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Use of English MINI-COMPANION with exercises
for Advanced & Proficiency classes
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I ·
Paul Hains Anna Johnson
[J Burlington Books
liliill:i3'1 Mastermind Use Of English by Paul Hains and Anna Johnson
Burlington Books P.O. Box 54411 3721 Limassol Cyprus Burlington Books is an imprint of Danos Books Ltd
This mini-companion has been revised to reflect changes in REVISED Mastermind and now includes extra vocabulary practice exercises after every two units as well. The definitions provided in this glossary reflect the context in which the words and phrases are used in the book. ABBREVIATIONS
adj adv conj Der fml inf n
1H 005-767
adjective (eni8no) adverb (enipp~~a) conjunction (ouvoeo~oc;) derivative (napaywyo) formal (enio~~~ yl\wooa) informal (l\citK6 toiw~a. apyK6) noun (OUOLQOTLKO)
Pack ISBN 978-9963-47-k95-8
Copyright© 2008 Burlington Books 10 9 8 17 16 15 14 13
Opp phr v pi prep
v A mE
opposite (avTi8no) phrasal verb (m:ptcppaonK6 plural (nl\~8uvnK6<;) preposition (np68eo~) verb (p~~a) American English
p~~a)
I 2.14
on the dole= receiving money from the government because you are unemployed: oro TOIJ.Eio av£pylac; James can't find a job; he has been on the dole for almost a year.
apprenticeship (n) = time spent working for someone in order to learn a skill: ~a8~reia She is doing an apprenticeship as a hairdresser at a central salon and hopes this will help her establish her caree' Der: apprenticeship (n): ~a8~reia apprentice (v)
2.15
make redundant= dismiss from a job because the person is not needed: anoADw (f...6yw nc:ptopLO!-iOU Staewv epyaoiac;) I was made redundant at my company and now must find a new job. Der: redundancy (n)
take on (phr v) = 1. employ: npooha~~avw They are taking on temporary staff for the holiday season. 2. accept a job or responsibility: avaha~~avw She took on extra work to earn more money.
2.16
post (n) = a position of employment or responsibility: 8to11 epyaolac;, n6oTo She accepted the post even though it meant relocating to China and accepting much more responsibility. Der: post (v)
2.17
long-term (adj) = lasting for a long period of time: IJOKponp68£0IJOC: Borrowing money is not a longterm solution to your money problems if you don't have a job. Opp: short-term (adj)
2.18
prospects (n) = possibility that something will happen: npoonTtKE:c; His promotion prospects are excellent because he has both first-rate qualifications and great people skills.
2.19
executive (n) = high-level manager: av
2.20
delegate (v) =to give part of your work or responsibility to a subordinate: IJOtpO.~w awoot6T~Te<; The director always delegates the less important tasks to his deputy. Der: delegate (n): avTmp6ownoc;, aneoTaA.IJE:voc;
2.21
paperwork (n) = office work related to letters, forms, reports, etc.: ypacptKr'j epyaola There is a lot of paperwork involved in banking.
2.22
PA (personal assistant) = someone who is employed to help a manager with organizational tasks: tOtmTtpa ypa~~mtac; The manager's PA spent over a month making all the arrangements for the conference.
2.23
overtime (n) = extra hours worked: unepwpla People in tourism work overtime in summer.
2.24
workload (n) = amount of work a company or person has to do: (jl6proc; epyaoia<; The travel agency's workload is much lighter in the winter as fewer people book holidays at that time of yea'
2.25
salary (n) = money paid regularly by employers to employees: ~Lo86<; Her monthly salary is still the same as it was three years ago. Der: salaried (adj): ~Lo8wr6<;
UNIT2 Business and Employment TOPIC VOCABULARY (page 14) 2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
situations vacant= a newspaper listing of available jobs: OT~A~ ae o(jl~~epioa ~e ayyehiec; yta Stoet<; epyaalac; The company ran an advertisement in the situations vacant column for the receptionist's position.
foreman (n) = a person in charge of a group of workers: Emor6T'lC:, OPXL£py6n]c; He worked his way up at the factory from the assembly line to foreman in charge of 50 men. board (of directors) (n) = group of people responsible for making decisions about how a company or organization is managed: OU1Jr3oUAto, OtOlK'lTlKr') OIJOOa The board will make a decision on the matter at its next meeting.
make cutbacks = to reduce the amount or number of something: Kclvw m::ptKontc; Due to the economic situation, the company was forced to make cutbacks; 15 people lost their jobs. lay off (phr v) (laid, laid) = stop employing someone, especially when there is not much work to do: anohuw (npoowptva) After the fire at the factory, the owner laid off half the workers.
manufacturing (n) =the business of producing large quantities of goods in a factory: ~Lo~~xavia Clothing manufacturing used to be a significant part of the region's economy, but many factories have closed. Der: manufacture (n) manufacturer (n) manufacture (v)
2.9
sector (n) = part (of economy, a country's business etc.): TOIJE:ac; Teachers and police work in the public sector.
2.10
freelance (adj) = working independently for various organisations: eA.eUSepoc; (enayyeAIJaTlac;) Tom works as a freelance photographer for several different magazines.
2.11
2.12
2.13
permanent (adj) = continuing for an unlimited time: 1J6Vq..J.oc; Margaret had a temporary position for a while, but now she's on permanent staff. contract (n) = a written agreement: au~~ohmo She signed a contract with the publishing company, agreeing to write two books a year. Der: contract (v) contractual (adj)
career ladder= levels of progress in a profession: KAi~aKa enayyeh~OTLK~<; e~thL~~<; People who choose to climb the career ladder often have to sacrifice their persona/life to reach the top.
2.26
perk (n) = extra benefit that you get at your job: One of the perks of working at a hotel is that you can use the gym.
npov6~Lo
2.27
put in (phr v) = spend time or effort: O(jltepwvw (xpovo) The office staff put in about 10 hours of overtime last week.
2.28
supervise (also -ize) (v) = oversee others' work to make sure they do tasks correctly: £ntT'lPW The manager supervised the new employee's work. Der: supervision (n) supervisor (n) supervisory (adj): enonnK6<;
3
, I
UNIT2 2.29
2.30
clerical (adj) = related to office work: Tou ypmpelou, unai.Anl\lK6<; The job requires clerical skills such as typing. Der: clerk (n)
promote {v) == give someone a higher position: Otvw npoaywytl Lisa has been promoted to manager and now supervises five peopfe. Der: promotion (n)
2.31
duty (n) = something you have been assigned to do: Ka8i;Kov it's my duty to lock up the office each night. Der: dutiful (adj): undKouoc;, euouveionTo<;
2.32
administration (n) == activities involved in running a
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY eOLLOCATIONS AND EXPRESSIONS (page 15) 2.45
set (v) = decide when or where something will take place: opii;w The board set a date for its next meeting. Der: set (adj)
2.46
circulate (v) = pass something around: 1ilavt~w. KUKI\oqlOpW Could you please circulate this letter amongst the staff? Der: circulation (n)
2.47
select (v) == choose: r.mA£yw We can onfy select one person from the three qualified candidates. Oer: selection (n): eml\oyi;
business or organisation: 0tOlKT1011, 6taxeiptorjlt
seems that more of the doctor's time is spent on office administration than on patient care. Der: administrator (n) administer (v) administrative (adj) 2 33
efficiency (n) = ability to do something successfully without waste: ano6oTtK6TflTO We are impressed with Tony's efficiency; he does a lot of work in a short time. Der: efficient (adj) Opp: inefficiency (n)
selectivity (n): r.mA.eKTLK6Tr)TO
selective (adj) 2.48
negotiate (v) =discuss a conflict (usually in politics or business) in order to reach an agreement: 6LOnpay)JaTeUo1JOL The workers met with the
managers to negotiate an end to the strike. Der: negotiation (n) negotiator (n) 2.49
demand (v) = ask for something in a forceful way: anmTW This coat is torn. I demand my money back!
2.34
people skills = ability to get on well with others: lKOV6TflTO OtanpoowmKWV oxtoewv She is a good manager because of her people skills.
2.35
colleague {n) :::: person who works with you: ouvaoel\<)lo<; My colleagues and I get on so we// that we even socialise after work.
2.50
rise to a challenge::: manage to do something new or difficult: avTanoKplvo)Jm or. ~la np6KAfl01l Tony
2.51
draft (v) =write the first copy of a speech, letter or book: npoxnpoypO
2.52
run (v) ::: be in charge of an activity or business: 6leu8uvw (emxdp~o~) Mrs Green has been running a sweet shop for more than 30 years.
2.53
recruit (v)::: get new people to join an organisation: enavopwvw, oTpmol\oyw The basketball club is hoping to recruit some new players this season. Oer: recruit (n): vto ~tl\oc;, vwoul\1\e
2.54
chair (v) = be in charge of a meeting: npoeopeuw Dr Robertson chaired the session on women's hea1 at the medical conference. Der: chair I chairperson (n)
2.36
Der: demand (n) demanding (adj) necessary to start something: oTijvw, tOpUw (emxeipno~)
was a weak maths student but he rose to the challenge and got good results on his final exams. 2.37
2.38
managerial (adj) = related to the work of a manager: 5tr.u8UVTl.K6c; Alex was hired because of his managerial skflls. Der: management (n) manager (n) manage (v) further (v) = help something to progress or develop: npow8W You can further your career by learning
foreign languages. 2.39
human resources == personnel: av8pWmvo 5uva)Jl.K6 (T)Jr'j)JO 810Lp8lac; nou 8KTIOL68U8l KOl t.ppOVT[~E.l TOU<:;
unal\1\i;l\ouc;) If you are interested in a job, send your appfication to the human resources department. 2.40
staff (n) == group of people who work for a business or an organisation: npoowmK6 The teaching staff meets regularly with the principal of the school. Der: stall (v)
2.41
firm (n) ::: company: E.TOlpeia The firm 1 work for is very generous to the workers.
2.42
maternity leave == paid time away from work before I after giving birth: di5£La ~~Tp6Twac; After Sue gave birth, she took three months maternity /eave.
2.43
We helped Tom set up his new busine5'
WORDS EASILY CONFUSED (page 15) 2.55
handle (v) = manage a difficult situation or job:
2.56
cope (with) (v) = deal with a problem: Ta
XE.Lpll;O!lOl, QVTl).l8TWTii~W ~ya~w
n
OVTl\.181Wn[l;W 2.57
line (of work) =type (of work): ei6oc; epyaoiac;,
2.58
apply for a job, send a letter and your CV
occupation (n) = profession or job: enayyel\~a Der: occupy (v): anaoxot.w occupational (adj) vocation (n} ::: a job someone does because the' think they are particularly suited to it: enayyel\~;
asset (n) = something valuable or especially useful:
1\nToupyn~a
endyyel\~a
CV (n) == written account of education, work experience and personal details; resume: ~l.oypa<.ptK6 OfliJ8iW)JQ To
2.44
set up (phr v) = make arrangements that are
2.59
Der: vocational (adj)
nAeovtKTT)IJ.O Helen's English skills are an asset to
her employer. Opp: liability (n)
2.60
effective (adj) = producing the intended result: OnDT8i\£OIJOTLK6<.:;, On000TLK6<:;
2.61
affectionate (adj) =showing love, warmth or caring: mopyLK6c;
2.62
domain (n) = area of activity or interest: TO~tac;, YVWOTLK6 OVTLKE:i~EVO field (n) =area of activity or study: TO~tac;, EnLOTI1~0VLK6c; xWpoc; aspect (n) = part, feature or quality: nM:upi:t, i:tnol)Jn
2.63 2.64 2.65 2.66
2.67
2.68 2.69 2.70 2.71
2.72 2.73
leave (n) =time off from work: i:tOsta (i5taKonwv K.An.) permit (n) = official paper giving permission to do something: mion~n i:tOCLa Der: permit (v) permission (n) =the act of allowing somebody to do something: 6i5£LO, OUYKOT68E011
2.83
financial (adj) = related to money: XPn~anK6c;, OLKOVO~tK6c; Sue works as a financial adviser in a bank. Der: finance (n): XPfli-IOTOOtKovo~tK6 oUOTfli.J.O finances (n): TO OlKOVOI.J.LK6, OlKOVOI.J.lKr') KOT60TOOfl financier (n): xPn~moi56Tnc; finance (v)
2.84
inclusive (adj) =containing everything: nou OU1-im:pt,\a1.J.[36vet TO n6v1a The price of the cruise is inclusive so you don't pay extra for meals. Der: inclusion (n): ouvunol\oyto~oc;, npoo8~Kn include (v)
2.85
influential (adj) = having the power to affect others: toxup6c;, nou aOKE:i emppor') The president of the bank is a very influential person in the community. Der: influence (n) influence (v)
2.86
innovative (adj) = using new and creative methods or ideas: KOlVOT61.J.OC: Our designer has an innovative idea for redecorating the living room. Der: innovation (n) innovator (n) innovate (v)
2.87
instructive (adj) = giving useful information: Oti50KTLK6c; If you want to learn about aerobics, you 'II find this video very instructive. Der: instruction (n) instructor (n) instruct (v)
2.88
intentional (adj) = on purpose: oK6m~oc; I'm sorry I hurt your feelings; it wasn't intentional. Der: intent (n): oKon6c;, np68wn intention (n): oKonoc;, np68wn Opp: unintentional (adj)
2.89
inventive (adj) = creative; having new ideas: ec.peupE:TtK6c; Barbara is very inventive; she makes useful items from junk. Der: invention (n) inventor (n) invent (v): S
2.90
official (adj) = approved by someone in authority: enlon~oc; There has been no official confirmation of the rumour that the company is going out of business. Der: official (n): uni:tMnl\oc;
2.91
preferential (adj) =treating one person or group better than others: npoVOI.J.LOK6c; People with physical disabilities get preferential seating on the bus. Der: preference (n) prefer (v) preferred (adj): npon~nTtoc;
2.92
professional (adj) = relating to work that needs special knowledge or training: enayyeA~oTtK6c; Could you give me your professional opinion as a lawyer?
2.93
residential (adj) = related to an area with houses and without factories or businesses: KOTOLKfli.J.Evoc; We live in a quiet residential area. Der: residence (n) resident (n) reside (v)
2.94
supportive (adj) = helpful and sympathetic: nou npoo
outlook (n) = view of a situation: Onm!Jn prospect (n) = chance of success: npoonTLKr') perspective (n) = point of view: i:tnol)Jn significance (n) =special meaning or importance: mwoola, v6n1-1a priority (n) = more important thing: npoTEPOLDTWO expertise (n) = expert knowledge: n£lpa, eti5tK6TflTO
WORD FORMATION (page 16) 2.74
beneficial (adj) = having a good effect or influence: w
2.75
commercial (adj) = related to business activities: £~noptK6c; The town's commercial centre has a bank and some shops. Der: commerce (n): E1-in6pto commercialise (v) commercialised (adj)
2.76
competitive (adj) =trying very hard to be more successful than others: ovToywvtonK6c; We will have to offer competitive prices if we want to boost sales. Der: competition (n) compete (v)
2.77
confidential (adj) = not to be shared with others: £~ntOT£UTtK6c; Medical information is confidential. Der: confidence (n): El-lnLOTooUvn confidentiality (n): sxs~u8sta
2.78
2.79
2.80
constructive (adj) = useful and helpful: £TIOLKoi5o~nnK6c; Maggie's comments always help because she gives constructive criticism. co-operative (adj) = working well with others: ouv£py6m~o~ A co-operative person works well on a team. Der: co-operation (n) co-operate (v) emotional (adj) = relating to strong feelings: ouvmoen~aTLK6c; Brenda gave me emotional support when my father was ill. Der: emotion (n)
2.81
excessive (adj) =too much: unsp~oALK6c; The floods were caused by excessive rainfall. Der: excess (n) exceed (v)
2.82
extensive (adj) = large in amount or degree: EKTE:Ta~tvoc; The shop has an extensive stock of
wine. Der: extension (n) extend (v): nopoTelvw, EnEKTElvw
5
UNIT 2 RELATED WORDS (page 17) 2.95
2.111
boost (v) = make something increase or become more successful: evtoxUw, evSappUvw His colleague's kind words boosted his self-confidence. Der: boost (n) booster (n)
2.96
broaden (v) = become wider: i5teupDvw, nAaTaivw The company has broadened its appeal by adding new products. Der: broad (adj)
2.97
contract (v) ~ become smaller or tighter: ouaTE:Ai\oflOl, ouancil!lOL As you lift the weights, you will feel your arm muscles contract- when you put them down allow your muscles to relax. Der: contraction (n)
2.98
deteriorate (v) = become worse: XELpon;peUw Their relationship deteriorated after they quarrelled. Der: deterioration (n)
2.99
diminish (v) = become less: flELWvw, -01-J.OL Dan's hopes of buying his own home have diminished since he lost his job.
2.100 downsize (v) =make smaller: K6vw nc:ptKontc; Many high-tech companies have downsized because of the poor economy. 2.101
enlarge (v) ~ make bigger: ~eyeSuvw My uncle enlarged his living room by knocking down a wall. Der: enlargement (n) enlarged (adj)
2.102
expand (v) =become larger: em::KTeivw Sales are good and our company is expanding its market share. Der: expansion (n) expansive (adj)
2.103
extend (v)
~make
something longer or bigger:
en£KT£tvw, napaT£lvw Bob's company has extended his contract so he can finish the project. 2.104
2.112
2.113
reach the top~ become the most successful in a field: q>Savw OT!]V Kopu
2.114
up-and-coming (adj) =likely to succeed: Our club gives up-and-coming singers a chance to perform in front of a live audience. avepx6~evo<;
2.115
take a dive~ fall suddenly: Kavw ~ouna, nt
2.116
pick up (phr v) = 1. improve: ~e/o.miJvo~m. Kalo.urepeuw The hotel hopes business will pick up now that they are advertising more. 2. learn a skill without much effort: ~a8aivw She picked up some Spanish while she was on holiday in Spain. 3. notice: OVTtlo.a~~avo~m Nobody p1cked up Mark's problems with maths until he was 12.
2.117
take off (phr v) ~ 1. become popular or successful: ave~alvw ae emruxta ~ B~~OTLK6r~m Sales of the book took off after the author was interviewed on TV 2. leave in a hurry:
2.118
lowly (adD= low in importance: aai]~aVTo<;, Kmcinepo<; People working in lowly positions are paid very little.
2.119
rising star= person on the way to being very successful: avepx6~evo aOTtpt The latest rising star in Hollywood has appeared on all the talk shows.
MULTIPLE MEANINGS (page 18) 2.120
apply (v) = 1. request to be accepted to a job, club or academic institution: Kavw alTT]a~ I applied for six different jobs after I graduated. 2. put into practice: e
2.121
deal~ 1. (n) agreement: OUI.lq>Wvia Boeing made a deal to sell aeroplanes to British Airways. 2. (v) (dealt, dealt) give out cards in a game: ~otpa~w (ra xaprta) Robert dealt five cards to each player. a great I good deal of ~ large amount: ~ey<":tA~ noa6TT]TQ There was a great deal of snow in the streets after the snowstorm. deal with (phr v) = handle: OVTL~erwni~w She has a lot of problems to deal with at work. a raw deal = unfair treatment: c"!OtK~ ~eraxeipta~ Henry got a raw deal; the boss took away his car and cut his salary.
2.122
resign (v) = leave a job or organisation: napmrou~m Sue resigned her position in order to take a better one. Der: resignation (n) resign (myself) to~ accept an unpleasant situation: anoBtxo~m I don't like working with Bob, but l"ve had to resign myself to it.
shrunk)~ become smaller: Our expenses have shrunk following severe budget cuts.
~a~nJw, ~LKpalvw
swell (v) (swelled. swollen)~ to become larger than normal due to a build-up of liquid: np~~o~m My feet tend to swell in hot weather so I have to wear loosefitting shoes. Der: swelling (n) swollen (adj)
2.106
widen (v) =become bigger: OteupUvw, eneKTeivw Our company is widening its range of products for the Christmas season. Der: width (n): nlo.aro<; wide (adj)
METAPHOR AND MEANING (page 17) 2.107
go under (phr v)
~go
out of business:
KOTOOTptcpo~m,
xpeoKonW Times were bad during the war and thousands of businesses went under. 2.108
fly high~ feel very happy and successful: nnaw ora aUvvecpa an6 xapO. We've been flying high since we won the lottery.
2.109
high-flying (adj) ~very ambitious and successful: qn/o.60o~o<; Kl emTUm~tvoc; Anne is a high-flying executive with two secretaries.
2.110
fall through (phr v) ~not work out as planned: anoruyxavw George's skiing plans fell through because there was no snow.
6
meteoric rise= sudden increase: an6TOWI aU~11011/
O.voOoq The singer had a meteoric rise to fame and won many awards.
shrink (v) (shrank,
2.105
down-and-outs (n) ~ homeless people without jobs: Ol aOTeym Unfortunate down-and-outs had to sleep on the streets last winter.
PREPOSITIONS (page 18) 2.123
in search of = looking for something specific: o£ ava~~rnon It was a hot day so we went in search of a cool drink.
2.124
out of work= unemployed: avepyoc; John lost his job and was out of work for a year:
4.4
box office (n) = a place at a theatre or cinema where tickets are sold: rawio (Ssarpou K.l.n.) We bought our tickets online so we didn't have to wait at the box office.
4.5
broadcaster (n) = person whose job it is to speak on television or radio: E:K
4.6
ca&t (n) = people who act in a play or film: Siaooc; The cast of the Harry Potter films includes many famous actors.
4.7
celebrity (n) =famous person: OtO.aru.1o np6owno We watched all the celebrities arriving at the Oscar ceremony.
4.8
co-star (n) = actor who has one of the main parts in a film: ou~_mpwTaywvtoTf]<; I au,.mpwTaywvloTpta The film featured Nicole Kidman with Tom Cruise as her co-star. Der: co-star (v)
4.9
costume drama (n) = play or film set in the past with actors wearing costumes of the period: OpO~a enoxl']~ The play was a costume drama set in the 1800s.
4.10
crew (n) =team of people, often having technical skills, who work together: (rnl.eomtK6) ouvepyeio The film crew were making a documentary in Wales.
4.11
director (n) = 1. senior manager in an organisation: 6teu8uvr~c; The directors decided on major budget cuts. 2. person who tells actors what to do: oKnvo8tTil~ The director told the actors where to stand on stage. Der: direction (n): oKnvo8eoia, OteU8uvon direct (v)
4.12
documentary (n) =film, radio or television programme that shows real events or gives information about a particular subject VTOKq.J.avTtp Did you watch the documentary on water pollution? Der: document (n): VTOKOUIJ.tVTO, ~apTupla documentation (n): T£K~npiwon document (v): TEK~nptwvw
4.13
on location (n) =a place away from a studio where a film is made: 0£ XWPO yupio~OTOC: e~WTEplKWV OKf]VWv Tat viae; They were filming on location in Scotland.
4.14
movie buff (n) =someone who is enthusiastic and knowledgeable about films: AC:!rpnc; Kat ~a8uc; yvcJJOT!l~ TOU KLVf]IJ.OTOyp6
4.15
presenter (n) =person who introduces a TV or radio programme: napoumaar~c; (npoypa~~moc;) The radio presenter began by introducing his guests. Der: presentation (n) present (v)
4.16
producer (n) =person who organizes the making of a film, 1V or radio programme: napaywyoc; (Ssarpou, Ktvn~moypa
2.125 for nothing =without payment or without any positive results: yta TO rinora, xwpic; O)JOLI}f] I'm not going to work for nothing; I expect to be paid. IN OTHER WORDS (page 18) 2.126
2.127
2.128
2.129
2.130
2.131
none of (my) business = not of concern to (me): oe (~e) mpopa I asked what had happened but Bill said it was none of my business.
get down to business= start working seriously: OTPWVO~Q( orn OOUAElQ We've got to stop laughing and get down to business. superior (n) =someone with higher rank or more importance: npo"LOT6)Jevoc; Sally respects her superiors because of their experience in the field. Der: superiority (n) superior (adj): avwrepoc;
have (my) work cut out for (me) = have a difficult task to do: txw va K6vw llLO iSUOKOA.'l OouA.et6 Finishing the project in such a short time will be difficult; I really have my work cut out for me.
feedback (n) =comments about your work or pertormance: ox6A.La (YLO TflV an6CioOT") KC:tnotou) New employees need to be given feedback in order to learn how to do the job correctly. voluntary work= work people do without pay: c:Sc:.\oVTtKf] epyaola Jenny is doing voluntary work at the local hospital. Der: volunteer (n): s8el.ovr~c;, e8sA6vrpta volunteer (v): npoa
2.132
feasible (adj) =possible: e
2.133
status (n) = position in a company, organization or society, usually compared to others: KotvwvtKf] Stoll As an indication of the president's status, everyone stood when he came into the room.
UNIT4
Entertainment
TOPIC VOCABULARY (page 30) 4.1
agent (n) = someone who helps a performer, writer or other professional find work and who acts as his representative: OT~tvn]~, avTmp6owno~ The actor's agent managed to get him a role in the new television series. Der: agency (n)
4.2
auditorium (n) = large room used for concerts or meetings: ai8ouoa ouvau.\tWv, Ota.\t~ewv The concert will be held at the Wilson Auditorium on Saturday night.
4.3
backstage (adv) =the area behind the stage in a theatre: 010 napaoKI']vta The actors get dressed in small rooms backstage.
7
4.33
sequence (n) = part of a film that deals with a single subject or action: oetpa oK~vwv (oe Tmvla) The best sequence in the film was when the aliens landed in Chicago. Der: sequential (adj): 1itaooxtK6<;
4.34
plot (n) = storyline: nt.oK~ The book had such a complex plot that I couldn't follow what was happening. Der: plot (v): ouvw~OTW
4.35
studio (n) = place where films are made or music is recorded: OTOUVTLO The band went to a music studio to record their CD.
script (n) =written text of a play or film: oevapto (mtvla<;, 8eOTpLKOU tpyou K.An.) Jeanne is writing the script for the school play.
4.36
stuntman I woman (n) = person who does dangerous things in a film, in place of an actor: OVTLKOTOOT6TT']<:; (OVTlKOTOOT6Tp!O) T']SOnOLWV OE
highlight (n) = best or most interesting part of an event: TO mo eVTunwmaK6 ~tpo<; Highlights of the game were shown on the news.
4.37
villain (n) = evil character in a film or book: KOK6<; ~pwa<; (mtvla<;, ~L~t.lou) James Bond always defeats the villain.
4.38
state-of-the-art (adj) =something which uses the most advanced ideas or technology: ouyxpov~<; Texvot.oyla<; Mark has a state-of-the-art home cinema - it must have cost a fortune!
4.39
screenplay (n) = script for film or TV: oevapto Jack read the screenplay and decided to produce the film.
4.40
audition (n) = short test performance to select a performer: OoKLj..IOOTLKt'] aKp6aoT') The orchestra is holding auditions for a violinist. Der: audition (v)
4.41
censorship (n) =official banning of all or part of a book or film: t.oyoKpLola Many people think that censorship of violent films is necessary. Der: censor (n): t.oyoKpLT~<; censor (v) censored (adj)
4.42
debut (n) = first public performance: nptilT~ 1i~~6ma e~q>avt~. VTe~noum Sarah made her debut as a singer with a local band.
4.43
forthcoming (adj) = happening soon: npooex~<; Everybody is waiting to see the forthcoming film about the life of John Lennon.
4.44
premiere (n) = first performance of a film or play: The James Bond film will have its premiere in July.
4.17
screenwriter (n) =a person who writes stories for films: oevaptoyp6cpoc; A team of Oscar-winning screenwriters is working on the new James Bond film.
4.18
set (n) =furniture and scenery used in a play, film or television programme: XWPO<:; yup(OIJOTO<:;, OKT'JVLK6
Visitors are not allowed on a film set because they can interfere with the work of the actors. 4.19
4.20
4.21
stage (n) =part of a theatre where the performance takes place: OK~V~ Secnpou When the lead singer finally came on stage, the crowd went wild. Der: stage (v)
emKlvouve<; oK~v£<; (KOOKOVT£p) The stuntwoman jumped from the roof and landed safely in a net. 4.22
thriller (n) = book or film with an exciting story, especially about crime: ~L~Alo I TOLVla ~um~piou Kate had trouble sleeping after she read a chapter of the latest thriller. Der: thrill (n): plyo<;, ouyKlv~o~ thrilled (adj): ouyKt.ovta~tvo<;, auvenap~tvo<; thrilling (adj): auyKAOVLOTLK6<;, ouvapnaonK6<;
4.23
trailer (n) = short advertisement for a film: 1iLaq>~~LOTLK6 TOLVlac;, TpttA.ep Watching the trailer made me want to see the film.
4.24
venue (n) = place where an event happens: xwpo<; (eK1i~t.waewv) The castle would be a perfect venue for the wedding.
4.25
blockbuster (n) = book or film which is very successful: mtvla ~ ~Ljlt.lo ~e ~ey6A~ emTuxla "Gladiator" was a blockbuster; it broke all records for number of tickets sold.
4.26
critic (n) = 1. person who writes reviews: KPLHK6c; (Secnpou, KLV/q>ou, ~L~Alwv KTA.) The critics all praised Peter Carey's latest book. 2. person who disapproves of someone or something: KPLTt']c; He is a fierce critic of the government. Der: criticism (n) critique (n): KpLTLK~ avMuo~ criticise (v) critical (adj): emKpLTLK6<;, Kplm~o<;
4.27
base on (phr v) = use a particular source as a model: ~aol~w (Kim) ae Is the film based on a true story?
4.28
tale (n) = story, often about imaginary events: ~u8o<; This is a tale about a princess, a frog and a flying pig.
4.29
sequel (n) = book or film which continues the story told in a previous book or film: auTOTeA~<; ouvtxeta TOLvla<;, ~L~Alou We all agreed that the sequel wasn't as good as the original film.
4.30
masterpiece (n) = a piece of work done with extraordinary skill, often refers to artistic work:
npe~Ltpa
4.45
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY PHRASAL VERBS (page 31) 4.46
come out (phr v) =finish: ano~alvw, KOTOA~yw Sometimes even the director is not sure how the film will come out in the end.
4.47
come across (phr v) = communicate; make something clear: ylvo~OL OVTLA~m6<; The message comes across loud and clear in the advertisement: if you drink, don't drive.
4.48
go back (phr v) = exist since a particular time: avaTpExw Barbara's interest in rock 'n' roll goes to the time she first heard Elvis Presley sing.
aptmoupy~~a
The Mona Lisa is considered by many to be Leonardo da Vinci's masterpiece. multiplex (n) = a cinema with several screens: noAUKLV~~moypaq>o<; You can choose from 8 different movies at the new multiplex cinema.
gross (v) = to earn a certain amount of money: npawmonOLtil eLonpa~eL<; The latest George Clooney film grossed a $100 million, of which the studio probably made a profit of about 15 million. Der: gross (n)
review (n) = media report about a film, book, exhibition or TV programme: KPLTLK~ (tpyou, ~L~Alou, npoypa~~mo<;) The play received rave reviews so we went to see it. Der: reviewer (n) review (v)
4.49
go into (phr v) =spend time, money or effort to do, make or get something: aoxoA.mJI-lOL IJ.E, ac.ptepti:lvw xpovo oe KC!TL A lot of effort went into making the
4.66
in no time = very quickly: m: xp6vo peK6p James was back to normal in no time after the operation.
4.67
on the part of = done by someone: EK 11Epouc; Tou I TnC: More effort on the part of the police would help solve the problem.
4.68
at the forefront of= in a leading position: OTJlV nptinn ypa~~li American CD companies are at the forefront of the international music industry.
party a success. 4.50
go on to (phr v) = do something after finishing doing something else: ouvexicw (~e K
to write novels. 4.51
4.52
go down as (phr v) = be remembered in a particular way: napa~tvw (orn ~vli~n) Lady Diana has gone down in history as a person who cared about the poor.
WORD FORMATION (page 32) 4.69
acceptance (n) = agreement to an idea or plan: ano5oxf1 The new railroad fine depends on government acceptance of the engineer's report.
4.70
commentator (n) = person who describes events on TV or radio: oxoA.tam~<; The sports commentator shouted excitedly when the focal team scored another goal. Der: comment (n) commentary (n) comment (v)
adaptation (n) =film or play that was originally written in a different form: OtaoK.sur'] Several new films are adaptations of Shakespeare's plays. Der: adapt (v): otooKeuacw. npooawocw
4.71
contestant (n) = a person who participates in a competition: Otaywvt~611£voc; Of the three contestants in the TV quiz show, only one will be able to go on to the finals. Der: contest (n) contest (v)
annoyance (n) =feeling of impatience and anger: eKveupto~6c;, evoxl.non To my annoyance, my boss wouldn't let me take off any extra time. Der: annoy (v) annoyed (adj): evoxl.n~tvoc; annoying (adj): evoxl-nTLK6c;
4.72
attendance (n) = presence at an event or number of people present: npootl.euon, napaKol-ou8non Attendance at the concert was low. Der: attend (v)
4. 73
availability (n) = state of being not too busy: 6ta8em~6TnTD The doctor's availability depends on how many patients are scheduled for the week. Der: available (adj) Opp: unavailability (n)
4.74
clarity (n) = state of being clear: 6tauyeta The clarity of the water made it possible to see the fish. Der: clarify (v) clear (adj)
go on (phr v) =happen: ou~~alvw There's a lot of noise next door. I wonder what's going on?
WHO SAID IT? (page 31) 4.53
4.54
4.55
chat-show host (n) = person who interviews famous or interesting people on TV or on a radio talk show: napoumaou']c; TllAeonTLKciN I paOtoc.pwVLKci.lv ou~'lTf]oewv My favourite chat-show host specialises in interviewing politicians.
4.56
conductor (n) = person who leads an orchestra or choir: ~atoTpoc; The players picked up their instruments as the conductor raised his baton. Der: conduct (v)
4.57
director (n) = see 4.11
4.58
disc jockey (DJ) (n) = person who chooses music on
noAunAoK6TflTO Due to the complexity of the case, it
the radio or in a club, etc.: auT6c; nou nal~.sL l.lOUotKT'] o.s paOtoc.pwvtKtc; .sKnOI.lntc; f] KAa11n The disc jockey
took lawyers months to prepare. Der: complex (adj)
chose great music at the party 4.59
critic (n) = see 4.26
4.60
playwright (n) = person who writes plays: 8emptK6<:; ouyypa
4.75
4.76
credibility (n) = state of being believable or trustworthy: a~tommla The police doubted the credibility of the witness. Der: credible (adj) incredible (adj)
4.77
dedication (n) = commitment acpoolwo'l The nurses showed dedication to their patients by working throughout the night. Der: dedicate (v) dedicated (adj)
4.78
devotion (n) = great love or loyalty: o
4.79
distraction (n) = something which takes your attention away from a task you are doing: Ot<':tonaon npoooxf]c; There are always distractions when you share an office with other people. Der: distract (v) distracted (adj)
PHRASES WITH PREPOSITIONS (page 32) 4.61
in many respects = in many ways: an6 noAAtc; In many respects, life today is more dangerous than in the past. an6~.stc;
4.62
in conjunction with = together with: oe ouv.spyaoia 1.1e In conjunction with a major bank, the company is working on a new building.
4.63
on a large(r) scale= very big in size or extent: oe His customers invest on a large scale - only one million euros or more. ~eyc'!An (~eyaAlnepn) KAl~aKa
4.64
in comparison with = looking at similarities and differences: oe oUyKpLOJl 1.1£ In comparison with last year, this summer is much warmer.
4.65
for good = permanently: yta navTO, ~OVL~Q The Smith family is moving to Ireland for good, so I probably will never see them again.
complexity (n) =state at being complicated:
9
4.80
4.81
4.82
4.83
4.84
4.85
4.86
4.87
4.88
dramatisation (also -ization) (n) = making a book or story into a play or film: opa~monoi~a~, Ol00K8U~ The dramatisation of Tom Clancy's book was successful in capturing the complicated story. Der: drama (n) dramatist (n): OpQ~GTOupy6c;, 8EGTplKO<; ouyypa
inspiration (n) = sudden feeling or new idea: t~Jnveuan Seeing the film about the young writer gave me the inspiration to go back to writing. Der: inspire (v) inspirational (adj): nou Oiv£t t~JnV£UOfl inspiring (adj): nou CiVEt t~JnV£UOfl interference (n) = unwanted involvement in a situation which is not your concern: av61Jt~Tl Mark didn't marry Ellen because of his parents' interference. Der: interiere (v) interfering (adj) maturity (n) = 1. state of being fully developed or grown: £Vf]AtKiwof] When boys reach maturity their voices become deeper. 2. quality of having a fully developed personality and adult emotional behaviour: wpt1J6Tf]ta His writing shows surprising maturity for such a young person. Der: maturation (n): wpl~avo~ mature (v) mature (adj)
objectivity (n) = ability to make decisions based on facts, not on personal opinion: avnK£tiJ£VtK6tflTO We questioned the producer's objectivity because he is married to the director. Der: object (n): OVTlKei~Evo objective (adj)
4.89
offence (n) = illegal activity: aoiK~~a, nap6~ao~ Smoking in a no-smoking restaurant is an offence punishable by law. Der: offend (v) offensive (adj)
4.90
originality (n) = quality of being new and different: npwtoTunia His work shows originality, with lots of new ideas. Der: origin (n): npotl.euo~ original (adi)
10
4.91
pretence (n) =way of behaving intended to make others believe something which is not true: npoonolnon I made a pretence of enjoying the cake even though I don't like chocolate. Der: pretend (v)
4.92
simplicity (n) = quality of not being complicated: anMTwa The simplicity of the design makes it very easy to produce. Der: simplify (v) simple (adj)
RELATED WORDS (page 33) 4.93
4.94
nag (v) = continually demand or criticise in an annoying way: yKptvt6~w ouvexwc; She nagged her teenage children all day about the state of their bedrooms. blurt out (phr v) =say suddenly, without thinking: q>6pa Margaret blurted out the truth before anyone could stop her.
~e
4.95
mumble (v) = speak quietly and not clearly: ~ouwoupi~w, ljJtSupi~w The lecturer mumbled so we couldn't understand what she was saying.
4.96
reminisce (v) ~ think, write or talk about pleasant things in the past: avanol.w The old men sat over a cup of coffee and reminisced about life in the village. Der: reminiscence (n) reminiscent (adj)
4.97
grumble (v) = complain in a bad-tempered way: The staff grumbled about their working conditions.
yKptvt6~w, napanovtt~m
4.98
waffle (v) = talk a lot without making a clear point: ~lAW OKGTODX£TO She waffled on for an hour, boring us to death.
4.99
butt in (phr v) = interrupt a conversation in a rude way: OtaK6nTw He is so rude; he's always butting into my conversations.
