Lock Industry

An Introduction to the History of Locks Locks and keys were known long before the birth of Christ. They are mentioned frequently in the Old Testament and in mythology. In the Book of Nehemiah, chapter 3, it is stated that when repairing the old gates of the City of Jerusalem probably in 445 B.C. - they "set up the doors thereof, and the locks thereof, and the bars thereof." At this time, locks were made of wood. They were large and crude in design; yet their principle of operation was the forerunner of the modern pin-tumbler locks of today. As locksmiths and metal workers became proficient in their craft, they were invited to make locks and keys for the Royal Courts and for the churches and cathedrals of Europe. They excelled

in

elaborate

and

high

and

highly

detailed

ornamentation - often adapted to the religious theme.

Security was a Guardian Angel In India, in the days of the Emperor of Annam, valuables were sealed into large blocks of wood, which were placed on small islands or submerged into surrounding pools of the inner courts of the palace. Here, they were protected by the royal "guardian angels," a number of crocodiles kept on starvation rations so they were always hungry. To venture into the water meant certain death for the intruder. The legitimate approach to the treasure was to drug or kill the crocodiles.

Security was a Knotted Rope For many hundreds of years, cords of ropes made of rush and fiber were used to "lock" doors and tie up walls. The legend goes, a knotted rope became a famous symbol of

security. Intricately tied by Gordius, King of Phrygia, and known by his name, the Gordian Knot, secured the yoke to the shaft of his chariot. Its untying was pronounced by oracles to be possible only by the man destined to conquer Asia. However, when Alexander the Great failed to undo the Gordian Knot, he cut it swiftly with his sword, giving us the expression, "to cut the Gordian Knot," meaning a bold, decisive action, effective when milder measures fail.

Locks from the Orient Brass and iron padlocks found in Europe and the Far East were popularized by the Romans and the Chinese. They were particularly favored because they were portable. They operated by keys that turned, screwed, and pushed. The

push-key padlock was of simple construction, the bolt kept in locked position by the projection of a spring or springs. To unlock, the springs were compressed or flattened by the key, which freed the bolt and permitted it to slide back. Padlocks of this type are most universally used in the Orient today. The decoration reflects the arts of the countries, and shapes often took the form of animals - dragons, horses, dogs, even elephants

and

hippopotamuses.

Padlocks

were

often

presented in pairs as gifts, with congratulatory messages in cuneiform characters.

"Firsts" in Development of Locks The first mechanical locks, made of wood, were probably created by a number of civilizations at the same time.

Records show them in use some 4,000 years ago in Egypt. Fastened vertically on the door post, the wooden lock contained moveable pins or "pin tumblers," that dropped by gravity into openings in the cross piece or "bolt," and locked the door. It was operated by a wooden key with pegs or prongs that raised the number of tumblers sufficiently to clear the bolt so that it could be pulled back. This method of locking was the forerunner of modern pin tumbler locks.

The first all-metal lock appeared between the years 870 and 900, and are attributed to the English craftsmen. They were simple bolts, made of iron with wards (obstructions) fitted around the keyholes to prevent tampering. The first use of wards (fixed projections in a lock) was introduced by the Romans who devised obstructions to "ward off" the entry or turning of the wrong key. Wards were

notched and cut into decorative designs, and warding became a basic locking mechanism for more than a thousand years. The first padlocks were "convenient" locks as they could be carried and used where necessary. They were known in early times to merchants traveling ancient trade

routes

to

Asia

and

Europe.

New concepts for locking devices were developed in Europe in the 17th century. Early Bramah locks utilized a series of sliders in a circular pattern to provide exceptional security. Bramah is the oldest lock company in the world and is continuing to manufacture its famous mechanism 200 years later.

Primitives The first wooden lock was discovered in Persia as Khorsabad in security gate in the palace of Sargon II, who reigned from 722 to 705 B.C. In appearance and operation, it was very similar to this wooden cane-tumbler locks. The pegs at the bit end of the key correspond to the bars, or the tumblers, in the bolt. When inserted, the pegs lifted the tumblers so that

the bolt could be retracted and the door or gate could opened.

Locks from the Old World Designs of locks and keys were notably influenced by gothic architecture

with

evermore

elaborate

ornamentation

continuing into the period of the Renaissance. Master locksmiths were invited to make locks for noblemen throughout Europe. Because of this practice, it is difficult to document

an

antique

lock as

having

been

produced

specifically in the country where it was in use centuries ago.

