etc.&& c! c!6i 6in( n( int! int! the the 0!ssessi!n !f thi- 0es!n& -istincti!n sh!ul- !btin. 5hus& if the7 8ee !btine- f!6 the --essee s0!use b7 !lunt7 -elie7& the7 sh!ul- still be 0iile(e- f! !the8ise the 0iile(e c!ul- b7 c!llusi!n be 0cticll7 nullifie- f! 8itten c!66unicti!ns) but if the7 8ee !btine- sue0titi!usl7 secetl7) ! !the8ise 8ith!ut the --essees c!nsent& the 0iile(e sh!ul- cese. M.C. Ve(hese 5.J. P!nnn? AI/ #%,+ SC #,2) In this this c cse se&& the the husb husbn n- 8!t 8!te e cet ceti in n lett lette es s t! his his 8ife 8ife 8hic 8hich h c!ntine- -ef6t!7 i60utti!n b!ut his 8ifes fthe. His fthe*in* l8 b!u(ht suit !n the ei-ence !f these lettes. 5he lettes 8ee 0sse?. Ms -u(hte / 8s 6ie- t! P. Duin( Au(ust #%%?& 8hen / 8s esi-in( 8ith he 0ents t ;!6b7& P 8!te t8! lettes t! / f!6 Clcutt 8hich c!ntine-$ -ef6t!7 i60utti!ns b!ut M. M file- c!60lint ch(in( P 8ith the !ffence !f -ef6ti!n. P ise- the 0le tht the lettes 8ee in-6issible in ei-ence s the7 8ee e0essl7 0!hibite- b7 l8 f!6 -iscl!sue. Deci-e. XC.L XC.LC. C.**%"$% %"$%?$ ?$%1 %1I# I#"2 "2
■
LAW OF EVIDENCE !n b7 the the 8ife 8ife t! he he fth fthe e.. 5he 5he Kel el Hi(h Hi(h C!u C!utt e=e e=ecte cte- the the ei-ence un-e Sec. #"". 5he Su0e6e C!ut& h!8ee& !eule- the -ecisi!n.
5he Su0e6e C!ut li- -!8n the f!ll!8in( 0!0!siti!ns 8ith e(- t! Sec. #"" 9 i) P!tecti!n c!nfee- b7 Sec. #"" is li6ite- t! such 6ttes s he been c!66unicte- -uin( 6i(e c!66unicti!n bef!e 6i(e 8!ul- n!t be 0!tecte-. ;ut 0iile(e c!ntinues een fte 6i(e hs been -iss!le- b7 -eth ! -i!ce. In the 0esent cse& -ecee f! nullit7 !f 6i(e h- been 0sse(inst the husbn- !n the (!un- !f i60!tenc7& since the 6tte eche- the c!ut). ii) 5he b eltes t! the sttus !n -te 8hen c!66unicti!n 8s 6-e n- n!t !n the -te 8hen ei-ence is s!u(ht t! be (ien. In In the 0e 0esent sent c cse se&& 6i i(e 8s sub subsist sistin in( ( t the ti6 ti6e !f c!66unicti!n !f lettes n- n!t !n the -te 8hen ei-ence (ien in the c!ut). iii) 5he 8!- c!66unicti c!66unicti!n !n -!es n!t eteneten- t! c!es0!n-e c!es0!n-ence. nce. 5hus& een th!u(h s0!use is -ebe- f!6 -e0!sin( t! the c!ntents !f such c!es0!n-ence& the s6e cn be 0!e- b7 thi- 0es!n 8ifes fthe& in the 0esent cse). i) Ece0t 8hee the s0!use t! 8h!6 c!66unicti!n is 6-e is 8itn 8itnes ess s nn- cli cli6 6 0i 0iil ile( e(e e unun-e e Sec. Sec. #"") #"")&& the the eiei-en ence ce s t! c!66unicti!n bet8een husbn- n- 8ife is -6issible& un-e n7 !the 0!isi!ns !f the Act ! !n the (!un-s !f 0ublic 0!lic7. In /u60in( Di. !f Public P!secuti!ns #2") ? All E/ ":2& the lette b7 the 00ellnt t! his 8ife c!ntinin( c!nfessi!n b!ut the 6u-e c!66 c! 66it itte te- b7 hi6) hi6) 8s 8s (ien (ien b7 the the 00e 00ell lln ntt t! c! c!ii iie e(u (ue e f! f! 0!stin( it. Afte his est& the c!lle(ue hn-e- !e the lette t! c0tin !f the shi0& 8h! (e it t! the 0!lice. 5he lette 8s hel-6issible in ei-ence the ce8 6e6bes n- c0tin (e ei-ence& but the 8ife 8s n!t clle- s 8itness.
In the 0esent cse& the c!ut thus hel- tht the lettes e -6issible = in ei-ence. 5he lettes c!ul- n!t cli6 the benefit !f Sec. #"".Y #"".Y Sec.#"?. Ei-ence s t! ffis !f Stte 1 N! N! !ne !ne shl shlll be 0e6 0e6it itte te- t! (ie (ie n7 n7 eiei-en ence ce -ei -eie e- f!6 f!6 I un0ublishe- !fficil ec!-s eltin( t! n7 ffis !f Stte& ece0t 8ith the the 0e6 0e6is issi si!n !n !f the the !ffi !ffice ce t t the he he- !f the the -e0 -e0t t6 6ent c!ncene-)& c!ncene-)& 8h! = shll (ie ! 8ithh!l- such 0e6issi!n 0e6issi!n s he thin's fit. 1. In cet ceti in n c cse ses s the the Stt Stte e hs hs been been (ie (ien& n& the the 0i 0iile ile(e (e n!t n!t t! 0!-uce cetin -!cu6ents 8hich elte t! the ffis !f the Stte. Discu iscuss ss the the l8 l8 el elti tin( n( t! it. it.