4.100
snap at (v) =speak sharply and rudely: ~lAW an6TO~a Janet is in a really bad mood today; she's snapping at everybody
4.101
chatter (v) = talk quickly and continuously about unimportant things:
4.102
swear (v) (swore, sworn)= 1. use offensive or rude words: ~pi~w When the builder hit his thumb with a hammer, he swore loudly. 2. say you are telling the truth: opKi~o~ml swear I've never seen that person before in my life.
WORDS EASILY CONFUSED (page 34) 4.103
4.104
adopt (v) = take somebody else's child into your family and become its legal parent: uto9£Ttil adapt (v) =change to suit a different situation: npooap~6~w, ·o~m
4.105
adept (adj) =able to do something skillfully: tKav6c;, £mot~ toe;
wind (v) (wound, wound)= wrap or twist something around: TuAiyw 4.107 rewind (v) (rewound, rewound)= make a tape or film go backwards: yupi~w nlaw (KaatTa, Tmvia) 4 1os unwind (v) (unwound, unwound) = relax after being tired or tense: XOAOpWVW, ~eKOUpO~O~Ql 4.106
4.1 o9 4.110
highlight (n) = see 4.36 spotlight (n) =strong light or public attention: npo~ol.tac;, KtvTpo t~c; npoaox~c;
UNIT 4 4.111
limelight (n) = public attention and interest: npooKJivto
downright (adv) = extremely (in negative sense): evtel\ciJc;, anoALltwc; 4.113 upright (adj) =straight: 6p8toc;, OT~t6c; 4.114 outright (adv) =openly or directly: ~EK
paom
4.133
cloud= 1. (n) white or grey mass in the sky: olJVvEcpo The sky was dark because of the clouds. 2. (v) confuse your understanding: SoAWvw, ~nepoeuw My understanding of the situation was clouded by the reporter's confused news report.
4.134
dull (adj) = 1. not shiny: 8a~n6c; The silver looks dull; it needs a good polishing. 2. not intelligent KOUT6c; The new student seems dull and might have trouble passing his exams.
4.112
4.115 feature (v) =include as a special item: npo~al\1\w 4.116 characterise (also -ize) (v) =be a typical feature or
quality: XOPOKT~pi~W
4.117 focus (v) =concentrate: EntKevrpWvoi-IOL, ouyKEVTpc.iJvw,
4.135
-O~QL
engrossed (adj) =so interested you don't pay attention to anything else: anoppO~~tvoc; 4.119 appeal (v) =seem attractive or interesting to someone: npom:i\KUw (To Ev6tacptpov) 4.120 addicted (adj) = unable to stop doing or using something, especially something harmful: c:8to11tvo~
dawn on (phr v) :::: realise something for the first time: apxi~w va avnl\a~~avo~m Kanlt finally dawned on us that he was not telling the truth.
4.118
4.136
4.137
so-called (adj) = described in an incorrect or misleading way: 6Ji8ev 4.122 alleged (adj) = stated but not proven: unoTt8£~evoc; 4.123 renowned (adj) = well-known and admired: ratings (n) = statistics that show the popularity of TV programmes: oeiKt~c; T~Ae8tao~c; I aKpoa~anK6t~mc; 4.125 credits (n) = list of people involved in making a film or TV programme: ouvtel\eottc; napaywyJic; (tmviac;,
4.124
keep (someone) in the dark= hide information from someone: KPOTc.iJ (KQnolOV) OTO OKOT00t (OTJlV 6yv0la)
Why did she keep us in the dark about her new job?
4.121
~QKOUOTO<;, ~~LO~EVO<;
dawn (n)::: early morning: auyr'] The sun rises at dawn
and sets at dusk.
shed light on = make something easier to understand: pixvw <.pwc; OE K6n, ~E:OlaAUvw K6Tt
The discovery of this virus sheds some light on the development of the disease. MULTIPLE MEANINGS (page 35) 4.138
npoypa~~moc;)
subtitles (n) =translation of a film appearing at the bottom of the screen: un6TtTi\OL
cast= 1. (n) hardened plaster on a broken bone: yul)JO<;, vap8~Kac; I wore a cast on my broken leg for six weeks. 2. (v) choose a performer for a part in a film or play: oivw p61\o The actor they cast as Hamlet was far too old for the part. 3. (n) see 4.6 cast (an) eye over = look at something quickly: pixvw IJlO 1JOn6 Before you leave the office today, please
cast an eye over the new contract. ~ETAPHOR
cast doubt on = make something seem less certain or good: a~
AND MEANING (page 34)
flash (n) = sudden burst of light: aval\a~nn The falling star appeared as a flash in the night sky. Der: flash (v) flashing (adj)
comments seem to cast doubt on the wisdom of the whole project. 4.139
dim (adj) = 1. giving off weak light: a~u6p6c;. 8a~n6c; The car's headlights seemed dim in the fog. 2. stupid: Kout6c; Bert is not naughty; he's JUSt a bit dim. Der: dimmer (n): ~~xavto~6c; nou puS~i~eL T~v tvtao~ TOU WTO<; dim (v)
me a set of coffee cups for an engagement present. 3. (n) part of a tennis match, consisting of six games or more: yupoc;, oer (nmxvtotou) When I played tennis
against my sister, /lost the first set but won the next two. 4. (n) see 4.18 set in (my) ways = not willing to change: txw
faint (adj) = not strong or clear: a~u6p6c; There was a
anoKpumaMw~t~ anol)J~
My grandfather is rather set in his ways; everything must be done as he says.
faint light showing through the mist. not have the faintest idea = not know anything at all about something: oev txw t~v napa~LKPli toto I haven't the faintest idea what his name is since I've never met him before in my life.
4 140
brilliant (adj) 1. giving off a very bright light: acrrpatep6c; A diamond looks especially brilliant in the sun. 2. very clever: noAu t~unvoc;, EUuJic; Pat is
act = 1. (n) part of a play: (SemptKli) npa~~ The first act of a play usually presents the conflict which is then resolved in the last act. 2. (v) behave: ou~nept£po~m Although he knew about the surprise party, Tim acted totally shocked. act on (phr v) ~ be guided by: evepyciJ ou~wva ~e
I decided to act on the advice of my lawyer and not go by what my friends suggested.
brilliant at languages; she speaks six! Der: brilliance (n)
catch in the act (ofj = find someone doing something wrong and interrupt them in the middle: mOvw KOnOlov E:n'auTo<.pWpw The shop owner caught his assistant in the act of stealing money from the cash register.
dazzle (v) = 1. make someone unable to see for a short time because of the brightness of light: TUl\cilvw
We were dazzled by the brightness of the sun. Sa~nciJvw He was dazzled by Claire's red hair and green eyes.
set= 1. (v) see 2.45 2. (n) group of things that belong together: oUvoA.o npay1J6Twv, oE:T My aunt gave
2. impress by skill or beauty: Der: dazzling (adj)
IN OTHER WORDS (page 35) 4.141
bright (adj) = 1. full of light or colour:
Der: brighten (v)
get into (phr v) = become interested in: E:VOta<.ptpOI-!Ol yta She has never been able to get into jazz; she
prefers classical music. 4.142
play up (phr v) =not work properly: oe AELtoupyciJ awcrra My car has been playing up so let's go in your cat:
11
UNIT4 4.143
hype up (phr v) =exaggerate the quality: npowew npot6v napanAav~TlK~ i5tO
4.144
run through (phr v) = practise and review: mavaAau~avw, e!;aoKou 0m Let's run through this song once more before the perlormance. laze around (phr v) =relax: xaAapwvw, TEunEAla~w The weather was beautiful, so we lazed around the pool all day.
4.149
put on (phr v) =stage a performance: ave~a~w (napaoraa~) The town's gymnasts put on a display of their talents.
4.150
crack up (phr v) =laugh uncontrollably: 1;£Kapi5i~oum I cracked up every time the comedian looked my way.
4.151
malfunction (v) =not work properly: i5UOAEtToupyw The television is malfunctioning; there's no picture. Der: malfunction (n)
4.152
diversify (v) = develop products or activities that are new or different from what is usual for you: en£KT£(V0!-10l, QU~6.VW T'lV nOLKLAiO (npol6VTWV KTA..) Our company needs to diversify into other products if it is to survive. Der: diversification (n) diversity (n) diverse (adj)
4153
generate (v) =cause something to happen or to be produced: npoKaA.W The announcement about the new theatre generated a lot of interest. Der: generation (n): napaywy~ generator (n): yevv~Tpta
w
4.145
4.146 come up with (phr v) =create or produce: !3ploKw an6.vTJ1011, AlloT")/ need an idea for a costume but I haven't come up with anything so far. 4.147
bring in (phr v) =make money: KEpi5i~w XP~uma Philip is bringing in a lot more money since he started his new job.
4.148
branch out (phr v) =expand into new areas or activities: eneKT£lvw, -OIJ.OL (enayye}qJOTLK6) The local shoe store decided to branch out and started sefling clothing too.
VOCABULARY PRACTICE lUnits !2-4) A. Match. a. has a broad knowledge of films.
1. A screenwriter is someone who 2.
A foreman is someone who
3.
A rising star is someone who
b. perlorms administrative tasks to assist a manager. ......
4. An agent is someone who
d. you work with.
5. A stuntman is someone who
e. has one of the lead roles in a film.
6. A movie buff is someone who
f. interviews people on a TV programme.
7. A chat-show host is someone who
g. seems likely to have a successful career.
8. A co-star is someone who
h. is in charge of other workers.
9.
A PA is someone who
i. represents actors, singers, etc.
10. A colleague is someone who B.
c. perlorms dangerous scenes in place of an actor.
j. writes stories for films.
Write T (True) or F (False) according to the meaning of the words in bold. 1 . If you are on the dole, you have a satisfying job ...... 2.
If two people get down to business, they open a business together
3.
If you catch somebody in the act, you see them doing something wrong.
4.
If something is confidential, it is not to be shared with other people .....
5.
If you keep somebody in the dark about something, you inform them about it .
6.
If you set a deadline, you finish your work on time ..... .
7.
If somebody is set in their ways, they easily change their habits ..
8.
If you work overtime, you leave the office early.
9.
If you are serving an apprenticeship, you are learning a trade.
10.
c.
If something clouds your judgment, it makes it easier for you to assess a situation ..... .
Choose the odd one out.
. P!~~~~ter
1. n)lockbuster
broadcaster
commentator
2. : ~a,zzle
grumble
snap
nag
3. (deb~!
credits
subtitles
script
extend
shrink
enlarge
5. (dim
dull
brilliant
faint
6.~~~ ..
employ
appeal
recruit
4. GW~II
u
D. Complete the sentences using the phrasal verbs below. Make any necessary changes. take on " come up with e go on to " go back to " run through put on • go under e set up +!111 butt in «< crack up 1. The studio executives are still trying to ..................................... a catchy title for the new action movie.
2. The tradition of celebrating May Day ..................................... pre-Christian times. 3.
I just ...................................... when I heard that joke for the first time. 4. A friend of mine is planning to ..................................... her own online dating service. 5. His early years were spent playing bit parts in local theatrical productions but he ..................................... become one of the Hollywood's leading men.
6.
Our English class is ...................................... a play at the end of term.
7.
Business is slow and costs keep rising so I think the firm ...................................... soon.
8.
A local electronics manufacturer has just announced plans ...................................... 200 new workers.
9.
I'm sorry to ...................................... but did I overhear you say that you work at the BBC?
10. The director made them ...................................... the scene again until he was satisfied.
UNIT6
/"-
eJ 6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
~ 6.11
skull (n) = bones of the head that protect the brain: Kpavlo He fractured his skull several years ago and you can still see a scar on the side of his head.
6.13
spine (n) = backbone or row of bones that contain the spinal cord: onovi5uALK~ OT~A~ An injury to the spine is extremely serious and may lead to paralysis. Der: spinal (adj)
Body and Mind
TOPIC VOCABULARY (page 47) 6.1
6.12
ligament (n) = a band of tissue that holds bones together or supports organs: ouvi5w~o<; The runner suffered a torn ligament in his leg and was unable to compete for several months. abdomen (n) = lower front part of body where stomach and intestines are: KOLALO After eating a huge meal, he had severe pain in his abdomen. Der: abdominal (adj) artery (n) = a tube that carries blood away from the heart: OPTTlPiO When doctors discovered his arteries were almost completely blocked, he underwent emergency heart surgery. Der: arterial (adj)
e~
8
vein (n) = a tube that carries blood to the heart: q>At~a The doctor inserted a needle into a vein in his arm to take a blood sample.
@:
chest (n) = upper front part of the body between abdomen and neck: m~So<; Complaining of chest pains, the old man was rushed to the hospital in case he was having a heart attack.
@
kidney (n) = organ in the body that cleans your blood and removes waste: ve
G~
lung (n) = the two large organs in your chest with which you breathe: nveu~ova<; Breathe deeply and fill your lungs with air.
'"'6.19
pelvis (n) = group of bones which support the back and connect to the legs: AeKav~ (avSpwmvou ow~mo<;) After breaking her pelvis in a car accident, she was in constant pain and had difficulty walking. rib (n) = a curved bone of the chest: l1Aeup6 He broke three ribs in a fall and had to wear a bandage around his chest for a month.
fracture (n) = a break or crack in a bone or other hard substance: onam~o. Kamwa The X-ray showed that he had multiple fractures to the bones on his foot. Der: fracture (v) fractured (adj) sling (n) = a piece of material worn around the neck to support an injured arm: xetpoM~oc:;, avapT~poc:; (yta anaa~tvo xepL) Andrew had to wear a sling for over a month to support his broken arm. stitch (n) = a short piece of thread used to close a deep cut by sewing: pa~~a I cut myself badly with the bread knife and had to have 6 stitches. stretcher (n) = a kind of bed used to carry injured or dead people:
= ask someone's opinion
about something:
au~~oul-euo~m
liver (n) = large organ in the body which helps to clean the blood: ouKtilTL Surgeons today can do heart, lung and liver transplants. jaw (n) = lower part of face below the mouth including the bottom teeth and chin: oay6vL When I had a wisdom tooth removed, my jaw was sore for a week.
bruise (n) = a dark mark on the skin caused by being hit: ~eAavta He had a nasty bruise on his knee after being kicked during a football match. Der: bruising (n) bruise (v) bruised (adj)
9 6.21
The doctor recommended that Richard consult a specialist about his heart problem. Der: consultant (n) consultation (n) GP (n) = general practitioner; doctor who gives general medical care to patients in his area: ylaTp6c; naSoMyo<; Go and see your GP if you have any symptoms which are worrying you. vaccination (n) = substance given to protect against a disease: EIJ130i\lOOIJ6c; I was given a vaccination
against yellow fever before going to Africa. Der: vaccine (n): e~~6ALO vaccinate (v)
13
6.23
6.24
contagious (adj) = able to spread quickly: ~era6oTLK6<; Contagious diseases can be avoided by washing your hands.
6.37
remedy (n) = solution to a problem or illness: 8epanela, y1mp1K6 Some people believe the best remedy for a sore throat is a hot lemon and honey drink.
prescription (n) = a written order for medicine from a doctor: ouvTay~ ytaTpoU /lost my prescription and the chemist wouldn't give me the medicine without it. Der: prescribe (v) prescriptive (adj): Km£u8uvr~pio<;
6.38
insomnia (n) = inability to sleep: alinvia If you can't sleep at night, you suffer from insomnia. Der: insomniac (n): ao8ev~c; nou nOoxet an6 aUnvia
medication (n) = drugs used to treat illness: cp6p1JOKO, q>ap~aK£UTIK~ aywy~ When the medication didn't cure the infection, the doctor changed it. Der: medicated (adj)
ailment (n) = illness which is not serious: ai5ta8eoia For a minor ailment, you probably don't need to see a doctor Der: ail (v): naoxw ailing (adj): ao8£v~c;. nou naox£1 6.40
common sense = natural ability to make good, practical judgements: Kotvfl AoytK~ If Tom had more common sense, he wouldn't drive so fast. 6.26
6.28
6.29
hygiene (n) ~ practice of keeping yourself and your things clean to prevent illness: uyl£1V~, Ka8api6T~Ta People can avoid catching illnesses by paying more attention to personal hygiene. Der: hygienic (adj)
6.42
intake (n) = amount of something eaten or drunk: np6o!.~LjJ~. t.a~~av6~£v~ noo6r~m Doctors recommend a daily intake of 75-90mg of Vitamin C for adults.
indigestion (n) = discomfort in the stomach when the body has difficulty digesting food: 6uon£LjJia Many people suffer from indigestion after eating a heavy meal. Der: indigestible (adj)
6.43
prevailing (adj) = existing or being most common at a particular time or place: emKpaTton::poc; The prevailing attitude to dieting in the United States has shifted to healthier, smaller portion sizes. Der: prevail (v)
6.44
circulation (n) = 1. movement of blood around the body: KuKAocpoptK6 oUOTfliJO People with circulation problems often have cold hands and feet. 2. number of copies of a newspaper or magazine sold: KUKAa<.popia (TUnou) The newspaper's circulation increased when they added an editorial section. Der: circulate (v) circulatory (adj)
6.45
migraine (n) = a severe headache: TlllLKpavla People who suffer from migraines often complain of nausea as well as a blinding headache.
dehydration (n) ~ state of not having enough water in the body causing you to feel weak or ill: acpui56nuo'l Long-distance runners must drink regularly to avoid dehydration. Der: dehydrate (v) dehydrated (adj)
6.32
pain relief (n) ~ lessening of the feeling of physical suffering: avaKoUcptofl an6 Tov n6vo The advert for the medicine claims that it offers fast effective pain relief for headaches. addiction (n) = an uncontrollable need to do something or take a drug: e8to116c; The centre for the treatment of drug addiction offers psychological counselling to addicts and their families. Der: addict (n) addicted (adj) addictive (adj)
joint (n) ~ place where two bones meet and the limb is able to bend: 6p8pwo~ In cold damp weather, he often feels pain in his joints, especially his knees. Der: jointed (adj) 6.34
alleviate (v) =to make something less severe or painful: avaKouq>il;w, ~erp161;w The aspirin did nothing to alleviate my headache, so I called the doctor
6.35
treat (v) = provide medical care: m::pmotoUIJOL, 8epaneUw Most eye infections can be successfully treated with eye drops. Der: treatment (n) treatable (adj)
6.36
eczema (n) ~ skin condition that makes skin dry, sore and itchy: tK~£110 The chemist gave me a new skin cream to help ease the discomfort of my eczema.
acupuncture (n) ~ a Chinese medical treatment that involves inserting special needles in certain points on the body: ~£AOVI0~6c; A friend of mine suggested that acupuncture might help relieve the pain in my back. Der: acupuncturist (n) well-being (n) ~ state of being happy, healthy and prosperous: £U£~ia, uy£ia Spending time with family and friends gives him a wondetful sense of well-being.
6.31
allergy (n) ~ physical reaction to something you eat, breathe or touch: aM£pyia Sue has an allergy to cats; when she is in a room with them she sneezes. Der: allergen (n): aM£pytoy6vo allergic (adj)
cure (v) ~to make a person healthy again: 8£pan£uw The doctor cured the child's bronchitis. Der: cure (n) ano8epam::ia, ytaTpetO
G
arthritis (n) = a condition in which the joints are swollen and are painful: ap8pin6a My grandmother's hands were so crippled with arthritis that she was unable to do any household chores. Der: arthritic (adj)
disorder (n) ~ illness or medical condition: 61mapax~ Melissa has a skin disorder and cannot spend a lot of time in the sun.
(~.48
posture (n) ~the position of the body while standing, sitting or walking: orao~ (ow~amc;) The doctor told her that an improvement in her posture would help prevent lower back pain.
6.49
meditation (n) = a mental exercise in which someone concentrates on his thoughts and relaxes: OtaAoylOIJ6c; Meditation is often combined with breathing exercises to relax the body and combat stress. Der: meditative (adj)
6.50
flexibility (n) ~ ability to bend easily: £uf.uy1oia Doing exercise will give you more flexibility. Der: flexible (adj) concentration (n) ~ ability to give all your attention to one thing: ouyKtVTpwon Safe driving requires a lot of concentration. Der: concentrate (v)
..
6.52
conventional medicine = typical modern medical treatment: ou~~OTLK~ taTptK~ Many people turn to alternative therapies when conventional medicine fails to cure a health problem.
6.53
complementary therapy (n) = a form of treatment used in combination with ordinary medical treatment: ou~T1A~pw~anK~ Sepaneia Massage Is often used as a complementary therapy for people suffering neck pain.
6.54
asthma (n) = illness in which breathing is difficult: ao8~a Tony has asthma and he needs to take medication before exercising. Der: asthmatic (adj)
'
~63.
6.64
opt (for) (v) = make a choice: emAtyw They thought of going to Paris but opted for Rome instead. Der: option (n) optional (adj)
6.65
notify (v) = inform officially: eti5onmciJ Successful applicants will be notified in June. Der: notification (n)
6.66
derive (v) = originate: npotpxo~m. napayo~m Leather is derived from animal skins. Der: derivation (n) derivative (n)
6.67
distract (v) = take attention away from something else: anoonW npoooxr'] The noise outside is distracting the students from their studies. Der: distraction (n) see 4. 79 distracted (adj) distracting (adj)
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY VERBS + PREPOSITIONS (page 48) 6.55
6.56
(:;;',. "- , _____
r:::'
~I
blame (for) (v) =to be responsible for something bad: KOT~yopciJ (yta) My sister blames me for breaking her MP4player. Der: blame (n) blame (on) (v) = say that something is someone's fault: emppimw eu8uvec; (yta Kan oe Kcmmov) The restaurant owner blamed the poor service on the shortage of staff. elaborate (v) = explain in more detail: avannJaow, neptypatpw ~e Aemo~tpetec; We asked the tour guide to elaborate on the history of the site. Der: elaboration (n) elaborate (adj) specialise (also -ize) (v) = concentrate on just one area of work or study: eti5tKeuo~m John specialised in paediatrics. Der: specialisation (n) specialist (n) confide (in) (v) = tell someone a secret: e~moTeuo~m. E:KilUOT'lPELloj..im She confided in me because she trusted me not to tell anyone her secret. Der: confidence (n) confidential (adj)
6.59
comply (v) = do what you are required to do: ou~~optpciJvo~m/f you don't comply with the rules, you will be dismissed from your job. Der: compliance (n) compliant (adj): unoxwp~TtK6c;
6.60
associate (v) = make a connection in your mind: ouvOE:w, ouoxeTL~w Many people associate the number 13 with bad luck. Der: associate (n): ouvhmpoc;, ouvTPotpoc; association (n) associated (adj)
G 6.62
identify with (phr v) = empathize with and understand someone or their situation because you have a similar background or experience: TOUT[~OJlOL ~e Having been brought up in a small village like the main character in the novel, I could easily identify with her. account (for) (v) = give an explanation for something: e~~yciJ How do you account for the fact that the money is missing? Der: account (n): avatpopa, neptypatp~ accountancy (n): AoytoTtK~ accountant (n): AoytoT~c; accounting (n): AoytOTtK~ accountable (adj)
yearn (v) = want something very much: AOXTOPciJ When I'm on a diet, I yearn for chocolate. Der: yearning (n)
nw
6.68
discourage (v) = persuade someone not to do something: ano8appUvw, anoTpE:nw Students are discouraged from bringing mobile phones to school. Der: discouragement (n) discouraging (adj) Opp: encourage (v)
6.69
boast (v) = proudly talk about things relating to you so others will admire you: KOUXLE:JlOL The Jacksons always boast about their children's achievements. Der: boast (n) boastful (adj) respond (v) react, reply: aVTanoKpivo~m. anaVTciJ Over
6.70
a thousand applicants responded to the advertisement. Der: respondent (n) response (n) responsive (adj) 6.71
devote (v) = see 4. 78
6.72
subject (v) = make someone experience something unpleasant: uno~QMw (Kanmov oe Kan) People in some countries have been subjected to cruel punishments. Der: subject (n): unoKeiwvo subjection (n): unoTay~
RELATED WORDS (page 49) 6.73
alarmed (adj) = afraid or anxious: Tpo~ay~tvoc;, avr']cruxoc; We were alarmed when we saw fire engines racing towards our street. Der: alarm (n) alarming (adj)
6.74
cross (adj) = angry: eu~w~tvoc; Theodore's parents were very cross when he came home from the party two hours late.
0~
furious (adj) = extremely angry: opyto~tvoc; Lisa was furious when her children drew on the walls. Der: fury (n) infuriate (v)
,
C\ overjoyed (adj) = extremely happy: naveuTu)(l'j~ We \..:::: v
6.77
)
were all overjoyed when the new baby was bam. petrified (adj) =very frightened: anoAL8w~l:voc;.an6 tp6~o. Kmmpo~awtvoc; Anne is petrified, when she sees one, she screams in horror.
""
tl/'4tf6 '
'
scared (adj) = afraid:
6.79
cheerful (adj) = happy: KEqlClTO<;, XOPOU~EVO<; Although he's been sick, Sam sounded cheerful, Der: cheerfulness (n)
6.80
glad (adj) = pleased: euxaptoTn~tvoc; Alan was glad that we would be his new neighbours. displeased (adj) = annoyed: iSuoapeoTn~tvoc; The manager looked displeased when Rob walked into the office 30 minutes late. Der: displeasure (n)
6.82
upset (adj) = sad, worried or angry: avaoTmw~tvoc; Margaret was upset when William broke her favourite vase. Der: upset (v) upsetting (adj) incensed (adj) = very angry: s~ayptw~tvoc; Jim was incensed because the neighbours called the police to complain about his dog. Der: incense (v) terrified (adj) =very frightened: Kmmpo~awtvoc; My uncle is terrified of heights and won't fly in an aeroplane. Der: terror (n) terrify (v) terrifying (adj)
6.85
6.86
6.87
6,88
r6,89 ;
'-..__...
dejected (adj) = miserable: St.twtvoc;, anoKapiStw~tvoc; The whole team looked dejected after they lost the game. Der: dejection (n) inconsolable (adj) = not able to be comforted: anapnyopnTo<; Billy was inconsolable when his grandfather died. Der: consolation (n) console (v) depressed (adj) = state of being extremely unhappy: ~st.ayxot.LK6<;. Sf.t~~tvoc; After his divorce, Mark was depressed for months. Der: depression (n): Kma8f.tl)Jn depress (v) depressing (adj): nou npoKaf.si Kma8f.tl)Jn depressive (adj): Kma8t.mnK6<; delighted (adj) = very happy: not.u suxaptoTn~tvoc; He is delighted with his new car. Der: delight (n) delightful (adj): EUXQPLGTO<;, ~ayEUTLKO<; irritated (adj) = annoyed: EKVEUpLo~tvoc; I could tell my dad was irritated by John's rudeness. Der: irritation (n) irritate (v) irritating (adj) miserable (adj) = very unhappy or uncomfortable: OuoTUXLOIJ.8voc; Their evening together was a miserable failure. Der: misery (n) thrilled (adj) = very excited: sv8oumao~tvoc;, ouyKAOVLG~tvoc; I was thrilled when I got the job. Der: thrill (n) thrill (v) thrilling (adj)
6.92
ecstatic (adj) = extremely excited: EKOTOTLK6c; Lynn was ecstatic when Enrique Iglesias kissed her. Der: ecstasy (n)
6.93
despondent (adj) = very unhappy: anst.mo~tvoc;, Jody looks despondent; let's cheer her up. Der: despondence (n) ano8appu~tvoc;
6.94
apprehensive (adj) = nervous and afraid: avr'jauxoc;, cpo[3L01Jtvoc; I always feel apprehensive before I visit the dentist. Der: apprehension (n)
WORDS EASILY CONFUSED (page 49)
ancestor {n) = person from whom you are descended: np6yovoc; (s.g~ ~ descendant (n) = relative of a person who lived in an ~/ earlier time: an6yovoc; ~9.7) predeces~or (n) = person who had a position before you: npoKmoxoc; 6.95
~
6.98 6,99
6.100
achieve {v) = succeed in doing something: £mruyx6vw, Karop8Wvw perceive (v) = notice, understand or think about something in a particular way: avnAa11f36vollOL Der: perception (n) perceptive (adj) conceive {of) {v) =imagine or believe: man:Uw,
/ '
conduct (v) = carry out an activity: iSts~ayw subject (v) =see 6.72 6,106 object (to) (v) =be opposed to something: qltpvw avTippnon (as) Der: objection (n) objectionable (adj)
(6105)
remind (v) = help someone remember: um:v8ulli~w recall (v) = remember: Su~a~m Der: recall (n) 6.109 retain (v) = continue to keep or hold: iStmnpw 6.107 6.108
6.110 6.111 6.112
6.113 6.114
e
8
imaginary (adj) = something which exists only in someone's mind: cpavraonK6c;, avUnapKroc; fantastic (adj) =very good:
sceptical (adj) = doubtful: iSuomoTo<; thoughtful (adj) = considerate: suysv~<;. nou aKtcprerat roue; 6,\,\ouc; conscious (adj) = awake and able to hear, see and think: nou tX£L nc; OL08r'jO£Lc; TOU
conscience (n) = part of your mind that tells you what is morally right and wrong: auveiO'lO'l 6.117 attitude (n) =the way you feel about something: OT60'1, OVTLIJE:Tc.iJnLO'l 6.118 intuition (n) = unexplained feelings that something is true even though you have no facts: iStaioSnon Der: intuitive (adj) WORD FORMATION (page 50) 6.119
inaccurate (adj) =not correct: AavSaaJ-Ltvoc;, avaKpt[3r']c; If the figures are inaccurate, the accountant will have to fix them. Der: inaccuracy (n)
inadequate (adj) = not good enough: avmapKJi<; The resources are inadequate for the programmes needed. Der: inadequacy (n) s.121
inconsistent (adJ) = not behaving in the same way each time a particular situation occurs: avTLcpanK6<:;, ama81')<; He's so inconsistent; he says something different every time we discuss the issue. Der: inconsistency (n)
6.122 indecisive (adj) = having difficulty in making decisions: avanocpO.moTo<; Mark was indecisive and didn't know which colour to choose for painting his bedroom. Der: indecision (n) indecisiveness (n) 6.123 ineffective (adj) =doesn't achieve intended result: avanon::Aeo~aTLK6<; The new drug has proven ineffective in preventing pneumonia. Der: ineffectiveness (n) 6.124 unfaithful (adj) =not true to a vow or a promise, especially one made to a partner: 6mmo<; Martin was unfaithful to his wife and now they have separated. Der: unfaithfulness (n) 6.125
infallible (adj) =never wrong: aMv8aom<; No one is infallible, everyone makes mistakes sometimes. Der: infallibility (n)
6.126 unfamiliar (adj) =not having knowledge of or experience with something: 6yvwoToc;, 1111 OLK£lo<; We got lost in London because we were unfamiliar with the city. Der: unfamiliarity (n) 6.127 inflexible (adj) = not easily changed: iiKa~mo<; The rules here are inflexible so you'll have to learn to live with them. Der: inflexibility (n) 6.128
6.129
unintentional (adj) = done by accident: aKoumo<;, xwpi<; np6880D I didn't mean to break the glass; it was unintentional. unjustified (adj) =not having a good reason for doing something: a0LKOLol\6yllTOc; Your criticism is unjustified; I feel/ did nothing wrong. Der: unjustifiable (adj): aouyx
6.130 disloyal (adj) = unsupportive or harmful to friends, family, or country: Omaroc; Our boss said it's disloyal to be critical about the company in public. Der: disloyalty (n) 6.131
immature (adj) =act younger than you are: avwpt~o<; Dan is immature and prefers playing with friends who are younger than he is. Der: immaturity (n)
6.132 immoral (adj) = wrong: avJi8LKO<; Some people believe that war is immoral so people should not join the army. Der: immorality (n) 6.133
8
immortal (adj) =likely to be remembered for a long time: a86varoc; "Romeo and Juliet" is an immortal love story Der: immortality (n) disobedient (adj) = deliberately not following a rule: avun6Kouoc; Our dog is so disobedient; he never comes when we call him. Der: disobedience (n) disobey (v)
6.135
imprecise (adj) = not exact: avaKpL~Ji<; The information in this report is imprecise.
6.136 insecure (adj) =not confident: avampai-.Ji<; Jody feels insecure at her new job. Der: insecurity (n) 6.137
insensitive (adj) = not sympathetic to other people's feelings: avala811Toc; How could he be so insensitive
to Jane's feelings? Der: insensitivity (n)
6.138 dissimilar (adj) =not the same: av6~mo<; The twins may look alike, but their personalities and interests are completely dissimilar. Der: dissimilarity (n) 6.139 insufficient (adj) =not enough: avenapKJi<; One thousand calories a day is insufficient for an adult; you need at least 1800. COLLOCATIONS (page 50)
6.140 bitterly (adv) =in a way that shows you are extremely angry or upset: tvrova, IJ.E mKpla Tom complained bitterly about the way he had been treated. 6.141
e
terribly (adv) =extremely: napa noM, unep~oALKO I smell smoke; something is terribly wrong! fully (adv) = completely: £VT£AW<;, nAJipw<; He was fully aware of the facts before he passed judgement.
6 143 downright (adv) = see 4.112 6.144
(:3i
e 8
deeply (adv) = very: ~a8ta, tvtova His doctors are deeply concerned about his condition. highly (adv) = very (used to emphasise a belief, feeling and opinion): nol-.u They are a highly responsible group of people and you can trust them. perfectly (adv) = completely; in a way that could not be better: tel-.eiw<; This is perfectly normal behaviour for a three-year-old. utterly (adv) =totally: evtel-.w<;, e~'ol-.oKAJipou They enjoyed visiting Japan because it is so utterly different from their own country.
~PHOR AND MEANING
(page 51)
\:.14~wound (v) =injure: tpau~mi~w My father was
···-' wounded during the war. Der: wound (n) rub salt in the wound == do or say something to make an unpleasant situation worse: plxvw al\O.n OTDV nADYli (~np.) Don't remind me that everyone except me passed the exam - that is really rubbing salt in the wound. wound (someone's) pride = hurt (someone's) feelings: ni-.Dy
sting (v) == 1. cause a sharp pain: tooU~w, novc.i> The cut wasn't deep but it really stung! 2. make you feel hurt: nADYWVW Fred's harsh remarks stung me. 3. (of an insect or animal) hurt by putting a sharp part of the body into the skin: KeVTpi~w. TOL~noo I was stung by a bee while I was picking flowers in the garden.
6.150 miracle cure = solution to a problem or treatment for a disease that works immediately: 8au~atoupyt') Sepaneia This medication is supposed to be a cure for the common cold.
.· . JJNlfs 6 and. 8 6.151
6.152
6.153
stab (v) = wound using a knife: uaxmpciJvw The gangster was stabbed three times in the heart with a kitchen knife. stab (someone) in the back = do something nasty to someone who trusted (you): XTUnciJ (Kcmmov) mociJnAma (unp.) If you are really my friend, don't stab me in the back by telling the boss what I did. scar (v) =leave a permanent mark: Ofi)JOOeUw My arm was badly scarred in the car accident. Der: scar (n) scar (someone) for life = have a permanent negative effect on someone: orn..taOeUw (K6notov) yta 6i\n tau T~ ~w~ (uTcp.) Harsh criticism can scar a child for life.
MULTIPLE MEANINGS (page 51)
life (n) = activity; lively behaviour: ~wvt6vta Even though it's small, there's a lot of life in this village. late in life = at an older age: ae )JeyOAf] f]i\tKla Susan devoted her 20s and 30s to her career and chose to marry late in life. the time of (my) life= an incredibly wonderful experience: 1-110 a~txaoTJl £1-iTIEtpla Come to sunny Crete and have the time of your life.
6.156 mind (v) =(imperative) be careful: np6o£xc Mind you don't cut yourself on that bread knife. Der: mind (n): vouc;, uuaM cross (my) mind = suddenly occur to: nepv6Et an6 TO uuaM (K6n01ou) As I was looking through my photo album, it crossed my mind that I hadn't seen my Aunt Becky for over two years. bear (it) in mind = remember: txw I Aau~avw un61jJ~ (uou) When travelling, bear in mind that dress codes change from country to country not mind (v) = be willing to do something: i5£ Sa u£ n£ipa~£ I Sa uou Op£0£ I don't mind driving you to the mall, if you can wait five minutes. 6.157
in earnest= being serious or sincere: OTa oo[3ap6 We're never sure if Nick is joking or if what he says is in earnest.
5.162
in vain = without success: ll<'ITOLO We looked in vain for a parking spot.
6.163
on purpose= deliberately: miT~i5£c; Alex tripped the player from the other team on purpose but the referee didn't penalise him for it.
5.164
on hand= available: np6xetpoc;, Ota8t0li-IOC: I always try to have some extra money on hand for emergencies.
6.165
on impulse= do something without thinking first auS6pu~m, napopu~TIKO He bought the CD on impulse; he hadn't intended to spend any money.
kick in the teeth= severe, unexpected disappointment: anpoo06K~To nMwa Taking Bob out of the game was a real kick in the teeth.
6.154 it pains (me)= hurts: (u£) nov6£ilt pains me to tell you that your work hasn't been up to our standard.
6.155
6.161
sense (v) = be aware of: Otmo86vo11m Even though you haven't said anything, I sense that you don't approve of my suggestion. in a sense = in a way: an6 )JLO 6nDLj.J'l You are right, in a sense, but it depends on how you took at it. make sense = seem to be logical: tXEL A.oytKr'] I [3y6~EL v611110 Since Sue is marrying someone from Tokyo, it makes sense for her to learn Japanese. sense of direction = ability to find your way: tKav6TilTO npooavaToA.tOilOU For hiking in the woods, you need a map, a compass and a good sense of direction.
UNITS
TOPIC VOCABULARY (page 63) 8.1
backpacking (n) =travelling, often on foot, without spending much money, carrying your possessions with you: mi;ii51 u£ OQKii510 They're going backpacking in Brazil. Der: backpack (n) backpacker (n)
8.2
hitchhiking (n) =travelling for free by asking passing drivers for a lift: Ta~lOt l-IE oTooT6n Hitchhiking is an inexpensive way of travelling but it can a/so be dangerous. Der: hitchhiker (n) hitchhike (v)
8.3
rucksack (n) = backpack: ooKii5lo (nADT~c;) Pack a torch and an extra pair of shoes in your rucksack.
8.4
guesthouse (n) = small hotel: ~evWvac;, navm6v We stayed at a guesthouse with a view of the lake.
8.5
amenities (n) =facilities provided for enjoyment or convenience: avtoetc; The hotel offers all sorts of amenities, including a pool, gym room and minigolf.