German Castle Locks The period from the 14th through the 17th century was one of artistic accomplishment by superb craftsmen. Locksmiths were

skilled

metalworkers

who

were

becoming

internationally famous. They were invited to construct special locks for noblemen throughout Europe. Using designs of coats-of-arms and symbolic shapes, they devised intricate wards and bits for locks and keys and were inspired to produce increasingly ornamental locks to harmonize with the architecture of their clients' estates or castles. However, there were few improvements in locking mechanisms. Security depended upon intricacies such as hidden keyholes, trick devices, and complicated warding.

Security in the 14th and 15th Centuries There

was

little

significant

improvement

in

locking

mechanisms in the 14th and 15th centuries. However, ornamentation became increasingly elaborate. Craftsmen excelled in metal work and designed and produced locks for gates, doors, chests, and cupboards. A "Masterpiece" lock was never used on a door. It was designed and produced as a one-of-a-kind by a journeyman locksmith, or iron monger as a "test" to qualify him as a Master. Masterpiece locks were often displayed without covers to show the component parts of the mechanisms, their functions, the decorative designs of lockcases, and method of assembly.

Padlocks Padlocks were known early in time to the Greeks, Romans, Egyptians, and other cultures of the Near East, including the Chinese. It was believed that the padlock was first used as a "travel" lock to protect merchandise from brigands along ancient trade routes and seaboards and waterways where commerce was centered. Made in small sizes to those of tremendous proportions, they represented various geometric shapes, religious symbols, animals, fish, birds, hearts. They were operated by keys that turned, screwed, pushed, and pulled. For better efficiency, letter locks, or combination padlocks, were developed, which eliminated keys and operated by alignment of letters or numbers on revolving disks. Shown here is an American padlock dating back to the turn-of-the-century. In the popular circular shape, this lock was probably used on a huge strongbox. It has a single ward (obstruction) which the key bypasses to project the bolt.

Locking In Padlocks were used throughout the centuries to lock prisoners and possessions. They were usually made of iron, bronze, or brass, and were rugged in construction. However, internal locking mechanisms were often fairly simple and easy to defuse.

This massive Russian padlock shown here was meticulously hand-forged early in the reign of the last Czar, Nicholas II

(1895-1918). The large circular ring on the top is the "handle" or bow of a threaded key which is rotated into the keyhole to disengage the locking mechanism. When the shackle is in the locking position, the key is removed, and the plug is inserted to give the illusion that there is no keyhole. The threaded portion of the key is then screwed into its protective cover.

Inventive Ingenuity As lock-picking became an art in the 18th century, the inventor met the challenge of the burglar with increasingly complicated

locking

mechanisms.

Among

the

new

improvements were keys with changeable bits, "curtain closed-out" around keyholes to prevent tampering, alarm

bells combined with the action of the bolt, and "puzzle" or ring padlocks, with this principle developing into dial face and bank vault locks, operating without keys and known as combination locks.

The early puzzle padlocks were Oriental with from three to seven rings of characters or letters which released the hasp when properly aligned. The dial locks were similar in operation, and both types were combinated to unlock to words or patterns of numbers known only to the owners or responsible persons. At the left is the Eureka, a manipulation-proof combination lock with five tumblers. For a faithful bank vault used at one time in the U.S. Treasury Department. Patented in 1862 by Dodds, MacNeal, and Urban of Canton, Ohio. The operating dial is a combination of letters and numbers and affords 1,073,741,824 combinations; to run through them all without interruption would take 2,042 years, 324 days, and 1 hour.

Castle and Chest Locks During the gothic era, followed by the exuberant influence of the Renaissance, master locksmiths were inspired to product the most intricate and the finest ornamental locks of all time. This was the period when iron craftsmen and lock artisans became internationally famous. They excelled in the forging, embossing, engraving, chafing, and etching of metals, and were invited to make locks and keys for the courts of Europe.

Shown here is a spring latch lock for a castle door. Its working mechanism is concealed in the classic dome, or ward house, that shows the Moorish influence. Ornamented in the style of the period with mythical figures and scrolls, it is particularly noteworthy as it illustrates the coloring of metal, similar to the "niello" process. As the craftsman

lacked color, he created various stains for metal, which he used for backgrounds to highlight his design.