_
XC.LC.*%#YWI5NESSES #", Sec.#"? 0!tects un0ublishe- Stte ec!-s f!6 bein( -iscl!se-. 5his secti!n is bse- !n the 6i6 Slus 0!0uli est su0e6e $e& i.e.& e(- f! 0ublic 8elfe is the hi(hest l8. 5he (enel ule is tht the 8itness is b!un- t! tell the 8h!le tuth n- t! 0!-uce n7 -!cu6ent in his 0!ssessi!n ! 0!8e& elent t! the 6tte in issue. H!8ee& in cetin cses& the 0!-ucti!n !f !fficil -!cu6ent 67 be in=ui!us t! l(e 0ublic inteest& s f! instnce it 67 h6 Sttes secuit7& (!!- -i0l!6tic elti!ns& etc. In such cses the Stte hs been (ien the 0iile(e n!t t! 0!-uce cetin -!cu6ents 8hich elte t! ffis !f the Stte. Sec.#"? 6ust be e- in c!n=u(ti!n 8ith Sec.#2". Sec.#2" 0!i-es tht 8hen 0es!n hs been su66!ne- t! 0!-uce -!cu6ent he sh!ul- 0!-uce& it een if he hs n7 !b=ecti!n t! its 0!-ucti!n nthe the c! c!u utt shll shll -eci -eci-e -e the the 6 6tt tte e !f his his !b=e !b=ect cti! i!n n the the c! c!u utt 6 67 7 ins0ect the -!cu6ent& unless it efes t! 6ttes !f Stte.
5he 0iile(e un-e Sec. #"? sh!ul- be cli6e- eithe b7 the Ministe& ! his Secet7& ! b7 He- !f the De0t6ent. 5he usul 6eth!- !f cli6in( the 0iile(e is b7 filin( n ffi-it. 5he ffi-it hs t! stte tht the -!cu6ent in Ruesti!n hs been cefull7 e- n- e6inen- the De0t6ent is stisfie- tht the -iscl!sue 8!ul- n!t be in 0ubli 0ublic c inte intee est st.. Afte Afte l!!' l!!'in in( ( t the the ntu ntue e !f the the -!cu -!cu6e 6ent nt&& the the (!u (!unn-s s f! f! the the cl cli6 !f the 0i 0iil ile e(e& (e& n- the t!t t!tli litt7 !f the cic cicu6 u6st stn nce ces& s& the the c! c!u utt
-eci -eci-e -es s
the the
Rues Ruesti ti!n !n !f !-e !-ei in( n( the the
0!-ucti!n ! n!t. In Stte !f Pun=b Su'h-e Sin(h S!-hi AI/ #%2# SC 1%?)& the Su0 Su0e6 e6e e C!u C!utt hs hs lili- -!8n -!8n the the f!ll f!ll!8 !8in in( ( 0!0 0!0!s !sit iti! i!ns ns in this this e(- 9 i) It is 6tte f! the uth!it7 t! -eci-e 8hethe -iscl!sue 8!ulcuse in=u7 t! the 0ublic inteest. H!8ee& the c!ut 8!ul- enRuie int! the Ruesti!n 8hethe the ei-ence s!u(ht t! be eclu-e- f!6 0!-ucti!n eltes t! Stte ffis. ii) 5he C!ut is b!un- t! h!l- 0eli6in7 enRui7 int! the chcte !f the -!cu6ent. F! this 0u0!se it 67 cll f!th c!lltel ei-ence. In n! cse& cn c n the c!ut ins0ect the -!cu6ent itself. iii) iii) 5hus& 5hus& the c!ut cnn!t cnn!t enRui enRuie e int! int! the 0!ssible 0!ssible in=u7 in=u7 t! the 0ublic inteest& but the c!ut c!ul- h!l- 0eli6in7 enRui7 n-ete6ine the li-it7 !f !b=ecti!n. 5he 5he b b 0!0 0!0!u !unn-ee- b7 Su'h Su'h-e -e Sin( Sin(h hs s c cse se&& t! ie8 ie8in in( ( the the -!cu6ent b7 the c!ut& 8s !eule- b7 the Su0e6e C!ut in its lte -ecisi!ns 9 A6 Chn- ;utli Stte AI/ #%21 SC #2:)& Stte !f <.P. /= Nin AI/ #%,: SC 2:)& S.P. 4u0t
Stte !f <.P. /= Nin AI/ #%,: SC 2:) In this cse& the -efen-nt Ru!te- cetin 0ts !f the ;lue ;!!' * n !ffici !fficill -!cu6 -!cu6ent ent elt eltin( in( t! secui secuit7 t7 n( n(e6 e6ent ents s !f the Pi6e Pi6e Mini Minist ste e)& )& nn- its its 0!0!-uc ucti ti!n !n s n eiei-en ence ce&& s it 8s n!t n!t n un0ublishe- -!cu6ent. 5he c!ut hel- tht the -iscl!sue !f cetin 0!ti!ns -!es n!t en-e it 0ublishe-& f! such 0!ti!ns 67 he n! c!ncen 8ith ffis !f Stte. 5he 5he Su0 Su0e6 e6e e C!u C!ut& t& in this this c cse se&& lili- -!8n -!8n s! s!6e 6e uth uth! !it itt ti ie e 0!0!siti!ns 9 i) F!un-ti!n !f l8 behin- Sec. #"? n- Sec. #2" is in=u7 t! 0ublic inteest. ii) Public inteest 8hich -e6n-s ei-ence t! be 8ithhel- 6ust be 8ei(he- (inst 0ublic inteest in the -6inistti!n !f =ustice tht the c!uts sh!ul- he the fullest 0!ssible ccess t! ll elent 6teils. When When 0ubl 0ublic ic inte intee est st !ut8 !ut8ei ei(h (hs s the the ltt ltte e&& eiei-en ence ce c cnn nn!t !t be -6itte-. iii) 5he c!nfi-entilit7 !f the 6tte hs t! be -eci-e- b7 the He- !f the De De0 0t6e t6ent. nt. H!8e H!8ee e&& the c!ut c!ut cn su66! su66!n n n7 -!cu6e -!cu6ent nt n!t8ithstn-in( n7 !b=ecti!n un-e Sec. #2" n- cn -iscuss the -6issibilit7 s n ei-ence)& n- cn (et the hel0 !f tnslt!s t! -eci-e 8hethe the -!cu6ent eltes t! the ffis !f Stte. i) If the c!ut is stisfie- 8ith the es!ns cite- in ffi-it& 6tte en-s thee. ) If n!t& the c!ut 67 ins0ect the -!cu6ent n- if it fin-s tht n7 0t !f the -!cu6ent is inn!cu!us n!t elte- t! ffis !f Stte) it c!ul- !-e -iscl!sue !f such 0t. While !-ein( !f the -iscl!sue !f inn!cu!us 0t& the c!ut 6ust sel the !the 0ts 8h!se -iscl!sue is un-esible.