8.6
hospitable (adj) = welcoming to guests or visitors: We visited a remote village in the mountains where the locals were very hospitable and friendly. Der: hospitality (n) Opp: inhospitable (adj)
8.7
transfer (v) =move someone I something from one place to another: 1-iETa
8.8
terminal (n) = place where planes, buses or trains begin or end a journey: Ttp11a The bus terminal was crowded with people going away on holiday. Der: termination (n) terminate (v) terminal (adj): oplaK6c;. KmaAnKTIK6c;
8.9
delay (n) = something happens later or more slowly than expected: KaSuoTtp~o~ The delay at the airport in Rome caused us to miss the meeting. Der: delay (v)
s.10
duty-free shop (n) =a shop, usually at international airports, where items are sold tax-free: 1-iOYO~i l-IE acpopoMynTO npot6vTa (ouv~Swc; oc a£poi5p6uiO) I always buy perfume at the duty-free shop when I travel to New York.
IN OTHER WORDS (page 51)
6.158 underage (adj) =younger than the required age: K6TCU an6 TO EnLTp£n61-i£VO 6pto JlA.lK(ac; Underage drinking has become a serious problem in England. 6.159
by hand= without using machines: l-IE TO xtpt Was the dress sewn by hand or by machine?
6.160 (be) under (an) illusion = have a false belief: txw T~V ljJ£Ui5aioS~OT] I anm~A~ £VTilnwo~ Many people are under the illusion that money can solve their problems.
Travel and Tourism
8.11
8.12
8.13
8.14
departure lounge (n) = an area in an airport where people wait before they board a plane: ai8ouoa avaxwp~oewv mo aepoop6~to Due to the flight delays, the departure lounge was crowded with dtssatisfied travellers. travel agency (n) = a business which makes travel arrangements: TO~LOLWTLK6 ypacpeio I planned my trip through a travel agency in order to secure a better price.
brochure (n) = small magazine advertising services or products: OLacp~~LOTLK6 cpuMMto Let's read the brochures I picked up at the travel agency and plan our vacation.
= including all costs: nou 6Aa TO t~ooa The all-inclusive price of the holiday made it a very attractive package deal.
8.16
8.17
8.18
8.19
8.20
8.21
8.22
8.23
8.24
8.25
8.26
8.28
8.29
8.30
all-inclusive (adj) cru~nepLAO~~ci.vEL
8.15
8.27
package (n) = holiday arranged by a travel company that includes hotel, transport and sometimes meals: opyavw~evec; 5taKonec; They decided to take a package tour so everything would be pre-arranged. resort (n) = place for a holiday: 8epnpo Margaret went to a ski resort in the Swiss Alps for a week-long holiday. self-catering (adj) = (of a holiday or accommodation) where you do your own cooking: auToe~u~pnouwvoc; (cre cpa~T6) We prefer a self-catering holiday because we can save money on restaurants.
8.31
8.32
8.33
8.34
8.35
8.36
the ends of the earth = distant places: ~ ci.Kp~ Tou K6cr~ou As a journalist, he has travelled to the ends of the earth and has met many fascinating people.
8.37
scenery (n) = 1. background and furniture on a stage set: OK~VLK6 The scenery in the play looked almost real. 2. view seen in an area outdoors: ronlo, eta The scenery was just beautiful; there were rolling hills, rivers and flowers everywhere. Der: scene (n) scenic (adj): ypacpLK6c;, 8empLK6c; escort (v) = accompany someone to a place or event, as a guide or as protection: ouvoOEUw Because of the danger involved, trained guides must escort guests who visit the National Park. Der: escort (n)
lodge (n) = a house usually in the countryside used by travellers or hunters: KOTacpuyto The family spent their holidays at a mountain lodge near a lake where they were able to fish and hike. itinerary (n) = plan of a journey: opo~oMyLO The itinerary of our tour includes Spain, Italy and Greece. pioneer (n) = one of the first people to do something: npwton6poc; The pioneers who crossed the western territories settled in California. Der: pioneer (v) far-flung (adj) = distant: ano~aKpucr~evoc; I spent my holiday visiting far-flung places in South America.
check-in (n) = place where you show or process of showing your ticket before flying: EAEYXOC: ~ xwpoc; EAeyxou ELOLT~piwv The line at the check-in moved very slowly because everyone :S luggage was searched. Der: check in (phr v) getaway (n) = place away from home where you can relax: T6noc; an60pacr~c; What Sue really wants is a getaway at the beach. Der: get away (phr v) outset (n) = beginning: apx~ They warned us at the outset that only 30% of the participants finish the course. let-up (n)
= lessening of something unpleasant:
xaMpw~. eMnwcr~
I'd like to go on holiday but there's never a let-up at work. Der: let up (phr v) 8.38
remote (adj) = distant: ano~aKpuo~tvoc; I stopped at a remote village which tourists generally never get to. trekking (n) = walking and climbing a long way in rough areas: ne~onopia Trekking through mountain areas is hard and tiring. Der: trek (n): ~aKpU, KomaonK6 Ta~iOL trek (v)
under canvas = in a tent: oe: OK'lVtl We spent the first night of our trek under canvas and the second night in a youth hostel.
COMPOUND NOUNS AND PHRASAL VERBS (page 64)
destination (n) = place you want to reach: npooptcr~6c; There is a stopover in Berlin but our final destination is Athens.
expedition (n) = organised journey, especially to explore distant places: anootoA.t'j, E:Kotpan:la The group's next expedition will be to Mt Everest.
trail (n) = path through the countryside: ~ovoncm We walked along the traJi, admiring the colourful wild flowers. Der: trai I (v)
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY
off the beaten track = area where not many people go: cre ci.yvwmo ~epoc; The restaurant is off the beaten track; you'll never find it without clear directions. isolated (adj) = far from other places, often difficult to get to: anOIJ.OVWIJ.tvoc; The farmhouse was in an isolated area. Der: isolation (n) isolate (v)
terrain (n) = area of land that has particular physical features: toa
8.39
8.40
8.41
touchdown (n) = moment when plane lands on the ground: npoayeiwo~ (aeponMvou) The captain said to keep our seat belts fastened until after touchdown. Der: touch down (phr v) mix-up (n) = confusion: ~nepoe~a There was a mix-up with our booking at the hotel and they didn't have a room torus. Der: mix up (phr v) letdown (n) = disappointment: anoyo~Teu~ I had expected to have the time of my life but the party was boring. What a letdown! Der: let down (phr v) pile-up (n)
= accident involving a number ot cars:
Kapa~n6Aa
There was a 10-car pile-up on the highway. Der: pile up (phr v)
8.42
stopover (n)
= stop on the way to somewhere else:
evotci.~eo~ mci.~
They had a brief stopover in Madrid before going on to Barcelona. Der: stop over (phr v) 8.43
washout (n) = complete failure: KOTOOTpocp~, anoTUxia The rock concert was a total many tickets remaining unsold.
19
'
RELATED WORDS (page 64)
8.44
8.45
8.46
8.47
swarm (n) = large group of insects or people moving together: OIJ~voc; A swarm of bees came out of the beehive in the tree. Der: swarm (v): oxruJaTi~w OIJi]voc;, ouyKevrpWvoiJ.GL flock (n) = group of sheep, goats, birds or group of people that attend a particular church: OIJr']voc;, Kon6i5t We watched a flock of large white birds crossing the sky. Der: flock (v): oupptw, OUYK£VTpWVO~OL herd (n) =group of animals of the same kind that move together: aytA.n There were more than 200 elephants in the herd. Der: herd (v): OO~YW (KOTIOOL), ~O,£UW (0£ KOTIOOL) follow the herd = do and think the same as everyone else: OKOAOU8W T~V ayt,\~ (~TqJ.) Don't follow the herd. Be yourself! pack (n) = a group of wild dogs or wolves which live and hunt together: ayt,\~ (oKLl.\wv, .\LlKwv) Residents are very concerned about the pack of wild dogs that lives on the outskirts of the town. Der: pack (v): OTPL~WXVW, qJOpTWVW
8.48
horde (n) = large number of people: opo~. oxl\oc; Hordes of screaming teens filled the stadium.
8.49
in droves (n) = in large numbers: KOT6 ~.u::yOAt:c; Dll00ec; Teenagers came in droves to the rock festival.
8.62
overactive (adj) = too active: nou unspA£tToupy£i, unEpOpaorr'jptoc; If you have an overactive thyroid, your metabolism works faster than normal.
8.63
overeat (v) = eat more than you need: rpWw unsp[3oA.tK6 At holiday time, I always overeat because my mum cooks such wonderful dishes.
8.64
undervalue (v) = fail to recognise the true worth of something: unoTqJW After Usa quit, we realised we had undervalued her contribution to the business. Opp: overvalue (v)
8.55
8.66
underrate (v) = not recognise the full importance of something: unon1J.W, uno[3t[36~w She is underrated as a player Opp: overrate (v) underdressed (adj) = clothed in a way that is not formal enough for the situation or not warm enough
for the weather:
vru~tvoc; aKma,\,\~,\a
(yLa
r~v
nsploTOOJ1) If you don't wear an evening gown to the
opera, you'll feel underdressed. Opp: overdressed (adj) 8.67
8.68
outlive (v) = live longer than others: ~w n£ptoo6rEpo ana (J,\,\ouc; My grandmother outlived all her brothers and sisters and died at the age of 98. outvote (v) = defeat a person or an idea by getting more votes: ~£nEpvW o£ Lj.Jr'jc.pouc; Jane was outvoted
because not enough people supported her pian. EXPRESSIONS (page 65)
8.69
outweigh (v) = be more important than the alternative: un£pTEpW, unEptoxUw The benefits of exercising far outweigh the risks of minor injuries.
8.70
there and back= going and returning: nr'jymvs-tA.a The village was close to our hotel; we went there and back in about an hour.
multimillionaire (n) = person who has many millions of dollars or pounds: noA.uE:KOTOIJ.IJ.UPLOUxoc; Bill Gates is a multimillionaire thanks to the success of Microsoft.
8.71
multicoloured (adj) = having many colours: noA.UxpwiJ.oc; Male birds often have multicoloured
out and about = going to different places: oro n65t, as ouvsxrl KiVJ10J1 They were out and about during the day and managed to do many things.
8.72
multicultural (adj) = made up of many cultures: noA.unoA.tTLOIJ.LK6c; London is a multicultural city
8.73
oversimplify (v) = wrongly present something complex as being simple: un£panA.ouorsUw The board of directors oversimplified the problems and didn't deal with the issues properly
multilingual (adj) = related to or speaking a number of languages: noA.UyA.wooo~ Europeans are often multilingual; speaking several languages.
s.so
round and round = in circles: yUpw-yUpw We drove round and round looking for a place to park.
8.51
far and wide = in many different places: navToU They searched far and wide for the perfect gift.
8.52
8.53
feathers, while the females are less colourful.
8.54
pros and cons = good points and bad points: untp KOL KOTO We need to discuss the pros and cons carefully before we decide what to do.
8.55
ifs and buts = doubts and objections: avnppr'jostc; KOL OI.HPLf3oAisc; There are no ifs and buts; the project is definitely going ahead.
8.74
bits and pieces = various items: IJ.LKponpOyiJ.aTa I have most of the furniture I need; now I'm looking for a few bits and pieces.
8.75
8.56
8.57
safe and sound = unharmed: owoc; KOL a~,\a~~c; All the ships returned safe and sound to the harbour.
8.58
by and large= in general: yEVLK6 By and large, people in this town are warm and friendly
8.59
now and again = occasionally: n6TE n6TE We walk along the beach now and again.
8.76
multistorey (adj) = with many levels: no.\uwpoqJoc; The building needs a multistorey car park since so many people come to work by car.
8.77
overbooked (adj) = having sold or reserved more tickets than available: ~£ un£papt8~£c; KPOT~O£Lc; The restaurant was overbooked and we had to wait half an hour to get a table.
8.78
outnumber (v) = be greater in number than another group: un£ptxw apt81J.J1TLK6 Women outnumber men in advanced psychology courses.
8.79
multipurpose (adj) = serving a number of purposes at one time: noMan.\wv XP~O£wv A Swiss Army knife is a multipurpose tool.
WORD FORMATION (page 66) 8.60
oversleep (v) = sleep later than planned: napaKOLIJ.61J.OL I overslept and missed the bus.
8.61
overestimate (v) = guess that something is greater than it really is: un£pEKTqJW The cook overestimated the number of guests and prepared too much food. Der: estimate (n): £KTi~~o~ estimation (n): uno,\oylo~6c; estimate (v) Opp: underestimate (v)
overcook (v) = cook for too long: napa~pa,w, The pasta was overcooked and too soft. Opp: undercook (v)
napmjJ~vw
8.80
outstay (v) = stay longer than expected or wanted: IJ.f:vw n£ptoo6r£po (an'6oo nptn£L) After a month,
Barbara had outstayed her welcome.
8.81
outsmart (v) = gain an advantage using a clever or dishonest trick: anooeLKvilo~OL el;unv6Tepoc; The
8.97
police outsmarted the criminals by carefully analysing their method of operation. 882
overcharge (v) = charge too much: unepxpewvw That
8.98
wonder where (a) conversation is going I leading = be confused about the direction of the conversation: avapwTLtllOL noll nO.e1 11 ou~t']TJlOJl We wondered where the conversation was going when Pat changed the subject.
8.99
drive at (phr v) = say something without saying it directly:
shop has overcharged me again.
Opp: undercharge (v) 8.83
understaffed (adj) = not have enough staff to do the work: IJE avenapKtc; npoowmK6 We are currently understaffed and are going to hire three more employees.
Opp: overstaffed (adj) COLLOCATIONS (page 66) 8.84
follow (someone's) train of thought = understand the sequence or logic of what someone is saying: napaKOAOU8W T~ aKtljJ~ (Kilnmou) Please don't question me yet; just try to follow my train of thought.
unovoW, npoana8W va nw tllllEOa I heard what you said but it's still not clear to me what you are driving at. 8.1oo
unspoilt (adj) = not harmed or changed to be made less beautiful: aneipaxmc; The beach area is unspoilt
get at (phr v) =say something without saying it directly: npoana8w va nw I don't understand what you are getting at; please explain.
and clean. 8.85
8.86
rough (adj) = 1. uneven and not smooth:
MULTIPLE MEANINGS (page 67) 8.1o1
board= 1. (n) long piece of wood: aavioa nmw~moc;
and some sailors began to feel sick. 2. approximate: KOT<'l npootyyto~ I have a rough idea of what the trip will cost but I don't know the exact price.
2. (v) get on a train, plane, bus, or ship:
exotic (adj) = interesting because it is unusual: e~wnK6c; My aunt enjoys growing exotic plants like orchids.
across the board = affecting all people or all things: yLa 6AOU<; avel;mptTw<; It was decided to give
That board in the floor creaks if you stand on it. We boarded
em~L~il~o~m
a ship in Piraeus and set sail for Crete.
across-the-board raises to everyone.
board of directors (n) =see 2.5
METAPHOR AND MEANING (page 67) 8.87
go round in circles = not make any progress because you keep coming back to same point: oev oOrwW noueeva The conversation went round in circles for hours and we didn't come to any decisions.
8.88
drift (v) = move gradually: KLvoil~m. napaotlpo~OL Our conversation drifted from one topic to another:
8.89
take a sudden I unexpected turn = change without warning: nalpvw anp60IJEVf] Tponr'j The conversation took a sudden turn and became very political.
s.eo
8.102
or money to someone after your death: a
leave to chance = take a risk by not planning:
Sue doesn't want to leave anything to chance; she has planned every detail of her holiday. 8.103
move in an unexpected direction = change surprisingly: OAAil~w nopeia l;a
say (something) in a roundabout way = avoid speaking directly to the point: Atw (Kim) nAilyta, unovoW I didn't want to hurt my mother-in-law's feelings, so I tried to tell her in a roundabout way that we were making other plans for the holiday.
8.92
8.93
go off track = move away from the subject under discussion: ~yaivw an6 TO 8t11a He went off track and started talking about unrelated issues.
(be) on the right I wrong track = act in a way that is likely to lead to a successful/ unsuccessful end: (Ei~m) ae owm6 I A68oc; 1ip6~o Even though we have not yet solved the problem, we are definitely on the right track.
8.94
8.95
8.96
follow (a) conversation = understand what is being said: napaKOAouew ~La ou~~T~o~ Emily can follow a conversation in English, even though she doesn't understand every word.
y~. KT~~a Her family owns a lot of land and they raise sheep on it. 2. country or region: xwpa Scotland is the land of my ancestors.
land (n) = 1. an area of ground:
land a job= successfully get a job that you wanted: naipvw 1iouAet6 Many people applied for the
Kepoi~w.
job but Sue was the one who landed it.
LN OTHER WORDS (page 67) 8.104
8.105
set foot in = reach or enter a place: etotpxollm, nnyaivw KO.nou I had never set foot in a mosque before I visited Egypt.
break a journey = stop a trip in the middle for a short time: KO.vw OTO.on On the way to Dublin, we broke our journey in London to visit some friends.
8.106
(be) bound for (adj) =travel towards a particular place: KOTeu8tlvo~m npoc; The ship was bound for Sydney but made
8.107
a stopover in Singapore.
access (n) =ability to use or enter something: np6o~ao~ Only the secretary has access to the president's computer files.
wander off the topic = talk about issues not related to the subject under discussion: ~e
a
~v TUX~
moved in an unexpected direction when Sally began to tell us about her serious marital problems. 8.91
leave= 1. (n) see 2.65 2. (v) arrange to give property
Der: (in)accessibility (n) access (v) (in)accessible (adj) 8.108
ahead of schedule= earlier than planned: vwpiTepa If we arrive ahead of schedule, we will have time to tour the town before the meeting.
8.1 oe
cater for (v) = provide everything needed or wanted (Am E: cater to): tppOVTi~w, TpOtpOOOTW The hotel caters for families with young children and provides a playground and a pool.
21
a.110 in the footsteps of= in the same path as someone WhO has gone before you: OTO OXVOpLO (KOITOlOU) Beth is following in the footsteps of her father by studying to be a lawyer just like him. 8.111 prior to (adj) = before: nptv an6 All reports must be completed prior to Monday's meeting so they can be distributed beforehand.
s.112
embark on (phr v) =start a new activity or project, usually one that seems difficult or which might take a long time: apxi~w KOTL Kmvoupyto Ji i5LlaKol\o The couple embarked on a round-the-world tour with stops in numerous cities.
8.113
in the vicinity = nearby: ma m:plxwpa There are so many interesting places to visit in the vicinity of the hotel that you don't need to rent a car.
VOCABULARY PRACTICE (Units 6-8) A.
Complete the sentences using the nouns below. You might need to use the plural form. panel • dehydration e brochure e jaw o sling o mix-up rucksack a herd • stitch s. insomnia • pile-up 0 stretcher
1.
George has got his arm in a ............................ - perhaps he sprained it when he fell.
2.
The photo of the hotel in the ............................ was misleading. It was nowhere near as nice as it seemed.
3.
That cut on your leg isn't deep enough to need ........................... .
4. The emergency services rushed to assist the people hurt in the motorway ............................ . 5.
The injured climber was lowered down the mountain on a ............................ .
6.
The farmer led his ............................ of goats down from the pastures.
7.
Before setting out, the hiker checked he had a map and a bottle of water in his ......................... .
8.
A ............................ of professional musicians will judge the Young Musician competition.
9.
Having suffered from ........................... for years, I feel permanently tired.
10. The boxer hit his opponent in the face with such force that he broke his ............................ .
B.
11.
.. .......................... is a serious problem for people who don't drink enough in hot weather.
12.
Because of a ............................ , the students were given the wrong exam papers.
Match the adjectives to their meanings.
1. disobedient apprehensive
b. considering others' feelings
3.
inadequate
c. not friendly or welcoming
4.
irritated
d. showing natural beauties
5.
petrified
e. nervous
6. despondent
f. not having enough employees
thoughtful
g. very unhappy
8.
scenic
h. angry
9.
inhospitable
i. not sufficient
7.
10. understaffed
c.
a. very scared
2.
j. not doing what you're told to
Choose the correct words.
1.
We've covered most items on the agenda; there are just a few ifs and buts I bits and pieces that we have to discuss.
2.
We've been turning I going round in circles and still haven't come up with a solution.
3.
I bet your brother was glad I miserable about passing his exam.
4.
Jane has to have regular blood tests because she suffers from a rare remedy I disorder.
5.
You won't have to put me up for more than one night -I don't want to outstay I outlive my welcome.
6.
When the passenger realised the train was bound to I for Edinburgh, he got off.
7.
I'd love to be multicultural I multilingual- imagine speaking four languages!
8.
The injuries to his chest I pelvis were so bad that he spent six months in a wheelchair.
T (True) or F (False) according to the meaning of the words in bold.
Places that are off the beaten track are very crowded with holidaymakers ...... . When talking about something in a roundabout way, you avoid being specific. If you search in vain for something, you soon find it. ..... . 4.
If you wound a friend's pride, you will make him I her feel unhappy.......
5. When an idea crosses your mind, it means you forget it. .... ..
6. A friend who stabs you in the back is trying to support you ..... .. 7.
If you are having the time of your life, you are enjoying yourself ..... ..
8.
If you go to the cinema now and again, you go very often .......
9.
Someone who is on a self-catering holiday would have all their meals provided .......
10.
If you take leave from work, you give up your job .......
11. When someone oversleeps, they wake up later than they intended to ..... .. 12. Your predecessor is someone who held your position before you did ...... .
UNIT
10 The Natural World
10.13
amphibian (n) =an animal that lives both on land and water, but must lay its eggs in water: a11
10.14
species (n) = particular group of plants or animals that share certain characteristics and breed with each other: eii5o<; (~wou,
TOPIC VOCABULARY (page 78) 10.1
bush (n) = low plant with woody branches: 8C!IlVO<; The garden was full of rose bushes. Der: bushy (adj)
10.2
bark (n) = material which covers a tree trunk:
10.3
branch (n) = part of a tree which grows from the trunk: KAaOi When the branches moved in the wind, leaves fluttered to the ground.
~
bud (n) = flower or leaf before it opens: llnOUilnouKL In spring, the flower buds attract birds. Der: bud (v)
10.5
seed (n) =small hard part produced by a plant that can grow into a new plant: an6po<; You can grow an apple tree if you plant apple seeds.
10.6
stalk (n) = part that joins the flowers and leaves to the plant: KOTOOVL, llioxoc; Daffodils are yellow flowers with long, green stalks.
@
trunk (n) = thick part of a tree from which the branches grow: KOPil6<; The koala climbs the tree trunk to reach the branches.
C). \(J
invertebrate (n) = an animal without a backbone: aan6vi5ul\o ~wo The octopus and the jellyfish are two common marine invertebrates. Opp: vertebrate (n)
,(o~
shell (n) = the hard outer part of certain animals: -- Ktl\u
10.17
hatch (v) =break out of an egg: EKKol\amOilOL Chickens hatch by breaking the eggshell with their beaks.
10.18
cold-blooded (adj) =having a body temperature that depends on the surroundings and is not internally regulated: LjJuxp6mllo<; (yta ~
8
10.8
twig (n) = small, thin branch growing from a larger one: Kl\aMKL, napaKI\6i5L He collected dry twigs in order to build a campfire.
10.9
weed (n) = unwanted plant growing wild in a garden: aypLOXOPTO Their garden is full of weeds and looks uncared for.. Der: weed (v): ~exopmptil~w
9
blossom (n) = a flower or all the flowers on a tree:
6_<>~ hibernate (v) = sleep through the winter months:
10.10
8 10.12
reptile (n) = animal species with scaly skin that lays eggs: E:pneT6 Lizards, snakes and crocodiles are all reptiles. Der: reptilian (adj): epnnoeti5~<;. aav epnn6 mammal (n) = animal species which feeds its young with its own milk: 8~1\amtK6 Whales, dogs, lions and humans are mammals. Der: mammalian (adj)
scaly (adj) = covered in small, flat pieces of hard skin:
habitat (n) = natural environment in which animals or plants live:
ntcpTw oe XElllEpla v
nest (n) = a bed-like structure animals make in which to keep their eggs or young:
23
10.23
lay (v) (laid, laid) = 1. produce an egg: y£vvw (a~ya) Our hen laid one egg every morning. 2. put down on a suriace: rono8en.i.:J, aKou~nW Sue laid the books on the desk. lay the table = arrange the cutlery and crockery on the table for a meal (AmE: set the table): mpwvw TO Tpant~t The children helped us get ready for lunch by laying the table.
1o.24 fur (n) = thick soft hair that covers the bodies of animals: rplxw~a, yoUva Environmentalists are bitterly opposed to the use of animal fur by fashion designers. Der: furry (adj) 10.2s indigenous (adj) =naturally existing in a particular area: vr6moc;, t8ayevf]c; Kangaroos are indigenous to Australia.
/~~nurture (v) = provide care and attention needed to
· _/ develop: Tptcpw. KOAAt£pyw They carefully nurtured their flower garden throughout the winter, so in spring they had a glorious array of blooms. Der: nurture (n) pouch (n) = a pocket-like part of an animal used to carry their young: ~Opmno~ Seeing a baby kangaroo emerge from its mother's pouch is an amazing sight.
10.27
.~~~~~)
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY PREPOSITIONS (page 79) 10.39
in pursuit :::: process of trying to achieve something or chasing someone or something: oe ava~~T'lOfl The police sped down the motorway in pursuit of the thief. Der: pursue (v)
10.40
aversion (n) =strong dislike: anE:xSeta, anoorpocp~ 1 have an aversion to eggs and refuse to eat them. Der: averse (adj)
(~;-~encounter (n) :::: chance meeting: anpoo06KflTll
\.,.·~-· ..' ouv6vTflO'l We had an interesting encounter with a
group of tourists. Der: encounter (v) 10.42
thrive (v):::: do well and grow strong: euOoKq.Hil She thrives on the pressure in her new job.
10.43
impact (n) ;:;: ; strong effect: enlOpaon Our new advertisement hasn't had any impact on sales.
10.44
impose (v):::: to establish or introduce something by force or authority: £m~MIIw The local authority imposed restrictions on fishing in order to protect the population of trout in the lake.
10.45
ban (n) =official declaration that an activity must not take place: anay6p£Uo~ The smoking ban in all public places was controversial despite its obvious health benefits. Der: ban (v)
10.46
extent (n) =degree, size or importance: r3a8116c;, 1JE:ye8oc; We won't know the extent of his injuries from the accident until the morning. Der: extensive (adj): see 2.82
10.47
in captivity:::: in prison (people) or in an enclosed place that is not a natural habitat (animals): OT~V mx11aAwola It's cruel to raise wild animals in captivity; they should be allowed to roam freely. Der: captive (n)
10.48
in the wild:::: in a free, natural environment: o£ tpUOlKO n£pl~aMov, mnv aypta tpUO~ Elephants roam in the wild in Africa.
resemble (v) ::::to be similar to someone or something: - / IJOLO~w The two species resemble each other and only experts can tell them apart. Der: resemblance (n)
10.29
tadpole (n) =young frog before it grows legs: yupivoc; The children are waiting for the tadpoles in the pond to change into frogs.
10.30
gland (n) =a part of the body that produces a necessary chemical substance: aOE:va~ Ducks and other water birds have a gland that produces a substance, which protects them from the cold. Der: glandular (adj)
predator (n) :::: animal which kills other animals for food: apnaKnK6 (~wo, TTT11V6) The leopard is a predator known for its speed. ,,.._ Der: predatory (adj): apnaKnK6c;
1o.31
(n):::: a soft light structure that covers birds' bodies: cpn:p6, noUnouAo Everyone marvelled at the brightly coloured feathers of the South American parrot. Der: feathered (adj) featherless (adj)
10.32 'feather
10.33
incubate (v) =to keep eggs warm by sitting on them until they hatch: Kilwow (a~ya) Modern chicken farms have special machines to incubate eggs instead of leaving it to the hens. Der: incubat1on (n) incubator (n)
10.34
chick (n) :::: young bird: KoronouA6Kt Several young chicks followed the hen everywhere.
RELATED WORDS (page 79) 10.49
abolish (v) = officially end a system or Jaw: KOTapyc.iJ Slavery was abolished in the US in 1865. Der: abolition (n)
10.50
advocate (v) = publicly support a policy: un£paonl~o1Jm Onll60la Nelson Mandela advocated equal rights in South Africa. Der: advocacy (n): un£paomo~ advocate (n): ouv~yopoc;, un£paomor~c;
10.51
approve (v) :::: have a positive feeling towards: £yKplvw 1 don't approve of the way young people dress today. Der: approval (n) approved (adj)
10.52
ban (v) = see 10.45
10.53
bar (v) = forbid to enter: anoKAE:iw, anayopeUw In many countries, dogs are barred from entering restaurants and shops. Der: bar (n)
(;;;~)fend for (mysel~ (phr v) = to look after or protect myself ,/"'••:,
without help: OUVTTlPOUIJOl IJ6VO~ IJOU The newly hatched birds couldn't fend for themselves, so their parents continuously fed them worms and insects. (n):::: children: an6yovo~ Animals look after their offspring by instinct.
i.10.36'' offspring
\
...
10.37
10.38
creature (n);:;::; any living thing except for plants: nA6o1Ja We should show respect for all living creatures.
venomous (adj) = poisonous:
is a venomous snake. Der: venom (n)
6~1\~T~ptwo~c;
A cobra
condemn (v) :::: say that something is bad or wrong: KOT00tK6~w Many clubs have condemned the behaviour of hooligans at football games. Der: condemnation (n) condemned (adj)
., tC\consent (v) =give Permission: ouvmvW, OUIJ. Veronica's parents reluctantly consented to her using the car. Der: consent (n)
V
E~
. 1~ observe (v) =watch carefully:
·-
OUVTT]pr.iJ
10.82
immigration (n) = moving to a new country to live:
10.83 ·
~naVOOT£UO~ (npo<; ~La XWPa) migration (n) = moving to another part of the
endorse (v) = say that you are in favour of something: unom~pi~w
The company asked Tom Cruise to endorse their clothing. ~ Der: endorsement (n)
world for a specific time period, usually seasonal: 1JETOV0.0TEUOT], ano0T]I-!iO
€57)
permit (v) = allow: emTptnw The zoo authorities don't --··" permit visitors to feed the animals. Der: permission (n): ai'ieLa permit (n): enio~~~ Meta (an6 nc; apxtc;) permissible (adi)
A
~
0.6")
~
tadpole (n) =see 10.29 lamb (n) = young sheep: apvi The tiny lambs stood
calf (n) =young cow:
'/-~-,two
~ooxapL
10.86'
0i~~)
physical (adj) = related to the body:
16~90
natural (adj) =normal; found in nature: <.puOLK6c;
· ..
Der: naturalist (n)
;~.91')
evolution (n) = gradual change over time (particularly ·· ... ' in the development of living things): e~tl\t~~ Der: evolve (v) ., evolutionary (adj) ,-·-- \ 10.92) extinction (n) = death of all animals or plants of a ·- .- certain type: e~a
The cow gave birth to
calves.
cub (n) = young wolf, bear, lion or other wild animal: veoyv6 (MKOU, apKolli5ac;, 1\tovmptou Kl\n) Wolf cubs
. of animals or insects in a certain area: e~oA68peuon
'·
Der: exterminator (n) exterminate (v)
look like young dogs.
10.6~ foal (n) = a young horse or donkey: nouA6pL A
..
veterinarian was calfed in to assist a horse giving birth to its foal .
·
.. ~-
,·10.68 \chirp
(v) = make a short, high-pitched sound like a ~ bird: nn~i~w A bright green bird chirped loudly.
•10.68
1 croak (v) = make a low sound like a frog:
KOa~w.
~'~
1Q,~4 ·,predator
.{a·.·g}
8~pa~a
who illegally catches or kills animals: l\a8poKuv~y6c; Der: poaching (n) poach (v)
mew (v) = make a sound like a cat: vtaoupi~w The
"~- · cat mewed because it was hungry. /"~ 10.71 )
·~:'10?1'·
\>
.r"""'··.
'
WORD FORMATION (page 80)
howl (v) = make a long, loud sound like a wolf: We could hear the wolf howling at the moon.
WO.RDS EASILY CONFUSED (page 80)
·-
··,capsize (v) =tip over on the water (a boat): '-;;..-.. avanoi'ioyupi~w (yta ~apKa) ~Jb?Y capture (v) = take prisoner: mx~al\wTi~w ~o)~) captivate (v) = fascinate: oaynveUw
/10.76
9 \ ·
;Q;';j doubtful (adj) = unlikely: a~
whether we can finish this project on time .
'~~~dutiful (adJ) =careful to do what is expected: unaKouoc; '·..
· · James is a dutiful son.
10.101
neigh (v) = make the high sound horses make: We could hear the horses neighing to each other while we were working on the farm.
...-·~
ou~neptl\a~~avw, a
bleat (v) = make a sharp, jerky sound like a goat:
~eM~w The hungry goats stood bleating near the fence.
XAL~LVTpi~w
.
involve (v) = include:
;1o:98' revolve (v) =turn around: neptoTpt<.pw, -OIJOl
oupl\ta~w
• 10.75 )
~
moo (v) =make a long, low sound like a cow: ~ouyKavi~w Mooing loudly. the cows crossed the field.
10.7~') bark (v) = make a short, loud sound like a dog: .. ya~yi~w When h1s dog barked, Jack knew something was wrong.
:.,10.74)
(n) =see 10.31 prey (n) = animal hunted by another animal for food:
.-~ Der: prey (v) _io.96 "lpoacher (n) =person
·.~ .. Kpa~w The frogs were croaking loudly.
i"'10.70'·,
1
ow~anK6c;
•.
·~~ 'chick (n) = see 10.34
...-
net8~VLOC:
~'i) genuine (adJ) = real: yv~moc;
\o.63) kid (n) =young goat: KOTOLKaKL Kids live with female .:::=-~, goats in herds.
'10.66l
~.._
10.85) docile (adj) =quiet and not aggressive: unO.Kouoc;,
puppy (n) = young dog: KOUTa~L Our dog was really playful as a puppy.
~ close to the older sheep.
10.64
. '.
emigration (n) = leaving your country to live in another country: ~emvaoT£uo~ (an6 ~La xwpa)
kitten (n) =young cat: ymaKL Kittens are cute.
i'ita~apnlpo~m The students are protesting the latest increase in university fees. Der: protest (n): i'iLa~apTupia ~ protester (n): i5La~apTup6~evoc;
10.60
10.84. ·
Der: docility (n) tame (adj) = not wild: ~wpoc; .... · .., Der: tame (v) 1 ,10.87 domestic (adj) = 1. animal kept as a pet or on a farm: ·· KOTOLKii5toc; 2. related to home and family life: OLKLaK6c; Der: domesticate (v) domesticated (adj)
protest (v) = say or show that you strongly disagree:
'-/
~~/
napm~pw
10.81',, preserve (v) = protect from changing: npoaran:Uw,
conserve (v) = take care using something so it lasts
as long as possible:
i'itm~pw, npo
eventful (adj) =with a lot of things happening: neptnnetwi'i~c;. nol\uTapaxoc; We were tired at the end of the long, eventful day.
10.102
fruitful (adj) = 1. producing good results: anoi5onK6<;, Kapno
10.103 merciless (adj) =very cruel: OanAaxvoc;, ndnnnr
The merciless king killed many innocent Opp: merciful (adj)
I
UNIT 10 •••••
10.119
flourish (v) = 1. grow well: £u5oKt~W Trees flourish in the jungles of South America. 2. develop and be successful: avannJooo~at My restaurant flourished after I hired a new chef. Der: flourish (n): X£Lpovo~ia
10.120
root (n) = 1. part of a plant that grows underground: pi~a (cpurou) The tree roots were so deep we had to dig them out. 2. place or culture a person or family comes from: OtKoy~:v£taKtc; pi~EC: Bob's going to Ireland to look into his family's roots. 3. main cause of a problem: OLTia We need to get to the root of the problem so we can solve it. Der: root (v)
10.121
sow (v) (sowed, sown)= 1. plant seeds in the ground:
10.122
stem (n) =part of a plant where leaves and flowers are attached: ~loxoc; AouA.ouOtoU. KOToO.vt Put the stems into water as soon as the roses are cut. stem from (v) = caused by: npotpxo~m an6 His back problems stem from an old football injury.
10.123
shapeless (adj) =without shape or form: aKav6vtoToc;. aoU~~E:Tpoc; I started with a shapeless lump of clay and made it into a sculpture. Der: shapelessness (n)
unearth (v) =discover something that was secret or missing: E;t:8C:tl3w, avaKaAUnTw After searching for days, I finally unearthed the picture I needed.
10.124
tactful (adj) =careful not to say things which will upset others: 5taKptnK6C: It's not tactful to comment on someone's weight. Opp: tactless (adj)
deep-rooted (adj) =something which has lasted a long time and is difficult to change: ~a8ta pt~w~tvoc; I have had a deep-rooted fear of spiders ever since I was young.
1o.125
field (n) = 1. area of land that is cultivated: xwpacpt The field is planted with cotton. 2. see 2.63
10.126
leave no stone unturned =try every possible way to achieve something: Ktvci.l Yll Kat oupav6 The detective will/eave no stone untumed in his attempt to solve the crime.
10.104 motionless (adj) =without movement: OKivnroc; The
soldiers stood motionless as the flag was raised. 10.105
pitiful (adj) =looking unhappy and in need of sympathy: a~to8p~v~roc; The thin and weak child looked pitiful.
10.1 o6 pointless (adj) = without purpose: 6oKonoc; It's pointless to plan a holiday it you don't have any time
to go away. 10.107 priceless (adj) =worth a large amount of money: ~eyOA11c; a~iac; These diamond earrings are priceless. 10.1oa relentless (adj) =when something shows no sign of stopping or improving: a0t6Konoc; The relentless barking of the dogs in the neighbourhood keeps everyone up at night. Der: relentlessness (n) unrelenting (adj) 10.1oe
10.110
10.111
10.112
restless (adj) =unable to be still because of being nervous or bored: av~ouxoc; Jean was restless and couldn't sit still. Der: restlessness (n) shameless (adj) =not feeling ashamed of behaviour that others find unacceptable: ~£6Lavrponoc; Her shameless lies caused her family embarrassment. Der: shamelessness (n) shameful (adj) maxpoc;
a~ia
10.113
worthless (adj) =having little or no value: xwpic; The advice he gave us was worthless. Der: worthlessness (n)
10.114
youthful (adj) =young-like: V£OVLK6c; Although she is quite old, Mrs Jenkins has a very youthful face. Der: youthfulness (n)
10.115
MULTIPLE MEANINGS (page 81) 10.121
cultivate (v) = 1. grow plants: Kai.I.L£pyw They cultivate every bit of land on the island 2. develop an attitude, image or skill: KaAAt~:pyci.l, avanTUoow John has cultivated an image of the caring, kind physician. Der: cultivation (n)
branch 1. (v) divide: 6taKI.a6i~o~m At the intersection where the road branches, stay to the right. 2. (n) small store or office belonging to a bigger company: napO.pnwa, unoKaTOOTTWO I have been transferred from the head office to a new branch. 3. (n) see 10.3 branch out (phr v) = see 4.148
10.128
dig (v) (dug, dug)= make a hole in the ground: oKa~w The dog has dug holes all over the garden' dig around (phr v) = look for information not easily available: L)Jaxvw navrou (nl.~pocpopi£c;) The journalist dug around for days until he found someone who would reveal her secret.
coat= 1. (n) covering of hair or fur on an animal: The animals grew a thick coat for the winter. 2. (n) layer: OTpw~a. miorpwo~ Jane put second coat of nail polish. 3. (v) cover with a thin layer: ~:mKaAUnTw Coat the chicken with
10.129
featherless (adj) =without feathers: XWPi<; cpTEpO When baby birds hatch, they are featherless.