Locks for Treasure Chests Since the earliest times, chests were secured with strong and frequently very large locks. They were used to protect precious metals, money, jewels, to store clothing, and church vestments, archives and arms, linens and other household articles, bridal finery, and even for burial of important

people.

Chest

locks

were

ornamented

for

household use, or were very plain and sturdy for chests that were to be transported. Generally, they were mounted inside the chest, in a vertical position, with bolts spreading to slide into the lid keeper.

The Key was a Latchstring In pioneering days of Colonial America, the "key" to the lock of the house often hung on the outside of the door. It was a length of string. Doors were latched on the inside with a pivoted wooded bar or bolt, one end dropping into a slot in the jamb. Attached was a piece of string that was threaded through a small hole to the outside. To the visitor, the dangling string was an immediate welcome, as pulling on it, raised the bolt and opened the door. This lock and key

became the origin of our expression of hospitality, "the latch string is always out." There were No Secrets in Madrid Several centuries ago, in Spain, there was a great distrust of locks. To be safe, the householders of a block hired a watchman to patrol the neighborhood and carry the keys to their dwellings. To enter or leave a house, the resident clapped his hands vigorously to summon the watchman with his key, so, all comings and goings became a matter of public record and there was little chance for "hanky panky" in old Madrid.

Marie Antoinette's Husband was a Locksmith His name was Louis, Louis XVI, King of France. Louis didn't particularly like the business of being a king, but he had an extraordinary interest in mechanical labor. He spent many happy hours in his house workshop forging metal and making locks, skills taught to him by a locksmith named Gamin. He was particularly proud of an iron security cabinet which we concealed in a wall to protect his private papers. Unfortunately, Louis didn't reckon with the Revolutionists, as his secret hiding place was revealed by Gamin, and his papers incriminated him. History says, poor Louis, he was as good a locksmith as he was a bad king.

Safecracking

Under

Seas

As a child, Charles Courtney was intrigued with everything mechanical that he could fix or take apart. He was especially fascinated with locks, and so began his lifelong career as a lock expert. However, he had resolved to become a diver and do all the things his great, great uncle, Jules Verne, a novelist,

had

described

in

his

famous

book,

Twenty

Thousand Leagues Under The Sea. Years later, Charles Courtney realized his dream. Because of his talent for picking locks, he was hired as a diver to open safes on sunken ships. He was the first to do a locksmithing job 400 feet under water, and he recovered many millions of dollars for the salvage companies. Charles Courtney achieved international fame as a Master Locksmith, also known as a collector of antique locks, many of them now a part of the Schlage collection.

The Safemakers and the Yeggs Country banks, in the early 1800s were housed in crude buildings. Safes were simple wooden shafts or strongboxes reinforced with sheet iron and secured with padlocks. It was "easy money" for criminal to break in and smash the safe, or carry it away for "cracking" in privacy. So began the race between safemakers and safe breakers, or "yeggs" as they were called. Manufacturers started to build solid iron safes with key-operated deadbolt locks; yeggs soon defeated them by pouring explosives into the keyholes and blowing the doors off their hinges. For better protection, lock makers developed

combination

locks

without

keyholes,

later

combining them with tiny mechanism. Vaults of steel and concrete were built into the structures of banks. Multiple locking procedures were devised and so passed the era of the yegg.

To Please a Lady Catherine the Great, Czarina of Russia from 1762 to 1796, had one of the most notable lock collections of her time. She admired the fine workmanship of artisans who designed ornamental faceplates for locks and created padlocks in fanciful forms to please a lady or a favored child. It is said that a famous Russian locksmith gained his freedom from banishment to Siberia my making a chain for Catherine. She was so impressed with his craftsmanship that she pardoned

him. As the story goes, this incident is credited with the origin of a saying that "it takes 89 keys to unlock a prison."

Americana In the mid 1700s, locks were few in the Colonies and most were copies of European

mechanisms.