In /.K. /.K. Jin Jin
e6ine the -!cu6ents). In this cse& the 00!int6ent ■ _nce 8ith the the 6en 6en-e -e- /ule /ules. s. 5he 5he 6e 6eit its s !f the the 00 00!i !int ntee ee ■ behi behinn- the the 6en-6ent 8ee n!t 0e6itte- t! be e6ine- Ut liti(ti!n. C!66unicti!ns 7
shll be c!60elle- t! -iscl!se c!66unicti!ns&
sh
c!nfi-ence& 8hen he c!nsi-es tht the 0ublic
e -iscl!sue -iscl!sue..
*WI5NES *WI5NESSES SES
#"% 5he 5he c! c!u utt c cn n c! c!60 60el el the the -isc -iscl! l!su sue e !f -!cu -!cu6e 6ent nt&& if the the c! c!u utt -is(ees 8ith the !ffice. Sec.#":. Inf!6ti!n s t! c!66issi!n !f !ffences N! M(istte ! Public Office shll be c!60elle- t! s7 8hence*he (!t (!t n7 n7 inf! inf!6 6t ti! i!n n s t! the the c! c!66 66is issi si!n !n !f n7 n7 !ffe !ffenc nce& e& nn- n! /ee /eenu nue e Offi Office ce sh shll be c! c!60 60el elle le- t! s s7 7 8hen 8hence ce he (!t (!t n7 n7 inf!6ti!n s t! the c!66issi!n !f n7 !ffence (inst the 0ublic eenue. 5he secti!n is inten-e- t! enc!u(e 0e!0le t! (ie inf!6ti!n b!ut !ffences b7 0!tectin( the s!uce !f inf!6ti!n& f! !the8ise& n! !ne 8!ul- li'e t! (ie such inf!6ti!n. It is 8ell estblishe- tht the 0!lice 67 su00ess the i-entit7 !f the inf!6nts in the inteest !f c!6btin( ci6e. Sec.#"2. P!fessi!nl C!66unicti!ns See un-e the uesti!ns secti!n. ACCOMPLICE EVIDENCE: XSs. #??& ##1 b)Y
An cc!60lice is 0es!n 8h! hs t'en 0t in the c!66issi!n !f ci6e. When n !ffence is c!66itte- b7 6!e thn !ne 0es!n in c!ncet& ee7 !ne 0tici0tin( in its c!66issi!n is n cc!60lice. He is clle- n 00!e if he is (nte- 0-!n un-e Sec.?+2 !f the C!-e !f Ci6inl P!ce-ue& #%,?. When he 00es s 8itness f! the the 0!s 0!sec ecut uti! i!n n (i (inst nst the the c ccu cuse se- 0es 0es!n !n 8ith 8ith 8h!6 8h!6 he c cte tet!(ethe in the c!66issi!n !f the ci6e& the Ruesti!n ises s t! 8ht is the lue !f the ei-ence !f f!6e ci6inl tune- 8itness. 58! 0!isi!ns in the Act t!uch this 0!ble6. Sec.#??. Acc!60lice An c cc! c!60 60li lice ce shl shlll be c! c!60 60et eten entt 8itn 8itnes ess s (i (ins nstt n c ccu cuse se0es!n n- c!nicti!n is n!t ille(l 6eel7 becuse it 0!cee-s u0!n the unc!!b!te- testi6!n7 !f n cc!60lice. Sec.##1. Illustti!n b) 5he c!ut c!ut 6 67 7 0esu6 0esu6e e tht tht n cc!6 cc!60li 0lice ce is un8!t un8!th7 h7 !f ce-it ce-it&& unless he is c!!b!te- in 6teil 0ticuls. H!8ee& Sec.##1 ls! (ies t8! instnces 8hen this -!es n!t 00l7 * A 0es!n !f the hi(hest chcte& chcte& is tie- f! cusin( 6ns -eth b7 n ct !f ne(li(ence in n(in( cetin 6chine7. ;& 0es!n !f eRu eRull ll7 7 (!!(!!- ch chc cte te& 8h! 8h! ls! ls! t!!' t!!' 0t 0t in the the n( n(e6 e6en ent& t& -esc -escib ibes es 0ec 0ecise isel7 l7 8ht 8ht 8s 8s -!ne -!ne&& nn- -6i -6its ts nn- e0l e0li ins ns the the c!66!n celessness !f A n- hi6self. 5he !the instnce is * A ci6e is c!66itte- b7 seel 0es!ns. A& ;& n- C& thee !f the ci6inls& e c0tue- !n the s0!t n- 'e0t 0t :. Wite sh!t n!te !n Acc!60lice ei-ence. XC.LC*%"Y#?+ LAW OF EVIDENCE
f!6 ech !the. Ech (ies n cc!unt !f the ci6e i60lictin( D& nthe cc!unts c!!b!te ech !the in such 6nne s t! en-e 0ei!us c!ncet hi(hl7 i60!bble. N! ntithesis bet8een Sec.#?? n- Sec.##12 5hee is n! ntithesis bet8een Sec.#?? n- Sec.##1& illustti!n b)& becus becuse e the illust illust ti! ti!n n !nl7 !nl7 s7s s7s tht tht the c!ut c!ut 67 67 0esu6 0esu6e e cet ceti in n stt stte e !f ff ffi is. s. It -!es -!es n!t n!t see' see' t! is ise e c! c!nc nclu lusi si e 0esu60ti!n. Sec.#?? is cle uth!isti!n t! the c!uts t! c!nict !n the c!! c!!b! b!t tee- testi6 testi6!n7 !n7 !f n cc!60 cc!60lice lice&& but since since such such 8itness& bein( ci6inl hi6self& 67 n!t l87s be tust8!th7& the c!uts e (ui-e- b7 the illustti!n 00en-e- t! Sec.##1 tht& if it is necess7 the c!ut sh!ul- 0esu6e tht he is unelible unless his stte6ents e su00!te- ! eifie- b7 s!6e in-e0en-ent ei-ence D(-u Stte !f Mhsht #%,,) ? SCC "2. Sec.#?? l7s -!8n ule !f l8. ;ut Sec.##1& illustti!n b) l7s -!8n ule !f 0u-ence. 5his ule !f 0u-ence hs n!8 c!6e t! be cce0te- s ule !f l8 b7 =u-icil le(islti!n b!th in In-in nEn(lish l8. 5he ei-ence !f n cc!60lice sh!ul- stn- the test !f eificti!n t lest in 6in 0!ints. 5his is 'n!8n s c!!b!ti!n. 5hee 5hee e the f!ll!8 f!ll!8in( in( -n(e -n(es s in cce0t cce0tin( in( the unc! unc!!b !b! !tetetesti6!n7 !f n cc!60lice 9* #)
He is 0tic 0tici0e i0es s c ci6 i6ini inis s 0tic 0tici0 i0nt nt in the c!6 c!66i 6issi! ssi!n n !f !f
ctu c tul l ci6 ci6e) e)&& henc hence e ei-e ei-enc nce e c! c!6e 6es s f!6 f!6 tin tinte te- s! s!u uce ce.. His His testi6!n7 sh!ul- n!t c7 the s6e es0ect s tht !f l8*bi-in( citiBen. ")
He hs been fithless t! his c!60ni!ns n- 67 be fithless t!