METAPHOR AND MEANING (page 81) 10.11s
10.111
10.11s
26
fertile (adj) = 1. able to produce: £ucpopoc;, y6vt~oc; The fertile land in the valley produced a good crop of wheat this year. 2. able to produce good ideas: napaywytK6c; Sue's fertile mind comes up with amazing solutions. Der: fertility (n) Opp: infertile (adj)
rpixw~a ~wou
plant= 1. (v) put into the ground to make it
PHRASAL VERBS (page 82)
(someone's) comprehension~ too difficult or complex to understand: aKmav6~To<; It is beyond my comprehension why you quit your job when you haven't got another one.
10.150 beyond
(phr v) ~put an end to something unacceptable: KOTOOTtMw Conservationists are campaigning to stamp out the use of harmful pesticides.
10.130 stamp out
(phr v) ~ decide not to do something you had agreed to do: anooupo~m. eyKmaAeinw The contract hasn't been signed yet so it's not too late to back out of the deal.
10.131 back out
(phr v) ~feel very tired: e~OVTA
10.132 wear out
(phr v) ~ (inf) try to shake an opponent's confidence: ano8appuvw (avTinaAo) While Barbara was aiming for the basket, a player on the opposing team tried to psych her out by making fun of her.
10.151
(adj) ~ greatest: untpTOTO<; This letter is of utmost importance so please send it out immediately!
10.152 utmost
(n) ~feeling of worry: av~auxia My mother expressed her concern about the level of security at the airport. Der: concerned (adj)
10.153 concern
10.133 psych out
(of) (phr v) ~leave school, a competition, etc. before finishing: eyKOTOAeinw (anouot<;, otaywvto~6 K.An.) Todd found the pressure at law school too much and dropped out after one term. Der: dropout (n)
10.154
10.134 drop out
make a stand against= strong-minded attempt to oppose something: npo~C!AAw o8evapn avTimaon Local environmentalists agreed it was time to make a stand against illegal hunting in the area.
10.155 start from scratch= start from nothing: ~eKtvW an6 T~V
apxTi I tore up my first draft and started the essay from scratch.
(phr v) ~select one person or thing for special attention: ~exwpi~w. otaMyw Lisa was singled out on graduation day as the student most likely to
10.156 put a stop to~
succeed.
UNIT12 Language and Literature
10.135 single out
(phr v) ~ stop being valid: Mvw, oev toxuw Matthew's lease ran out last month so he's looking for a new flat to rent.
10.136 run out
(phr v) ~last long enough: avTtxw The hikers should have enough water to hold out until the
10.137 hold out
cause to end: ~a~w TtAo<; (oe KCtTL) We must put a stop to the children's rude behaviour!
TOPIC VOCABULARY (page 95) 12.1
blurb (n) ~short bit of information printed on the outside of a book, etc.: nepiA~L\J~ nAoKTi<; (oe omo86
12.2
correspondence (n) = letters you write and receive or the process of writing and receiving letters: aM~Aoypa
12.3
legend (n) ~old story which might be true: ~uSa<;, SpllAo<; Htstorians thtnk that some parts of the legend of Robin Hood might be true. Der: legendary (adj)
12.4
linguistics (n) ~study of the way language works: yAwoaoAoyia Kate speaks four languages so she has decided to study linguistics at university. Der: linguist (n) linguistic (adj)
12.5
lyrics (n) ~ words of a song: oTiXOL Tpayouotou I know who wrote the music of that song but who wrote the lyrics? Der: lyricist (n) lyrical (adj)
rescue team arrives. (phr v) ~do intensive physical exercise: Weightlifters work out several hours each day to build their muscles. Der: workout (n)
10.136 work out
yu~v6~o~OL
(phr v) ~become unable to continue because of overwork: e~avrAoll~OL, Kmanovou~OL He worked so hard at improving his tennis game that he burnt himself out.
10.139 bum out
IN OTHER WORDS (page 82)
(adv) ~completely: ~OOLK6 The two politicians had fundamentally different views on global warming.
10.140 fundamentally
(adj) ~has a mark or mistake: EAOTTW~OTLK6<; The data was flawed so the experiment has to be run
10.141 flawed
again.
(adj) ~ extreme: pL~LK6<;, pt~oanaonK6<; Communism is a radical version of socialism.
10.142 radical
(n) ~set of changes that makes someone or something look better: OAOKA~pwTLKTi avovtwo11 Our company should function better after management carries out its radical makeover.
10.143 makeover
10.144 unjustifiable 10.145
cease (v) =stop: OTO)..IOTW Conversation ceased when the professor entered the classroom.
(adj)
~see
6.129
state of affairs= situation at a specific time: KOT6ma0Tl The cutTent state of affairs in the company does not allow for rises.
10.146 utterly
(adv)
~see
6.147
12.6
i2.7
(adj)
~see 6.83
10.149 spectacle (n) = unusual or impressive sight or event: 8ta11a The laser show was quite a spectacle.
instructions on how to do
non-fiction (n) == writing which is about real events:
AOYOTEXVia (~aOLo~tv~ ae npOWOTLKCt yeyov6TO) The non-fiction section of the library has a large collection of biographies. Opp: fiction (n)
(adj) ~extremely bad or shocking: moxp6<;, His poor treatment of his mother-in-law is
disgraceful. Der: disgrace (n) 10.146 incensed
= book with
something: eyxetpioto The manual that came with the video explains exactly how to operate it.
10.147 disgraceful OTII1WTLK6c;
manual (n)
'
12.6
paperback (n) ~ book with a flexible paper cover: xapT6ono ~L~Aio It's easy to read paperbacks in bed because they are light and convenient to hold.
27
UNIT 12 12.9
small print= details of a document written in small letters, usually containing conditions that limit your rights: Ta 'l)JLM' ypawma (a£ au~~61-mo) Always be sure to read the small print on your contract before
12.2s
browse (v) =spend time looking casually and slowly: ~ecpuMi<;w, pixvw ~La ~ana While she waited for the dentist, she browsed through some magazines.
12.26
outline (n) =general points about something without the details: ~aotK6 orn1Eia I prepared an outline and I used it as a basis when I wrote my speech. Der: outline (v)
12.27
concisely (adv) =without unnecessary words: ouvomtK6 The marketing plan shows concisely what we propose.
you sign it. 12.10
subscription (n) =money paid in order to receive a newspaper, magazine or service regularly: ouvOpol-lr'] We renewed our subscription to the daily paper, though we don't have time to read it every day Der: subscriber (n) subscribe (v)
12.11
edition (n) =a version of a book, magazine or newspaper printed at one time: tKOOOJl The second edition of the book came out two years after the first.
12.12
acronym (n) =word made up of the first letters of a phrase or name: aKplilvu~o The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation is usually known by its acronym, NATO.
12.13
anecdote (n) =short, funny story: avtKi5oTo Patrick told us an amusing anecdote about what happened on his holiday Der: anecdotal (adj)
1214
consonant (n) ~letter in the alphabet that is not a vowel (a, e, i, o, u): au~cpwvo The letters b, d, m and t are consonants.
12.15
jargon (n) =words and expressions used by people in a particular profession: c:nayyEAIJOTtKr'] opoAoyla I don't understand this letter from the lawyer because it's full of legal jargon.
12.16
12.17
12.30
manuscript (n) =writer's original pages of a play or book before it is published: xc:tp6ypac.po Paula sent the manuscript of her novel to a number of publishers but none of them accepted it.
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY COLLOCATIONS (page 96) 12.31
voice (v) = express an opinion or feelings: £Kcpp6~w After the manager voiced criticism of our work, we all agreed to try harder strike up a conversation (struck, struck)= begin talking to someone you don't know: m6vw KOU~tvTa My grandmother likes to strike up conversations with strangers on the bus.
12.33
quotation (n) =a sentence or phrase someone has spoken or written: an6onoo1JO, xwpio The president of the college started his speech with a quotation by Winston Churchill. Der: quote (n): an6onaa~a quote (v): napa8t1w an6onao11a
return (a) compliment= do for someone else what they have done for you: OVTanoOLOw X6P'1 Thank you for helping us. We hope to be able to return the compliment someday.
12.34 withhold (v) ~deliberately keep something back: anoKplmTw The police withheld information about the incident from the reporters. 12.35
slang (n) ~informal language used mostly in conversation: apyK6, AmKr'j £Kcppao11 The word "cool" is popular slang for "great".
come in for criticism = receive strong negative comments: Aa11~6vw apVJ1TlK6 ox6Ata Jack came in for criticism from his mother after he joined the demonstration against the government.
12.36
slogan (n) = short, easily remembered phrase: oUv811110 The students shouted anti-war slogans at the demonstration.
pay a compliment= tell someone that you like something about thern: K6vw KOIJnAqJtVTO Tom paid Jenny a compliment about her new hairstyle.
12.37
verse (n) =group of lines of poetry or song: o1pocpr'] (nDlr'j\JOTO~ I TpayouOtoU) She memorised the first two verses of the poem.
crack a joke =tell a short, funny story: Atw aoTeio, avtKCioTo Tom was very funny at the party; he cracked jokes all evening.
12.38
disclose (v) =give out information, especially secret anoKaAUnTW The spy disclosed classified information after he was caught. Der: disclosure (n)
12.39
air an opinion= let others know what you think or feel on a subject: £Kcppa<;w 5n~6ma ~La anol)Jn He airs his opinions on politics even though nobody cares what he thinks.
12.40
dominate (v) =have strong control or influence over a person or situation: KUptapxW She always talks too much and dominates every conversation.
12.19
12.22
proofread (v) = read a manuscript before it is published and correct any errors: Otop8Wvw KEiiJEVO When I proofread my report, I discovered that two diagrams were missing. Der: proofreader (n)
12.32
rumour (n) = unofficial information that may or may not be true: c.pr'JIJ'l There is a rumour going around that Richard has lost his job.
12.21
12.29
poetry (n) =literary writing arranged in patterns of lines and sound, often in rhyme: noi'lO'l We studied Shakespeare's plays; now we are studying his poetry. Der: poem (n) poet (n) poetic (adj): nmnnK6c; poetical (adj): nOlnTLKO<;
12.18
12.20
12.2s footnote (n) ~a note, usually found at the bottom of the page or after the main text, providing extra information about something in the main text: unomwc:iwOJl The new edition of Shakespeare's plays has detailed footnotes on unusual words in the texts.
vowel (n) =the letters a, e, i, o, u: cpwvr']c:v Each vowel in English has several pronunciations. dissertation (n) = long piece of formal writing, usually for academic purposes: OtaTpt~r'] Barry is writing a dissertation on medieval poetry for his doctorate. post (v) ~ put (a written text, a picture, etc.) on an Internet website for people to see: avapnJJ, napa8t1w mo ~taCilKTuo Readers of the online magazine can post their comments under each article. Der: post (n)
12.58
encode (v) =put secret information into a different form: KWOtKonot
tear down (phr v) ~completely destroy: Kmei5a
12.59
deaden (v) =make quieter or less painful: 1-iELWvw, e~ao8evi~w Closing the windows deadened the noise from the street below.
play down (phr v) ~ say something is less important than it really is: uno~aS~i~w, ~wilvw T~ o~~aoia Although she won first prize, Monica tried to play it down at school so the others wouldn't be envious.
12.60
fasten (v) ~ close or do up: i5tvw She fastened her seat belt and drove away. Der: fastener (n): ouvi5erTipa<:;, K6mToa
12.61
enforce (v) =make sure a law or rule is kept: em{3!.1AAw, StTw ae ecpap~ovTi The role of the police is to enforce the law. Der: enforcement (n)
PHRASAL VERBS (page 97) 12.41
boil down to (phr v) ~be the main reason or most important point: Kmai\Tiyw oe It boils down to this: if you don't bring in more business, I'll have to let you go.
12.42
12.43
12.44
back down (phr v) ~ stop asking for something or stop saying you will do something: unoxwp
12.45
lay down (phr v) (laid, laid) ~ tell someone how to behave: StTw Kav6ve<:; The headmaster laid down the law and forbade smoking at school.
12.62
enrich (v) ~make better: e~nl\ouTi~w, ~ei\Tt
12.46
jot down (phr v) ~ write something in a brief way: o~w:t
12.63
12.47
stand down (phr v) ~ leave an important position: anooUpo1-10L, napmTOUIJ.OL The prime minister announced that he would stand down because of political pressure.
ensure (v) ~ make certain that a particular thing will happen: e~aocpal\i~w We want to ensure that he receives the best possible medical care.
12.64
tighten (v) ~ i. make (a rule, a law, security, etc.) even stricter: Kavw (v6~o K.l\n.) au~p6repo The laws on immigration have been tightened, so that now it's harder for foreign nationals to enter the country. 2. make (a belt, a watch strap, etc.) fit more closely: ocpiyyw He lost so much weight he had to tighten his belt.
12.65
entrust (v) = make someone responsible for doing something important: ava8tTw She was entrusted with managing the factory while the boss was away.
12.48
run down (phr v) ~criticise strongly: KaKol\oy
12.49
break down (phr v) ~stop working (machine, car, etc.: xaMw (yta ~~xavn~ma) My washli1g machtne broke down and I had to call a repairman. Der: breakdown (n)
12.so
narrow down (phr v) ~ limit the number of possibilities: neptopi~w I've narrowed the list down to two options - a holiday in Rome or a cruise to Cyprus.
12.51
12.52
crackdown (n) ~tough action by someone in authority to stop people from breaking a law: 1\TiljJ~ au~p
12.53
downpour (n) ~extremely heavy, sudden rain: ~n6pa We were caught in a downpour and got soaked.
12.54
come-down (n) ~ situation in which you find that your status or situation is not as good as before: t;em::o1-16c; After working as an accountant, it was quite a come-down for him to become a bookkeeper again.
WORD FORMATION (page 97)
12.55 enact (v) ~ make into a law: ecpap~6~w, Seoni~w A noise pollution law was enacted early this year. Der: enactment (n) broaden (v)
~
see 2.96
enclose (v) ~ i. surround: neptKI\eiw, neptcppaoow The pool was enclosed by a fence. 2. put something in the envelope with a letter: eowKI\eiw I wrote a letter to my pen-pal in England and enclosed a photograph of myself. Der: enclosure (n)
WORDS EASILY CONFUSED (page 98)
summary (n) ~ brief account: nepil\~ljJ~ biography (n) ~ story of someone's life: 12.68 resume (n) ~ CV: ~loypa
12.67
12.69 12.70
~toypacpia
compliment (n) = something nice you say to praise someone: KOI-InALI-ItVTO supplement (n) ~something added: tv8no, ou~ni\Tipw~a
12.71
complement (v) ~to add to something in a way that improves it: OUI-InAnpWvw
acquire (v) =get: anoKTW inquire (v) ~ask for information: ~nrw nl\~pocpopie<:; 12.74 require (v) ~ need: xpeta~o~m, ~~T
12.75 12.76 12.77
implicit (adj) ~ not stated openly: unovoou~evo<:; explicit (adj) ~ stated openly: oa
literal (adj) ~ exactly as written: KUptol\eKnK6<:; Der: literacy (adj): lKQVOT~Ta ypa
prescription (n) ~ see 6.23 inscription (n) = 1. hand-written note inside a book's cover: acpttPWOTl 2. writing carved into stone: emypa
content (n) ~subject, ideas, material in something: neplEX6J-LEVO 12.85 context (n) = general situation in which something happens: ou~cppa~6~eva, nl\aimo 12.86 consent (n) ~ see 10.55 12.84
29
UNIT 12 12.107 rule out (phr v) =decide that something isn't suitable
RELATED WORDS (page 98)
antique (adj)
and valuable: apxaioc;, ncnaAmw).ltvoc; That antique chair is over 200 years old. Der: antiquated (adj)
12.88
archaic (adj) ~ extremely old or old-fashioned: OPXatK6c;, naAto).loOLnKoc; "Thee" and "thou" are archaic forms of the word "you".
12.89
contemporary (adj) = modern: oUyxpovoc; We visited a contemporary art museum in London.
12.90
innovative (adj) =see 2.86
12.91
juvenile (adj) ~ relating to young people: nOL6LK6c;, V£GVLK6c; Young people who get into trouble with the police are called 'juvenile delinquents". Der: juvenile (n)
12.92
mature (adj)
or possible: anoKAELw We want to take a holiday somewhere, but we ruled out London because of the weather.
~old
12.87
~
12.108
12.109 written all over (my) face = clear to see from (my)
expression: cpalvETOL oro np6awn6 (IJOU) Ned tried to disguise his disappointment but his feelings were written all over his face. 12.110
underline (v) =emphasise: rovl~w The article underlines the importance of conserving energy.
12.111
read between the lines= understand what is meant but not said openly: KaraAaf3alvw K6TL nou unovoEiTOL They seemed optimistic but, reading between the lines, I understood that the situation was not good.
12.112
mind reader (n) =person who knows what you are thinking: au16c; nou 6ta~61;8L 1~ oKtljJ~ How could I know what you wanted? I'm not a mind reader!
see 4.87
12.93 novel (adj) =new and unusual: vtoc;, npwT6Tunoc; Barbara thought of a novel solution to the problem and it worked! 12.94
novice (n) = beginner: npwnlpf]c; Climbing the Himalayas is not for novices.
12.95
obsolete (adj) ~no longer used because of being replaced by something: anapxmw~tvoc;, ~encpaa~tvoc; This computer is obsolete; the new ones work faster.
12.96
outmoded (adj) =no longer useful or suitable: naALOIJOOLnKo~ Our banker's ideas are reafly outmoded- we need to find a new financial consultant.
12.97
out-of-date (adj)
~
MULTIPLE MEANINGS (page 100) 12.113
book (v) = 1. make a reservation: K6vw KpOn]OJllf we want a table at our favourite restaurant for New Year's Eve, we should book well in advance. 2. take someone to a police station and make an official record of a crime: auAAa11~6vw The driver was booked for drunken driving and kept in the local jail until the morning. (be) in (one's) good books ~ be liked or approved of by someone: txw TTlV Ellvma K0nmou If you call your grandmother every week, you'll certainly be in her good books!
12 114
issue ~ 1. (n) subject widely discussed: i;~T~~a The issue of nuclear power is controversial in certain countries. 2. (n) newspaper or magazine published at a particular time: TEUxo~, <.pUAA.o Have you seen this month's issue of "Woman's Day"? 3. (v) give out officially or publish: OtavtiJW, EKOLOw The government issued a warning to all travellers to stay away from countries infected by the virus. take issue with = disagree with: Ota<.pwvW ~£ K6nmov yLG K6n I must take issue with you on that point.
12_115
word (n) = 1. promise: un60X£Of]/ gave Mum my word that I'd be home by 10 o'clock. 2. news or rumour: £LOnon The word is that Susan is moving to Paris, but I don't know if it's true. have a word with ~ speak with: oui;~Tw ~' (Kanotov) I'd like to have a word with my boss this afternoon about my work schedule.
old and no longer suitable for
modern use: E;£m;poo1J.tvo~ Don't use that out-of-date program; there is a new version available now. 12.98
over the hill~ too old: ntpa an'
12.99
primitive (adj) = at a simple stage of development: anMc;, npw<6yovoc; On our trek, some of the places we stayed had primitive facilities with no running water:
12.100
state-of-the-art (adj)
~see
4.38
12.101 up-to-date (adj) =including the newest, most recent
information: aUyxpovo~, EVTliJ.EPWIJEvo~ You can find up-to-date information on the Internet. 12.102 veteran (adj) =someone who is experienced because
of having done something for a long time: ~£T£p6vo~ He's a veteran player; he has belonged to the football club for over 20 years. Der: veteran (n) 12.1o3 vintage (adj) =old but in good condition: naAL6~ KOL KaArl~ nm6Tr)TO~ (yta Kpaol, auroKLVTlTO) A collection of vintage cars can be seen at the automobile museum. Der: vintage (n)
METAPHOR AND MEANING (page 99) 12.104 read (someone) like a book= know everything
(someone) says or thinks: 6ta~a1;w (KanOLov) oav avOLKT6 ~L~Alo Sandra can read me like a book; I can't hide anything from her.
IN OTHER WORDS (page 1 00) 12.116
imply (v) ~ say indirectly; hint: unovow Are you implying that we should leave now? Just tell us and we'll go. Der: implication (n)
12.117
infer (v) =form an opinion about something based on information you have: OUIJnEpalvw We inferred from her reaction that she was embarrassed about what had happened. Der: inference (n)
12.11s
ambiguous (adj) = capable of being understood in more than one way: Otcpopoll\lEVO~ His answer was ambiguous and made it seem like he agreed with both sides.
12.105 (a) hidden agenda= a secret reason for doing
something: Kpu
is not obvious: napEPIJ'lVEUW She is reading more into this incident than she should; it isn't very important.
spell (it) out (phr v) ~explain in detail: 8~~yw (KOTL) He won't understand your idea; you 'II have to spell it out for him. AEnTOIJ.EpW~
_i
r~ 12.119 reiterate (v) =repeat in order to emphasise or clarify:
12.127
find out (phr v) = discover: ovaKOI-umw I never found out who broke into my flat.
12.128
get (my) point across= make people understand: KQVW KQTL KOTOVODTO He had trouble getting his point across and no one understood his idea.
12.129
outspoken (adj) =saying freely what you think even though it might offend someone: ELALKptvTi~ My grandmother believed in democracy and was outspoken on the subject.
let (someone) know= inform, tell: cvn~cpcilvw (KilnOLov) The librarian promised to let me know when the·book arrives; she said she'd give me a call.
12.130
come to (my) attention= (fml) be noticed by: Kim nt
draw a conclusion= have an idea after you have studied something or thought about it: ~ya~w tva ou~nE:poo~a What conclusions were drawn from the mayor's report?
12.131
make (myself) understood = get people to understand what (I) mean: yivo~OL KOTavonT6~ Even though I don't speak much Greek, I can make myself understood using my hands.
12.132
hint (v) =give a little suggestion: unmviooo~OL She wouldn't tell me exactly what she bought for my birthday but she hinted that it was something I'd like.
12.133
hold back (phr v) (held, held)= stop from moving forward or speaking: Kpu~w, oLOTil~w va ~LAnOW She certainly doesn't hold back; she always says exactly what she thinks!
enavaA.ai-J.~Ovw
The teacher reiterated the instructions to make sure everyone understood. 12.120
12.121
12.122
have a (reasonable) command of a language = be able to speak a language well: XELpi~o~m (owan'!) TTl y1-cilooa I have lived in this country for several years, and now I have a reasonable command of the language.
12.123
notify (v) =see 6.65
12.124
promptly (adv) =without delay: promptly to my letter. Der: promptness (n) prompt (adj)
a~tow~
They replied
12.125 colloquial (adj) =relating to informal conversation
or language: TD~ Ka8o~LI-ou~tVD~ My teacher said that instead of using colloquial English, I should try to write more formally. 12.126
convey (v) = make feelings or ideas understood: ~ETO
VOCABULARY PRACTICE (Units 10-12) A.
Match the two parts to form sentences.
1.
B.
c.
You're bound to pay me a compliment when
a.
you delete all my work.
2.
Don't start cracking jokes or
b.
3.
I'll have to start from scratch if
you would want to move into an apartment without heating.
4.
It's beyond my comprehension why
c.
you'll have everyone in fits of laughter.
5.
Jane may say she's settled in at university, but if you read between the lines,
d.
you'll see it may not be the case.
6.
It was kind of you to babysit. I'll return the compliment anytime
c
ho•
\_
e.
you want.
f.
you see me in my new outfit.
Choose the odd one out. 1.. blossom
bud
bush
pouch
2.
tadpole
kid
foal
-------3. · biography .
paperback
manual
rumour
4.
outmoded
youthful
veteran
5. ·mew
ban
bark
howl
6.
fur
feather
scale
mammal
vintage
seed
Match. 1.
Someone who is outspoken
a.
is too nervous or bored to sit still for long.
2.
Someone who is tactful
b.
does what is expected of them.
3.
Someone who is restless
c.
carries out very cruel acts.
4. 5.
Someone who is concerned
d.
does not hesitate to express their opinion.
Someone who is merciless
e.
gives their opinion in a careful way.
6.
Someone who is dutiful
f.
is worried about something.
31
UNIT 14 D. Complete the sentences using the verbs and phrasal verbs below. There are two verbs I phrasal verbs which you don't need to use each time.
1.
2.
dig around
tear down
burn out
play down
run out
jot down
1.
If you keep on working around the clock, you'll ............................ yourself ........................... .
hold out
2.
The lecturer was talking so fast that the students only had time to ........................... the main ideas.
3.
Your theory is rather confusing - perhaps you can ........................... it .. .
4.
You won't find the information easily- you'll have to ........................... a bit.
5.
Paul is so modest, he always ............................ his achievements.
6.
The soldiers managed to ........................... until reinforcements arrived.
enforce
deaden
require
book
proofread
post
enrich
............ for me.
enclose
1.
The novel will be.................
2.
It is up to the teaching staff to make sure the school rules are ............................ .
...... one more time before publication.
3.
Subscribers are invited to .......................... photos of their pets on this site.
4.
The high walls which ............................ the property afford the celebrity some privacy.
5.
The police officer took him to the station and
6.
The patient was given morphine to ........................... the pain of his injuries.
................. him for drink-driving.
14.11
detached house (n) =a house that is not joined to another: onln nou Oev txet ~EOOTOLXiO ~£ TO OmAavQ KTr']pLa The doctor and his wife bought a four-bedroomed detached house in a quiet suburb.
14.12
dwelling (n) = (fml) home: KOTOLKia This castle was the official dwelling of the bishop until the church built a modern house for him. Der: dwell (v)
14.13
commuter belt (n) =an area around a large city where people who work in the city live: neptoxr'] yUpw an6 ~ey6A11 n6Ail 6nou ~ouv 01 6v8pwnot nou £pyQ~oVTOL o' auTr'] Most residents of London's commuter belt travel into the city by train.
14.14
community centre (n) =a building used for meetings, social events and other gatherings: noA.moTLK6 KtvTpo The local amateur drama club meets weekly in the community centre.
14.15
housing estate (n) =a large group of houses built at the same time: ouyKp6nwa KOTOLKLWv The new housing estate being built on the edge of town will provide accommodation for hundreds of working class families.
14.16
interior design= art of planning the way a home or office is decorated on the inside: £OWT£PLKf] 6LaK60~IlOJ1 Sally redecorated her house after she completed a course in interior design.
14.17
cramped (adj) =crowded, not big enough: OTPL~WYIJE:vo~, OT£v6xwpo~ With three of us cramped in the back seat, the ride was very uncomfortable.
14.18
demolish (v) =completely destroy: KOT£OOCJli/;w The builder demolished the old houses. Der: demolition (n)
14.19
mortgage (n) =bank loan taken to purchase a home: 06v£LO 11£ uno8r']Kfl The bank gave us a mortgage to buy our first home. Der: mortgage (v)
14.20
on the market= offered for sale: Ota8E:m1Jo~ OTflV ayopO Our house was on the market for just one month before it was sold.
TOPIC VOCABULARY (page 111) 14_1
fence (n) =boundary around an area of land: <.ppclXTfl~ There is a wooden fence around our garden. Der: fence (v)
14.2
hedge (n) =row of large bushes that grow close together: CJlPGXT~C: (an6 otvTpa, 8a~vouc;) The hedge that separates our garden from our neighbour's is too high now.
14.3
lawn (n) = area of grass which is kept short: ypaalOL Tim had to mow the lawn because the grass had grown so high.
14.4
shutter (n) = wooden or metal cover on the outside of a window: navT~oUpt, napa8up6<.puAAo We closed the shutters to keep out the sun and heat.
14.5
shed (n) =small building used for storage: KOAU~a. napOnfly~a We put the tools into the shed when we finished working.
14.6
radiator (n) =a device used for heating a room: KaAopt<.pE:p The radiator in our flat was out of order, so we were freezing until the plumber came to repair it. Der: radiate (v)
14.7
spell out
corridor (n) = long passage with doors on each side: Ot06po~o~ The doctor's surgery is at the end of the corridor; it's the last door on the right.
14.8
bedsit (n) = rented room that is a combination bedroom I sitting room: yKapoovttpa His bedsit is tiny but has everything he needs.
14.9
double-glazing (n) =two layers of glass to improve insulation: Om,\6 T~cl~La My dad put in windows with double-glazing to keep out the cold.
14.10
estate agent (n) =person whose work is to sell or rent land, homes or offices: KTil~OTo~ealTilC: When we decided to sell our house, we asked an estate agent to help us find a buyec
,
....
UNIT 14 14.38 renovate (v) = make something old look new again, especially a building: avaKmvll;w They are renovating their new home; the kitchen and the bathrooms need to be modernised. Der: renovation (n) renovated (adj)
14.21
slum (n) =poor area where living conditions are bad: qnwxoyeLTOVL6 Many immigrants find housing in the slums because it is cheap.
14.22
urban (adj) = related to the city: aanK6<; Some researchers claim that urban living causes stress. Opp: rural (adj): ayponK6<;
14.23
convert (v) = change into another form: IJETOTptnw The barn has been converted into a studio. Der: conversion (n): IJ.ETOTponf]
14.39
property (n) =things owned by someone: lOlOKTnoia. neptouoia A hotel will be built on the property I own in the centre of town.
14.24
rural (adj) = relating to the countryside: aypoTtK6<; They are moving from the city to a rural area.
14.40
14.25
up for sale =offered for people to buy: npo<; nwl-~an I'm putting my house up for sale since I've been asked to relocate to another city.
restore (v) = put something back to its original condition: avanaA.mWvw Chris restored his old desk and now it looks as good as new. Der: restoration (n)
14.41
neglect (n) =the state of not receiving proper attention or care: napa~tl-nan, eyKaTal-etl)Jn The government buildings are crumbling from years of neglect. Der: neglect (v) neglectful (adj)
14.42
occupant (n) = person who lives or works in a place: evotKO<; Occupants of the flat haven't paid their rent for three months. Der: occupancy (n): KTJian, KmoxJi occupier (n): tvotKOC:, KCnoxoc; occupy (v): KOTOlKW, Kmtxw Stan
14.26
built-up (adj) = having a lot of buildings: The speed limit is 50 mph in built-up areas. nuKVOKOTOtKn~tvo<;
14.27
congestion (n) = condition of being crowded with traffic or people: (KuKI-ocpoptaKJi) au~cp6pna~, ouvwona1J6c; Getting home at rush hour is a problem because of the congestion on the roads. Der: congested (adj)
14.28
exterior (n) = outside: TO e~wTeptK6 ~tpo<; We painted the exterior of the house with weather-proof paint. Opp: interior (n)
14.29
disrepair (n) = broken or bad condition that needs fixing: avO.yKll emoKeur']c; KT'lplou The farmhouse is in a state of disrepair- the roof leaks, the windows are broken and the heating doesn't work.
14.43
premises (n) = buildings and land occupied and used by a business or organisation: KTf]pla, E:YKOTOOT6.oetc; (emxeip~a~<;) Our company's premises are on the town's main street.
brotherhood (n) = friendship; support a group of people, especially men, get from each other: aoel-cpoouv~ The boys established a sense of brotherhood after a week at camp.
14.44
citizenship (n) =status of legally belonging to a particular country: un'1K06T'1TO After five years of living in Ireland, Lisa was granted Irish citizenship.
14.45
companionship (n) =relationship with a good friend who spends time with you: ouvTpo
14.46
kingdom (n) = area or country ruled by a king or queen: ~aail-eto The Windsors have ruled the British kingdom for four generations. Der: kingship (n): ~aml-eia
14.47
manhood (n) =typical or traditional male qualities; time when someone becomes a man: av0pto1J6c;, avoptKJi nl-tKia The story follows the adventures of a boy as he passes into manhood.
14.48
martyrdom (n) = having suffered or died because of your beliefs: IJOPTUpto A common theme in medieval art is the martyrdom of the saints.
14.49
readership (n) = total number of people who read a particular magazine or newspaper: avayvwonK6 Kotv6 The newspaper's daily readership is over a million.
14.50
sainthood (n) = having been made a saint: aytoauv~. aytonol'10'1 Mother Teresa is a candidate for sainthood because of her work with the poor.
14.51
scholarship (n) = 1. money given to a good student to pay school fees: unoTpoc.pla Diane won a scholarship to study at Cambridge. 2. serious academic study: aKao~~mKJi ~6pcpwa~ His research project on ancient architecture is an example of serious scholarship.
14.30
14.31
14.32
infrastructure (n) =basic systems and structures of a place or organisation, such as transport or communication: unoOo~f] The government can improve the country's infrastructure by building roads and adding electricity lines.
bypass (n) = road which takes cars around a town instead of through it: neptcpepetaK6<; 6p6~o<; We took the bypass; it was much faster than driving through town.
14.33 implementation (n) =the process of putting something into practice or use: ecpapiJOYr'J The implementation of a recycling scheme would reduce the amount of rubbish waste that has to be burnt. Der: implement (v) 14.34
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY WORD FORMATION (page 112)
one~way
system = system of streets where traffic goes in only one direction: ~ovo6p6~na~ The city has a plan for a one-way system which is intended to ease the heavy flow of traffic during rush hour.
14.35 subsidy (n) =financial assistance given to businesses or individuals to help reduce the cost of a product or service: emxopJiyna~, em661non The government offers subsidies to homeowners who buy energyefficient devices like solar water heaters. Der: subsidise (v) 14.36
incentive (n) = something that makes someone want to work harder or achieve something: K[VTFPO Drivers are unlikely to use public transport without financial incentives to give up using their cars.
14.37
landlord (n) = person who owns property and rents it to others: omTovotKOKlJP'lC: We pay rent to our landlord every month.
33
,
UNIT 14 14.52 sisterhood (n) =strong feeling of closeness among women: ai5£AcpooUvf1 (IJE:Ta~U yuvmKWv) I have a feeling of sisterhood with the women in my support group. 14.53
sponsorship (n) ~financial support: XP~~moMT~o~ Athletes need sponsorship from a business or organisation to help them pay for their training and travel expenses.
14.54
stardom (n) =being very famous: cpr')IJil aoTtpa. KaAAlT£XVLK6 on:ptw11a Not all actors achieve stardom; most of them work hard and never become well known.
14.79
opening (n) = vacant position: Ksvr'] Stoll spyaola~ There's an opening for an engineer at the car factory.
14.80
the key to= the way to achieve: TO KAstiSl, 'l A.Uoll Hard work is the key to success.
14.81
opportunrty knocks= when a chance to do something comes up: 'l suKatpia napoum6~£Tm They say opportunity knocks only once, so don't miss that chance of a lifetime.
14.82
get (my) foot in the door~ get an opportunity: txw TllV suKmpla va ~£Ktvr']ow K6TL If I can get my foot in the door at this company, I'm sure they'll become regular clients.
14.83
unlock (v) =open; make available by removing an obstacle: anoKaAUnTw. sAsuSspWvw Knowledge of languages can unlock opportunities when you're looking for work.
14.84
corridors of power = world of people who make high-level decisions: KU~£PVIlTLKol KUKAOL The newspapers want to find out what is really going on in the corridors of power.
14.85
come up against a brick wall = be prevented from going ahead: ouvavTW q_m66to I'm trying to convince my parents to let me go to Peru but I've come up against a brick wall. They refuse to let me go.
WORDS EASILY CONFUSED (page 113) 14.55
suburb (n) = area outside the city where people live:
npo6ono outskirts (n) = part of a town farthest from the centre: m:plxwpa 14.57 district (n) =particular part of a town or city: m:pLDX~ m:pH.p£p£La 14.56
border (n) =line dividing countries or regions: oUvopo 14.59 boundary (n) =line which marks the outer edge of an area: 6pto 14.60 barrier (n) =something which prevents people or vehicles from entering a place: c.pp6y~a. qm66to 14.58
14.61 14.62
14.63 14.64 14.65
outdoor (adj) = designed for use outside; done outside: unai8pto~ outward (adj) =external; going away from home: KLVOlJ~£VO~ npo~ TO E:~W. £~WT£ptK6~
MULTIPLE MEANINGS (page 114) 14.86
flat 1. (adj) ~fixed: ora8ep6<; The guest house charges a flat rate for families. 2. (adv) exactly: aKpt[3Wc; He changed the car tyre in two minutes flat. flat out = quickly, with as much effort as possible: nupsTwiSWc; She's tired because she's been working flat out to finish the project on time. flat on (my) back ~ unable to get out of bed: OTo KpE~anl pulled a muscle and I've been flat on my back for three days.
14.87
floor= 1. (n) flat area you walk on inside a building: n6TWIJO I sweep the floor every day but wash it once a week. 2. (v) unable to respond because of shock or surprise: anooTo~Wvw Paula was completely floored when Bob asked her to marry him. take the floor= begin to speak in a public discussion: nalpvw TO A6yo The health minister took the floor to respond to questions. wipe the floor with ~ defeat completely: KOTOTponWvw, ouvTpl[3w Manchester United wiped the floor with Real Madrid in the last game.
14.88
key= 1. (n) set of notes in music: KAillaKa This symphony is written in the key of C minoc 2. (n) button on a computer keyboard: nAr']KTpo Press the delete key to erase what you wrote. 3. (adj) most important: oumWiSJl~, [3aotK6~ Good advertising is a key factor in our safes campaign.
household (n) ~ group of people living together: OLKoyE:V£10 housekeeping (n) =cleaning and cooking: votKOKUpL6 housewarming (n) = party to celebrate moving into a new home: syKaivta onmoU
inhibit (v) = prevent or slow down: s~noiSi~w 14.67 inhabit (v) =live in a particular place: KOTOtKW 14.68 inherit (v) = receive money or property from someone who has died: KA.JlpOVOIJW 14.66
14.69
preferable (adj) =more desirable:
npon1J6Tspo~.
mo
£nt8UIJJlT6~ 14.70 14.71 14.72 14.73 14.74
14.75 14.76 14.77
prefer (v) = to like one thing better than another: npOTliJW preferential (adj) ~see 2.91
socialise (also -ize) (v) ~meet other people socially: K6VW napE:a. E:XW KOLVWVLKE:c; snac.pE:c; civilise (also -ize) (v) =educate and improve someone's way of life: £KnoAITL~w popularise (also -ize) (v) = make interesting to many people: OIOOiow. KOVW KOTI o~~Oqlll\8<; generally (adv) =true in most situations: ysvtKO greatly (adv) ~very: noAu. oe ~eyOAo ~a8~6 totally (adv) ~ completely: OAOKA~pWTIKO, EVTEAW<;
METAPHOR AND MEANING (page 113) 14.78
34
threshold {n) = entrance or doorway: KaTWc.pAt, £loo6o~ As Jane crossed the threshold, the lights went on and everyone shouted, "Happy Birthday!" on the threshold of~ about to begin something new: 010 KOTWc.pA.t, OTJlV apxrl Pauline has just started working as a lawyer and is on the threshold of a new career.