With

the

founding of the Republic and the new prosperity, there was a growing demand for sturdy door locks, padlocks, and locks for safes and vaults, and so the American lock industry had its start. Each native craftsman had his own ideas about security, and between 1774 and 1920, American lockmakers patented some 3,000 varieties of lock devices. Among was the patent for a "domestic lock," by Linus Yale, Sr. This lock was a modification of an old Egyptian pin-tumbler principle that utilized a revolving cylinder. In the early 1920s, Walter Schlage advanced the concept of a cylindrical pin-tumbler lock by placing a pushbutton locking mechanism between the two knobs. Emphasis was on security; yet equally important to the modern architect and decorator, the lock became an intricate part of the door design. It was now possible to select complimentary

styles of locks, metals, and finishes. Shown here is a rim lock from Fort Sumter at Charleston Harbor, South Carolina. The Fort was the site of the start of the Civil War. On April 12, 1861, the Confederate forces opened fire on Fort Sumter, a federal garrison. After a bombardment of 36 hours, the Fort surrendered on April 14. The lock was found by Captain James Kelly, formerly a blockade runner, when he was delivering materials for the rebuilding of Fort Sumter at the close of the Civil War.

The revolutionary Schlage lock is a completely different concept of a cylindrical lock with the button-in-the-knob mechanism placed between the knobs, introduced by Walter Schlage in the early 1920s.

Elegance in Metal During the Middle Ages, locks and keys were highly ornate. Iron began to be worked cold. It was no longer necessary for the smith to work quickly at the forge; he now used a file, a cold chisel, and a saw with extraordinary dexterity. The master locksmith designed special locks for cathedrals and churches in the shape of a cross and embellished them with elaborate decorations. He acquired expert skills in repoussé , ornametations, overlays, embossing, chaffing, piercing, and created delicate fretwork in the popular scroll and leaf patterns of the period. Above is a Spanish chuck lock and key with hinged hasp and rim or lockplate with pairs of facing animals. Belonging to Queen Isabella, this lock was probably used to secure a storage chest that may have contained her royal robe and personal fortune.

The Mystique of the Key For many centuries, keys represented authority, security, and power. Gods, goddesses, and saints are described as holders of the keys to the Kingdom of Heaven, to Bottomless Pit, to Gates of Earth and Sea. Kings, emperors, nobles of the court, and cities and towns incorporated the symbol of the key into banners, coats of arms and official seals. The delivery of keys to a castle, fortress, or city was a ceremonial event, as is the presentation of the Key-To-The-City today to a visiting dignitary.

Shown here is a large Roman key.

Keys from the Time of Nero to Queen Victoria The key was a symbol of man's status, his authority. Many centuries ago in Egypt, the importance of the "head of the household" was determined by the number of keys he owned; they were large and were carried by slaves on their shoulders. Should he have several slaves, or key bearers, he was considered to be a man of great wealth and distinction. So, through the ages, the lock and its key have become an intricate part of our culture. Locking up personal property, the key symbolizes our desire for privacy and security for our possessions. This emblem of keys from the early Roman period to the 19th century may include a master key or two, but there are no duplicates.

The Ceremony of the Keys If you have visited the Tower of London, you will remember the warder, dressed in a red tunic and wearing a Tudor hat and ruff. Familiarly, he is called a Beefeater. Specifically, he is an Honorary Yeoman of the Guards, a member of the Queen's bodyguard. If you spoke to him, you may have heard the story of the Ceremony of the Keys. Every night, the Chief Warder locks the Tower gates and brings the keys to headquarters in the ancient fortress. The sentry calls out "Halt! Who comes there?" "The Keys." "Whose keys?" "Queen Elizabeth's keys." Everyone presents arms and the warder calls out, "God preserve Queen Elizabeth." The guard responds, "Amen." Tonight and every night, this traditional ceremony of Britain continues. The yeoman repeats the same words that have never been changed in 450 years.

NATIONAL PROGRAMME FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN LOCK INDUSTRY KEY PLAYERS:

O/o

DC

(SSI),

UNIDO(TDSP),

SIDBI.,

National Small Industries Corporation All India Lock Manufacturers Association Aligarh (UP).Dindigul

Lock

Workers

Industrial

Cooperative

•

Society, Dindigul.(AP). PROGRAMME OBJECTIVES: 1. Technological upgradation of Indian Lock Industry. 2. Upgradation of NSIC Technical Services Extension Centre, Aligarh to the level of the advanced tool Room & Training & Testing Centre, wherein the current processes and technology used by the Lock

industry

will

be

upgraded

to

that

of

international levels. 3. (a) Setting up of SPM at the Aligarh center as per

Indian requirements for development

of Pin

Cylinder Mechanism.