the c!ut becuse he hs 6!tie t! shift the (uilt f!6 hi6self t! his f!6e c!60ni!ns. 5he 06!unt -n(e is tht he 67 8ee st!7 8hich 67 i60licte een the inn!cent 8ith the (uilt7.
?)
If he is n 00!e i.e. (nte- 0-!n)& he hs been f!ue-
b7 the Stte n- is theef!e li'el7 t! f!u the Stte. 5hese es!ns -ictte the necessit7 f! c!!b!ti!n. 5he ntue n- etent !f c!!b!ti!n !f cc!60lice ei-ence 6ust necessil7 7 8ith the cicu6stnces !f ech cse& n- it is n!t 0!ssible t! enuncite n7 h- n- fst ule. ;ut the (ui-in( ules li-!8 -!8n in /. ;s'e s'eille #%#2 " K; 2:) e cle le be7!nc!nt!es7. 5he7 e 9*
2. An cc!60lice is un8!th7 !f ce-it unless c!!b!te- in 6teil 0ticul 0ticuls. s. Discuss Discuss 8ith efeence efeence t! elen elentt sttut!7 sttut!7 0!isi!ns 0!isi!ns n- cse l8. XC.L.C*%?$%1 XC.L.C*%?$%1 L.C.II*%?$%:[ H!8 he the c!uts ec!ncile- the c!nflict bet8een Sec.#?? n- Sec. ##1
b)
in
GG_Us
!f
00!e
XC.L.C.*%:$%2YWI5NESSES
ei-enceU
#?# #) #)
It is
n!t n!t nece necess ss 7 7 tht tht the thee e sh!u sh!ull-
be
in-e in-e0e 0enn-en entt
c!nfi6ti!n& in ee7 -etil& !f the ci6e elte- b7 the cc!60lice. It is sufficient if thee is c!nfi6ti!n s t! 6teil cicu6stnce !f the cse. ")
5he c!nfi c!nfi6 6ti! ti!n n b7 in-e0e in-e0en-e n-ent nt ei-e ei-ence nce 6ust 6ust be !f the
i-entit7 !f the ccuse- in elti!n t! the ci6e. 5hus& thee 6ust be c!nfi6ti!n tht n!t !nl7 hs the ci6e been c!66itte- but tht the ccuse- c!66itte- it. ?)
5he c!!b! c!!b!ti!n ti!n 6ust be b7 in-e0en-ent in-e0en-ent testi6!n7 testi6!n7&& i.e.& i.e.& b7
s!6e ei-ence !the thn tht !f the cc!60lice& n- theef!e& !ne cc!60lice cnn!t c!!b!te the !the.
1)
5he c!!b c!!b! !t ti!n i!n neenee- n!t be b7 -iect -iect ei-e ei-ence nce tht tht the
ccuse- c!66itte- the ci6e it 67 een be cicu6stntil. In /6esh8 Stte !f /=sthn #%:") SC/ ?,+& the Su0e6e C!u C!utt hs hs c! c!nf nfi i6e 6e- the the s sii- ule ules. s. In H! H!!n !n H=i H=i Stt Stte e !f Mhsht AI/ #%2 SC ?")& /in-e Sin(h Stte !f H7n AI/ #%,: SC :2)& n-& Knnn Sin(h Stte !f 5.N. AI/ #%% SC ?%2)& the Su0e6e C!ut hs effi6e- the -ecisi!n !f /6esh8 Stte. In /in-e Sin(h Stte !f H7n AI/ #%,: SC :2)& the ccuse8s ch(e- 8ith 6u-e !f his 8ife. His fien- tune- 00!e& 8h! -iscl!s -iscl!see- the c ccuse cuse-s -s inti6 inti6c7 c7 8ith 8ith !the !the (il. (il. 5he ccuse ccuse- hhtche- c!ns0ic7 8ith the hel0 !f 00!e. It 8s hel- tht the 00 00! !e e 8s 8s
eli elib ble le nn-
his his
stt stte6 e6en entt
8s c! c! !b !b! !t tee- b7
in-e0 in-e0en en-e -ent nt 8itn 8itnes esse ses s tht tht the the c ccu cuse se- 8s 8s c cc! c!60 60n n7i 7in( n( the the -ece -eces see- in the the ti tin). n). M! M!e e! !e e&& the the subs subseR eRue uent nt c! c!nn-uct uct !f the the ccuse- 8s tue*tell*tle !f his (uilt7 6in- the el 6!tie f! the ci6e bein( ille(iti6te inti6c7 8ith (il. 5he c!ut hel- tht the 00!es test is fulfille- if the st!7 he eltes in!les hi6& n- the st!7 00es t! be ntul n- 0!bble ctl!(ue !f eents& n- the st!7 6ust i60licte the ccuse- in such 6nne s! s t! (ie ise t! c!nclusi!n !f (uilt7 be7!n- es!nble -!ubt. In Suesh Chn- ;hi Stte !f ;ih AI/ #%%1 SC "1"+)& the Su0e6e C!ut e*e60hsise- the nee- f! isin( the 0esu60ti!n tht the 00!e ei-ence is untust8!th7 unless c!!b!te-. Wh! is n!t n cc!60lice 5he f!ll!8in( clsses !f 0es!ns e n!t cc!60lices 9* i) When 0es!n& un-e thet !f -eth ! !the f!6 !f 0essue 8hich he is unble t! esist& c!66its ci6e l!n( 8ith !thes& he is n!t 8illin( 0tici0nt in it& but icti6 !f such cicu6stnces.