RELATED WORDS (page 114) 14.89
tin (n) =soft, silver-white metal: KOOOLT£po~. Tin is used to make cans for food.
14.90
timber (n) ~wood used for building: trees are being grown for timber.
14.91
steel (n) =strong metal made from iron: aTaOAL Steel rods were used to build the bridge; it should be very strong.
~uAEia
T£V£KE:~
These
_I
I
UNITS 14 and 16 14.92
wood (n) = material from a tree, used to make furniture: ~u,\o I bought some wood to make a table. Der: wooden (adj)
14.93
lead (n) ~soft grey metal: ~6,\u~i5oc; Lead used to be added to petrol but it caused air pollution.
14.94
marble (n) ~hard rock used for statues and floors: ~ap~apo The floors are marble - aren't they beautiful?
14.95
concrete (n) = building material made from a mixture of sand, small stones, cement and water: ).JnE:T6v, TOLJ-ltVTo The floors were made of concrete.
14.96
brick (n) ~building block used for walls, paths, etc.: rou~,\o The walls are made of brick and the floors are wood.
14.97
earthenware (n) ~dishes made from baked clay: mi/\Lva (aKEU~) We bought some colourful earthenware in Mexico.
14.98
bronze (n) ~ mixture of copper and tin: ~npouvrc;oc; The museum has a collection of small statues made of bronze.
14.110 there's a slim chance= there's a slight possibility:
un6pxe::t IJ.LO IJ.LKpr'J m8av6TJlTO There S a slim chance that I will pass the history exam; I didn't really study for it. 14.111 (do) not stand a chance= have no hope: Oe::v
others are much faster runners.
UNIT16
take into account = consider something when making a decision: ,\a~~avw un6ljJ~ ~ou When choosing a new neighbourhood, many features must be taken into account like the schools and facilities available.
16.1
16.2
Der: substantial (adj) appliance (n) ~machine used in the home: (OLKLOK~) ouaKe::ur') We bought two new kitchen appliances: a microwave oven and a toaster.
16.4
machinery (n) ~equipment: ~~xav~~ma The machinery at the factory is carefully maintained. Der: machine (n) machinist (n): ~~xavoupy6c;
16.5
laboratory (n) =building or room where scientific and medical tests or research are done: e::pyaoTr')pto
TOLpLOOT6c; J-lE
The archaeologist sent bones to the laboratory to determine their age.
ae an6aTOOJl 6nou 1J.nope:l va qnC:tae:L Kave:lc; Their new house was
14.101 within reach of= easily accessible:
16.6
microwave oven (n) =an oven that cooks food quickly by electromagnetic radiation rather than heat: <.poUpvo<; IJ.LKpOKUIJ.OTwv Most kitchens today are equipped with microwave ovens.
16.8
kettle (n) ~a container used for heating or boiling water: ~paar~pac; When the guests arrived, the kettle was on and tea was being prepared.
16.9
keyboard (n) ~ the set of keys used to operate a computer or typewriter: n/\~KTpo/\6yto The keyboard on my new computer is cordless.
16.10
modem (n) =equipment used to connect a computer to a telephone or cable line: 116VTE:Il (ouoKE:Ur'J
14.103 there is little prospect of~ not much hope: unapxouv
14.104 it's a foregone conclusion =certain to happen: e:lvm
14.105 it's conceivable= possible: e:lvat m8av61t's conceivable
that Sam will return tonight, though I doubt it. 14.106 the odds are =the chances are: oL m8av6TJlTE:<; e::lvm
OUVOEO~<; UTIOAOYLOT~
OE T~AE
The odds are they'll lose the game; the other team is much better. 14.107 inevitably (adv) ~as is certain to happen:
avan6q>EUKTO Inevitably, the persona/lives of the royal
16.11
family appeared in the tabloids. Der: inevitable (adj) out of the question = impossible: aOUvaTOV A trip to Canada is out of the question for us this year.
wouldn't bet on ~ not likely: i5ev ei~m aiyoupoc; People think he told the truth but I wouldn't bet on it; I've caught him lying several times in the past.
an electrical appliance that
16.7
distinct possibility it will happen again soon.
npoE~a
~
cleaner was out of order, the cleaners had to make do with simply sweeping the carpets.
14.102 there is a distinct possibility= very likely: e:lvot noAU
eA6xtmec; e,\nii5ec; va We had hoped to have a long holiday this year but there's little prospect of us getting away for more than one week.
vacuum cleaner (n)
removes dirt from carpets and furniture by sucking it into a machine: JlAEKTPLKr') oKoUna While the vacuum
IN OTHER WORDS (page 114)
meav6 Mt Etna erupts every few years; there is a
substance (n) = matter: ouala Marie Curie discovered
16.3
with= similar in style or suiting the feelings or needs of someone or something: npooapllOOIJtvoc; I
convemently located within easy reach of public transport.
hardware (n) ~computer equipment: ~~XOVLK6c; e~on,\ta~6c; uno/\oytoTwv I must upgrade my computer- my hardware and software are both out of date.
a substance called radium.
14.100 in tune
The new shopping centre is in tune with the surroundings as its design and colours match the other buildings around it.
Science and Technology
TOPIC VOCABULARY (page 126)
PREPOSITIONS (page 114) 14.99
txw
e::AniiSa She doesn't stand a chance in that race; the
solid (adj) ~firm and hard, not liquid or gaseous: mepE6<; I put the bottle of water in the freezer and it turned solid in four hours. Der: solid (n)
16.12
liquid (n) ~fluid: uyp6 Water is a liquid; steam is gas.
16.13
fluid (n) ~substance that flows, not a solid or a gas: uyp6 It is important to drink fluids such as water when you spend a lot of time in the sun. Der: fluid (adj)
35
UNIT 16 15.14 bacteria (pin)= tiny organisms which often cause disease: ~OKT~piOLO, ~LKp6~La If you don't refrigerate food, the bacteria will grow and spoil it. Der: bacterial (adj) 16.15
virus (n) = 1. tiny germ that can cause disease: t6c;, 1JlKp6[3to Mosquitoes carry the virus that causes malaria. 2. computer program which can get into a system and damage information: t6c; (unoAoytonl.lv) My files were lost when my computer got infected with the latest virus.
16.29
hack (v) =break into a computer system illegally: IJnalvw o£ apx.sla unoA.oytoTf] napO.VOIJO Some students got into trouble for hacking into the university's computer system to check exam results. Der: hacker (n)
16.30
patent (n) = official document that says you have legal right to be the only one to make or sell a new invention: naTtvTa, .sup.smT.sxvla The company took out a patent on their new product and they'll start manufacturing next year.
16.31
cyberspace (n) =imaginary space through which computers send information to each other: KU~epvoxwpoc; We emailed the document to Jane but she never got it; it must have got lost somewhere in cyberspace.
16.16
install (v) =put in and make ready to use: c:yKa8toTW A technician installed a new phone line in the office. Der: installation (n)
16.17
download (v) = move information from a computer or the Internet to another computer: IJE:Tac.ptpw, KOTE!36~w (osoo~i:va, nl-~poq>opisc;) I wanted to download a song from the Internet but my computer didn't have enough memory.
16.32
upgrade (v) =make a computer, etc. more powerful: I want to upgrade my computer by adding more memory.
device (n) =something mechanical invented for a particular purpose: ouoK.suf], llflX6VfliJO This remote control device will enable us to operate the television from our seats.
16.33
biotechnology (n) =using bacteria or cells from living things in technology and industry: 13toT.sxvoA.oyia People worry about the long-term effects of biotechnology, such as the genetic modification of vegetables. Der: biotechnological (adj)
16.34
cell (n) =smallest part of an animal or plant which can survive by itself: KUTTapo Cancer cefls divide and multiply quickly.
16.35
modify (v) = change slightly to improve: Tpononotw The teacher modified the course to fit the level of the students. Der: modification (n)
16.36
artificial (adj) =not natural: T8XVW6c; Artificial light from a fluorescent light bulb makes colours seem less bright.
16.37
vaccine (n) =see 6.21
16.38
genetically engineer (v) = alter the DNA structure of cells or organisms to make them more suitable for a particular purpose: IJ.ST0136AAw TO XOPOKTflpLOTLK6 KUTT6pwv r'j opyOVlOIJWV \18 OKOn6 Tf] 13.SA.Tiwor'] TOUC"; Many consumers avoid soya products made from genetically engineered beans. Der: genetic engineer (n) genetic engineering (n)
16.39
defective (adj) =imperfect or faulty: .sAaTTWIJOTtK6c; Defective brakes should be checked immediately as they could result in a serious car accident.
16.40
gene (n) =pattern of chemicals in a cell which carry information: yovi6to Red hair runs in my family; it's in our genes. Der: genetic (adj) geneticist (n)
16.41
clone (n) =animal or plant produced artificially from the cells of another animal or plant, so that the new one is identical to the original: KAWvoc; Dolly the sheep was a clone. Der: clone (v): KAwvonotW
16.18
ava~a8~i<;w
16.19
microscope (n) =instrument which makes tiny things appear large: IJLKpooK6mo We put a hair under the microscope and it looked as thick as my finger. Der: microscopic (adj)
16.20
test tube (n) =a long thin glass container open at one end used in biology or chemistry: 6oKq...taoTLK6c; owA~vac; The chemist's laboratory was full of test tubes and other equipment used for conducting experiments.
16.21
sterilizer (n) = a machine in which equipment is heated to a very high temperature in order to ki!l all the bacteria it may contain: anooT£tpwT~pac; Dentists use a sterilizer to clean their instruments after examining patients. Der: sterilization (n) sterilize (v)
16.22
motor (n) =the part of a machine or vehicle that powers it: ~~xav~, KLV~T~pac; Powered by an electric motor, the ceiling fan works noiselessly. Der: motor (v)
16.23
boiler (n) =a container in which water is heated or hot water is stored: A£13J1TOC"; Boilers for domestic use are often powered by solar energy.
16.24
generator (n) = see 4.153
16.25
surveillance (n) =careful watching of a person or place suspected of being involved in criminal activities: .snm']pf]OJ1 (un6nTou, KpaTOUIJE:vou) Electronic surveillance includes security cameras that record people entering and leaving the building.
16.26
virtual reality = images and sounds produced by a computer that seem real: £LKOVLKf] npay1JOTLK6Tf]TO There's a virtual reality game that makes you feel/ike you're in outer space.
16.27
compound (n) = combination of two or more substances: flLYIJO, XJliJLK~ tvwon Bronze is a compound of copper and tin.
16.42
16.28
emission (n) = release of gas or other substances into the air: £Kno~n~ (aspiwv KTA.) Engineers say that the emission of carbon monoxide from cars is high. Der: emit (v)
procedure (n) = a way of doing something that is generally accepted as being the usual or correct one: 6ta6LKaoia It is essential to follow proper procedures when conducting scientific experiments.
16.43
tamper (v) = try to change something you have no right to touch: avaKOT.SUOIJOL, nap.s1JI3aivw Someone tampered with my phone; it's got a strange ring now.
r~UNIT 16 16.44
ethics (n) = beliefs and rules about what is right or wrong: oeovmt-oyia, n8tK6<; K
16.45
synthetic (adj) =artificial: ouv8enK6<; Synthetic fabrics can be uncomfortable in the summer.
16.46
immunity (n) =the protection somebody's body gives against disease: avoola The health worker's immunity to infection was remarkable considering her constant exposure to patients with serious illnesses. Der: immunization (n) immunize (v) immune (adj)
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY
16.60
RELATED WORDS (page 127) 16.61
glimpse (v) = see something briefly: ~Atnw cpeuyaAta As the car sped past, I glimpsed a child sitting in the back seat. Der: glimpse (n)
16.62
make aut (phr v) = manage with difficulty to see or hear: iStaKplvw I can't make out the words on that sign.
16.63
gaze (v) = look steadily: mevi~w. KotTa~w eni~ova He gazed at the photograph of the lake and remembered last summer. Der: gaze (n)
16.64
witness (v) =see an event happen: ylVOIJ.Ol auT6nTr)~ ~apwpac; The police asked if we had witnessed the accident. Der: witness (n)
COLLOCATIONS (page 127) 16.47
make a breakthrough = achieve something after a lot of hard work: Kilvw on~aVTtK~ np6ooo They finally made a breakthrough in the negotiations.
16.48
raise awareness= make people think or know more about an issue: npoKaAW ouvalo8T]OTl This organisation is working to raise awareness about global warming.
16.49
raise expectations = cause someone to think that something good will happen: oivw et-nioec; The boss raised my expectations when he hinted he might increase salaries.
sort out (phr v) = organise: TO~lVOIJ,W, TOKTOnOlW Sue spent Saturday afternoon sort1ng out the bills from the past three months.
16.65
observe (v) =see 10.80
16.66
notice (v) = be aware of: avnA.a1J.j30.vo~J,m Carol was drinking her morning coffee and reading the paper when she noticed it was 9.00. Der: notice (n) noticeable (adj): a!;too~~eiwmc;
16.67
purpose: ouyKevTpti:lvw XPT'JI.lOTO We are organising a marathon to raise money for the local hospital.
glance (v) =take a quick look and then look away: pixvw ~ta ~mta The cycl1st glanced over h1s shoulder at the other riders and then pedalled faster. Der: glance (n)
16.68
16.51
take precautions = take action to protect against possible harm or trouble: naipvw npo
oversee (v) = make sure something is done properly: emj3AE:nw Barbara's job is to oversee all the company's foreign projects. Der: overseer (n)
16.69
16.52
reach a compromise = end an argument by both sides accepting they cannot have everything they want: Kamt-~yw oe ou~~~~ao~6 Mum and I reached a compromise about the party: I can go but I must be home by midnight.
stare (v) = look at something directly for a long time: KotTa~w eni~ova Beth stared out the window as the train pulled out of the station. Der: stare (n)
16.70
peer (v) =look closely, especially because of difficulty seeing: KOtTil~w epeuv~nKil The old man opened the door and peered into the dark, but he couldn't see anyone.
16.50
raise money= collect money for a particular
PHRASAL VERBS (page 127) 16.53
filter out (phr v) =to remove something unwanted from a substance by passing it through a special device: qnATp6pw Factories are required to filter out toxic substances before disposing of their waste.
16.71
envisage (v) = consider something as possible or what you intend: opa~mi~o~m. cpavra~o~ml envisage working as a clerk for a few years, then moving on to a better position.
16.54
give out (phr v) = produce: eKnt~nw, napayw The fire gave out so much heat that we stood far away.
16.72
16.55
try out (phr v) = test: ooKt~a~w After trying out my new digital camera, I decided to go back to my old-fashioned model.
view (v) = (fml) look at or watch: napaKof-ou8
16.56
16.57
phase out (phr v) = gradually stop using: anooupw oraotaKil Our company is phasing out the old computers; it's too expensive to replace them all at once. take out (phr v) = get something officially: Kavw (auvopo~~. aocpMeta I
WORDS EASILY CONFUSED (page 128) 16.73
compromise (v) = to come to agreement with another person, when you both accept something different or less than you originally asked for: ou~~~~a~o~m
comprise (v) =consist of: nept!-a~~avw, anoTef-w 16.75 compile (v) =write or produce something by bringing 16.74
together information from different sources: ouAA.tyw
UAlKO (yta 16.76
~~~AiD
K.An.)
transplant (v) = permanently move from one place to another: IJ,ETOq>UTElJW, IJ.ETOIJ.OCJX.EUW
transfer (v) = see 8. 7 16.78 transform (v) =change completely:
16.77
~na~opcpwvw
37
UNIT 16 16.79 discover (v) =learn or find something new: avaKaAUrnw 16.80 invent (v) =make something which is the first of its kind: £<.p£Up[OKW 16.81 explore (v) =travel around a place to learn about it or
find something: e~epeuvW Der: explorer (n) exploration (n) 1682 16.83 16.84
evolution (n) = see 10.91 progress (n) = process of development or
improvement: np6oi5o~ advance (n) =progress in science or technology, etc.: np6oi5o<;
common (adj) =happening or found etten: Kotv6c;. ouvn8to11tvoc; 16.86 typical (adj) =characteristic of things of the same type: XGPGKTnptonK6<; 16.87 ordinary (adj) = not special or different in anyway: 16.85
OUVT")8L01-i£Voc;
install (v) = see 16.16 16.89 insert (v) =put something into something else: rtoayw, ~aC:w 16.90 inject (v) =put a substance into your body through the skin using a needle: KO.vw tveofl
16.88
WORD FORMATION (page 128) 16.91
activist (n) = person who takes part in social, environmental or political activities: aKn~LoTrlc; Thousands of peace activists demonstrated against the war. Der: action (n) activate (v) active (adj)
16.92 animator (n) = person who makes cartoons: OKLTooyp6c.poc; Ktvouf.itvwv oxeOLwv The animator who created Ratatouille was brilliant. Der: animate (v) animation (n): napaywyrl KLVOUf.ltvwv oxeiSiwv animated (adj) 16.93
campaigner (n) =person who works for a political or social cause: auT6c; nou K6vet t:KOTpaTela Campaigners for the animal rights movement believe in stopping the use of animals in scientific testing.
16.94 consumer (n) =person who buys goods and services: KaTavaAwTr']c; Teenagers are the main
consumers of popular music COs. Der: consumerism (n): KaTavaAwTLOI-!6<:; consumption (n): KOTav6Awof1 consume (v) 16.95
curator (n) = someone who looks after objects at a museum: tc.popoc; 1-iOUot:iou Or Tom Rich, the curator of the dinosaur collection, will lead a tour at 2.00 pm.
16.96
dramatist (n) =see 4.80
16.97
environmentalist (n) = person concerned with studying and protecting the environment: nept~aAAovToA6yoc; Environmentalists try to protect nature. Der: environment (n) environmental (adj)
16.98
38
specialist (n) = person with a particular skill or a lot of knowledge about a particular subject: eti5tK6c; We took Bob to an eye specialist to have his sight checked. Der: specialisation (n)
16.99 technician (n) =person with technical training whose job involves using special equipment: TEXVLK6c; Pat works as a sound technician in a recording studio. 16.1 oo translator (n) = person who translates from one language to another: 1-!ETac.ppaDTrlc; She works as a
translator for the National Geographic magazine. Der: translation (n) translate (v) 16.101 vegetarian (n) = person who does not eat meat or fish: xopToc.p6yoc; Lisa is a vegetarian; she gets proteins from
eggs, nuts and grains. 16.102 vocalist (n) =singer; especially one who sings popular music: TpayouiStOTr']c;. Tpayoui'SlOTpta The lead vocalist
lost her voice at the end of the group's European tour. Der: vocalise (v): £Kcppa1;w vocal (adj) 16.103 accountant (n) =see 6.62
16.104 spokesperson (n) = someone who speaks on behalf of a group or an individual: t:Knp6ownoc; The students
elected a spokesperson to represent them at the meeting with the headmaster. 16.1 os dependent (n) = person who relies on someone else for financial support (AmE: dependant): npooTaTeU6jlt:Vo 11tAoc; She has four dependents:
three children and her mother. Der: dependence (n) METAPHOR AND MEANING (page 129) 16.106 hammer (n) =tool used to hit nails into wood: mpupi Dad hurt his thumb when he hit it with the hammec Der: hammer (v) hammer home = make a point strongly: Oivw tiJ,<.pOOT] at: K6TL The campaign hammered home the
message that smoking endangers your health. 16.107 button (n) =small key which you press to operate a machine: KOUIJ.ni To stop the CD player for a minute,
press the pause button. 16.108 screw (n) =a small, sharp piece of metal used to join things together: ~liSa To fix that drawer, use a screw. Der: screw (v) tighten the screws = put pressure on: yivojlm mo auOTT]p6c;, mt~w If we want this law to pass, we'll
have to tighten the screws on the decision-makers. 16.109 clockwork (n) =set of springs inside a toy or clock that makes it work: ~nxavto~6<; pot.oytou ~ nmxvtiStoU The clockwork inside this toy dog makes it
move like a real dog. run like clockwork = run smoothly: iSouAeUw poA6t Thanks to Sue's managerial skills, the meeting ran like clockwork. 16.11o spanner (n) =tool used to tighten nuts or bolts (ArnE: wrench): yaAAtK6 KAeti'Si The mechanic used a
spanner to tighten the nuts on the tyre. throw a spanner in the works = unexpectedly do something that prevents a process or plan from succeeding: nape~noi5i1;w nc; rpyaoir<; Sally's
resignation from the project has thrown a spanner in the works; we'll have to reconsider the whole plan now. 16.111 gear (n) =part of a machine: ypaval;l, ~nxavto~6<;
The children were fascinated by the gears turning around inside the grandfather clock. get into gear = start working effectively: aTpciJvof.lOL OTfl i5ouAt:t6 We'd better get into gear if we want to be ready before the guests arrive.
tools of the trade = skills and equipment needed to do a job: anapaiT~Ta ecp66ta A computer and a good dictionary are tools of the trade for a writer.
IN OTHER WORDS (page 130) 16.116
on a regular basis= happening often and according to plan: oe TOKT6 xpovtKO OtaaTT']IJOTO We meet on a regular basis to review the company's pertormance.
16.117
shortly (adv) =soon: OLJVTO~a Please sit down and I will be with you shortly.
16.118
invariably (adv) =always: OT08E:p6., 1J6Vt1JO Ron invariably forgets to return the books he borrowed.
16.119
provisional (adj) =likely to be changed when other arrangements are made: npoawptv6c; A provisional government was in power for two months, until the elections were held.
16.120
tendency (n) = aspect of your character that you show by behaving in a particular way: T6a11 My cousin has a tendency to use her hands while she is talking.
16121
gradually (adv) =slowly: ~a8~Laia We gradually got used to the new neighbourhood.
16.122
bit by bit= gradually: ,\lyo ,\iyo The new anti-smoking regulations are being introduced bit by bit so as to allow time for people to get used to them.
16.123
in the nick of time= just in time to prevent something bad from happening: n6vw OT'lV Wpa The rescue team arrived in the nick of time to evacuate office workers before the bomb exploded, destroying the building.
MEANINGS (page 130) monitor = 1. (n) computer screen: o86Vfl unoAoytoTrl I want to get a colour monitor for my computer. 2. (n) someone who checks that things are done properly: £A£YKT~c;. entmin~c; There's a monitor on the playground during break to oversee the children. 3. (v) observe the progress of something: napaKo.\ouSciJ, e.\tvxw The baby clinic monitors the early development of infants in the area.
14 screen = 1. (n) flat part of a lV or computer, showing words and pictures: o86vn Our new TV has a very large screen; we feel/ike we are at the cinema when we watch it. 2. (n) cinema: KLV~~moypa
We put a painted Japanese screen
between the kitchen and the living room. 4. (v) test or examine carefully: £~£Ta~w e~ovuxtmLKa Applicants for the job will be screened at individual interviews. 5. (v) show a film or lV programme: npo~aMw (eKno~n~. Tmvla KTA.) The documentary on the Galapagos Islands will be screened tonight at 9. 16.115
web (n) = 1. structure made of thin threads: LOT6c; Tracy watched as the spider spun its web. 2. complicated set or things that are closely connected to each other: n.\twa The story is a complex web of lies and deception. 3. system which links computers via the Internet: OlKTuo To get information on any number of subjects, you can search the World Wide Web.
VOCABULARY PRACTICE (Units 14-16) A.
Fill in the gaps. There are three words you do not need to use. shed hedge motor radiator microscope
kettle key shutters sterilizer barrier marble screw spanner
What do we use to ... ?
1.
enter data into a computer .......... .
6.
clean medical equipment thoroughly .................. .
2.
heat a room ................... .
7.
join two pieces of wood together ........... .
3.
stop cars driving down a street .............. .
8.
boil water .................. .
4.
study small things .............. .
9.
keep light from coming through a window ............. .
5.
make a statue .................. .
10.
store tools ................... .
B. Choose the correct answer. 1.
Conditions in the slum I suburb are so bad that an outbreak of cholera is feared.
2.
Many elderly widows and widowers miss the companionship I brotherhood that a partner offers.
3.
It would be foolish to buy a second-hand car without trying it on I out.
4.
A vocalist I spokesperson for the band said they would be cancelling their sell-out tour.
5.
If the union isn't prepared to compromise I comprise, the strike will continue.
6.
Many people settle in rural I urban areas because of the slower pace of life.
7.
Good people skills is definitely one of the gears I tools of the trade for a salesperson.
8.
Companies often use financial incentives I subsidies like bonuses to encourage staff to work harder.
9.
The house next door has been on the sale I market for two months.
10.
If the factory popularized I upgraded their machinery, production levels would rise.
39
UNIT 18 c.
1.
2.
D.
Match the words below. a.
cleaner
community
b.
estate
housing
C.
belt
4.
microwave
d.
house
5.
commuter
e.
tube
6.
vacuum
f.
centre
7.
test
g.
oven
1.
detached
2. 3.
Use your answers to Exercise 1. Complete the sentences. 1.
The youth programme run at the local ................................ is proving extremely successful.
2.
The researcher carefully poured the liquid into the .............................. and watched it change colour.
3.
A I an . .
4
I couldn't be bothered to get out the ................................. so I just used the broom to sweep up the crumbs on the kitchen floor.
5.
Dinner's in the fridge- just pop it in the ................................ for a few minutes to heat it up.
6.
This town is expanding fast and new the newcomers.
7.
Like most of her colleagues, Sue lives in the ................................. and takes a train into the city centre each day.
........... with a garden around it offers a lot of privacy.
......................... are springing up all over the place to accommodate
Use the phrases to complete the dialogues. Make any necessary changes. hammer home out of the question throw a spanner in the works
1.
come up against a brick wall the odds are flat out
"How are your attempts to apply for citizenship going?" "Oh, I ............................................................................................................. It seems like I might not be eligible."
2.
"I fancy a weekend break in a luxury hotel." "That's ............................................................................................ I'm afraid. There's no way we could afford it."
3.
"How do you think Chelsea will do in today's match?" ........................... they'll win."
4.
"According to these statistics, teenage smoking is on the rise." "Parents really need to ........ .
5.
................................................................ to their children how harmful it can be."
"The deadline for your assignment is coming up." "I know. That's why I'm working ........................ .
6.
"The mayor's office just informed us he won't be able to open the new children's ward this afternoon." "Well, that's .......................................................................... Who's going to take his place at such short notice?"
TOPIC VOCABULARY (page 142) 18.1
estuary (n) = part of a river where it becomes wide and joins the sea: £Kf3oArl noTOIJOU We sailed down the river to the estuary but didn't go out to sea.
18.2
shore (n) = edge of a sea, lake, or river: aKTi] We walked along the shore of the lake and watched the sailboats.
18.3
cliff (n) =steep side of an area of highland: YKPeu6c;, ~paxoc; It makes me nervous to walk near the edge of the cliff,· I'm afraid I'll fall.
18.4
dune (n) =hill of sand: auu6Aa
18.5
peak (n) = top of a mountain or the mountain itself: Kopuc.pfl f3ouvoU Mont Blanc is the highest mountain peak in the Alps. Der: peak (v)
40
18.6
summit (n) =top of a mountain: KOpucpJi (~ouvou) When the climbers reached the summit of Mt Everest, they put up a flag.
18.7
ridge (n) =long, narrow top of a mountain or group of mountains: Kopucpoypauuli I can't see beyond the mountain ridge but I believe there is a valley on the other side.
18.8
valley (n) =a low area of land between mountains or hills: KOLA6i5a The climbers stood at the top of the mountain, looking down on the valley below.
18.9
dam (n) = wall built across a river that stops the flow of water and creates a lake behind it:
18.10
reservoir (n) =a large lake, natural or man-made, which is used for storing water: u5arano8flK11, 5c:E;all£Vrl The reservoir provides enough water for all the towns in this area.
18.12
18.13
hemisphere (n) = one half of the earth, either the northern or southern half: n~totpaipto New Zealand is in the southern hemisphere.
18.29
breeze (n) = gentle wind: aupa, aep6.KL They sat on the balcony enjoying the cool evening breeze. Der: breezy (adj)
equator (n) = imaginary line around the earth, dividing it into north and south: ton~eptv6~ The equator is halfway between the North Pole and the South Pole. Der: equatorial (adj)
18.30
mild (adj) = quite warm and pleasant: ~aAaK6~, Jimo~ It was a mild evening so we decided to eat outdoors.
18.31
fog (n) =thick clouds of water vapor at ground level, which make it difficult to see: o~lXAD The fog was so heavy we could barely see ten metres in front of us. Der: foggy (adj)
18.32
frost (n) = layer of ice crystals that forms on things outside when the weather is very cold: nayer6~ The car was covered with frost this morning. Der: frosty (adj)
18.33
gale (n) = very strong wind: 8ueAAa The storm seems to be turning into a real gale. gale-force wind = extremely strong wind: 8ueMwon~ O.ve~o~ The weather forecast predicted gale-force winds.
18.34
sleet (n) = mixture of freezing rain and hail: Xlov6vepo The rain turned to sleet as the temperature dropped. Der: sleet (v)
18.35
settle (v) = 1. (of snow, dust, etc.) come down onto a surface and cover it: KaTaKaSL~w, '10 oTpWvw' The ground is too wet for the snow to settle. 2. sit or lie down comfortably in a certain place or position: K6.8o~m. ~oi-euo~m Granddad settled back into his favourite armchair and took a sip of whtskey.
18.36
patch (n) = a small part of a surface or area that is different from what is around it: K0~~6.TL, ~epa~ The red patches on this map represent very dry areas.
18.37
thaw (v) = ice or snow becomes warmer and changes into liquid: ALWVW, ~enaywvw When the snow starts to thaw in the spring, the water level rises in the rivers.
18.38
drift (n) =a large pile of (snow, sand, leaves, etc.) formed by the movement of the wind: owp6~ (XLOVLOU, O.~~ou) Large drifts of snow almost buried the parked car. Der: drift (v)
continent (n) = one of the world's major areas of land: We toured the North American continent, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. Der: continental (adj) nneLpO~
18.14
18.15
18.16
eruption (n) =a sudden explosion in a violent or destructive way: tKpn~n The city of Pompeii was destroyed by an eruptton of Mt Vesuvti.Js in 79 AD. Der: erupt (v)
erosion (n) = process of gradual damage to rocks or soil, especially by water or wind: oLO.~pwon The force of the current has caused the erosion of the river bank. Der: erode (v) eroded (adj) arid (adj) =so dry that few plants are able to grow: ~ep6~. O.yovo~ The safari goes through arid desert until you reach the game reserve. Der: aridity (n)
18.17
avalanche (n) = large mass of snow that suddenly falls down a mountain: XLOVOOTL~aoa Last winter, two skiers were killed in an avalanche.
18.18
slope (n) = side of a hill or mountain: ni-ayt6. The beginner's ski slope is not very steep.
18.19
wilderness (n) = undeveloped area: epn~LO., aypL6Tono~ Much of Alaska is still wilderness.
18.20
volcano (n) = mountain from which gas, lava and rock explode through a hole in the top: n
18.21
altitude (n) = height above sea level: ul)Jo~. uLjJ6~eTpo The plane flew at a low altitude as it approached the airport.
18.22 hurricane (n) = violent storm with heavy rain and strong winds: KUKA.Wvac; Every year hurricanes cause tremendous damage to homes in Florida. 18.23
soil (n) =the top layer of earth in which plants grow: toatpo~. xw~a Not many plants grow in this region, as the ground is mostly rock, with very little soil.
18.24
irrigation (n) = the technique of making water flow into fields where crops are grown: O.pOeuon There isn't much rainfall in this area, so farmers water their crops using an irrigation system. Der: irrigate (v) mainland (n) = large mass of land that forms the main part of a country; not the islands: nnetpwnKJi xwpa After a holiday on one of the islands, we returned to our home on the mainland. drought (n) = unusually long period without rain in which crops die: ~npaoia, avo~~pla The farmers hope the drought doesn't last too long; this season's crops may not survive. drizzle (n) =very light rain: LjJLAJi ~poxJi You don't need an umbrella; there's just a slight drizzle. Der: drizzly (adj) overcast (adj) = cloudy, with no sun visible: ouwetptao~tvo~ The skies were grey and overcast so we expected rain.
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY COMPOUND NOUNS (page 143) 18.39
windmill (n) = building with long pieces of wood that turn in the wind and produce energy: avqL611uA.o<.; At the top of the hill, you 'II find the old windmill which was used to grind wheat into flour.
18.40
windscreen (n) =glass on the front of a car that a driver looks through: nawnpl~ The heavy rain on the windscreen made it difficult to see the road.
18.41
coastline (n) =land along the edge of the water: napai-ia, OKTOypa~~Ji Argenttna has a very long coastline.
18.42
coastguard (n) = organisation responsible for watching over a country's coast: OKTocpuA.aKr'j The coastguard is always there to help ships in distress.
18.43
rainfall (n) =amount of rain that falls at a particular time: ~poxomwon The amount of rainfall this winter has been lower than average.
18.44
rainbow (n) = arch of colours in the sky which can appear after rain: oupO.vLo 16~o After the storm ended, we saw a beautiful rainbow.
18.45
rainforest (n) =thick forest of tall trees in rainy, tropical regions: TpomK6 06oo<.; The rainforest is home to hundreds of unusual species of plants.
41
UNIT 18 18.45
18.47
18.48
18.49
raindrop (n) ~drop of rain: omy6va ~pox~c; When raindrops began to fall, we decided to cancel our plans for a picnic.
18.65
heatstroke (n) =illness caused by being in hot weather too long: SswonA~~ia Several people suffered heatstroke when the temperature rose above 40°C.
wander (v) = walk from place to place without a particular purpose: Tptyupl~w, neptni\ovtt~m We wandered around the market, looking at the displays.
18.66
heatwave (n) =stretch of unusually hot weather: KaUowvac; The temperature was 42oC for a week during the heatwave last summer.
tiptoe (v) =walk quietly on your toes: nepnoTW one; 1JUT£C: TWV noOtWv The babysitter tiptoed into the room to check on the baby.
18.67
trudge (v) =walk slowly with heavy steps: nepnaTW 1-i£ K6no The hikers trudged home in the pouring rain.
18.58
stride (v) (strode; stridden)~ walk quickly with long steps: ~ai5i~w ~£ ~ey6Aa ~~~am Fred strode into the room just as the meeting was about to begin.
18.69
step (v) =move one foot in a certain direction: K6vw tva !3~1-10 The speaker stepped down from the platform at the end of her speech.
18.70
wade (v) = walk through water that is not deep: nepnaTW mo vep6 I waded across the stream to get the ball.
18.71
plod (v) ~walk heavily and slowly: nepnmw ~apta The tired horse ploc!aed slowly through the fields.
18.72
shuffle (v) ~walk slowly pulling your feet along the ground: otpvw TO n6i5La ~ou The old man shuffled into the room and sat down heavily
18.73
march (v) = walk with regular steps: nap£i\aUvw. K6vw nop£la The soldiers marched down the street, in strict formation.
18.74
dash (v) ~run quickly: rptxw. op~w Jody dashed into the supermarket to buy a few things. Der: dash (n): aorpamaia Kivnon
18.75
dawdle (v) ~ walk very slowly, wasting time: xa~etlw The children dawdled on their way to school, stopping to look in the shop windows.
18.76
clamber (v) =climb over a difficult obstacle, usually using hands: avappLXWI-IOL We had to clamber over the rocks to get to the cave.
18.77
scramble (v) ~climb quickly, using your hands: oKap(jlaAwvw (~s ra rtooepa) Billy scrambled up the hill in no time.
18.78
stagger (v) =walk unsteadily: TPE:Ki\l~w, napanaTW After the accident, he managed to stagger into a cafe to ask for help.
18.79
stroll (v) =walk slowly, in a relaxed way: K6vw m::plnaTo The couple strolled along the seashore, enjoying the breeze.
thundercloud (n) ~large, dark cloud likely to produce rain: oUvvr:cpo KOTOLylOac; When we noticed the thunderclouds, we hurried home.
1s.so thunderclap (n) = loud noise heard after a flash of lightning: ~povr~ The children were frightened by the loud thundercfap.
18.51
waterfall (n) =place where water spills over the edge of a high cliff to a level below: Karapp6.KTflC: Niagara Falls are the best-known waterfalls in North America.
18.52
waterfront (n) = area next to a river, lake or sea: npoKu~ala. napalda n6i\f]c; Houses on the waterfront are desirable. because of the view.
18.53
RELATED WORDS (page 144)
watercolour (n) =paints which dissolve in water or a picture painted with these paints: vep01JnOyL6. ui5moypa(jlia They bought a watercolour painted by a local artist.
18.5c.l
landslide (n) =a mass of earth that falls down the slope of a mountain: KOToi\fo8f]Of] (ei56q:.ouc;) The people were afraid of a landslide after the volcano erupted.
18.55
landmark (n) =famous building or object that you can see and recognise easily: (Sto~) op6o~~o The Effie/ Tower is a famous Paris landmark.
18_56
snowdrift (n) =deep pile of snow formed by the wind: xtovoonl365a The snowdrift was four metres deep.
18.57
snowflake (n) =piece of falling snow: vtq:.65a xtovtoU The snowflakes melted as they landed on the ground.
18.58
sunbeam (n) = ray of sunlight fJi\LOXTli5a A sunbeam came through the window and lit up the room.
ADJECTIVES AND PREPOSITIONS (page 143) 18.59
obsessed (adj) ~unable to stop thinking or worrying about something: nou 8X£L IJOVla IJE: K6TL She's so obsessed with cleanliness that she won't even let visitors wear shoes in the house. Der: obsession (n)
18.60
compatible (adj) ~can exist together: otl~(jlwvoc;. TOLptaoT6c; Don't travel together unless you are compatible and like to do the same things. Der: compatibility (n)
18.61
content (adj) = satisfied with what you have: euxaptouwtvoc; Whereas their friends have all moved to bigger houses, they're quite content with living in a tiny apartment. Der: contentment (n) content (v) Opp: discontented (adj) discontent (n)
18.62
isolated (adj)
18.63
engrossed (adj)
1864
deficient (adj) ~ lacking something: eMtn~c;. avmapK~c; A diet deficient in calcium makes bones too soft. Der: deficiency (n)
42
~see
~
8.19
see 4.118
MULTIPLE MEANINGS (page 144) 18.80
ground= 1. (n) area used for a particular activity: y~neoo. £Kroon The city has built a new football ground in the park. 2. (v) punish a child by stopping him from going to places he enjoys: n~wpW (1-1£ nEptopLOI-16) Tammy was grounded for two weeks and won't be able to come to the party. 3. (adj) crushed: rpL~~tvoc;. aAw~tvoc; This recipe uses freshly ground peppec grounds = (n) land, garden and lawn that surround a building: n£p[~oi\oc; Their country house has extensive grounds with a lake and a guests' cottage. Der: grind (v) on the grounds that = for the specific reason: £n£Li5~, i\6yw TOU 6n She refused to attend the reception on the grounds that she hadn't been invited personally.