(b) Creation of common facility Center for the Lock artisan at Dindigul, Tamil Nadu. 4. Establishing a marketing network by participating in International and National Fairs and conducting vendor development programmes. Sourcing of lock components by leading Lock manufactures

•

(Godrej etc.). BUDGET: US$ (in Rs.)

Govt. of India ICAMT/UNIDO SIDBI Donors/partners

(Million) 0.60 0.12 0.10 0.38

2,76,00,000 55,20,000 46,00,000 1,74,80,000

-------------

------------------

1.20

5,52,00,00

including State Govt. (to be arranged by ICAMT-UNIDO)

•

CURRENT STATUS:

1. The

Project

Document

and

the

trust

Fund

Agreement with UNIDO have been signed in 21st September 2001. 2. NSIC has been designated as the implementing agency. 3. The

Central

Manufacturing

Technology

Instt.,

Bangalore has agreed to provide necessary design / technical inputs. 4. 25 artisans from Dindigul Lock Workers Industrial Cooperative Society Ltd. Dindigul trained on lock smithy technology at NSIC Technical Services Center, Aligarh. 5. Participation

of

the

Small

Scale

Lock

Manufacturers in the Codecia Fair Coimbatore. 6. Till date two meetings of the Steering Committee of NPDLI have been held under the Chairmanship of AS&DC (SSI). 7. Step initiated for formation of core group of units who

have

already

adopted

Pin-

Cylinder

Technology 8. Participation building

of

Lock

material

manufacturing

exhibition

at

units

in

Venezuela

organized by Building Material and Technology Up gradation Council, New Delhi. 9. Specialized

Entrepreneurial

Development

Programme organized by Dindigul Lock artisans at Dindigul by SISI Chennai, ICAMT. 10.

Organized training on Good manufacturing

Practices for Small Scale Lock manufacturing units at

Technical

Services

Extension

Centre NSIC

Aligarh. 11.

Work pertaining to the upgradation of NSIC

Technical Services Centre at Aligarh and Common Facility Centre at Dindigul are in progress. 12.

Training Programme on Tool & Die making

organised at NSIC, Aligarh from 3rd to 28th March 2003 for small-scale lock manufacturers. 13.

A Business Delegation to Cologne (Germany)

comprising of 11 small-scale lock manufacturers

was sponsored from March 9th to 12th 2003. 14.

Small scale lock manufacturers from Aligarh

and Dindigul participated in the Techmart Nov 2002 and 2003 at Pragati Maidan, New Delhi. Organized one day workshop on Lock Technology Trends at Aligarh on 17th April 2003. 15.

Dr. P.A. Joshi, Lock Expert guided small scale

lock manufacturers at Aligarh on Lock Technology mapping. 16.

Organised Workshop on Lock Standardization

at NSIC, Aligarh on 16th June 2003. 17.

TDSP

Services

(UNIDO) (SES)

from

arranged Germany

Senior Dr.

Expert Norbert

Grabosch on developing pin cylinder technology at selected 5 SSI lock-manufacturing units from 5th August 2003 to 20th August 2003.

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Industry Aligarh City is famous as an industrial city. It is also known as Taala Nagari (Locks City of India). The second Largest Lock Manufacturer of Locks in India Link Locks is based in the City. An approximation puts the total number of industries at 25,000 which constitute of both Small scale & Large Scale Industries. Aligarh is having a boom in the construction business at this point of time, many new multi level buildings, shopping complexes and apartments have come up. Many malls are recently being constructed by major developers from Delhi & Aligarh. Malls in the city include Great Shopping Mall at Ramghat Road, Many more are under construction like The Landmark Mall at Marris Road, Sharda Mall at Center Point, Ozone Mall at Ring Road, Great Value Mall at Ramghat Road. There

are

many

popular

showrooms

of

several

internationally known clothing and sports brands in Aligarh. Uttar Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation (UPSIDC) has developed Taala Nagri Industrial Area at Ramghat Road.