ii) ii) A 0es 0es!n !n 8h! 8h! 6e 6ee el7 l7 8itn 8itnes esse ses s ci6 ci6e& e& nn- -!es -!es n!t n!t (ie (ie inf!6ti!n !f it t! n7 !ne else !ut !f te!& is n!t n cc!60lice.#?" LAW OF EVIDENCE iii) iii)
Detec De tecti ties& es& 0i0i- inf! inf!6e 6es s nn- t t0 0 8itness 8itnesses es t! t! t0 t0 the the
ccuse-) e n!t cc!60lices. C!nfessi!n !f c!*ccuse- Vs Acc!60lice ei-ence, Sec.?+. C!nfessi!n !f c!*ccuse- * When 6!e 0es!ns thn !ne e bein( tie- =!intl7 f! the s6e !ffence& n- c!nfessi!n 6-e b7 !ne !f such 0es!ns ffectin( hi6self n- s!6e !the !f such 0es!ns is 0!e 0!e-& -& the c!ut c!ut 6 67 7 t'e t'e int! int! c!nsi-e c!nsi-e ti! ti!n n such such c!nfes c!nfessi! si!n n s (inst such !the 0es!n s 8ell s (inst the 0es!n 8h! 6'es such c!nfessi!n. Illustti!ns )
A nn- ; e =!intl7 tietie- f! Cs 6u-e 6u-e.. It is 0!e- tht A si- 9
; nn- I 6u6u-e eee- C. C. 5he 5he c! c!u utt 6 67 7 c! c!ns nsi-e i-e the the effe effect ct !f the the c!nfessi!n (inst ;. b)
A is is !n til f! f! Cs 6u-e. 6u-e. 5hee is ei-ence ei-ence t! t! sh!8 tht C 8s 8s
6u-ee- b7 A n- ;& n- tht ; si- 9 A n- I 6u-ee- C. 5his stte6ent 67 n!t be t'en int! c!nsi-eti!n b7 the c!ut (inst A s ; is n!t bein( =!intl7 tie-. It 6 67 7 be n!ten!te- tht tht the c!nfessi! c!nfessi!n n !f c!*c c!*ccus cusee- 6ust 6ust i60lic i60licte te hi6self s 8ell s s!6e !the ccuse-. Futhe& Futhe& the c!nfessi!n 6-e t 0ei!us til 8ill n!t be elent. When the7 e =!intl7 tie- but f! -iffeent !ffences e.(. b-ucti!n n- 0e)& then ls! the c!nfessi!n 8ill 8ill be iele iele nt. nt. Still Still futhe futhe& the c!nfes c!nfessi! si!n n 6ust 6ust n!t he he been been 6-e un-e f!ce ! fu-. 5he c!nfessi!n !f c!*ccuse- is n!t tete-& in the s6e 87 s the testi6!n7 !f n cc!60lice 9
#)
5he c!nfes c!nfessi! si!n n !f c!*c c!*ccuse cuse- is n!t ei-e ei-ence nce& & s it is n!t
ec!-e- !n !th& n! it is (ien in the 0esence !f the ccuse- nn! its tuth cn c n be teste- b7 c!ss*e6inti!n. 5he 5he c cc! c!60 60li lice ce eiei-en ence ce is t' t'en !n ! !th th nn- test testee- b7 c!s c!ss* s* e6inti!n hi(he 0!btie lue is thus (ien t! it. ") ")
5he 5he c! c!nf nfes essi si!n !n !f c! c!* *cc ccus usee- 6ust 6ust !nl7 !nl7 be t' t'en int! int!
c!nsi-eti!n l!n( 8ith !the ei-ence in tHS cse& n- it cnn!t l!ne f!6 the bsis !f c!nicti!n. A c! c!n nict icti! i!n n is n!t n!t ille ille( (ll 6e 6ee el7 l7 bec becus use e it 0!c 0!cee ee-s -s u0!n u0!n the the c!!b!te- testi6!n7 !f n cc!60lice. ?)
5he 0hil!s!0h7 !f Sec.?+ is tht c!nfessi!n !f c!*ccuse- ff!-s
s!6e s!t !f sncti!n in su00!t !f the tuth !f his c!nfessi!n (inst !thes n- hi6self. An cc!60lice ei-ence is ls! n!t fee f!6 citicis6. An 00!e is 6!st un8!th7 fien-& if t ll& n- he& hin( b(ine- f! his ] Wht is the the -iffeence bet8een bet8een the c!nfessi!n !f c!*ccusec!*ccuse- nthe
testi6!n7
G
cc!60lice
U
XLC.II*%?[ WI5NESSES #?? i66unit7& 6ust 0!e his 8!thiness f! ce-ibilit7 in c!ut. H!8ee& the Su0e6e C!ut hs t'en ce !f it b7 insistin( !n c!!b!ti!n. In 6 6n7 n7 cses cses !f 0!sec 0!secuti uti!n !n !f 6e 6e6be 6bes s !f !(ni !(nisese- ci6e ci6e&& n 00 00! !e e nn- fe8 fe8 c! c!* *cc ccuse use- 6 67 7 be the the !nl7 !nl7 ei-e ei-enc nce e nn- it is !bi!us tht such 0es!ns 8!ul- nee be c!nicte- if Sec. #?? 8s n!t thee in the sttute b!!'. IMPO IMPO/ /5AN5
5OPICS PICS$I $ILL LL
C!66unicti!ns Sec.#"2)
5!0ic* 0ic* ) )
P!f P!fes essi si!n !nl l
A 0!fessi!n 0!fessi!nll c!66 c!66unict unicti!n i!n 6ens 6ens c!nfi-enti c!nfi-entill c!66 c!66unic unicti!n ti!n bet8een 0!fessi!nl e.(. l87e) n- his client 6-e t! the f!6e in the c!use& n- f! the 0u0!se& !f his e60l!76ent s such -ise. 5he 5he 0i 0iil ile( e(e e tt ttch chin in( ( t! c! c!nf nfii-en enti til l 0!f 0!fes essi si!n !nl l -isc -iscl! l!su sue es s is c!nfine- t! the cse !f le(l -ises& n- -!es n!t 0!tect th!se 6-e t! cle(76en& -!ct!s& etc. 5he 6in in(e-ients !f Sec.#"2 e 9* N! biste& tt!ne7& 0le-e ! 'il shll t n7 ti6e be 0e6itte-& unless 8ith his clients e0ess c!nsent& t! * i) -iscl!se n7 c!66unicti!n 6-e t! hi6 b7 ! !n behlf !f his client& ! n7 -ise (ien b7 hi6 t! his client in the c!use n- f! the 0u0!se !f his e60l!76ent e60l!76ent ii) stte the c!ntents ! c!n-iti!ns !f n7 -!cu6ent 8ith 8hich he hs bec! bec!6 6e cRu cRuin inte te- in the c! c!u use se n- f! f! the the 0u 0u0!se 0!se !f his e60l!76ent. P!i-e- tht n!thin( in this secti!n shll n! 0!tect f!6 -iscl!sue * #)
n7 n7 such such c!6 c!66un 6unic icti! ti!n n 6 6-e -e in futhe futhe nce nce !f n7 ille( ille(ll
0u0!se& ")
n7 fct !bsee- b7 biste& biste& etc. in the c!use !f e60l!76ent
sh!8 sh!8in in( ( tht tht n7 n7 ci6 ci6e e ! fu fu- hs hs been been c! c!66 66it itte te- sinc since e the the c!66ence6ent !f his e60l!76ent. e60l!76ent. ) A& client& s7s t! ;& n tt!ne7 * I 8ish t! !btin 0!ssessi!n !f 0!0et7 b7 use !f f!(e- -ee- !n 8hich I eRuest 7!u t! sue. Is the c!66unicti!n 6-e b7 A be- b7 l8 ! e0essl7 0!hibite- b7 l8
f ! 6
-iscl!sueU
Deci-e.