18.81
18.82
plain = 1. (n) flat area of land: nEotaoa Summers in the plains of the United States are hot and dry. 2. (adj) clear, easy to understand: amp~~. ~EKa8apo~ The instructions were written in plain language that even a child would understand. 3. (adj) not very attractive: ouv~8to~tvo~. ox• totaiTEpo~ Some people say Pam is plain but I think she has a lovely smile. 4. (adj) simple in design: anM~. ~ovoxpw~o~ She chose a plain blue dress instead of one with stripes. hail (v) = 1. say that something is good or important: cnEUQJ'liJW The new actress is being hailed as the discovery of the year. 2. call someone or signal to a bus or taxi: KaAW, c.pwvCt~w Please hail me a taxi; I'm too tired to walk. hail from (v) = come from: Kmayo~m Where do you hail from? I'm originally from Rome.
18.106
chilly (adj) =cold enough to be unpleasant: t!Juxpo~ I wish I had a jacket; it's quite chilly outside tonight. Der: chill (n)
18.107
choosy (adj) =fussy with definite ideas about what you like: c:Ki\8KTLK6c; She's a strict vegetarian and is very choosy about what she eats.
18.108
costly (adj) =expensive: perfume is costly.
18.109
gloomy (adj) = dark and miserable: OKOTEtV6~. 8!-t~Ep6~ Castles must have been gloomy places to live, with few windows and dark walls. Der: gloom (n)
18.110
damp (adj) =slightly wet: uyp6~ humid (adj) = very damp and hot, making the air feel wet and uncomfortable: uyp6~ Kat ~EDT6~ Der: humidity (n) 18.85 soaking (adj) = very wet: ~OUOKE~tvo~
18.87 18.88
18.89 18.90
harmonious (adj) = peaceful and friendly: awovtK6~ Their relationship is harmonious - they rarely fight. Der: harmony (n)
18.112
hazardous (adj) =dangerous: is hazardous to your health. Der: hazard (n)
18.113
infectious (adj) =spreading easily to other people (disease): J1oi\uOJlOTLK6c;, JlET06oTLK6c; Measles is a highly infectious disease, so Tom stayed home from school till he got better Der: infection (n) infect (v): see 6.1 03
18.93
pEu~a
flow (n) = steady and free movement in one direction:
18.115
numerous (adl) =many: not-uapt8~o~ There have been numerous accidents on this road; it must be because of the poor lighting.
harsh (adj) = hard and unpleasant: OKA~p6~. rpaxu~ strict (adj) = limiting freedom of behaviour according
18.116
perilous (adj) = dangerous: EntKivi5uvo~ In the 18th century, a journey across the ocean was perilous.
to rules: auon]p6c; 18.94
austere (adj) = plain, not decorated:
AlTO~. anM~
descendant (n) = see 6.96 descent (n) = movement from a higher level to a lower one: Ka8ooo~. Kma~a~ 18.97 decent (adj) =of acceptable standard: EUnpw~~.
18.117
18.96
KOO~lO~
Der: prosperity (n) prosper (v) 18.118
outlook (n) =see 2.68 18.102 on the lookout= alert, watching for danger: OE
Der: rebellion (n): rebel (v) 18.119
timely (adj) =happening at the right time: tyKmpo~ His arrival was timely as we were just about to sit down to dinner.
18.120
trendy (adj) =fashionable and modern: ~OVTtpvo~ Black is a trendy colour at the moment; all the teenagers are wearing it. Der: trend (n)
(OUVTO~~) EnlOKOTI~O~
WORD FORMATION (page 145)
.. 105
bulky (adj) = large, heavy and difficult to move: oyKwo~~ We picked up a package at the post office that was too bulky to fit into our mailbox. cautious (adl) = careful to avoid danger: npooEKTtK6~ We'll need to be cautious crossing this old bridge. Der: caution (n)
wavi:tomo~
rebelliousness (n): £navaOTOTLK6TllTO
Ent
18.103 overview (n) = general description without the details:
rebellious (adj) =opposing authority or refusing to do what others want you to do: avun6TOKToc;, c:navaoTOTLK6c; The rebellious teenager got into trouble for talking rudely to teachers.
diversion (n) = re-routing of traffic when the regular route is closed: napaKaJlnn'jptoc; 18.99 aversion (n) = see 10.40 18.100 conversion (n) = process of changing from one system to another: JlC:TOTponr'j
18.98
18.101
prosperous (adj) =successful and wealthy: ni\oUmoc;, nou £UrlJlEPEi Our business has become prosperous since the new road was opened.
18.95
18.104
Smoking
comfortable: noi\UTEAT']c; We stayed at a luxurious hotel in Paris. Der: luxury (n)
po~ 18.92
EntKivi5uvo~
18.114 luxurious (adj) =very expensive, beautiful and
atpa 18.91
The sunset was
18.111
overboard (adv) = off a boat and into the water: an6 TO nA.olo OTTl 80i\aooa overcast (adj) = see 18.28 overseas (adj) =to or in a country across the sea: nou npotpxETm an6 ~tv~ xwpa current (n) = movement of air or water in one direction: pEll~a (atpa, vEpou) draught (n) =current of cold air (ArnE: draft):
t~oxo~
Der: glory (n)
18.83
18.86
glorious (adj) =magnificent:
A bottle of Dior
a glorious show of reds and yellows.
WORDS EASILY CONFUSED (page 145) 18.84
oKpt~6~
METAPHOR AND MEANING (page 146) 18.121
deluge (n) =flood: KOTOK!-uo~6~ The rain continued to fall heavily and turned into a deluge by evening. Der: deluge (v)
43
UNITS 18 and 20 18.122
flood (n) = large amount of water covering a place which is usually dry: nJ..~~~upa The heavy rain this spring caused a flood in our basement. Der: flood (v) flood the market= make such a large number of goods available for sale that they cannot all be sold and the price falls drastically: KOTaKJ..u~w T~v ayopa Cheap imported appliances are flooding the market.
18.123 torrent (n) ~ strong flow of water: X£i~appa<; After the
storm, the stream turned into a raging torrent. (a) torrent of~ a lot of: X£i~appo<;, Kmmyto~6<; The candidate was hit with torrents of questions from the
18.138 have a few pints= drink a few glasses of beer at a
pub: nlvw tva - Quo noTT]p6KLa We always meet on Monday nights to have a few pints. 18.139 feel10 feet tall~ feel proud of yourself because of
an achievement: vtW8w um::pflcpavo~ She said she felt 10 feet tall after winning the essay contest. 18.140 lose half a stone= lose about 3 kilos: xavw Ouo- Tpla
KlAO I wish I could lose half a stone. 18.141 an ounce of help~ a very little bit of help: ~ta oT
reporters. 18.124 trickle (n) ~ small amounts (of liquid) flowing slowly:
OT
18.126
UNIT20 Arts and Crafts
affection: KGTOKAU~w (K6notov) IJ.E: Laura's parents showered her with gifts when she graduated.
TOPIC VOCABULARY (page 158)
wade through (phr v) = read or deal with a lot of boring information: KOTam6vo11m IJE: avtaptc; nJ..~P04JOpi£<; I can't go out this weekend because I have to wade through a load of papers.
20.1
dome (n) ~rounded roof: tpouJ..o<; The dome of St Paul :S cathedral in London ts 111 metres htgh.
20.2
arch (n) = curved structure held up at each side by a wall or pillar: alj!ioa, KO~apa The bridge is supported by arches.
20.3
pottery (n) ~ pots, dishes, etc. made from clay and baked to harden them: £iO~ K£pa~tKTi<; We bought some brightly coloured pottery in Peru.
20.4
fabric (n) = cloth: Ucpao11a She chose a strong fabric to cover the sofa.
20.5
lens (n) = curved glass used in cameras, telescopes, glasses, etc.: cpaK6c; I use a telescopic lens for close-up photographs.
2o.s
sculpture (n) ~ solid object made of wood, stone, clay, etc. as a work of art: yi\unT6 Michelangelo is famous for his marble sculptures. Der: sculptor (n): yJ..um~<; sculpt (v)
20.7
column (n) ~tall stone post, often with a decorated top: Koi\6va Marble columns supported the roof of the Parthenon.
20.8
mural (n) ~ picture painted on a wall: Tmxoypa4JiG The mural, covering one wall, depicts a war scene.
20.9
ornament (n) = small attractive object used for decoration: oToALOL, OtaKOOI..LT]TLK6 Every year we hang colourful ornaments on our Christmas tree. Der: ornamental (adj)
18.127 storm of protest= very strong objection: KlqJa ota~apTupia<;
There was a storm of protest from the workers over the proposed reduction in benefits. 18.128 dry up (phr v) ~stop being available: OT£p£uw, £~avTI.ou~m
What will happen to our project if the money dries up? 18.129 a drop in the ocean = very little: may6va OTOV
WK£av6 This cutback will help a bit, but it's just a drop in the ocean since the company is so deeply in debt. 18.130 (be) snowed under= too much work to do: nvlyof.!OL
OTT] 6ouAet6 Carole is snowed under with extra homework this weekend so she can't go on the picnic. 18.131 rising tide= an increasing amount or occurrence
of something negative which is difficult to control: av~ouxnnKTi ml~~o~ There is concern about the rising tide of drug-related crime in the city. IN OTHER WORDS (page 146) 18.132 run a mile = try to avoid a situation because you are
embarrassed or frightened: To ~6~w oTa n66La Don't show her a spider- she 'II run a mile! 18.133 stand out a mile = be more noticeable than others: ~£XWPi~w
John is so tall he stands out a mile in any
20.1 o snapshot (n) ~ photograph: 4JWToypa4Jia, OTlWl6TUno
crowd.
We took lots of snapshots at the barbecue.
18.134 weigh a ton= be extremely heavy: ~uyl~w tva T6vo (~T4J.)
Can you help me carry this suitcase? It weighs
20.11
abstract (adj) = 1. in art, using shapes or patterns to express the artist's feelings rather than showing things or people: 04J~P~~tvoc; It is often hard to understand abstract paintings. 2. ideas that exist as thoughts, not related to physical objects: 04J~P~~tv~ tvvma Philosophy deals with abstract ideas like "freedom". Der: abstract (n) abstract (v)
20.12
artefact (n) ~object made a long time ago, usually of historical importance: X£LponolT]TO avnKEif.IEVO (lOTOPlKTi<; ~~aoiac;) The art museum downtown has some interesting prehistoric artefacts on display.
a ton. 18.135 go the extra mile= do something which is not
required: K6vw K6n f.!£ TO napan6vw Usa is always ready to go the extra mile when she's asked to help. 18.136 come down on (someone) like a ton of bricks=
criticise or punish someone severely: emni\flTTw. KOTOa6t6~w (K6notov) The boss came down on us like a ton of bricks because we wasted money on photocopying. 18.137 give (someone) an inch and (he'll) take a yard~
always want more than agreed on: 6Lvw oe K6nOLov TO 6LKalwf.ia va ~'1TrlO£L noAA6 Don't give in to herif you give her an inch, she'll take a yard.
44
·:~";
20.13
illustration (n) ~picture or drawing: ELKovoypa
20.14
icon (n) ~ symbol: au~~OAO, ELKOVLOLO Madonna has become a pop icon.
20.15
portrait (n) ~ painting, drawing or photograph of a person: noptptto A portrait of my great-grandmother hangs over the fireplace.
20.16
canvas (n) ~strong cloth made of cotton or linen, often used by artists to paint on: KO~~ilc; (~wypa
20.17
crayon (n) =colour for drawing made from wax or clay: Kpayt6vt, K~po~noytil Small children love drawing with coloured crayons.
20.18
watercolour (n)
20.19
inspiration (n)
20.20
sketch (v) ~ draw quickly without details: aKLToilpw Robyn sketched a map for me on the back of the menu. Der: sketch (n)
20.21
erase (v) ~completely remove: a~~vw Robert didn't like what he had written so he erased it and started again. Der: eraser (n)
20.22
20.23
20.24
20.25
20.26
20.27
~see
~see
20.33
20.34
write the thank-you notes. ~
20.35
pick up (phr v)
20.36
mix up (phr v)
20.37
ease up (on) (phr v) ~ treat someone less severely: yivo~m me emeLK~<; I wish the boss would ease up on me; he's always critical of my work.
20.38
cover up (phr v) ~ hide a fact or the truth from other people: KaAUnTw, anoKpllnTw The politician tried to cover up the truth but the newspapers brought it out into the open. Der: cover-up (n)
20.39
brush up on (phr v) ~ improve knowledge by studying:
~
see 2.116 see 8.39
COLLOCATIONS (page 159)
landscape (n) ~ area of land with a special appearance or painting of the countryside: Tonia The green rural landscape is very relaxing.
show paintings = exhibit works of art: EK8tTw nivaKec; ~wypa
20.41
picturesque (adj) ~ attractive, scenic often because it is old or unspoilt: ypac.pLK6c; The mountainside was dotted with picturesque stone villages.
mount (a) photograph ~ fix a photograph securely into a frame: Kopvt~ilpw John mounted his graduation photograph in a gold frame and hung it on the wall.
20.42
easel (n) ~ wooden frame which holds a painting an artist is working on: Ka~aAtTo Because I came into the art class late, there was no easel/eft for me to set my painting on.
mount (a) campaign = organise activities to achieve social, political or military results: opyavWvw Ka~.mO.vta Greenpeace activists are mounting a campaign to save the seals.
20.43
palette (n) ~ wooden board used for mixing paints: naAtm The artist held his palette in one hand and brush in the other.
mount (an) exhibition ~ plan and display art works in a public place: eK8ttw, opyavwvw tK8ea~ The focal gallery is mounting an exhibition of Tina's drawings.
20.44
shade (n) ~ form of a colour: an6xpwa~ They painted the room an unusual shade of green.
catch (someone's) eye~ get (someone) to notice: Kilvw (KilnOLov) va ~e npoatl;et A flash of light caught my eye and I turned to see where it came from.
20.45
capture (v) ~ represent a quality, feeling or atmosphere successfully: anoi'iii'iw, ana8avmi~w The portrait captured her childlike innocence perfectly.
catch (someone's) attention ~ have a sudden effect on someone: tpa~w ~v npooox~ (Kilnotou) The noise of the loud argument suddenly caught my attention.
20.46
catch a glimpse ~ see briefly: ~Atnw
20.47
concentrate one's efforts: ~il~w evtpyeta Having analysed his role, the actor is now focusing his energy on learning it off by heart.
~
masterpiece (n)
20.29
flair (n) ~ natural ability to do something well: KAia~. TaAtvTo Tina has a real flair for languages - she speaks five!
see 4.30
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY touch up (phr v) ~ improve by making small changes in the appearance of something: pETOuoO.pw, KO.vw ~tKpoi5top8waetc; After the painter touched up the faded colours, the picture came to fife. Der: touch-up (n)
focus (my)
energy~
6A~ ~ou t~v
20.48
focus attention = look at or think about something carefully: emKevtpwvw t~v npooox~ ~ou We have narrowed down our research to focus our attention on one particular age group.
20.49
focus a camera = adjust vision of a camera: EonO.~w ~ta
PHRASAL VERBS (page 159)
20.31
prepare a document: auvtilaow
a fist of people we should thank, I'll
20.40
20.28
20.30
~
draw up (phr v) If you draw up
18.53
4.85
follow up (phr v) ~ try to find out more about something or take further action: ouvexi~w (tpeuva, npoona8eta) The detectives are following up some new leads. Der: follow-up (n)
hang up (phr v) ~ end a telephone connection by putting down the receiver: KAeivw TO T~At
2o.so draw a comparison = process of considering differences and similarities between things: KOvw oUyKpLOTl The lecturer drew a comparison between the novel and the film.
wind up (phr v) ~ bring to an end: teAetwvw, K;\eivw It's time to wind up the party- it's one o'clock!
20.51
draw a conclusion = see 12.130
45
UNIT 20 20.52
20.53
20.54
draw attention to = cause other people to notice: £
2o.ss pose a question = ask a question: StTw tva
20.75
au~~ol.ii;w
20.76
indicate (v) = show, point or make clear: Oclxvw,
20.77
demonstrate (v) = show how to do something: £nL6£LKVlJW
20.78
remainder (n) = what is left: ro un6Aomo ruins (n) = remains of a destroyed building: .spelma leftovers (n) =food left uneaten after a meal: anocp6yta
unoo~r.wvw
20.79 20.80
WORD FORMATION (page 160) 20.81
accessible (adj) = easy to use or reach: npomr6c; The new entrance makes the museum accessible to the handicapped. Der: access (v): see 8.1 07 Opp: inaccessible (adj)
20.82
adaptable (adj) = able to change to suit a new situation: cunpoo6p~ooroc; I'm sure Mary will do well in her new school; she's very adaptable. Der: adaptation (n): see 4. 70 adapt (v): see 4.1 04
20.83
admirable (adj) = worthy of praise: al;to8au~aaroc; The church's work with the poor is admirable.
20.84
adorable (adj) = very attractive: al;tol.arpcuroc; Your baby is adorable. She has such a cute face!
t::pc.l.nrn1a The speaker posed the question of whether it is morally right to eat meat. 20.56
read (someone's) mind = be able to tell what someone is thinking: ota~a<:w T~ aKtl)J~ (Kan01ou) Thanks for offering - I was just about to ask you to help. You must have read my mind!
20.57
bear a grudge = dislike someone because of a past event: Kpani> KOK[a Sue bears a grudge against Bob because he didn't invite her to the party.
20.58
bear (a) signature = (fml) have someone's name written in that person's handwriting: cptpw TTlV unoypacp~ If it is real, that letter bearing Churchill's signature is valuable.
represent (v) = be a sign or symbol of: avanaptoTW,
20.59
bear a resemblance (to) = look similar to someone or something: ~ot6~w (~c) Your son bears a strong resemblance to your father.
20.85
affordable (adj) = cheap enough for ordinary people to buy: OLKovo~LK6 npomr6c; Mobile phones are so affordable these days that almost everyone owns one.
20.60
restore order= return a disorganised situation to its former organised state: cnavmptpw I anoKa8toni> T~V ral;~ The police restored order after the demonstration became violent.
20.86
20.61
restore (a painting) = repair a work of art so that it's in its original condition: avanaAmWvw (nivaKa) The paintings on exhibit were restored by experts from London. Der: restoration (n)
analytical (adj) = using a method of separating things into their parts to examine and understand them: avaAunK6c; Jody's analytical skills have helped her in her job as a researcher. Der: analyst (n) analysis (n)
20.87
applicable (adj) = see 2.120
20.88
astronomical (adj) = very high costs: aorpovo)JLK6c;, £1;mp£TLKO ul)J~A6<; (y1a noo6) The prices in this restaurant are astronomical. How can they charge so much?
20.89
bearable (adj) = difficult or unpleasant but can be tolerated: av£KT6c; The noise from the parade was bearable because we knew it would end soon. Opp: unbearable (adj)
20.90
comprehensible (adj) = easily understood: KOTOVOflT6c; The instructions for using this digital camera are comprehensible and easy to follow. Opp: incomprehensible (adj)
20.91
conceivable (adj) = possible to imagine: m8av6c; While it's conceivable that humans may one day inhabit the moon, it won't be in the near future. Opp: inconceivable (adj)
20.92
digestible (adj) = food that is easy for the body to process: .sUn.snroc; Bananas and rice are easily digestible foods. Der: digestion (n) digest (v): xwv£uw Opp: indigestible (adj)
20.93
economical (adj) = wasting as little as possible, often money: OlKOVO~LK6c;, cpTI1V6c; We are going to get a smaller car that will be more economical to run. Der: economy (n) economise (also -ize) (v): K6vw OLKOvo~la economic (adj): otKovo~LK6c;, oxenK6c; ).1£ TllV
20.62
restore confidence (in) = make people trust someone or something again: cnavaKTc.i> TflV c~moTooUvrJ The government is hoping that the tax cuts will restore the public's confidence in the economy.
WORDS EASILY CONFUSED (page 160)
commission (n) = formal request for special work, often artistic, done for payment: EVTOA~, av68£0Tl tpyou 20.64 omission (n) = something left out or not done: 20.63
napai.£LL)J~ anooroA~
20.65
mission (n) = important task:
20.66
likewise (adv) = similarly: napo~oiwc; likeness (n) = close resemblance: o~ot6H]TO likelihood (n) = probability: m8av6rwa
20.67
20.68
visible (adj) = able to be seen: opm6c; Opp: invisible 20.70 audible (adJ) = able to be heard: LKav6c; va aKouor£i 20.71 tangible (adj) = noticeable, able to be touched: X£Lpomaor6c; 20.69
contemporary (adj) = see 12.89 temporary (adj) = lasting for a limited time: npoowptv6c; Opp: permanent (adj) 20.74 contemptuous (adj) =feeling or showing that you have no respect: m:ptcppovr]TLK6c;
20.72
20.73
OlKOVO~(O
46
I
flexible (adj) = able to be bent, changed or adapted: eunpooap~omoc;, et-amtK6c; My working hours are flexible; it doesn't matter what time I get to work as long as I put in eight hours. Opp: inflexible (adj) hypothetical (adj) = based on possible ideas or situations : uno8£TtK6c; He described a hypothetical situatton in which a patient might refuse to take the medicine. Der: hypothesise (v) (also -ize) hysterical (adj) = in a state of uncontrolled excitement, anger or panic: uon:plK6c; People became hysterical when they learned that the bank had closed and they had lost their life savings.
20.111
jagged (adj) = having an uneven edge with sharp points: ye~aTOc; npoe~oxtc;, mx~npoc; My son slipped and cut his leg on the jagged rocks.
20.112
curved (adj) = with a gradually bending shape: Ka~nuf-wT6c;, KUPT6c; The curved line on the chart shows that sales have been increasing.
20.113
20.114
vertical (adj) =straight up and down: K
20.115
smooth (adj) = without bumps or roughness: t-eloc; Glass has a smooth surface. Der: smoothness (n) Opp: rough (adj)
permissible (adj) =see 10.57 20.98
20.99
reasonable (adj) = sensible and fair: t-oytK6c; It's reasonable to ask for help if you have too much work. Opp: unreasonable (adj) renewable (adj) = 1. can replace itself by natural process so something is never used up: avaveWoqJoc; Scientists are searching for renewable sources of energy, such as solar energy, as alternatives to oil.
20.116
rough (adj) = see 8.85
20.117
furry (adj) =see 10.24
20.118
sphere (n) =object that is round like a ball: mpaipa The earth is round but it's not a perfect sphere. Der: spherical (adj)
20.119
cylinder (n) =hollow tube: KUAtvopoc; The clerk rolled up the poster and put it into a cylinder so I could mail it. Der: cylindrical (adj)
20.120
cone (n) = object with a round base that ends at a point: K
2. can be extended, (a contract or agreement): nou ~nope(
va napaTo8el This parking permit is renewable
every three months. 20.100
horizontal (adj) =straight and parallel to the ground: I drew a horizontal line across the page.
opt~6VTLO~
resistible (adj) =that can be opposed: Kmanot-e~nm~oc;
Opp: irresistible (adj) 20.101
respectable (adj) =having socially acceptable appearance or behaviour: oe~aOT6c;, euun6Anmoc; My father has a respectable position in the local
20.121
pyramid (n) = object with a square base and four sides that meet at a point: nupa~loa Egypt is famous for its pyramids.
government.
20.122
20.102
visible (adj) =see 20.69
cube (n) = square object with six sides all the same size: KU~oc; Many children's games are played with a board, markers and cubes called dice. Der: cubic (adj)
RELATED WORDS (page 161) 20.103
circular (adj) = having the shape of a circle: KUKALK6c; Ships have circular windows called portholes. Der: circle (n)
20.104
rectangular (adj) =having four right angles and four straight sides: opSoywvtoc; We bought a rectangular table for our dining room. Der: rectangle (n)
20.105
triangular (adj) =having three angles and three straight sides: TptywvtK6c; The city's flag is triangular and multicoloured. Der: triangle (n)
METAPHOR AND MEANING (page 162) 20.123
bleak (adj) = 1. cold and miserable: Kplloc; Kat oKoTetv6c; It was a bleak December day, cold and overcast. 2. without much hope: ~oq>ep6c;, anmm66o~oc; The outlook for the economy is bleak due to the recession. Der: bleakness (n)
20.124
bright (adj) = see 4.132 look on the bright side = concentrate on the positive aspect of a situation: BAtnw K
nt-eupa I'm sorry that you are ill but look on the bnght side: you won't have to take the exam tomorrow.
20.106
oval (adj) = shaped like a long narrow circle: o~C!A Rugby is played with a ball which is oval, not round.
20.125
gloomy (adj) = see 18.109
20.107
square (adj) = shaped with right-angled corners and sides of the same length: TETpaywvoc; We bought a small square table for the kitchen. Der: square (n)
20.126
radiant (adj) = shining; looking wonderfully happy: nou aKnvo~ot-el The bride looked radiant in the wedding photographs. Der: radiance (n)
20.108
round (adj) =shaped like a ball: oTpoyyuMc; A basketball is perfectly round; a rugby ball isn't.
20.127
ray (n) =thin beam of light: OXTioa Use sunscreen to protect your skin from the sun's rays.
20.109
spiral (adj) =having a shape that looks like a set of circles inside each other: £AtKoet61ic; Climbing up the spiral staircase made me feel dizzy.
20.110
diagonal (adj) =straight sloping line that connects opposite corners of a flat shape: OtayWvto~ Her skirt has red and blue diagonal stripes.
ray of hope
= some
chance things will improve:
axTioa et-nioac; The end-of-the-year statistics provide a ray of hope that the economy will improve next year. 20.128
rosy (adj) = 1. pinkish in colour: pooaMc; Walking in the cold air made Jane's cheeks rosy. 2. successful or happy: p66tvoc; It looks as if she will have a rosy future.
47
UNIT 20 20.129 shadow (n) =area of darkness created when
something blocks light: aKt6 He stood in the shadow of the tree so we didn't notice him. Der: shadowy (adj) shadow hanging over (me) =feeling that something unpleasant is going to happen: (E:xw) tva KOK6 npoaio8~~a The team has had a shadow hanging over them ever since they lost the championship.
paint a picture = describe a situation vividly: neptypilqJw i;w~pa The doctor painted a picture of my father's condition that was very encouraging. 20.135 shape (v) =influence the development of: 6La~opqJwvw Fred's attitudes have been shaped by what he reads in the newspaper. Der: shape (n): ox~~a. ~Op
cast a shadow= make a situation seem less hopeful: npoKaAW OV'louxia Paul's being fired cast a shadow over the whole office. 20.130 twinkle (v) =sparkle; shine with an unsteady light: Aa~nupii;w The sky was clear last night and the stars twinkled brightly. Der: twinkle (n) twinkle in (someone's) eye = look of excitement or mischief: M~tjJ~ 010 ~ana (Kcmmou) With a twinkle in his eye, Ted told me about his plans for the surprise party.
20.131 light up (phr v) =suddenly look happy: qJWTii;o~m
(an6 xapa) The children's faces lit up when we suggested going on a picnic. 20.132 see (something) through rose-coloured glasses=
see only good things and none of the bad: TO PMnw 6Aa p66tva She's a happy person who always sees the world through rose-coloured glasses. MULTIPLE MEANINGS (page 162)
IN OTHER WORDS (page 162) 20.136 go on and on= talk continuously for a long time:
'-HAW aKaT<'mauoTa My dad went on and on about golfing; it was so boring. 20.137 go cheap= sell at a low price: nwAoUI-IOL <.pT'lV6
Bananas were going cheap at the market today so we bought two kilos. 20.138 all go= extremely busy: Tpo~epa anaoxoA~~tvoc; It's
been all go since the shop opened; we haven't had a minute to rest! 20.139 have a go= try: 6oKL~a1;w I'm not very good at
scrabble but if you want to play. I'll have a go at it. 20.140 go with (phr v) =look good together: Tmpta~w ~e
Both the blue shirt and the green shirt go with the jeans; it doesn't matter which one you wear.
I something) in a new light= change your opinion: pAtnw (Kcmmov I Kiln) ~8 aMo ~an
20.133 see (someone
When Rob said he was caring for his elderly mother, we began to see him in a new light. come to light= become known: tpxo1-1m oTo c.pw~ New evidence has recently come to light which has changed the direction of the investigation. make light of= treat something as not important or not serious: naipvw K6n a4J!')c.ptoTa My parents made light of my concern; they said I don't need to worry about the future at my age. 20.134 picture (v) =imagine: qJOVTili;o~m What do you
picture yourself doing when you grow up and finish school? get the picture = (inf) understand a situation: KOTaAa[3alvw You don't have to explain any more - I get the picture.
20.141 get going= start working or start moving: ~E:KLVW, OTPWVO~Ql OT~ OOUAELO The film starts in 45 minutes; we'd better get going if we don't want to be late.
20.142 make a go of= be successful: nc:Tuxaivw K6TL npoonaSWvTa~ oKAilp6 Rita is working hard to make a go of her new business.
20.143 (be) going strong= doing well: Kpant~m KaM His
grandmother is 90 and still going strong. 20.144 goes to show= proves a point: anoiSE:LKvUc:L (6n)
We didn't expect Veronica to win, which just goes to show how wrong we were. 20.145 to go = remaining: aK61-i'l. nou ano1-1EV8L The holidays
are almost here -just a month to go.
VOCABULARY PRACTICE (Units 18-20) A.
48
Circle the ONE word that CANNOT be used in each sentence. 1.
The elderly woman shuffling I clambering I trudging down the street was obviously tired.
2.
Only a fool would venture out in a boat in a gale I hurricane I breeze.
3.
The mountain road had been blocked by a I an avalanche I snowdrift I snowflake.
4.
The little boy knew that the circular I triangular I rectangular package was unlikely to contain a new ball.
5.
The deluge I drought I heatwave had lasted for a long time; everyone was relieved when it finally started to rain.
6.
The artist is in her studio working on a portrait I palette I watercolour.
7.
The hikers set off on a cold and soaking I frosty I foggy morning.
8.
The huge domes I cones I columns on the building are typical of this architectural style.
B. Complete the sentences using the nouns below. reservoir
wilderness
coastguard
torrent
pottery
rays
artefacts
cubes o sleet • lens
1. A number of ............................ unearthed by archaeologists at the site date back to the Bronze Age. 2.
There has been so little rain this year that the water level in the ............................ has dropped dramatically.
3.
He cut the cheese into ............................ and added it to the salad.
4.
Locally-made ............................ is always popular with tourists.
5.
Getting lost in an icy ............................ is any Arctic explorer's worst nightmare.
6.
The scientists wore goggles to protect their eyes from the ............................ emitted by the device.
7.
The ............................ which had been falling all afternoon had changed into snow by nightfall.
8.
I was unable to study the bacterium properly as the microscope had a cracked ............................ .
9.
Further downstream the gentle river becomes a fast-flowing ............................ .
10. The ............................ intercepted a boat which was transporting illegal immigrants.
c.
1.
2.
Match the words to form expressions or collocations.
1.
flood
2. 3. 4.
pose catch
5.
bear
6.
draw
mount
7.
go
8.
restore
······ a. the extra mile ...... b. the market ...... c . someone's eye ······ ...... ...... .., ... ......
d.
a comparison
e.
a question
f.
order
g.
an exhibition
h.
a signature
Complete the sentences with phrases from Exercise 1. Make any necessary changes. 1.
It was only hours after the rioting began that the police were able to ................................... .
2.
A sudden movement on the other side of the warehouse ................................... and I went to investigate.
3.
In his essay, the student ................................... between the two philosophical theories.
4.
Sorry, but if the cheque doesn't ................................... , I won't be able to accept it.
5.
A special ............................................ to celebrate the landscape painter's long and successful career.
6.
John's an old friend; that's why I'm prepared to ................................... on his behalf.
7.
As cut price computers ................................... , demand for expensive models fell.
8.
During the job interview, the manager of the company ............................ rather unexpected ............................ .
D. Choose the correct word or phrase to complete the sentences. 1.
A storm of protest is when few I many people object to something.
2.
If you walk along the shore, you are far from I near the sea.
3.
The windscreen is located at the front I back of a car.
4.
A thunderclap is something we can hear I see in the sky.
5.
Someone who is obsessed with something is happy with it I thinks about it all the time.
6.
If you tiptoe into a room, you walk quietly I quickly.
7.
A plain tie is one with I without a detailed pattern.
8.
If you hail from Athens, you are from Athens I are going to Athens.
9.
Something which is hazardous is safe I dangerous.
10.
If you are snowed under with work, you have a lot I little to get through.
11.
If you touch up a photograph, you improve I enlarge it.
12.
If you cover up a mistake, you reveal I hide it.
13.
A comprehensible explanation is one which is easy I difficult to understand.
'
14. A man and a woman should I should not get married if they are incompatible.
49
crave (v) :::: have a strong desire for something: AaxTapW After a week on a diet, Todd craved something sweet. Der: craving (n) substitute (n) :::: something you use in place of something else: unoKaTOOTOTO Artificial sweetener is used as a substitute for sugar. Der: substitution (n) substitute (v) wean (v) ~ stop feeding a baby mother's milk and train it to take other food: anoyaAaKTL~w Many infants are weaned at about six months. chew (v) :::: use your teeth to soften food: IJOOO.w The meat was tough and hard to chew. Der: chewy (adj) mash up (phr v):::: puree or crush food: noATonotW Mum mashed up the banana for my baby sister. consume (v) :::: eat or drink something: KOTavaA.Wvw Teenagers consume a huge quantity of food. Der: consumption (n) sieve (n) ~ kitchen tool with small holes used to filter out liquids or small pieces: ooupwnlpt, K60KlVO Put the flour through a sieve to remove the lumps. Der: sieve (v) frying pan (n) ~ flat metal pan with a long handle: nwO.vt We made an omelette in the frying pan. crockery (n) ~ dishes: mmLKO (AmE: dishes) My crockery is stored in the cupboard. saucepan (n) :::: deep pot for cooking, often with a handle: KOToap6Aa Cook rice in a covered saucepan for 20 minutes. cutlery (n) ~ knives, forks and spoons (AmE: silverware): IJOXOtponipouva The table was set with silver cutlery and elegant china. consistency (n) ::::thickness or smoothness of a substance: nuKv6TJlTO Beat the butter and sugar until the mixture has a smooth consistency. Der: consistent (adj): am8£p6c;, O~OLO~OpLpoc; drain (v) = remove liquid by causing it to flow away: oTpayyl~w Drain the water from the pasta before you add the sauce. Der: drain (n): aLpai~a~n. anoxtreuan ingredient (n) :::: one of the foods or liquids you use to make a meal: ouoTOnK6 I have all the ingredients for a cake except eggs. peel (v) = remove the skin from a fruit or vegetable: First we peeled the potatoes, then we sliced them. Der: peel (n): Lpl.ouoa peeler (n): ano
~ cook gently just at boilrng point: Simmer the stew for an hour until the meat is done.
simmer (v) myof3p6~w
dough (n) ~ mixture of flour, liquid and fat used to make pastry or bread: i;u~n. i;u~apt To prepare biscuits, roll out the dough and cut it into shapes. grease (v) = 1. rub with oil or margarine to prevent food from sticking: f3ouTupWvw Grease the pan before pouring in the batter. 2. put oil on something to make the parts work smoothly: AaOWvw My sewing machine needs to be greased every six months. Der: grease (n)
50
pastry (n) = mixture of flour, fat and water which is rolled out flat and used to make pies: ~u~n Apple pie has a pastry base and a fruit filling.
22.50
watch (my) weight = be careful about (my) die1! that (I) don't gain weight: npocrtxw TO jlQpo~ (!.IOU) I have to watch my weight if I want to stay a size 36.
pinch (n) = very small amount: EAGXLOTn nocr6rnm Add a ptnch of salt to the vegetables after cooking. Der: pinch (v)
22.51
contaminate (v) = pollute with things that are dirty or poisonous: ~ohuvw The water in the lake has been contaminated with chemicals from a nearby factory. Der: contamination (n) contaminated (adj)
22.52
crop (n) = plants grown for food: KaAALE:pyou~evo elOoc; Summer crops like tomatoes are grown in the winter in greenhouses.
crust (n) = the layer of pastry around a pie or the hard outer layer of bread: K6pa (LjJW~Lou),
22.53
swallow (v) = make food or drink go down the throat: KOTanlvw Tina swallowed the tablet with some water.
calorie (n) = unit for measuring the amount of energy food produces: 8Ep1Ji0a Chocolate cream cake has more calories than a cup of fruit salad.
22.54
grate (v) :::: rub food on a grater in order to cut it into small pieces: Tpi~w (arov rpi
22.55
chop (v) = cut into small pieces: LjJLAOK6~w. ro~axi~w I chopped the onions and mushrooms into small pieces and put them in the tomato sauce.
22.56
digest (v) = see 20.92
22.57
slice (v) = cut into thin flat pieces: K6~w cre
22.58
grape (n) = small green or purple fruit, often used to make wine: crTac.pUA.t I picked a bunch of grapes from the vine to serve my guests.
22.59
pork (n) = meat from a pig: xmptv6 Kptac; Do you prefer pork or poultry for supper tonight?
stir (v) = 1. mix a liquid in a circular movement using a spoon or other object: avaKaTeUw Jack added sugar to his tea and then stirred it. 2. move slightly: KLVOlJI-J.OL c:AmppO, oaA.c:Uw As morning approached, the child stirred in her bed.
fattening (adj) = likely to make you put on weight: naxuvTLK6c; Foods like chocolate, cake and ice-cream are quite fattening. Der: fat (n) fatten (v) food poisoning = stomach illness caused by eating food containing harmful bacteria: rpo
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY (page 175)
22.60
plum (n) = small yellow or red fruit with a stone: Sue bought plums to make jam.
oa~acrKnvo
22.61
peach (n) = fruit with a yellow or red skin and a stone: pooaKLvo My mother put apples, peaches and oranges in the fruit salad.
22.62
helping (n) = amount of food served: ~epioa She liked the pasta salad so much that she asked for a second helping.
22.63
portion (n) = amount of food served that a person eats at a meal: ~epioa, nocr6TnTO Each of the boys ate a large portion of rice.