There are three Industrial Areas like Industrial Estate, Pala Road and Taala Nagari. Ahlampur Industrial Area has been proposed by UPSIDC at Delhi G.T Road. Dakshinanchal Vidyut Vitran Nigam Ltd. provides unrestricted power at Taala Nagari. Aligarh is amongst the largest manufacturers and suppliers of locks and hardware goods in India and is also one of the largest manufacturers of brass fittings. It also a manufacturer of plastic and iron toy pistols, handcuffs, belts, badges for schools and government supply. It also has an artware and sculpture products Industry. It supplies products all over the world. Brass market of Aligarh is one of the largest in India, which employs thousands of skilled laborers. About 100 tonnes of brass and 50 tonnes of zinc is processed daily. Iron, aluminum, bronze, and zinc products are also manufactured in the city. Aligarh is also a bulk producer of zinc die cast parts by hot chamber die casting process. These products are consumed in low end domestic market. Consumption of Zinc alloy in Aligarh is more than the consumption of zinc alloy in

rest of India. Made in Aligarh Zinc die cast parts can get broken after 2 to 4 years as Aligarh uses recycled zinc alloy, which contains lot of impurities, specially lead. Aligarh also has automobile parts industries which supply their products in India and abroad. It has four fruit ripening plants which ripens/preserves fruits, dry fruits and vegetables. Mar 10, 2000 - Vic: Building industry divided over lock out ... find AAP General News ( Australia) articles. AAP General News (Australia) 03-10-2000 Vic: ... Industry divided over fallout of rise in rupee New Delhi, Apr 8 (PTI) India Inc is divided whether the Reserve Bank should take steps to protect ...

Aligarh Riots : Lock on the lock industry in Aligarh Aligarh continues to be tense even after over two months. Indefinite curfew is enforced there since April 6 following the eruption of communal riots. It has claimed 12 lives so far. It all started with a dispute over hanging decorations outside a temple constructed on the land of Masjid Memaran in Dahi Wali Gali of the Old City. Half a dozen persons were killed and dozens injured in the subsequent riots. Triloki, son of BJP MLA Deoki Nandan Kori was also found dead in the riots and then mistaken as a Muslim and buried by the local Police as an unidentified Muslim. Later, after demand his body was exhumed, identified and cremated. Local Muslims got registered FIR in the Police Station concerned. A few persons, including those associated with the BJP were named in it. The time rolled by but the Police remained inactive despite the continued tension. Meanwhile, curfew relaxed in parts and rotation in seven Police Stations of Aligarh in the first week of May.

Later, two unidentified motorcyclists shot dead two persons---Raju Kumar, a Samosewaala and Raman Gupta, a chemist---in two separate incidents on May 19 and 22. Later, again on May 28 O P Gupta, a local BJP leader, too became a victim to the bullets of the unidentified motorcyclists. Incidentally, all the three killed were accused in the April 6 riot FIR for instigating the communal riots. Then in the subsequent riots two persons belonging to the minority community was lynched by the agitating mob on the same night of May 28. Since then the curfew that was relaxed but not lifted, was full-fledged enforced again there. Till date there is neither reduction of tension, nor relaxation in curfew. As a result, the tension is growing and the number of those being detained by the Police is increasing. It is causing harassment to the weaker sections, particularly Muslims. Some are arrested for violating the norms of Curfew by going to the streets in search of some work. They all are labourers and depend upon daily wages. As is well known, Aligarh is famous for its locks, besides the internationally renowned Aligarh Muslim University

(AMU). Over 6,000 manufacturing units of locks are found here. Even after the entry of the Chinese locks into India, they are more or less in demand in different parts of the country. Incidentally, all these units are located in the Curfewbound areas of Kotwali, Banna Devi, Gandhi Park, Delhi Gate and Sansi Gate. Therefore, they all are locked since April 6. About 25,000 employees work in these 6,000 units. Almost 30 per cent of the products are exported. The annual turnover of the lock industry in Aligarh is Rs 200 crore. Says Bua Singh, Dirctor General Police, UP: "We will only lift the curfew after the motorcycle shooters are caught. Our Special Task Force team is on the run and we expect a quick result." The motorcyclists must be identified and caught so that the culprits might be punished. But so far as the matter of bringing Aligarh to normalcy is concerned, it may not serve the purpose fully. The continuing tension has got its roots in the construction of a temple on the land of a mosque.