XC.L.C*%"Y b) A h- she- ll his business secets 8ith his 8ife -uin( the subsistence !f thei 6i(e. 5he c!66unicti!ns he been t0eb7 the 8ife. Afte thei -i!ce& the 8ife bec!6es fien-l7 8ith As
busi busine ness ss i ils ls 8h! 8h! he he file file- c cse ses s f! f! c! c!ns ns0i 0i c7 c7 nn- che cheti tin( n( (inst (inst A. Cn the f!6e 8ife 00e in the 8itness b! t! testif7 testif7 t! the husbn-s elie c!66unicti!nsU Will the b !f Sec. #"" 00l7 in
cse
the
f!6e
8ife
(i (ies
the
cssettes
c!ntinin(
the
c!66unicti!ns t! As business ils f! the 0u0!se !f estblishin( c!ns0ic7
n-
chetin(
ch(esU
XC.L.C.*%2Y#?1 LAW OF EVIDENCE E0lnti!n * 5he !bli(ti!n stte- in this secti!n c!ntinues fte the e60l!76ent hs cese-. Illustti!ns )
A& client& client& s7s t! ;& ;& n n tt!n tt!ne7 e7 * I he he c!66it c!66ittete- f!(e7 f!(e7
n- I 8ish 7!u t! -efen- 6e. As the -efence !f 6n 'n!8n t! be (uilt7 is n!t ci6inl 0u0!se& this c!66unicti!n is 0!tecte- f!6 -iscl!sue. b)
A& client& client& s7s s7s t! ;& n tt! tt!ne7 ne7 *I 8ish t! !btin !btin 0!ssessi!n 0!ssessi!n
!f 0!0et7 b7 use !f f!(e- -ee- !n 8hich I eRuest 7!u t! sue. 5his c!66unicti!n& bein( 6-e in futhence !f ci6inl 0u0!se& is n!t 0!tecte- f!6 -iscl!sue. c)
A& bein( ch(e- 8ith e6beBBle6ent& etins ;& n tt!ne7& tt!ne7& t!
-efen- hi6. In the c!use !f the 0!cee-in(& A !bsees tht n ent7 hs been 6-e in As cc!unt*b!!'& ch(in( A 8ith the su6 si- t! h he been been e6 e6be beBB BBle le-& -& 8hic 8hich h ent ent7 7 8s 8s n!t n!t in the the b!!' b!!' t the the c!66ence6ent !f his e60l!76ent. e60l!76ent. 5his bein( fct !bsee- b7 ; in the c!use !f his e60l!76ent& sh!8in( tht fu- hs been c!66itte- since the c!66ence6ent !f the 0!cee-in(s& it is n!t 0!tecte- f!6 -iscl!sue. 5he 0inci0le un-el7in( Sec.#"2 is tht if c!66unicti!ns t! le(l -i -ise se 8ee 8ee n!t n!t 0i 0iil ile( e(ee-&& 6 6n n 8!ul 8!ul- be -ete -ete ee- f!6 f!6 full full7 7
-iscl!sin( his cse& s! s t! !btin 0!0e 0!fessi!nl i- in 6tte in 8hich he is li'el7 t! be th!8n int! liti(ti!n. Ee7 0es!n& h!8ee (uilt7& is entitle- t! fi til * 8hich in!les the seice !f c!unsel n- c!unsel cnn!t -efen- his client unless he 'n!8s the 8h!le tuth. In the bsence !f 0iile(e un-e Sec. #"2& it 8!ul- he been -ifficult f! n7 b!-7 t! (et the best 0!fessi!nl -ice. 5he 0!isi!ns !f Sec. #"2 00l7 t! inte0etes n- the cle's ! sents !f bistes& etc. Sec. #",). It is n!t ee7 c!66unicti!n 6-e b7 0es!n t! his le(l -ise tht tht is 0i 0iil ile( e(ee- f!6 f!6 -isc -iscl! l!su sue e.. 5he 5he 0i 0iil ile( e(e e ete etenn-s s !nl7 !nl7 t! c!66 c! 66un unic ict ti! i!ns ns 6 6-e -e t! hi6 hi6 c! c!nf nfii-en enti til ll7 l7 nn- 8ith 8ith ie8 ie8 t! !btinin( 0!fessi!nl -ise XFn=i ;hic=i M!hn Sin(h Dhn Sin(h #%?) # ;!6 "2?Y. 5he 0!hibiti!n eten-s t! ll c!66unicti!ns 6-e in c!nfi-ence 0etinin( t! n7 0en-in( ! c!nte60lte- cse ! f! the 0u0!se !f s!licitin( 0!fessi!nl -ice. In D.Veese'n Stte !f 5.N. X#%%" C LJ "#2 M-.)Y& the -ice !f n -!cte t! his client t! e6in bsc!n-in( 8s n!t ll!8e- t! be cite- in the 0!secuti!n !f the -!cte un-e the 5ADA Act& #%,. It*8s hel- t! be 0!fessi!nl c!66unicti!n n- n!t n bet6ent un-e the 5ADA. E0lnti!n t! Sec. #"2 e6b!-ies the ule !nce 0iile(e- l87s 0iile(e-. 5he 0iile(e un-e Sec. #"2 is sub=ect t! fe8 ece0ti!ns 9* . A Ruesti!n bse- !n the s6e fcts. XC.LC.*%1YWI5NESSES #?: #)
C!66unicti!n 6-e in futhence !f ille(l 0u0!se 0!is!