22.64
serving (n) :::: amount of food a person is given at a meal: ~epioa Please put a small serving of potatoes on my plate. Der: serve (v)
22.65
spill (v) = accidentally pour liquid: xuvw (KOTa MSoc;) Ben spilled water on his shirt but it dried quickly.
22.66
nibble (v) = eat in very small pieces: TOL~nohoyw Meg wasn't really hungry but she nibbled at a biscuit.
22.67
devour (v) = eat quickly and eagerly: KOTa~poxSi~w The lions devoured the animal they had just killed.
22.68
ingest (v) = eat or drink something: ha~~avw rpo
22.69
staple (n) = a product, especially food, that people eat or use regularly: ~amK6 npo"L6v In India and China, rice is a staple. Der: staple (adj)
51
f
UNIT 22 22.10
beef (n) = meat from cows: IJOOXOPloto Kptac; Hindus don't eat beef; Muslims don't eat pork.
22.71
wheat (n) ~grain used to make flour: omipL My favourite bread is made from whole wheat.
22.72 bitter (adj) ~ 1. having a strong sharp taste; not sweet: mKp6c; The medicine left a bitter taste in my mouth. 2. feeling angry or upset because of a bad or unfair experience: mKpaiJ.tvoc; He became bitter after losing his job. Der: bitterness (n) 22.73
savoury (adj) ~ 1. having a salty or spicy taste: a/qJup6c;, ntK(lVTLKoc; I prefer savoury snacks like pretzels or crisps to sweets. 2. having a pleasant smell or taste: yeuoTLK6c:;, opEKTtK6c; The savoury smell of roast lamb came from the kitchen. Der: savour (v)
22.74 sour (adj) ~having a taste like that of a lemon: ~Lv6c; The strawberries were sour so I sprinkled sugar on them. 22.75
greedy (adj} = wanting to eat or drink more than you need: AGi~apyoc;, cmt.noTO<; The first guests to help themselves at the buffet were so greedy that there was nothing left for the latecomers.
22.76
gourmet (n) :::: a person who knows a lot about good food and drink: Kaf.orpayac;, yaOTpov6~oc; My brother is a gourmet when it comes to wine.
casserole (n) :::: a dish made of meat or chicken and vegetables which is cooked slowly with liquid: <.payJlT6 KOToap6Aa~ The restaurant's speciality is the chicken casserole. 22.78 foodie (n) ::::someone who enjoys eating and cooking a variety of food: Kaf.orpayac; He is a devoted foodie who enjoys both cooking and eating all sorts of ethnic foods.
22.87
in season =fruit and vegetables that are growing now and are plentiful: Til~ snoxr']~ When strawberries are in season, /like to make strawberry jam.
22.88
(be) spoilt for choice = not sure what to choose because there is such a wide variety: iSEv E,tpw n va OtaAtE,w If you enjoy ethnic restaurants, you will be spoilt for choice in London.
22.89
side by side = next to each other: nAO.t-nA6t The girls sat side by side during the bus ride.
22.90
in a quandary = not able to make a decision: OE oit.n~~a I'm in a quandary; I really don't know whether to study or get a job next year.
22.91
indulge (in) (v) ~ let yourself do something you enjoy: unoKUnTw OE (IJtO an6Aauo11) !love the summer- it's my opportunity to indulge in leisure activities like reading.
WORD FORMATION (page 176) 22.92
assessment (n) =judgement or opinion made after careful consideration: EKTlJ.lflOll. aE,toA6yf]Oflln many schools, assessments of a pupil's progress are sent to parents twice a year. Der: assessor (n) assess (v)
22.93
closeness (n) = intimacy: OLKEL6TflTO, OTEV6TflTO After their holiday together the friends felt a new feeling of closeness with one another. Der: close (adj)
22.94
closure (n) =the shutting down of something permanently: KAEiotiJO, OtaKonr'] AetToupyla~ The closure of the car factories in the area has had a serious effect on the local economy.
22.95
commitment (n) = strong belief that something is good and should be supported: oto~euon Members of Greenpeace have a commitment to protecting the environment. Der: commit (v)
22.96
eagerness (n) = enthusiasm: AaxTOpa, avuno].lOVflOla In her eagerness to help serve the wine, Shelley dropped the bottle and it broke. Der: eager (adj)
22.97
exposure (n) =the state of being in a situation where something dangerous or harmful affects you strongly: tK880fl (ae KlviSuvo) Over exposure to the sun during childhood can lead to skin cancer in later life. Der: expose (v)
22.98
handful (n)
22.77
22.79
connoisseur (n) = person who knows a lot about art or food: yvti.loTJl~, stiSr']IJWV My sister is a connoisseur of wine and has a large collection of wines from alf over the world.
22.80
pulses (pi n) = seeds which are cooked and eaten such as peas or lentils: 6onpta Pulses and beans are an excellent source of protein and also low in fat.
22.81
herb (n) = plant whose leaves are used in cooking to add flavour to food: apw~GTLK6 ~6Tavo The herb oregano is often used in Italian cooking. Der: herbal (adj)
22.82
seasoning (n) ~ pepper, salt and spices that add flavour to food: ~naxapLK6, KapuKsu~a Why don't you add some seasoning to make this soup more interesting? Der: season (v)
22.83
spice (n) ~ substance from a plant added to food for flavouring: 1JnaxaptK6 Cumin and curry are spices used in Indian cooking. Der: spicy (adj)
22.84
in the mood (for) ~feel like doing something: txw OtO.Seon (va KO.vw K6n) Nick said he was in the mood for seeing a film.
22.85
on offer= currently available for sale: Ota8toq..1o~, ae npoo<.popO. There are a lot of new COs on offer at the music store.
22.86
S2
array (of) (n) ~ group of people or things of the same type or related in some way: napOTOE,f] There's an array of gold rings on display in the store window.
~
small number of people or things: That rock group is not very popular; only a handful of people attended their last concert. ~LKp6c; ap18~6c;
22.99
houseful (n) = large number of people in a house: tva onin ys~aTo (av8pwnouc;) We had a houseful of guests over the weekend.
22.100 investment (n) =something you buy or do because it
will be useful or profitable later: otKOVOf.itKr'] c:ntviSuon Buying your own home is a good investment. Der: investor (n) invest (v) 22.101 involvement (n) = act of taking part in an event,
activity or situation: av01JtE.ll We need the active involvement of the mayor in order to get this programme moving in the city. Der: involve (v): see 10.97
22.102
likeness (n) =see 20.67
RELATED WORDS (page
22.103
literature (n) =stories, poetry and plays that have artistic value: AoyoTEXVla He teaches modern English literature at the local college. Der: literary (adj)
22.116
minority (n) =less than 50%: ~etoljJ~q>ia Women were in the minority on computer courses 10 years ago but they're not in the minority today. Der: minor (adJ): ao~~avTo<;
22.104
seizure (n) =act of taking control of something, especially violently: Kmaoxw~ The court ordered the seizure of all the company's financial records. Der: seize (v) seized (adj)
22.117
gigantic (adj) = huge: ytyavnoc:; They built a gigantic shopping centre in our town.
22.11 B
vast (adj) = extremely large: Tepc'!onoc:; The shop stocks a vast range of products. Der: vastness (n)
COLLOCATIONS AND EXPRESSIONS (page
176)
22.105
wean (v) = see 22.19
22.106
quench (my) thirst= drink something so you no longer feel thirsty: o~~vw T~ oiljJo (~au) I quenched my thirst with a glass of cold water.
22.107
swallow (my) pride= do something that you think is necessary, although it makes you feel bad: ~a~w T~v unep~q>c'!Vela (~au) Kma ~tpoc:; He swallowed his pride and asked his younger brother to lend him some money
22.108
whet (my) appetite = make (me) feel that I want to have or do something: (~au) avoiyet T~v 6pe~~ Watching that programme about Japan really whet my appetite to see Tokyo.
22.109
watch (my) weight= see 22.50
MULTIPLE MEANINGS (page 22.110
heat = 1. (n) in sports, one of a series of races or competitions to decide on the finalists: npoKpq..J.anK6c; ayti:lvac; Chris came in first in the qualifying heats so now he has a place in the finals. 2. (v) = raise the temperature: ~emaivw We heated some milk to make hot chocolate. 22.112
113
22.119 dozens of :::: many: tva owp6 Dozens of students gathered in the cafeteria between classes. 22.120 tons of:::: a lot: n:p6ona noo6TTlTO I've got tons of food left over from the party so help yourself. 22.121
a pinch of= see 22.36
22.122
innumerable (adj) =too many to count: avapiS~~To<; Ed has innumerable complaints about the company where he works. Der: numerate (adj) numeral (n)
22.123
loads of= plenty: ~eye'!/>,~ noo6T~TO We'll have loads of dishes to wash after the dinner party.
22.124
a drop of= a little bit of liquid: ~la OT6Aa, ~la may6va I'll take just a drop of cream in my coffee.
22.125
abundant (adj) = existing in large quantities: aq>Sovoc:; The village has an abundant water supply. Der: abundance (n)
22.126
trace (n) =small amount of something: ixvoc:; She speaks English with just a trace of an accent.
22.127
immense (adj) =extremely large: n£/>,wpto<;, The new city library is immense. Oer: immensity (n)
22.128
majority (n) =more than 50%: n/>,etoljJ~q>ia Steven is class president because the majority of the class voted for him. Der: major (adj): o~~avnK6<;
22.129
a touch of= a little bit: Alyoc:;, ~ta ~lKP~ 66o~ I seem to have a touch of flu.
22.130
minuscule (adj) = tiny: ~lKpooKomK6<; Some poisons are deadly even in minuscule amounts.
22.131
meagre (adj) = less than you need: nevtxp6<;, The meal was meagre and we left feeling hungry.
177)
splash (v) = 1. cause water to fall noisily: mTotAi~w The children splashed the water in the pool. 2. publicize in a highly noticeable way: O~~OOleUW Oe nepiom~ Sto~ Didn't you hear about their divorce? It was splashed all over the papers. Der: splash (n)
feed (v) = make an emotion stronger: Tpoq>ooonil, ouva~wvw (~Tay~T6 The dog ate up all the food in its dish. eat (my) words = take back what (I) said earlier: naipvw niow m Myta (~au) I had to eat my words when our team won the championship after all.
177)
axav~<;
avenapK~<;
22.132
countless (adj) = many: a~tTp~m<; There are countless reasons why people visit Greece.
22.133
minute (adj) = very small: no)>,u ~lKp6<;, eMXlOTO<; This air filter system will keep out even the most minute particles of dust.
22.134
ample (adj) =plenty: aq>Sovo<;, apK£T6<; There is ample room on this sofa for three people.
22.135
a grain of truth= some truth: lxvoc:; a)>,~Setac:; You can't always believe him, but this time I think there is a grain of truth in what he says.
22.136
a speck of dust = bit of dirt: tva<; KOKKoc:; OK6v~c:; My aunt's house is so clean that there's not a speck of dust anywhere.
WORDS EASILY CONFUSED (page
178)
drop (v) = let fall: plxvw, aq>~vw (Kan) va ntoet 22.138 drip (v) =fall slowly in small drops (liquid): ma~w 22.139 splash (v) = see 22.110 22.137
53
'
UNIT 22 leak (v) =let liquid or gas escape from a container: on':!i;w, 6tapptw (yta uyp6, atpto) 22.141 spill (v) =see 22.65 22.142 pour (v) =make liquid flow out of a container by holding it at an angle: pixvw (uyp6), ocp~ipw (noT6) 22.140
cook (n) = person who prepares food: 116Y£tpa~ 22.144 cookery (n) =preparation of food (AmE: cooking):
22.143
~OYELPLKJi
22.145 cooker (n) =gas or electric appliance for cooking food (AmE: stove): ~AEKTpLKJi KOUi;iVO
(v) = cover with a thin layer: anAWvw, aAE:Lc.pw 22.147 squeeze (v) =press firmly: art~w 22.148 sprinkle (v) =shake a small amount over: naona/d~w. pavTii;w 22.146 spread
preservative (n) =chemical added to food to prevent it from spoiling: OUVTJlpf]nK6 22.1so conservative (adj) =not liking change or new ideas: OUVT~PWLKOC: (DE LOEEC:) 22.151 addition (n) =something put with other things: 22.149
npoo8JiK~. np6o8co~
22.152 eligible (adj) =allowed by rule or law to do
something: KOTclAAT")Aoc;, nou tX.Sl i5LKO[WIJO an6 TO V61JO 22.153 legible (adj) =readable: wavayvwoToc; 22.154 edible (adj) =suitable for eating:
22.167 a piece of the pie= a share of whatever money or
resources are available: ~spi6to T~C: nimc; (w
large amount anoppocpW tva 1J.Sy6Ao 11tpoc; XP11116Twv Buying a new car took a large bite out of our savings. 22.169 stay afloat= have just enough money to stay in
business: .smr3tWvw (otKOVOIJLK
( anpoctoonoi~m) Kate and Michael dropped in last night on their way home from the cinema. 22.171 break in (phr v) = enter a building by force: £LO~OAAW
nap6VOIJO Thieves broke in through the window and stole our TV and camera. 22.172 flood in (phr v) =arrive in large numbers: KOTOKAU~w
After the earthquake, donations for the victims began to flood in from all over.
or realise something fully: avnM~~avo~m ni.Jipwc; The consequence of my mistake finally began to sink in.
22.173 sink in (phr v) =understand
22.174 stand in (phr v) =take someone's place: avnKa8toTW,
avanAf]pWvw Martha stood in for me at work last night because I wasn't feeling well. 22.175 pack it in (phr v) = (inf) stop doing something: TO
METAPHOR AND MEANING (page 178) 22.158 cough up (phr v) =give someone money unwillingly:
nAf]pWvw avayKOOTLK6 My parents have to cough up a lot of money for my school fees.
napaT
or connected to something: ouvOtOIJOL IJE Your explanation does not tie in with what Joe said.
22.176 tie in with (phr v) =be consistent with
22.159 sponge off (phr v) =ask for money and other things,
22.177 trade in (phr v) =give an old car or appliance as part of
without paying anything back: i;w £LC: ~apoc; K6notou Tom sponged off his parents for a whole year until he finally got a job and moved out.
the payment for a new one: ayop6~w K6Tt OlvoVTac; TO nal.t6 we; T~ti~a T~C: a~iac; Bill traded in his old washing machine and got €1 00 off the price of a new one.
22.160 liquidate assets= sell what you own in order to use
the money: PEUOTOTIOL<.il n£pLOUOlOK6 OTOLX£ia The company had to liquidate most of its assets in order to pay off its debts. 22.161 cash flow (n) = movement of money into and out of a
business: OtaKLVf]Ofl peumoU I XP1lll6Twv Our company's cash flow has improved because sales have increased. 22 162 go under (phr v) = see 2.107 22.163 get greedy = want more than you need: ylvoiJOL
OnAf]OToc; The business was doing well until they got greedy and raised prices. 22.164 (a) slice of the market = share of total sales for a
particular product: IJE:pLOto OTf]V ayop6 Our company has been growing yearly, but our slice of the total market is still small. 22.165 down the drain= completely lost: (now) xa~tvoc;
Our plans to expand the business went down the drain when the bank refused to give us a loan.
or take a larger share than planned: Tp<.ilw IJ.SY6Ao IJ.SpLOto an6 K6TL Our expenses for this month have eaten into our savings because we had to repair the car.
22.166 eat into (phr v) =use
54
IN OTHER WORDS (page 179) 22.178 go off (phr v) = 1. become spoilt (food):
xar.w
(yta Tpo
22.179 make up for (phr v) =compensate: avanAf]pWvw, anoi;~~Lwvw She offered to make up for forgetting my birthday by inviting me to dinner.
In some areas, teenagers make up almost 50% of the population.
22.180 make up (phr v) = consist of: anoTc:AW
22.181 pour out= 1. (phr v) say everything that you feel: ~yai;w an6 ~too ~ou When I asked Sue what was wrong, she poured out her fears and her worries. 2. (v) put liquid into a glass or cup from a container: a6st6i;w (uyp6) There's a bit of orange juice left; pour it out and wash the pitcher.
Barbara dried up the water that had spilled. 2. stop talking because you do not know what to say: ~£XVW n r']SeAa va nw Dan was worried about drying up during his presentation at the conference. 3. see 18.128
22.182 dry up (phr v) = 1. remove water: oTc:yvWvw
UNIT24 Education and Assessment
24.12
numeracy (n) ~ basic skills in mathematics: yv
24.13
learning disability ~ condition that makes learning difficult: ~aenmaK~ i5uoKoAia Vivian has a learning disability in maths but is brilliant at painting.
24.14
optional (adj) ~ voluntary, not compulsory, available as a choice: npompeTtK6c; All students have to learn one foreign language, but learning a second one is optional. Der: option (n)
24.15
assessment (n)
TOPIC VOCABULARY (page 191) faculty (n) ~ 1. department or group of departments at an academic institution: navemoTrH.J.LOKI'\ axoAJi, Kmeu8uvon The biology department is in the Faculty of Sciences. 2. (ArnE) the staff at an academic institution: Oti5aKTLK6 npoowmK6 navemOTrlllLOKI'\c; oxoA~<; The faculty at the local high school are very well-qualified.
~
see 22.92
24.2
campus (n) ~ area containing the buildings that make up an academic institution: neptoxJi naventOTT]I..llou, KOA.eylou Ti oxoAelou The college campus is large and well maintained.
24.16
assignment (n) ~ task given as part of a job or a class: anOOTOA~, avaeeon epyaoia<; We have to complete this biology assignment by Thursday. Der: assign (v)
24.3
undergraduate (adj) ~ related to university studies for a first degree: npomUXlOK6c; When Marian finishes her undergraduate studies, she wants to go on to do a master's degree. Der: undergraduate (n)
24.17
24.4
postgraduate (adj) ~ related to studies following a first degree (ArnE: graduate): ~namuxtaK6<; Helen is enrolled in a postgraduate course in microbiology.
tutorial (n) ~ regular meeting of one or several students with a tutor: nponapaoKeuaoTLK6 Jl_68TJJlO The teaching methods at university include lectures, tutorials and laboratory work. Der: tutor (n): em~eAnT~<;. en6mn<; onoui5wv (oe navemm~~Lo ~ KoMyto)
24.18
collaboration (n) ~ the process of working together to produce something: ouvepyaola The research findings are the result of the collaboration between three different faculties at the university. Der: collaborate (v) collaborative (adj)
24.19
peer (n) = someone who is the same age or equal in status: ouvoJlr']ALKoc; Teenagers are more often influenced by their peers than they are by their parents or teachers.
24.20
degree (n) ~ 1. course of study at a university or college: oetpa ~aen~aTwv (oe navemm~~Lo ~ KOAAtyto) Laura is doing a degree in linguistics at the local college. 2. qualification received after completing a course of studies: muxlo Jenny is highly qualified for the job -she has an engineering degree. 3. unit for measuring temperature or angles: ~oipa, ~a8~6<; Water boils at too·c. 4. certain amount or level: eninei5o This job requires a high degree of mathematical skill.
24.21
evaluate (v) ~ make a judgement about the quality or worth of something: eKn~
24.22
A-levels (Advanced Level) (n) ~ examinations in various subjects taken at age 18 in order to be accepted at a college or university: etoaywyLKtc; e~naoeL<; After Rob passed all his A-levels, he applied to university.
24.5
primary (adj) ~ 1. related to the education of children aged 5-11: npwTO~aS~to<; A good primary education sets the foundation for secondary studies. 2. main or important: Kupto<;, npwTOPXLK6<; My primary aim is to get good grades so I can attend a good university. primary school ~ first six years of school (ArnE: elementary school): i5n~onK6 oxoAeio Michelle is nine and she IS in her fourth year at primary school.
24.6
academic (adj) ~ related to work done in universities and colleges, usually connected to studying rather than practice: aKai5T]JlOLK6c; Mandy got her academic training at Cambridge University.
24.7
curriculum (n) ~ all the subjects studied at an academic institution for a certain course of study: np6ypOJlJlO anouOWv The new curriculum at our school includes up to date subjects like computers.
24.8
lecture (n) = instructive talk on a specific subject, especially at a university or college: i5t<'tAe~n Tomorrow's lecture will be on Renaissance art. Der: lecturer (n) lecture (v)
24.9
24.10
24.11
workshop (n) ~ an occasion when a small group meets to learn about a subject by sharing their experience and knowledge: epyaoT~pLo Primary school teachers were invited to take part in a workshop on drama therapy. module (n)
~
one of the units of a course of study: ~aen~a. Se~mtKl'] ev6rnTa This course is made up of three four-week modules. Der: modular (adj): (YLO KUKAO anoui5wv) nou anapTl~ETOL an6 ev6TTJTE:c;
literacy (n) ~ ability to read and write: LKav6TnTO KOL avayvwon<; The national literacy rate can be improved by introducing programmes to teach adults how to read and write. Der: literate (adj) Opp: illiteracy (n)
' ~
24.23
GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education) examinations in various subjects taken at age 16: e~naoet<; lleuTepo~aS~ta<; EKnaii5euon<; I took six GCSEs this year.
24.24
junior (n) ~ (ArnE) third-year student: TpLTO£TJ1<; (~a8nT~<; I
24.25
kindergarten (n) ~ (Am E) first year of formal education for children aged 5 or 6: vnmaywyeio In kindergarten, children learn skills they need for first grade.
24.26
tertiary (adj) ~ related to education at university or college level: TpLTO~a8~Lo<; Bob thinks tertiary education is important and wants to study at university.
ypa
55
UNIT 24 24.27
elementaoy school (n) = (ArnE) first six years of school: on~onK6 oxot.Eio Children learn to read and write in elementary school.
24.43
substandard (adj) = below an accepted level: Km
24.28
graduation (n) = act of receiving a degree or qualification; ceremony at which you receive a degree: anocpo[TflOil After graduation, she went to work for a small law firm. Der: graduate (n) graduate (v)
24.44
antisocial (adj) = not interested in people or unwilling to meet and talk with people: avTLKOLVWVLK6C: Jack seems to be antisocial these days; he hasn't accepted any of my dinner invitations.
24.45
inter-school (adj) = between two or more schools: 6taoxoALK6c; Students from our school compete in inter-school debates against students from all around the country.
24.46
semicircle (n) = shaped like a half-circle: fl~LKUKALo The open-air theatre in our city has seats set in a semicircle around a stage.
24.47
bilingual (adj) =able to speak two languages: oiyt.woooc; Sam is bilingual; he speaks English and Greek.
24.48
monotonous (adj) = boring because of having a regular, unchanging pattern: ~ov6Tovoc; Putting stamps on 200 letters was a monotonous task. Der: monotony (n)
24.49
multiracial (adj) = made up of many different races: noAucpuA£TLK6c; New York is a multiracial city; it is home to people from all over the world.
24.50
extracurricular (adj) = related to student activities at school or college that are outside the course of study: £~woxot.IK6c;, £KT6c; npoypa~~moc; The college has many extracurricular activities including sports, an orchestra and a newspaper.
24.51
counterproductive (adj) = having the opposite result of what was planned: avTtnapaywytK6c;. ~Tl anoTeAeo~aTtK6c; Research suggests that harsh punishments given to young people are often counterproductive.
24.52
subway (n) = 1. tunnel for pedestrians that passes under a road: un6yeta Ot613aon Don't try to cross the motorway; use the pedestrian subway, instead. 2. (Am E) underground train system: un6y£1oc; mOnp66po~oc; When we were in New York, we took the subway to Lexington Avenue.
24.53
subtitle (n) = see 4.126
24.54
semiconscious (adj) = only partially awake and able to understand what is happening around you: n~IAln68u~oc;, ~IOOKOI~IO~tvoc; The phone woke me up and I answered in a semiconscious state.
24.55
prehistoric (adj) = related to the time in history before anything was written down: npotoToptK6c; The Natural Museum of Science has an interesting exhibit on dinosaurs and other prehistoric animals. Der: prehistory (n)
24.56
biannual (adj) = happening twice a year: £~a~~v1aioc; The company's investors hold biannual meetings in June and December.
24.57
hypermarket (n) = huge supermarket offering a very wide range of products: un£payopa Shopping at the hypermarket takes a long time because there are so many products to choose from.
24.58
anticlockwise (adj) = moving in the opposite direction to the hands of a clock (AmE: counterclockwise): avTl8£TO ~£ Tfl c.pop6 TWV OetKTWv TOU pot.oy1ou If the jam jar doesn't open easily, try turning it anticlockwise. Opp: clockwise (adj)
24.29
24.30
middle or junior high school = (ArnE) school in the US attended by students aged 11-14: yu~vamo Middle schools include students from grades 5-8 while junior high schools cover grades 7-9. senior (n) = (Am E) fourth-year student: TEAEI04JOITOC: (~aew~c; I 4JOITnT~C:) When you are a senior, you have to apply to college if you want to continue studying.
24.31
freshman (n) = (AmE) first-year student in high school or university: npwTDn~c; (~aew~c; I 4JOITnT~C:) Freshman year at college can be quite overwhelming because everything is so new.
24.32
high school (n) = secondary school: AUK8LO In Britain students attend high school from the age of 11 but in the US, they usually begin at age 14 or 15.
24.33
Key Stage = one of four levels in the British education system: (£Knat6EUTLK~) ~a8~i6a In the UK, primary education is divided into two Key Stages: years 1-2 and years 3-6.
24.34
nursery school (n) = school for children younger than five: nat6tK6c; oTa8~6c; Henry is starting nursery school in September.
24.35
sophomore (n) = (Am E) second-year student: 6EUT£pon~c; (~oew~c; I 4JOITnT~C:) Sophomores often concentrate on completing their required courses.
24.36
higher education =education at university or college level: avc.iJTOTfl £Knai6euon Not all high school graduates go onto higher education; some go to work.
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY PREPOSITIONS (page 192) 24.37
24.38
exception to the rule =something or someone that is different in some way and cannot be included in a general statement: e~alpeon oTov Kav6va Almost everybody in our family has blonde hair but with her brown hair, Jane's the exception to the rule. attitude (n) = see 6.117
24.39
substitute (n) = see 22.18
24.40
credit (n) = points given for successfully completing a course: ~6pto, l3a8~6c; The French course I'm taking is worth two credits. (be) given credit= acknowledgement lor doing something: tnmvoc;, Ot6Kpton He was given credit for having finished the project before the deadline.
WORD FORMATION (page 192) 24.41
24.42
56
preschool (adj) =education before children begin primary school: npooxoAtK6C: Children of preschool age may attend a daily playgroup. hyperactive (adj) = very active and agitated, unable to relax: unepKLVflTLK6c; Hyperactive children find it difficult to concentrate in class for long periods of time. Der: hyperactivity (n)
(lypersensitive (adj) = extremely sensitive:
24.75
work, so try not to hurt her feelings. hypersensitivity (n)
ruin (v) =destroy or damage: KmaoTpt
24.76
spoil (v) = make something worse: xal-w The bad news spoilt my birthday party.
!irepeuaio8~Toc; Jane IS hypersensitive to critic1sm of
, anticlimax (n) = situation that is not as exciting as you expected so you feel disappointed: anovoweunK~ tK~ao~ We put so much time and effort into planning the party that the actual event was
ADVERBS (page 193) 24.77
merely (adv) = used to emphasise that something is small in quantity, time or degree: ant-a, ~6vo Tim and Susan claim that they are merely good friends and nothing more.
24.78
intensively (adv) =with concentrated effort or activity over a short period of time: EvTanKO. Bob and I worked intensively and managed to finish the report within a week. Der: intensity (n): tvmo~ intensify (v): EVTEiVW intense (adj)
24.79
virtually (adv) = used to emphasise that something is almost true: OXE06V, OTllV npay~OTLK6TllTO John is virtually the only person I know who feels the way I do.
24.80
ideally (adv) = perfectly, preferably: LoavLK
24.81
actually (adv) = used to emphasise that something is really true: npawan, oT~V npawmtK6T~m My brother looks young but, actually, he's over 40.
an anticlimax. Der: anticlimactic (adj) extraterrestrial (adj) = relating to something that comes from another planet: e!;wy~Lvo<; Scientists have been debating for years whether extraterrestrial beings exist. Der: extraterrestrial (n) WORDS (page 193)
drawback (n) = disadvantage: ~ELOVEKT~~a The potential benefits of the surgery far outweigh the drawbacks so I think you should do it. pros and cons =see 8.54 pluses and minuses = advantages and disadvantages: TO auv KOL TO nA11v There are pluses and minuses involved in working for a relative; consider them all before taking a job with your uncle. curse (n) = 1. something that causes harm or trouble: ou~
MULTIPLE MEANINGS (page 193)
ifs and buts = see 8.55
24.82
terms (pi n) = conditions of agreement: 6pOL They agreed on the terms of purchase before they signed the contract. in terms of = used to specify which aspects of something you are considering: an6 111v Ctno4Jn The house is not impressive in terms of size but its design is exceptional. come to terms with = learn to accept an unpleasant situation or event: ou~~L~
24.83
mark = 1. (n) level or point: ~~eio Fill the measuring cup to the half-litre marl<. 2. (v) identify; note: ~~8L
24.84
degree (n) = see 24.20
24.85
grade= 1. (n) (ArnE) year in school: (oxoi-LK~) Till;~ Sarah was my best friend in third grade. 2. (n) letter or number that shows the quality of a student's work: ~a8~6<; I didn't get a good grade in the French exam because I didn't have time to study. 3. (n) the rank or level of a person in their job: ~a8~ii5a Whether an employee is entitled to a company car depends on his or her grade in the company. 4. (v) to give a mark to a student for a test: ~a8~ot-oyw The teacher spent all weekend grading papers. make the grade = succeed at something because you reach the standard: m6vw 111 ~Oon, neTuxalvw We didn't think Barry would make the grade as a pilot but he passed all the exams.
24.67
aid (v) = help: ~o~Sw The firefighters, aided by volunteers, rescued everyone from the burning building. Der: aid (n): ~o~Seta aide (n): ~o~86<;, ouvepyO.T~<;
24.68
ameliorate (v) = make better: ~EAnwvw, -o~OL Food shipments could ameliorate the short-term effects of the drought. Der: amelioration (n)
24.69
be conducive to (adj) = providing conditions that help something happen: w
24.70
benefit (from) (v) =see 2.74
24.71
detract from (v) = make something seem less good: ~EL
24.72
enhance (v) = improve quality or attractiveness: ~et-nwvw The new park will greatly enhance life in this neighbourhood. Der: enhancement (n)
24.73 have an adverse effect= have a negative effect: txw apVllTLKE<:; ouvE:netec; Cutting work hours has had an adverse effect on our business because it has hurt morale. 24.74
impair (v) = make something less good: e!;ao8evw, ~Mmw Some doctors believe that listening to loud music can impair your hearing. Der: impairment (n)
57
UNIT 24 METAPHOR AND MEANING (page 194) 24.86
wrestle with (v) = have difficulty dealing with a problem: naAE:uw (Kimoto np6~t.n~a) Hugh has been wrestling with his conscience about the correct
24.102 24.103
w:
way to react. 24.87
put (my) finger on = realise exactly what is wrong or different: s~nyw enaKpt~wc;, ovo~a<;w I can't put my finger on it, but I sense something strange about Brad.
24.88
open (my) eyes = make (me) realise the truth about a situation, especially an unpleasant one: ouvstonronmw rnv at.~Seta The visit to India opened my eyes to the potential difficulties in marketing there.
24.89
transparent (adj) = 1. can be seen through: otaqJav~c; That glass door is so clean it is transparent. 2. easily understood: ~eK08apoc;, e~qJav~c; Although they tried to deceive us, their real intentions were quite transparent. Der: transparency (n)
24.90
(be) under (no) illusion = see 6.160
24.91
handle (v) =see 2.55
24.92
grip (n) =firm hold on something: t.a~~. O
24.93
insight (n) = accurate, deep understanding of people or complex situations: ~a8u:J. yvc.iJofl, avrlAfllj.Jfl She often has good insight into other people's problems; I think she 'II make a good psychologist. Der: insightful (adj)
24.94
take a look at = examine: £~£T6~w If Troy had taken a look at the engine, he would have seen it was not new.
24.95
grasp (v) = 1. understand: KOTavoc.iJ It took a while for everybody at the meeting to grasp the significance of the president's announcement. 2. hold something firmly: mavw O
24.96
24.97
concept (n) = idea or abstract principle: apx!'), tvvOLa The lecturer had no trouble explaining the basic concept behind Einstein's theory of relativity. Der: conception (n) conceptual (adj): svvmot.oytK6<; blind (someone) with science = confuse (someone) with things beyond (his I her) understanding: ~nepli£uw (K6.nOLov) 1-1£ £nLOTili-IOVLKoUc; 6pouc; Mike blinds me with science when he talks about computers.
truancy (n) =staying away from school without permission: a0tKmoA6yf]TTl anouoia, Kon6va Der: truant (n) 24.105 bullying (n) = threatening to hurt or frightening someone weaker: eK
24.106
£~£T60£lC:
a natural talent to do something well: npotKLOI-Itvoc;, raAavroUxoc; 24.108 privileged (adj) =having special rights or advantages that most people do not have: npovoi-ILOUXOC: compulsory (adj) = must be done because it is an order, rule or law: unoxpewnK6c; Der: compulsion (n) compel (v) 24.110 oblige (v) =force someone to do something because it is an order, rule or law: unoxpec.iJvw (K6nOLov va K6V£L K6Tl) 24.109
24.111 tutorial (n) = see 24.17
Der: tutor: £nLI-IEATlTrlc;, £n6nTfiC: onouOWv (ae nav£moT!')I-ILO !') KoAtyto) 24.112 tuition (n) = 1. teaching of a subject: OtOaoKaAla 2. amount of money you pay to study: oiliaKrpa
facilitate (v) = make something easier to happen or be done: 0t£UKof...Uvw Der: facilitation (n) 24.114 stimulate (v) =inspire, make someone feel full of ideas and enthusiastic: napaKtvW Der: stimulation (n) 24.115 simulate (v) = produce something that looks or feels like a particular situation or object, but which isn't: (ano)l-lli-IOUI-Im, avanaptar6.vw Der: simulation (n) simulated (adj) 24.113
COLLOCATIONS (page 195) 24.116 fees (pin)= money paid to do something: a~m~~.
OlOaKTpa The increase in school fees this year has upset many parents. 24.117
must live or stay in a place for a certain period: nou 0LOI-IEV£l !') naptX£l OtOI-IOVr'] OTO Xc.i.JPO £pyaoiac; !') onouOWv Participants in the residential English course will be given rooms at the college dormitory. Der: residence (n) resident (n)
24.99
24.101
58
motivation (n) =feeling of interest, enthusiasm or reason for doing something: K(VIlTPO, tvaUOI-IO Der: motivate (v)
prodigy (n) = young person who has an exceptional natural ability in a particular area such as maths or music: (nmoi) Sau~a Mozart was a child prodigy; he started composing music when he was five years old. Der: prodigious (adj)
24.118 residential (adj) = 1. see 2.93 2. for which one
vocation (n) = see 2.59
lenient (adj) = not as strict as expected: enlelK~<; Der: leniency (n) 24.100 disciplined (adj) = well organised and following rules or standards: n£t8apxrwtvoc; Der: disciplinarian (n): onao6c; rnc; aumnp~c; net8apxiac; discipline (n): net8apxia disciplinary (adj): n£t8apxtK6<;
cram (for) (v) =learn as much as possible in a short time in preparation for an exam: npo£TOLI-16.~o1-1m yta
24.107 gifted (adj) = having
WORDS EASILY CONFUSED (page 194) 24.98
motive (n) =a reason for doing something: Kivnrpo motif (n) =a design or pattern used as a decoration: K£VTplK6 8t1JO, IJOT[~O
24.119
refresher course (n) =course to update knowledge in a specific area: £nLI-IOP
24.120
entrance exam (n) =a formal test which students must pass in order to be allowed to enter a college or university: £LoaywyLKtc; £~£r6oetc; She passed the entrance exam and went on to study economics.
mock (exam) = practice exam intended to be similar to the real one: i5oKt~aOTtK~ e~tTOOTl Our chemistry final is next week but we are having a mock exam tomorrow.
24.129 legal (adj) ~ 1. related to the law: vo~tK6t; The lege/ fees for drawing up the contract were 5% of the price of the house. 2. allowed by law: v6~t~ot; The legal drinking age here is 18.
oral (adj) ~ spoken: npmpoptK6c; I took my oral exam in English yesterday and had to speak for five minutes.
IN OTHER WORDS: phrasal verbs (page 195)
boarding school = school where students live: crxot-eio ~e otKOTpmpeio Students at boarding school do not go home until the end of term.
24.130 suck up to (phr v) ~ (inn be nice to someone in authority so they treat you well: KoA.aKeUw, KaA.omCtvoo Rick sucked up to his dad because he wanted to use the car this weekend. ~see
single-sex school = school where students are either all girls or all boys: crxot-eio BnMwv ~ apptvwv I went to a single-sex primary school and never studied with boys until high school.
24.131 drop out (on (phr v)
24.125
comprehensive school =state secondary school for students of all abilities and backgrounds: (i5n~6crto) yu~vamo yevtK~c; KOTeuSuvcrnc; Elissa graduated from the local comprehensive school and has gone on to a college.
24.134 dumb down (phr v) = make something simpler in a way that reduces its quality: (unep)anl-ouonuw The vocabulary in this book has been dumbed down and now it's not as interesting a read.
24.126
distance learning = method of studying at home using a computer or TV rather than attending classes: anouotc; i5t'at-t-nt-oypmpiac; Marlene is taking her degree by distance learning because she lives far from a university.
24.124
24.127
24.128
rote learning = learning by memorisation, rather than by thinking and understanding: ~asnon ~e ~nxavtK~ anoonl8LOT] Rote learning is suitable for memorising the multiplication tables but it's not sufficient for understanding higher mathematics. computer-assisted learning = method of teaching which uses computers as the major tool: 1168T]OT] llE XP~crn nt-eKTpovtKou unol-oytm~ Computer-assisted learning activities are available for all students enrolled in this course.
10.134
24.132 pick up (phr v) = see 2.116 24.133 drag on (phr v) ~ last for a long time: napmpa~w (cre i5u'tpKeta) The lecture seemed to drag on for hours.
24.135 count towards (phr v) = include in the calculation of something: cruvunol-oyi~o~m All the coursework counts towards the final mark. 24.136 swot (up) (phr v) =study hard, especially for a test: ll£A.eni:l £VTOTLK6 We've spent the past week swatting up on all the grammar rules for our final exams. 24.137 kick out (phr v) = force someone to leave: ano~aMw Todd was kicked out of school because of his bad behaviour. 24.138 clamp down (on) (phr v) =take strong action to stop people from doing something bad or illegal: ~a~w neptopto~6 The police are clamping down on speeding by setting stiff fines. 24.139 mess around (phr v) ~ (inn behave in a way that wastes time: onaTaA.W TO xp6vo llOU He spends most of his free time messing around with his friends.