The

local

senior

citizens

belonging

to

both

the

communities would have to come forward. In this context, some Muslim organizations like the All India Milli Council, having credibility and confidence in the society, can play a role in coordinating them. So far as the local Police is concerned, it could not take up the case properly. ThatÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã¢â€žÂ¢s why the case is still pending since the incident of April 6. The state government can shirk its responsibility just by suspending the Aligarh city SP S K Verma and Additional District Magistrate Satya Bhan and terming the shooting down of the three accused persons in the April 6 riots FIR as the retaliatory killing. Apart from these facts, it can be denied that the Sangh Parivar has again begun spreading its tentacles in raising issues that have potential in widening the gap and creating tension and mistrust in the two communities. The alleged involvement of a few local BJP men confirms this. It is quite clear that the BJP has its eyes concentrated upon the ensuing assembly polls in Uttar Pradesh next year.

Its main aim is how to polarise the Hindu votes. But surprisingly, the Mulayam Singh government doesn seem to be serious in countering the Sangh s moves.

2001

May 14, 2001 - ... ''We are preparing a case to file our petition with the Directorate General of Anti-Dumping and Allied Duties to probe dumping of locks by China which is threatening the very fabric of our established industry'', Vice-President of All India Lock Manufacturers Association Vijay Kumar ... From INDIAN LOCK INDUSTRY TO MOVE AGAINST CHINESE IMPORTS. - Related web pages www.accessmylibrary.com/premium/0286/0286 ...

1.

2002

Jan 25, 2002 - "There's a very heavy bias for songs from India ... the Malay music industry doesn't face this situation. ... The situation with the competition from Bollywood movie soundtracks, however, took a sharp turn recently when Lock Up created history for the local Indian music scene when Ole ... From Article: `Locking' Indian pop music to Malaysian taste, BUSINESS TIMES - … - Related web pages www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-49758495.html? refid ...

2. 2003

Jun 3, 2003 - Although this famous lock manufacturing unit, famous in India and abroad, has closed down due to family dispute, inept government policies and ... The famous lock industry of Aligarh, encompassing nearly one and a half century of long history, is today struggling hard to compete with ... From Locked out - Lucknow - City - The Times of India - Related web pages timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow ...

4. 2004

Dec 7, 2004 - The Government of India announced that it would push for regional trade agreements (RTAs) though it gave importance to the multilateral system. The Minister for Commerce and Industry, Government of India, has said that 60-70 percent of world trade would come through RTAs in the next 10 ...

From INDIA, WTO LOCK HORNS OVER FTAs (Government of India to push for … - Related web pages www.accessmylibrary.com/premium/0286/0286 ... 6. 2005

Apr 1, 2005 - This lock-in effect has hindered its development of innovative capacity, which the industry must foster in order to move up in the value chain. ... Chapter seven is a lucid and candid account of what is missing for the further development of the IT industry in India that ought to be ... From India in the Global Software Industry: Innovations, Firm Strategies and … - Related web pages www.accessmylibrary.com/premium/0286/0286 ...

8.

2006

Jun 23, 2006 - Even after the entry of the Chinese locks into India, they are more or less in demand in different parts of the country. ... The annual turnover of the lock industry in Aligarh is Rs 200 crore. Says Bua Singh, Dirctor General Police, UP: "We will only lift the curfew after the ... From Aligarh Riots : Lock on the lock industry in Aligarh - Related web pages www.indianmuslims.info/book/export/html/1863

10. 2007

Jan 19, 2007 - United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO) along with the ministry of small scale industries, Government of India, had agreed to implement the National Programme for the Development of the Indian Lock Industry in 2001, with a budget of Rs 5.52 crore spread over two ... From China locks out Aligarh units - Related web pages

www.businessstandard.com/india/news/china ... 12. 2008

Dec 15, 2008 - “The idea (behind talent management) is that you lock in talent and exploit it,” said Smita Jha, associate director of the media and ... “Bollywood and Indian classical music dominate maybe 98% of the music industry in India and we launched the label to give musicians who don't play ... From Music labels plan to float agency to promote, lock in artistes - Related web pages www.livemint.com/2008/12/15221823/Musiclabels ...