#) * Such Such c!6 c!66un 6unic icti! ti!ns ns e n!t 0!tec 0!tectete-.. A client client c!nsultec!nsulte- l87e f! the 0u0!se !f -8in( u0 bill !f sle 8hich 8s lle(e- t!
be fu-ulent. 5he c!66unicti!n 8s hel- t! be n!t 0iile(e-& f! the c!nsultti!n 8s f! n ille(l 0u0!se Xsee illustti!n b)Y. ")
Ci6e ! fu- since e60l!76ent be(n 0!is! ") * If l87e
fin-s in the c!use !f his e60l!76ent tht n7 ci6e ! fufu- hs been c!66 c! 66it itte te- sinc since e the the e6 e60l 0l!7 !76e 6ent nt be( be(n& n& he c cn n -isc -iscl! l!se se such such inf!6ti!n Xsee illustti!n c)Y. It is bse- !n the ule tht n! 0ite !bli(ti!n cn -is0ense 8ith tht uniesl !ne 8hich lies !n ee7 6e6be !f s!ciet7 t! -iscl!se ee7 -esi(n& 8hich 67 be f!6ec!nt7 t! l8s !f s!ciet7& s!ciet7& t! -est!7 the 0ublic 8elfe. ?) 1) 1)
Discl!sue 8ith e0ess c!nsent !f client *8ie *8ie !f 0iile(e. Inf! Inf!6ti!n ti!n f fllin llin( ( int int! hnhn-s s !f thi thi- 0es 0es! !n * If the the
c!66unicti!n is !ehe- b7 thi- 0es!n& he 67 be c!60elle- t! -iscl!se it. 5he 0!hibiti!n 8!'s (inst the l87e& but n!t (inst n7 !the 0es!n. :)
L87es L87es suit (inst client * If the l87e hi6self sues the client
f! f! his 0!f 0!fe essi! ssi!n nll se seic ice es& he 67 -isc -iscl! l!se se s! 6uch !f the the inf!6ti!n s is elent t! the issue. 5he b !f Sec.#"2 is 0till7 liftelifte- b7 Sec.#"% * 8hen client !ffes !ffes hi6 hi6self self s 8itne itness ss&& he 67 be c! c!6 60ell 0elle e- t! -isc -iscl! l!se se such such c!66unicti!n s 67 00e t! the c!ut necess7 t! be 'n!8n in !-e t! e0lin n7 ei-ence 8hich he hs (ien& but n! !thes. Decisi!n !f the cse in Ruesti!n Sec.#"2 -!es n!t 0!tect c!66unicti!ns 6-e in futhence !f n ille(l ille(l 0u0!s 0u0!se& e& cc!cc!-in( in( t! 0!is 0!is! ! #). #). Obtin Obtinin( in( 0!sses 0!ssessi! si!n n !f 0!0et7 b7 f!(e- -!cu6ent is ci6e XSee illustti!nb)Y. 5hus& c!66unicti!n 6-e b7 A is n!t 0!tecte- f!6 -iscl!sue. - iscl!sue. b)
F! F! the l8 l8 el eltin tin( ( t! Sec. Sec. #"" #"" 0ii 0iile( le(ee- c!66 c!66uni unict cti!n i!ns s
bet8een s0!uses)& see the tet.
In the cse in Ruesti!n& the f!6e 8ife cnn!t 00e in the 8itness b! t! testif7 n! cn she (ie in ei-ence the cssettes c!ntinin( the c!66unicti!ns& s such c!66unicti!ns 8ee 6-e -uin( the subsistence !f 6i(e See M.C. Ve(hese 5.J. P!nnn in the tet). 5!0ic*%) Acc!60lice Ei-ence See.#??)% F! the le(l 0!isi!ns& see the tet. 5he 0esent 0!ble6 is bse- !n the f!ll!8in( cse 9 %) In 6u-e til& the 00!es 00!es ei-ence is c!!b!te- !nl7 b7 C!nt-....)#?2 LAW OF EVIDENCE ;hub!ni Shu E60e! AI/ #%1% PC ":,) In this cse& ei(ht 0es!ns 8ee 0!secute- f! 6u-e f!u !f the6 8ee cRuitte-. Of the e6inin(& !ne 00ele- t! the Pi7 C!uncil. 5he ei-ence (inst the 00ellnt c!nsiste- !f ) ei-ence !f n cc!60lice 8h! h- t'en 0t in the 6u-e n- h- bec!6e n 00!e 00!e&& b) the c!nfessi!n c!nfessi!n !f n!the n!the ccuseccuse- 0es!n 0es!n i60lictin i60lictin( ( hi6self n- the 00ellnt& n- c) the ec!e7 !f cl!th 8hich the -ecese- 8s 8ein( n- 'hntib-i n instu6ent f! cuttin( (ss) in cicu6stnces 8hich 8ee t'en t! eif7 the ei-ence !f the cc!60lice. 5he 00ellnt 8s cRuitte- b7 the c!ut. 5he c!ut !bsee- 9 A. c!6bine- e-in( !f Sec& #?? n- illustti!n b) t! Sec.##1 6'es it cle tht 8hilst it is n!t ille(l t! ct !n n unc!!b!te- ei-ence !f n cc!60lice& it is ule !f 0u-ence s! uniesll7 f!ll!8e- s t! 6!unt l6!st t! ule !f l8 tht it is unsfe t! ct !n the ei-ence !f n cc!60lice unless it is c!!b!te- in 6teil es0ects s! s t! i60licte the ccuse-.