14. 2009

Jan 21, 2009 - New Delhi, Jan 21 (IANS) The telecom regulator Wednesday extended the last date for receiving the industry's views on the proposed lock-in period on equity sale in new

licence holding companies to Jan 27. On Jan 9, the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) had sought the ... From Date for receiving telecom industry's views on lock-in period extended - Related web pages

Objective of report •

To study the causes of the employees turnover in lack industry

• To evaluate the present condition of the lock industry • To counter the problem faced by the industry. • To

study

the

impact

of

infrastructure in lock industry.

lock

of

govt.

aid

and

Findings • Lock of remuneration to employees • Low wages given to employees •

The increasing rate of completion

• Lack of Govt. aid given to the industry.

Suggestions • The govt. aid should be increased to increase the structure of wages. •

A employees satisfaction should be developed into the industry so as to decrease turnover ratio

the ratio of employees

Scope of the study • The project report deeply examines the cause and effect of the employee’s turnover in the lock industry. • The report also deals with the study of the current condition of the lock industry.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem. It may be understood as a science of studying how research is done scientifically. When, we talk of research methodology we not only talk of the research methods but also consider the logic behind the methods we use in the context of the research study and explain why we are using a particular method or technique and why we are not using others so that research results are capable of being evaluated either by the researcher himself or by others. This method of data collection is quite popular in case of big enquiries. Questionnaire is considered as the heart of the survey operation. It is low cost even the universe is large and is widely spread geographically. It is free from the bias of the interviewer; answers are in respondent’s own words. It is the best method to collect quantitative as well as qualitative data. The questionnaire contains a set of employee’s survey report, and present service provider.

The questionnaire is prepared with the help of company guide. The

questionnaire

are

provided

to

respondents

(employees) who are expected to read and understand the questions and write down the reply in the space meant for the purpose in the questionnaire itself. The respondents (employees) have to answer the questions on their own.

ANALYSIS OF DATA The task of data collection is very wide. Basically data is divided into two categories-

A) Primary data B) Secondary data The primary data are those which are collected afresh and for the first time, and thus happen to be original in character. The secondary data on the other hand, are those which have already been collected by someone else and which have already been passed through the statistical process.

Questionnaire Name:……………………………….. Address:……………………………. Q.1 Are you satisfied with you wages in this industry? (a) Yes (b) No Q.2 The increasing conditions is suitable? (a) Yes (b) No Q.3 Do you want to leave for a better opportunity? (a) Yes (b) No Q.4 Are you satisfied with your work? (a) Yes (b) No Q.5 Do you feel to have an requirement for the development of the industry? (a) Yes (b) No

Data Analysis Q.1 Are you satisfied with you wages in this industry? (a) Yes (b) No

No 10%

Yes 90%

Yes

No

Q.2 The increasing conditions is suitable? (a) Yes (b) No

No 40% Yes 60%

Yes

No

Q.3 Do you want to leave for a better opportunity? (a) Yes (b) No

No 15%

Yes 85%

Yes

No

Q.4 Are you satisfied with your work? (a) Yes (b) No

No 30%

Yes 70%

Yes

No

Q.5 Do you feel to have an requirement for the development of the industry? (a) Yes (b) No

No 10%

Yes 90%

Yes

No

TABLE OF CONTENTS Objective Scope Introduction Security in the 14th and 15th Century Safecracking under seas Elegance in The metal The Mystique of the key National Programme for the development of Indian Lock Industry Aligarh Lock Industry Aligarh Riots: Lock on the lock industry in Aligarh Research Methodology Data Analysis Findings Suggestion Limitation Conclusion Questionnaire Bibliography

Bibliography

www.gogle.com www.aligarhlockindustry.com www.indianlock.com

Conclusion

The problem before the small scale producers of the lock industry relating to the increasing rate of

the labour

turnover as a problematic situation towards the industry. The report clearly shows the condition and problem of the lock industry.

Limitations Despite all possible efforts in conducting the research there were some unavoidable situations, which limited the scope of this project. The limitations of the project fall under the following :-

1.

This research is confined to the lock industry sector of the Aligarh

2.

The study focuses mainly on the lock industry, but only a brief on the labour

welfare, problems of lock

industries and its effect upon the business. 3.

The sample taken for the survey confined to a limited in industrial area.

4.

Limitation of time & resources were a major factor influencing the research study.

5.

The industrialist related with lock industry gave less time to entertain the project, as they were busy in dealing with their job.

Lock Industry

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