5he c!!b!ti!n 6ust be n!t !nl7 8ith e(- t! the !ccuence& but ls! s (inst ech !f the ccuse-. An cc!60lice cnn!t c!!b!te hi6se hi6self lf.. 5he 5he 0e 0ei! i!us us stt stte6 e6en entt !f 00 00! !e e c cnn nn!t !t be useuse- t! c!!b c!!b! !t te e hi6sel hi6self. f. A tinte tinte- ei-e ei-ence nce -!es -!es n!t l!se l!se Its tint tint b7 e0etiti!n. 5he -n(e !f ctin( !n cc!60lice ei-ence is n!t 6eel7 tht the cc!60lice is !n his !8n -6issi!n 6n !f b- chcte..... the el -n(e is tht he is tellin( st!7 8hich in its (enel !utline Is tue& n- it is es7 f! hi6 t! 8!' int! the st!7 6tte 8hich is untue. He 67 i60licte ten 0e!0le in n !ffence& n- the st!7 67 be tue in ll its -etils s t! ei(ht !f the6& but untue s t! the !the t8!& 8h!se n6es he been been int!int!-uce uce- becu becuse se the7 the7 8ee 8ee ene6ie ene6ies s !f the 00! 00!e e. 5his 5his tenten-en enc7 c7 t! incl incluu-e e the the inn! inn!ce cent nt 8ith 8ith the the (uil (uilt7 t7 is 0t 0tic icul ul l7 l7 0e 0e lent lent in In-i In-i. . 5he 5he !nl7 !nl7 el el s sfe fe(u (u - (i (ins nstt the the is' is' !f c!nc! n-e e6nin nin(
the the
inn! inn!ce cent nt
8ith ith
in-e in-e0e 0enn-en entt
eiei-en ence ce 8hic 8hich h
the
(uil (uiltt7
lies lies
in s! s!6e 6e 6e 6es su ue e
in
insi insist stin in( (
i60l i6 0lic ict tes es
!n
ech ech
ccuse-. C!nt-...) i) i) An el elie ie c! c!nf nfes essi! si!n n !f the the 00 00! !e e hi6se hi6self lf&& in 8hic 8hich h he hs hs nte- the ci6e st!7 t! the 6(istte. ii) ii) C!nf C!nfes essi si!n !n !f c! c!* *cc ccus usee- 8h! 8h! 8s 8s e est stee- l!n l!n( ( 8ith 8ith the the 00!e n- !thes. Is this en!u(h c!!b!ti!n c!!b!ti!n U It is !n the ec!- tht ll the ccuse- 8ee este- n- -etinese0tel7 Ght the7 h- n! chnce !f 6eetin( ech !the bef!e the til. lCLC*%:$%2Y lle(e- t! he c!66itte- the 6u-e !f @& 0!liticl !00!nent. $ 'illin( n- 8s este- !n the s0!t 8ith ;. C lte tuns n e0!ses
bef!e the c!ut tht he n- ; c!66itte- the 6u-e I 0ln t! 8hich b!th b!th A nn- ; 8ee 8ee 0t 0t7 7. Discu iscuss ss the the le( le(li lit7 t7 $ !f A nn- ; ; c!nicti!n !n the bsis !f Cs testi6!n7. testi6!n7. XC.LC*%#YWI5NESSES #?, 5he c!ut sh!ul- be sl!8 t! -e0t f!6 the ule !f cuti!n 8hich eRuies s!6e in-e0en-ent ei-ence i60lictin( the ccuse- 0es!n. 5he ei-ence !f !ne cc!60lice cnn!t be use- t! c!!b!te the testi6!n7 !f n!the cc!60lice. In the 0esent cse& the -isc!e7 !f the cl!th n- 'hntib-i c!ul- n!t c!!b!te the st!7 hel- !ut b7 the cc!60lice becuse the -isc!e7 !f cl!th t the su((esti!n !f the cc!60lice -i- n!t sh!8 tht it 8s 0ut thee b7 the 00ellnt n- the ec! ec! e7 e7 !f 'h 'hntib ntib -i f!6 f!6 hi6 hi6 8s n!t n!t n unusu nusu l thin hin( 0ticull7 !ne 8hich 8s n!t bl!!-stine-)& f!& f6e is li'el7 t! 0!ssess it. As t! the c!nfessi!n c!nfessi!n !f c!*ccuse c!*ccuse- un-e Sec.?+& Sec.?+& it cn be t'en t'en int! c!nsi-eti!n b7 the c!ut. Illustti!n b) t! Sec.##1 ls! s7s s!. In the the 0es 0esen entt c cse se&& the the c! c!u utt thus thus helhel- tht tht s the the !00! !00!t tun unit it7 7 !f 0ei!us c!ncet c!ul- n!t be ule- !ut& n- thee is n! in-e0en-ent ei-ence c!!b!tin( the cc!60lice ei-ence& the 00ellnt is t! be cRuitte-. In lte cse& H!!n H=i Stte !f Mhsht AI/ #%2 SC ?") ?")&& 8he 8hee e the thee e 8s. n! !00! !00!t tun unit it7 7 !f 0e 0ei! i!us us c! c!nc nce ett the the c!nicti!n !f the ccuse- 8s u0hel-. 5hus if seel cc!60lices (ie ei-ence i-enticl esi!n) i60lictin( the ccuse-& the c!ut 67 ct !n it if it is stisfie- tht thee 8s n! !00!tunit7 f! 0i! c!ncet. H!8ee& such c!nfessi!n 6ust ins0ie c!nfi-ence b!th in its c!ntent n- in 6nne n- cicu6stnces !f its 6'in( e.(. ll ccuse- 8ee
-etine- se0tel7 n- the7 h- n! chnce !f 6eetin( ech !the bef!e the til. Decisi!n !f the cse in Ruesti!n i) 5he testi6!n7 !f n 00!e 6ust be necessil7 c!!b!te- b7 in-e0en-ent ei-ence. 5he elie c!nfessi!n !f the 00!e bef!e 6(istte is n!t n in-e0en-ent ei-ence& thus cnn!t be use- f! c!!b!ti!n. ii)
C!nfessi!n C!nfessi!n !f c!*ccu c!*ccusese- cn cn be c!nsi-eec!nsi-ee- b7 the the c!ut& c!ut& 8hee 8hee
thee is n! !00!tunit7 !f 0ei!us c!ncet. As it is s! in the 0esent cse& the c!nfessi!n !f !f c!*ccuse- cn be use- f! c!!b!ti!n. c!!b!ti!n. b) N!8 it is cce0te- ule !f l8 tht c!nicti!n is n!t 6-e !n the bsis !f unc!!b!te- testi6!n7 !f n 00!e. 5hus& if A n- ; e t! be c! c!n nict ictee-&& Cs Cs test testi6 i6!n !n7 7 6ust 6ust be c! c! !b !b! !t tee- in 6 6te tei il l 0ticuls b7 in-e0en-ent ei-ence.