VOCABULARY PRACTICE lUnits 22-24) A.
Complete the sentences with the phrasal verbs. Make any necessary changes. flood in
sink in
stand in
tie in with
trade in
go off
make up
dry up
1.
It's time to ............................ that old motorbike of yours for a newer model.
2.
Overseas students ............................ about 8% of the student body; the rest are British.
kick out
swot up
3. The actor ............................ halfway through his monologue and had to be reminded of his lines. 4. Edward spent all evening ............................ for tomorrow's history test. 5. I used to eat a lot of fish, but I ............................ it recently. 6. Ann has been living with friends ever since her family ............................ her ............................ . 7. "How does it feel to have won the gold medal?" "I don't know- it hasn't ............................ yet." 8. I usually work in the accounts department, but I ............................ for the receptionist while she's away. 9. The suspect's version of events didn't ............................ what witnesses had said. 10. Since the job advertisement appeared in the paper, the applications ............................ . B. Write T (True) or F (False). 1.
When we feel fed up it is usually because we have eaten too much food.
2.
Someone who is involved in tertiary education will be under 18 years of age.
3. 4.
If we devour something, we eat it quickly and hungrily....... If you simulate a place, you recreate it. ..... .
5.
Extracurricular activities often take place after school. ..... .
6.
If something is optional, we must do it. ......
7.
If you have a miniscule amount of something, you have a lot of it.
8.
If you see something mouth-watering, you want to eat it.
59
UNIT 26 C. Choose the correct word to complete each sentence. 1.
crockery I cutlery a. You've put the forks on the table but where is the rest of the ............... ? b. If we're having soup, the only ............................ we need are the bowls.
2. boarding I residential a. Michael's parents both work abroad so he attends a ............................ school. b. I'm taking a... .. ........... course so 1'!1 be sleeping on the college campus. 3.
pinch I handful a. You shouldn't add too much pepper- just a ............................ will do. b. Only a ............................ of students attended yesterday's lecture.
4.
undergraduate I postgraduate a. John hasn't got a degree yet- he's doing a I an . . .............. course. b. Some students go on to do ............................ studies after getting their first degree.
5.
gifted I privileged a. Children from poor families may not have as many opportunities as those who are more ................ . b. .. .......................... children sometimes don't find school challenging enough.
6.
drain I simmer a. Once the vegetables have boiled, ............................ them to get rid of all the water. b. The soup needs to ........................... gently for about half an hour.
7.
grate I slice a. ................. the bread and I'll make the sandwiches. b. Can you ............................ some cheese to sprinkle over the spaghetti?
8.
closeness I closure a. Since the ............................ of the corner shop, we've had to go to the supermarket. b. A special ........................... exists between the sisters and they spend a lot of time together.
D. Complete the sentences by combining a verb from the box on the left and a word from the box on the right. quenched
stay
open
pride
grade
afloat
swallow
watch
make
thirst
weight
eyes
1.
Unless sales improve, the company will not be able to .
2.
I .................... my .
3.
The entrance exams are very difficult and a large percentage of applicants don't .................... the .................... .
4.
The wildlife documentary really .................... her ................... to the problems some endangered species are facing.
5.
I know it's hard to say you're sorry, but you'll just have to .................... your .................... and apologise.
6.
Mary's supposed to be ................... her .................... , but I just saw her eating a huge ice cream!
. with a tall glass of iced tea.
26.5
chequebook (n) = book of printed cheques that can be used instead of money to make payments (AmE: checkbook): ~l~At6pto srmaywv Sally reported to the police that her chequebook was stolen.
26.6
fees (n) = see 24.116
26.7
expenses (pi n) = money that something costs or money that is needed to buy or do something: tE,oOa The company is making savings by cutting back on entertainment expenses. Der: expensive (adj)
26.8
budget (v) = to carefully plan how much money you spend: npounol.oyi~w (oanovn) The family budgeted their money carefully in order to buy a new car. Der: budget (n)
26.9
income (n) = money earned from work or investments: eto60rwa To boost his income, James found a second job working in the evenings.
26.10
overdraft (n) =money owed to a bank when you have spent more than you had in your account: unspavilAnl)Jn (an6 Tpans~lK6 l.oyaptao~6) The bank allowed Sam's business to have an overdraft facility.
TOPIC VOCABULARY (page 207) 26.1
26.2
26.3
26.4
60
interest (n) = money charged by a bank or other institution for lending you money or extra money you receive if you have invested a sum: T6Ko~ Banks pay interest on savings accounts.
savings account = bank account where interest is paid on money that is left untouched for a time: Aoyaptao[l6~ TOIJlEUTr]plou Jenny opened a savings account in order to put aside money to buy a flat. current account = personal bank account from which you can withdraw money using a chequebook or card at any time: Tpsxou~svoc; l.oyaptao~6c; I prefer paying by cheque from my current account rather than charging payments on my credit card. withdrawal (n) =taking money out of a bank account: avilAnl)Jn (XPn~aTWv) After making the withdrawal, I had only £5 left in my account. Der: withdraw (v)
grant (n) = money given by a government or business for a special purpose: emxop~ynOTJ The genetics department received a grant of £10,000 for advanced research. Der: grant (v) loan (n) = an amount of money borrowed from a bank or person: COvELO The government has announced a new housing loan scheme. Der: loan (v) 26.13
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY (page 208) 26.27
astronomical (n) = see 20.88
26.28
exorbitant (adj) = more than is reasonable: e~w
26.29
reasonable (adj) = see 20.98
26.30
prosperous (adj) = see 18.117
26.31
hard up (adj) = having very little money: a
26.32
impoverished (adj) = very poor:
26.33
bankrupt (adj) = unable to pay one's debts: My friend's business went bankrupt and had to sell off all its assets. Der: bankruptcy (n) bankrupt (v)
voucher (n) =a ticket or coupon that can be used instead of money to buy a particular service or
product: Koun6vL, oehrio The students gave their teacher a gift voucher for a bookshop as a gift at the end of the yea< 26.14
redeem (v) =to cash in or exchange for something
of value: e~apyupwvw, e~ayopa~w Food vouchers, which were given to the earthquake victims, can be redeemed at any supermarket in the area. 26.15
finances (n) =see 2.83
26.16
bargain hunting = looking for goods to buy at a cheap price: KUV~YL npompoptilv We went bargain hunting and I found a suit on sale at half price.
26.17
26.18
incentive scheme= plan which encourages people to do something or work harder because of the benefits: noALTLK~ npow8nonc; np6t6VTWV Our new incentive scheme offers customers free gifts if they spend more than €1 00.
26.20
26.21
26.22
26.34
takings (n) = money taken in: etonpa~etc; (AmE: take) The takings from ticket sales were over €20,000.
26.35
expenditure (n) = spending: oanavec;, t~ooa The government has been criticized for cutting down on public expenditure.
26.36
retail therapy= going out and buying things as a way of making you feel better psychologically: B6hm ma ~aya~ta yta LjJtilvta YLO va BehTLtilow 1n 6t68eo~ ~ou Richard tried retail therapy to cheer himself up: he bought a new television. brand loyalty = tendency only to buy a product made by a particular company: q.1mmooUv11 OE l.llO
(XPn~aTwv) Jack won't be able to open his own shop because he doesn't have enough capital.
26.37
26.38
= method
of purchasing goods at
vending machine (n)
= machine from
26.39
26.24
26.25
interest-free credit = buying something and paying for it later without additional charge: aToKn nimwOT] Smith's is offering DVDs on interest-free credit- you can pay in up to 12 payments with no additional charges. instalments (n)
=
series of regular payments made
over a period of time so you don't have to pay everything at once (ArnE: installments): Mow; You can pay for this video camera in 12 instalments. 26.26
outlet (n) = shop or organization where a certain product is sold: KQTQOTn~a ALQVLK~c; nwhnonc; The company is looktng for new outlets for its top-of-therange sportswear.
currency (n) = money used by a particular country: (xwpac;) The currency accepted throughout most of Europe is the euro. v6~to~a
26.40
26.41
share (n) = one of the parts into which ownership of a company is divided and which can be bought as an investment: ~ETOX~ My shares in British Petroleum have gone up in value recently. Der: shareholder (n) share (v) merchandise (n) = goods bought, sold or traded: EilnopeUI.laTa To increase sales, merchandise should
be arranged in an attractive display. Der: merchandising (n) merchant (n)
which you can
buy drinks, sweets, etc.: au16~amc; nwhnT~C: (W
resources (n) = valuable things which can be used or
oil and gold.
home from a catalogue which is delivered by post: mxuopo~LK~ napayyehla These toys are available only by mail order; they are not sold in the shops. 26.23
funds (pi n) = amount of money available to be spent:
inflation rate (n) = increase in the price of goods and services: nhn8wpto~6c; The htgh tnflation rate makes it harder to save money, since everything is more expensive. mail order
capital (n) = money or property, especially when used to begin a business or for investments: KecpOAmo
junk mail= unwanted advertising or information
received by post or email: avem8u~nm 6ta
XPEOKonn~tvoc;
26.42
goods (pi n) = products made to be sold, merchandise: EilnopeUI.laTa, dOll Nowadays most goods and services can be bought on the Internet.
26.43
stock (n) = the total amount of goods available for sale in a shop: anoSE:I.lOTO, moK The item I wanted wasn't in stock, so the shop had to order it for me. Der: stock (v)
PHRASAL VERBS (page 208) 26.44
make off (phr v) = leave quickly, escape: TO oKaw, opaneTeuw The robbers ran from the bank and made off in their getaway car.
26.45
lay off (phr v) =see 2.7
61
26.46
tail off (phr v) ~ gradually become less, before coming to a complete end: e::AaTTWVo!Jm, o~~vw Nancy's voice tailed off, her eyes closed and she fell asleep.
26.47
sell off (phr v) ~ sell all of something because you need the money: ~mout.w They're selling off their furniture to pay off their debts.
26.48
buy off (phr v) ~ pay money to someone so that they won't act against you: £~ayopil~w The proposed tax cuts are intended to buy off the working-class vote.
26.49
come off (phr v) ~ succeed or take place as planned: n£Tuxaivw The plan came off better than we could have hoped.
26.50
work off (phr v) ~work hard physically to get rid of a feeling or weight: anaAA6oao1-1at, ~e::
26.51
take off (phr v)
26.52
pay off (phr v) ~ pay the complete amount of money owed: £~O(j)Aw xptoc;, anont.~pwvw Edward has finally paid off the mortgage on his fiat. It's all his now. Der: pay-off (n) set off (phr v) = begin a journey or adventure: E,t:KLVW raE,LOL We're setting off for South America early on Friday:
26.54
send off (phr v) ~post: oTtt.vw, TOXU6po~w These orders need to be sent off first thing in the morning. Der: send-off (n)
26.55
round off (phr v) ~ do something to complete an event in a pleasing way: oAoKAilpWvw We rounded off the pleasant meal with a few drinks.
26.56
tear off (phr v) ~ take off something roughly: !;£KOAAW, ~yil~w ~ima Adam tore off his clothes and rushed into the shower.
26.57
rip off (phr v) ~ cheat by charging too much money: XP£lilvw un£p~OALKil, KAt~w They were ripped off at the garage: they paid far too much for the repairs on their car. Der: rip-off (n)
26.58
make off with (phr v) ~steal: KAt~w. ~ouTilw The burglars made off with all my jewellery:
26.59
put off (phr v) ~ make someone not do something or not like something: anorpE:nw The accident has put Tina off driving.
26.61
contain (v) = have inside: m:pttxw, neptA.atJrJ6vw This bottle contains 1.5 litres of mineral water. Der: container (n): oox£io contents (n): nspteX6~sva contained (adj)
26.66
receive {v) = get: AatJrJOvw, nalpvw I received a letter from London University yesterday. Der: receptacle (n): oox£io reception (n) receptive (adj)
26.67
seize (v)
26.68
store (v) = put away and keep until needed: ano8f1KEUw The books were stored in boxes until the new shelves were built. Der: storage (n) store (n) stored (adj)
26.69
secure (v) = get or achieve something: anoKnD, £!;ao(jlaAi~w The gymnast managed to secure a place on China's Olympic team. Der: security (n) secure (adj)
26.70
absorb (v) ~ soak up or take in: anoppo(jlw The school was overcrowded and couldn't absorb any more students. Der: absorption (n) absorbent (adj)
26.71
obtain (v) =get or achieve: anoKTW We weren't able to obtain tickets for the match on Saturday: Der: obtainable (adj)
see 2.117
26.53
26.60
26.65
leave off (phr v) ~ stop doing something: 6taK6mw The painters left off working at one o'clock to have lunch. write off (phr v) = decide something is not worthwhile: ~£YPil'I'W We've written off the project because it would have been too costly to do properly. Der: write-off (n)
acquire (v)
26.63
house (v)
~see
26.72
authorise (also -ize) (v) = give official permission for something to happen: eE,oumoOorW, eyKplvw A budget has been authorised for the conference. Der: authorisation (n): £~oumo66T~o~ authority (n): £~ouoia, 6tKmo6ooia
26.73
categorise (also -ize) (v) ~ divide people or things into groups with similar characteristics: KOTfiYOPLOnDLW The books in our school library are categorised into fiction, non-fiction and reference. Der: categorisation (n) category (n)
26.74
characterise (also -ize) (v)
26.75
clarify (v)
26.76
commercialise (also -ize) (v) =see 2.75
26.77
diversify (v)
~
provide a place to stay: cn£yil~w. The building houses more than 60 families. Der: house (n) housing (n): OTtyao~ housed (adj)
26.64
62
retain (v)
~
see 6.1 09
~
~see
4.116
see 4. 7 4 ~
see 4.152 ~
26.78
dramatise (also -ize) (v)
26.79
economise (also -ize) (v) = use money carefully so you waste as little as possible: K6vw OLKOVOtJla We will have to economise if we want to save enough money to buy a new car. Der: economy (n) economic (adj): OLKOVOtJLK6C:, OX£TLK6C: tJ£ H]V OLKOVOtJ[O economical (adj): OLKOVO~LK6<;, 4'T~v6c;
26.80
equalise (also -ize) (v) = make the same in size, amount or importance: eE,toWvw The government must equalise spending on education for all pupils. Der: equality (n) equal (adj)
12.72
(j)LAO~£vw
see 22.104
WORD FORMATION (page 209)
RELATED WORDS (page 209) 26.62
~
see 4.80
26.81
exemplify (v) = be a typical example of something: anOTE:AW xapOKTTlPlOTtK6 OEiYIJO Renoir's painting exemplifies the Romantic tradition. Der: example (n)
26.82
falsify (v) = deliberately change something in order to deceive: naponDLti>, nAaoToypa<.pW The accountant had falsified the company reports for 10 years before he was finally caught. Der: falsification (n) false (adj)
26.83
26.84
26.85
26.86
globalise (also -ize) (v) = to make something become generally accepted all over the world: i5Leupuvw (-o~m) nayKoo~iwc; Cable television helped g/obalise the television industry. Der: globe (n) global (adj) gratify (v) = to please or satisfy: LKavonDLw, euxapLOTW I was gratified to team that my advice was of help to you. Der: gratification (n) gratifying (adj) grateful (adj) horrify (v) =shock: Tpo~a~w. Tpo~oKpaTw I was horrified to hear about the earthquake in China. Der: horror (n) horrifying (adj): TpO~OXTLKO<; horrific (adj): qlpLKLOOTLK6<; humanise (also -ize) (v) = make something easier or more pleasant for people to deal with: e~avSpwni~w The minister wants to humanise the treatment of criminals. Der: human (n) humane (adj)
26.87
identify (v) = see 6.61
26.88
intensify (v) = see 24.78
26.89
internalise (also -ize) (v) = make an idea part of your way of thinking: utoSeTw (ti5E:a, Sewpia KTA.) Over time, he fully internalised his parent's ideals. Der: internalisation (n) internal (adj)
26.90
26.91
localise (also -ize) (v) = limit the size of an area affected to prevent spreading: neptopi~w (TomKO) The firefighters tried to localise the blaze to one building. Der: locale (n) local (adj) memorise (also -ize) (v) = learn something by heart: The only way to learn to spell irregular French verbs is to memorise them. Der: memorisation (n) memory (n) ano~v~~oveuw
26.92
moralise (also -ize) (v) = tell others what you think is right and wrong, and how they should behave: ~SLKol-.oyw I don't trust people who are constantly mora/ising; they often are dishonest themselves. Der: moral (n): ~8LK6 i5ioawa morality (n): ~SLK~, apn~ moral (adj)
26.93
mystify (v) = find something strange or difficult to understand: KOvw KOnmov va anopc:i, oaoTi~w Everybody was mystified by the magician's tricks. Der: mystifying (adj)
26.94
neutralise (also -ize) (v) = prevent something from having its normal effect: e~oui5erepwvw The rise in prices has neutralised my salary increase. Der: neutralisation (n) neutral (adj)
26.95
personalise (also -ize) (v) = mark or design specifically for the needs of an individual: npoownonotW The banks personalise chequebooks with your name, address and telephone number. Der: personal (adj)
26.96
popularise (also -ize) (v) = see 14.74
26.97
publicise (also -ize) (v) = make something known to the public: i5LO
26.98
simplify (v) = make easier: anl-.onotw We've simplified our operating instructions for home appliances. Der: simplification (n): anl-.onoi~o~ simplicity (n): anMT~TO simple (adj)
26.99
specialise (also -ize) (v) see 6.57
26.100
specify (v) =state or describe precisely what you mean or need: npooi5topi~w My clients have specified that they want a small house with a large garden. Der: specification (n) specific (adj)
26.101
stabilise (also -ize) (v) =reach a state where things are unlikely to change: OTa8eponOLw The main aim of the new economic plan is to stabilise the economy. Der: stabilisation (n): OT08eponoi~o~ stability (n): OTa8ep6T~Ta stabilizer (n) stable (adj)
26.102
subsidise (also -ize) (v) = see 14.35
26.103
symbolise (also -ize) (v) =represent: ou~~ol-.i~w The Parthenon symbolises Athens and the Eiffe/ Tower symbolises Paris. Der: symbol (n) symbolism (n) symbolic (adj)
26.104
typify (v) = be characteristic of something: xapaKT~pi~w My grandfather's dislike of popular music typifies the attitude of most older people. Der: type (n) typical (adj)
WORDS EASILY CONFUSED (page 209)
priceless (adj) = see 1 0.1 07 worthless (adj) = see 10.113 26.107 invaluable (adj) =extremely useful:
26.105 26.106
aveKTi~~To<;
26.108 discount (n) = reduction in the usual price: E:KnTWOfl 26.109 deduction (n) =amount subtracted from a total sum
of money:
aqJaipeo~
(nooou)
26.11 o 26.111
economic (n) = see 26.79 economical (adj) = see 20.93 26.112 finance (n) = see 2.83
26.113 bonus (n) =sum of money given as a reward or gift in
addition to your regular salary: i5wpo, t~Tpa a~OL~~ debit (n) =sum of money taken out of a bank account: XPi:wo~ (oe Tpane~LKO l-.oyaptao~6) Der: debit (v) 26.115 debt (n) =sum of money owed: xptoc; Der: debtor (n): OqJetMT~<; 26.116 credit (n) =possibility to pay for goods at a later date: niOTwo~ 26.114
26.117 26.118
lucrative (adj) = very profitable: emKepi5~<; well off (adj) = having enough money to keep up a good standard of living: euKaT6maToc;
63
26.119 extravagant (adj) = spending more than you can afford or costing more than is reasonable: anCnaAoc; 26.120 splash out (phr v) = (infj buy something expensive: onamAciJ XP~~ma METAPHOR AND MEANING (page 21 0) 26.121
repay (v) = return money borrowed; reward for a kindness: ~enA.11pWvw, avTano5l5w We repaid the loan from my parents in three years. Der: repayment (n)
26.134 branch (n) =see 10.3; 10.127 branch out (phr v) = see 4.148 26135 capital (n) = 1. see 26.36 2. a city or place that is famous for a certain activity: Ktvrpo (1-llOC: OpaoTJlpL6TJlTac;) Geneva is known as the banking capital of the world. capital punishment (n) = punishment by dea1h: 8avanK~ nmvf] Those against capital punishment argue that it does not effectively deter serious crime. 26.136 commission (n) = 1. money paid to a person
according to value of sales made: npo11~8eLa David works on commission so the more cars he sells, the more money he makes. 2. see 20.63 3. a group of people officially asked to control or find out about something: E:mrponf] A special commission was appointed to investigate the criminals of war. Der: commission (v)
26.122 pay (my) debt to society= do community service or serve time in jail to compensate for a wrongdoing: ~eni\flpciWW TO xptoc; IJOU OTflV KOLVWV[O After doing the six months of community service ordered by the court. /"ve paid my debt to society 26.123 owe (me) one = have to return a good deed or favour: ~ou XPWOTO<; xap~ I got you free tickets to the show; now you owe me one. 26.124
hold (someone) accountable= consider (someone) responsible: SewpW (K6notov) uneUSuvo The boss said he is holding me accountable for the safety of the visitors.
26.125 pay (someone) back (phr v) = do something unpleasant to someone in revenge for what they did to you: E:K6LKOUIJOL She paid him back for his rude behaviour by ignoring him the next time they met. 26.126 (be) indebted to (adj) = feel grateful to someone: E:IIJOL ruyvWIJWV OE: Sue is indebted to her uncle for his help in financing the purchase of her home.
26.137 brand (n) =a product or group of products known by name and made by a particular company: 1J6pKa People who buy popular brands of clothing may find themselves paying more for the name than for the actual product. brand-new (adj) new and unused: oAoKalvoupytoc; She got a brand-new car for her birthday brand (someone) (v) = label or mark someone with disapproval: OTLYI-LOTL~w He was branded a thief, even though there was no substantial proof that he had committed the crime.
26.127 take into account= see 14.99
IN OTHER WORDS (page 211)
26.128 give something back (phr v) =repay a kindness: avranoOiOw He donated money to the school as a way of giving something back to the community
26.138
take (my) time = not hurry: Kc'lvw K6n 1-LE: TO nc'loo IJOU Take your time with that project; you have six weeks to do it.
26.129 earn (v) = deserve something because of your efforts:
26.139
take out a loan = borrow money, especially from a bank: nalpvw 06vc:to We're taking out a loan for a new car because we don't have enough money to buy what we want.
KepOL~w
Kate earned the praise she got because her work was excellent. MULTIPLE MEANINGS (page 21 0)
26.130 figure (n) = 1. body or shape: cp1youpa. ociJ~a A distant figure moved quickly across the street. 2. number or amount : L/JJlc.plo. apt81-L6c; The number nine is written with the figure "9". 3. person who is important IJOp
26.140 take account of= consider something when you
are trying to make a decision: Aa11f36vw un6L/Jn When planning my annual budget, I have to take account of medical expenses. 26.141
26.142 take (my) custom elsewhere= buy from another business because of dissatisfaction: L!Jwvl~w an6 aMou (A6yw 6uoaptOK8lO<;) After my butcher cheated me, I decided to take my custom elsewhere. 26.143
make a fortune = become very rich: Kc'lvw nE:ptouoia Aristotle Onassis made a fortune in shipping and became a multimillionaire.
26.144
make do = succeed in dealing with a situation by using what is available: apKOUIJOL oe Kc'ln The stereo broke, so they had to make do with their old one.
26.145
make ends meet= have just enough money to buy What you need: TO
26.132 charge (n) = 1. formal accusation of a crime:
KOTfJyopia Mrs Jenkins is facing a charge of assault because she hit the postman. 2. money which must be paid for a service: xptwof), OLKOVOI-LlK~ em[36puvof1 Ask what charges are involved before taking a loan. in charge of = responsible for: uneUSuvoc; yta Mark is in charge of our offices in the southern region.
26.133 credit= 1. (n) see 26.116 2. (v) add money to a bank account: mon.i..Jvw (Aoyaptao116) When you make a deposit, the money is credited to your account three days later. 3. (n) see 24.40 interest-free credit= see 26.24
64
take (something) lying down= accept something without protesting or defending yourself: OtXOIJOL (Kiln) a61a~apTup~m She refused to take the sexist comments of her male colleagues lying down.
26.146 make the most of= get the maximum from: a~LonOLW oro tnaKpo There's only one day /eft of our holiday so let's make the most of it!
VOCABULARY PRACTICE (cumulative review) A.
Complete the sentences using the verbs on the left. Make any necessary changes. The mugger threatened to ............................. Jason if he didn't hand over his wallet. budget gratify stab enrich moralize credit identify mark exemplify demolish squeeze negotiate
2.
3. 4.
Having recently lost my job, I can ............................. with anyone who is out of work. The passage that my teacher wants me to learn ............................. in the book. The union leader ............................. with the management for better working conditions.
5.
The architecture of the main hall ............................. early nineteenth century tastes.
6.
The house had been so badly damaged in the earthquake that it had to ............................. .
7.
Unless we ............................. carefully, we won't be able to pay the bills this month.
8.
She ............................. the sponge to get as much water as possible out of it.
9.
The couple agreed that their life had been ............................. by the birth of their grandchild.
10.
After the sale of her house, a large sum of money ............................. to her bank account.
11.
William ............................. that his proposal had been of interest to the board of directors.
12.
Stop ............................. ! I can decide for myself what's right and what's wrong.
B. Complete the expressions with the correct verb. Then match the expressions to their meanings. take
®
have
....... m.~k~.......
~
1.
........................ 2. ............. 3. ............. 4. ................ 5. ........................ 6. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7. 8.
read
1/&J
make
~.,
get e keep
do
a.
have something difficult to do
going
b.
hide information from somebody
my time
c.
try hard to prevent something happening
ends meet
d.
start to speak in a public discussion
somebody's mind
e.
start to work or leave a place
.. 1... f.
a stand
manage with whatever is available
the floor
g.
not do things quickly
somebody in the dark
h.
just have enough money for what you need
........................ 9.
my work cut out for me
i.
accept something without a fight
........................ 10.
something lying down
j.
know what someone is thinking
C. Choose the correct answer. 1.
Thanks to a government income I grant, my grandmother was able to have a solar panel installed.
2.
We just don't have the capital I takings to set up a business.
3.
As head of the department, I am held accountable I applicable for any mistakes that are made.
4.
The government set up a commission I commitment to investigate the problem of bullying in schools.
5.
If you don't drink enough water, you are in danger of suffering from insomnia I dehydration.
6.
The gallery was full of priceless I invaluable works of art.
7.
If you pass the rote I mock exam, chances are you'll pass the real thing.
8.
Having been betrayed by his friends, John became increasingly bitter I delighted.
9.
The flooding has destroyed some crops but the extent I status of the damage is not yet known.
10.
Add some pulses I spices to the soup to give it a stronger flavour.
Replace the underlined words or phrases with the phrasal verbs below. Make any necessary changes.
'
wear out r;,."r, round off ® act on ~ brush up on e phase out make off with s drop in o pay back o crack up e get at 1. We ended our day in London with a meal at a Chinese restaurant.
.................................. ..
2.
Paul should be home. Let's visit him on the way home from the supermarket.
3.
Please be more direct! I just don't understand what it is you're trying to say.
.................................. . .. ............................... ..
4. They are going to gradually stop using the old machinery at the factory. 5.
Shoplifters had stolen a number of DVDs from the shop.
6.
You must be exhausted after your twenty-mile hike.
7.
I regret not following your advice- next time I will. .................................. ..
8. John swore to get revenge for what I had done.
.. ................................ .
.. ............................... ..
9. You'll never get a job in Germany if you don't improve your German. .. ....................... .. 10. Jenny told a joke and the rest of the class laughed uncontrollably.
.. ................................. .
65
:! '
A
alarmed 6. 73
a drop in the ocean 18.129
all go 20.138
a drop of 22.124
all-inclusive 8.14
a grain of truth 22.135
alleged 4.122
a great I good deal of 2.121
allergy 6.40
a piece of the pie 22.167
alleviate 6.34
a pinch of 22.121
altitude 18.21
a raw deal 2.121
ambiguous 12.118
a speck of dust 22.136
ameliorate 24.68
a touch of 22.129
amenities 8.5
A-levels 24.22
amphibian 10.13
abdomen 6.2
ample 22.134
abolish 10.49
an ounce of help 18.141
absorb 26.70
analytical 20.86
abstract 20.11
ancestor 6.95
abundant 22.125
anecdote 12.13
academic 24.6
animator 16.92
acceptance 4.69
annoyance 4.71
access 8.107
anticlimax 24.60
accessible 20.81
anticlockwise 24.58
account (for) 6.62
antique 12.87
accountant 16.1 03
antisocial 24.44
achieve 6.98
apart 22.157
acquire 12.72; 26.62
appeal 4.119
acronym 12.12
appliance 16.3
across the board 8.101
applicable 20.87
act 4.140
apply 2.120
act on 4.140
apply (myseiD 2.120
activist 16.91
apprehensive 6.94
actually 24.81
apprenticeship 2.14
acupuncture 6.29
approve 10.51
adapt 4.104
arch 20.2
adaptable 20.82
archaic 12.88
adaptation 4. 70
arid 18.16
adept 4.105
array (oD 22.86
addicted 4.120
artefact 20.12
addiction 6.32
artery 6.3
addition 22.151
arthritis 6.46
administration 2.32
artificial 16.36
admirable 20.83
aspect 2.64
adopt 4.103
assessment 22.92; 24.15
adorable 20.84
asset 2.44
advance 16.84
assignment 24.16
advocate 10.50
associate 6.60
affect 6.1 02
asthma 6.54
affectionate 2.61
astronomical 20.88; 26.27
affordable 20.85
at the forefront of 4.68
agent 4.1
attendance 4. 72
ahead of schedule 8.108
attitude 6.117; 24.38
aid 24.67
audible 20.70
ailment 6.39
audition 4.40
air an opinion 12.39
auditorium 4.2
austere 18.94
66
bonus 26.113 book 12.113 boost 2.95 border 14.58 (be) bound for 8.1 D6 boundary 14.59 back down 12.44
box office 4.4
back out 1D.131
branch 1D.3; 1D.127; 26.134
backpacking 8. 1
branchout4.148; 1D.127; 26.134
backstage 4.3
brand 26.137
bacteria 16.14
brand loyalty 26.2D
ban 1D.45; 1D.52
brand-new 26.137
bank 26.131
brand (someone) 26.137
bank holiday 26.131
break a journey 8.1 D5
bankrupt 26.33
break down 12.49
bar 1D.53
break in 22.171
bargain hunting 26.16
breeze 18.29
~-~"'
bark 1D.2; 1D. 73
brick 14.96
barrier 14.6D
bright 4.132; 2D.124
base on 4.27
brilliant 4.13D
bear (a) signature 2D.58
bring in 4.147
bear (it) in mind 6.156
broadcaster 4.5
bear a grudge 2D.57
broaden 2.96; 12.56
bear a resemblance (to) 2D.59
brochure 8.13
bearable 2D.89
bronze 14.98
bedsit 14.8
brotherhood 14.43
beef 22.7D
browse 12.25
beneficial 2. 7 4
bruise 6.14
benefit (from) 24. 7D
brush up on 2D.39
beyond (someone's) comprehension 1D.15D
bud 1D.4
biannual 24.56
budget 26.8
bilingual 24.47
built-up 14.26
biography 12.67
bulky 18.1D4
biotechnology 16.33
bullying 24.1 D5
bit by bit 16.122
burn out 1D.139
bite 22.114
bush 1D.1
bits and pieces 8.56
butt in 4.99
bitter 22.72
button 16.1 D7
bitterly 6.14D
buy off 26.48
blame (for) 6.55
by and large 8.58
blame (on) 6.55
by hand 6.159
bleak 2D.123
bypass 14.32
bleat 1D.72
c
blind (someone) with science 24.97 blockbuster 4.25 blossom 1D.1 D blurb 12.1 blurt out 4.94 board (of directors) 2.5; 8.1 D1 board 8.1D1 boarding school 24.123 boast 6.69 boil down to 12.41 boiler 16.23
'
calcium 22.7 calf 1D.64 calorie 22.39 campaigner 16.93 campus 24.2 canvas 2D.16 capital 26.36; 26.135 capital punishment 26.135 capsize 1D. 76 captivate 1D. 78
67
capture 10.77; 20.27
co-operative 2. 79
carbohydrate 22.2
co-star 4.8
career ladder 2.13
coastguard 18.42
cash flow 22.161
coastline 18.41
casserole 22.77
coat 10.128
cast 4.6; 4.138
cold-blooded 10.18
cast (an) eye over 4.138
collaboration 24.18
cast a shadow 20.129
colleague 2.35
cast doubt on 4.138
colloquial 12.125
catch (someone's) attention 20.45
column 20.7
catch (someone's) eye 20.44
come across 4.47
catch a glimpse 20.46
come down on (someone) like a ton of bricks 18.136
catch in the act (of) 4.140
come in for criticism 12.35
categorise 26.73
come off 26.49
cater for 8.1 09
come out 4.46
cautious 18.1 05
come to (my) attention 12.122
cease 10.151
come to light 20.133
celebrity 4.7
come to terms with 24.82
cell 16.34
come up against a brick wall 14.85
censorship 4.41
come up with 4.146
cereal 22.1
come-down 12.54
chair 2.54
commentator 4.53
characterise 4.116; 26.74
commercial 2.75
charge 26.132
commercialise 26.76
chat-show host 4.55
commission 20.63; 26.136
chatter 4.101
commitment 22.95
check-in 8.34
common 16.85
cheerful 6.79
common sense 6.25
chequebook 26.5
community centre 14.14
chest 6.5
commuter belt 14.13
chew 22.20
companionship 14.45
chick 10.34; 10.65
compatible 18.60
chilly 18.106
competitive 2.76
chirp 10.68
compile 16.75
cholesterol 22.44
complement 12.71
choosy 18.1 07
complementary therapy 6.53
chop 22.55
complexity 4.75
circular 20.1 03
compliment 12.69
circulate 2.46
comply 6.59
circulation 6.44
compound 16.27
citizenship 14.44
comprehensible 20.90
civilise 14.73
comprehensive school 24.125
clamber 18.76
comprise 16.74
clamp down (on) 24.138
compromise 16.73
clarify 26.75
compulsory 24.1 09
clarity 4.74
computer-assisted learning 24.128
clerical 2.29
conceivable 20.91
cliff 18.3
conceive (of) 6.1 00
clockwork 16.1 09
concentration 6.51
clone 16.41
concept 24.96
closeness 22.93
concern 10.153
closure 22.94
concisely 12.27
cloud 4.133
concrete 14.95
68
condemn 10.54
crayon 20.17
(be) conducive to 24.69
creature 10.37
conduct 6.104
credibility 4. 76
conductor 4.56
credit 24.40; 26.116; 26.133
cone 20.120
credits 4.125
confide (in) 6.58
crew 4.10
confidential 2. 77
critic 4.26; 4.59
congestion 14.27
croak 10.69
connoisseur 22.79
crockery 22.25
conscience 6.116
crop 22.52
conscious 6.115
cross 6.74
consent 10.55; 12.86
cross (my) mind 6.156
conservative 22. 150
crust 22.38
conserve 10. 79
cub 10.66
consistency 22.28
cube 20.122
consonant 12.14
culinary 22.8
constructive 2.78
cultivate 10.116
consult 6.19
curator 16.95
consume 22.22
cure 6.36
consumer 16.94
currency 26.39
contagious 6.22
current 18.89
contain 26.65
current account 26.3
contaminate 22.51
curriculum 24.7
contemporary 12.89; 20.72
curse 24.65
contemptuous 20.7 4
curved 20.112
content 12.84; 18.61
cutlery 22.27
contestant 4.54
CV 2.43
context 12.85
cyberspace 16.31
continent 18.13
cylinder 20.119
contract 2.12; 2.97 conventional medicine 6.52
conversion 18.1 00 convert 14.23 convey 12.126 cook 22.143 cooker 22.145 cookery 22.144 cope (with) 2.56 correspondence 12.2
corridor 14.7 corridors of power 14.84 costly 18.108 costume drama 4.9
cough up 22.158 count towards 24.135 counterproductive 24.51 countless 22.132 cover up 20.38 crack a joke 12.37 crack up 4.150 crackdown 12.51 cram (for) 24.106 cramped 14.17 crave 22.17
D dairy 22.15 dam 18.9 damp 18.83 dash 18.74 dawdle 18.75 dawn 4.135 dawn on 4.135 dazzle 4.131 deaden 12.59 deal 2.121 deal with 2.121
'
debit 26.114 debt 26.115 debut 4.42 decent 18.97 dedication 4. 77 deduction 26.1 09 deep-rooted 10.124 deeply 6.144 defective 16.39 deficient 18.64 degree 24.20; 24.84 dehydration 6.28
69
dejected 6.85
dome 20.1
delay 8.9
domestic 10.87
delegate 2.20
dominate 12.40
delighted 6.88
double-glazing 14.9
deluge 18.121
doubtful 10.99
demand 2.49
dough 22.33
demolish 14.18
down-and-outs 2.111
demonstrate 20.77
down the drain 22.165
departure lounge 8.11
download 16.17
dependent 16.1 05
downpour 12.53
depressed 6.87
downright 4.112; 6.143
derive 6.66
downsize 2.100
descendant 6.96; 18.95
dozens of 22.119
descent 18.96
draft 2.51
despondent 6.93
drag on 24.133
destination 8.20
drain 22.29
detached house 14.11
dramatisation 4.80
deteriorate 2.98
dramatise 26.78
detract from 24.71
dramatist 16.96
device 16.32
draught 18.90
devote 6.71
draw a comparison 20.50
devotion 4. 78
draw a conclusion 12.130; 20.51
devour 22.67
draw attention to 20.52
diagonal 20.110
draw up 20.34
dig 10.117
drawback 24.62
dig around 10.117
drift 8.88; 18.38
digest 22.56
drip 22.138
digestible 20.92
drive at 8.99
dim 4.128
drizzle 18.27
diminish 2.99
drop 22.137
director 4.11; 4.57
drop in 22.170
disc jockey (DJ) 4.58
drop out (of) 10.134; 24.131
disciplined 24.100
drought 18.26
disclose 12.38
dry up 18.128; 22.182
discount 26.1 08
dull 4.134
discourage 6.68
dumb down 24.134
discover 16.79
dune 18.4
disgraceful 10.147
dutiful 10.1 00
disloyal 6.130
duty 2.31
disobedient 6.134
duty-free shop 8.10
disorder 6.4 7
dwelling 14.12
displeased 6.81 disrepair 14.29
E
dissertation 12.23
eagerness 22.96
dissimilar 6.138; 22.156
earn 26.129
distance learning 24.126
earthenware 14.97
distract 6.67
ease up 20.37
distraction 4. 79
easel 20.24
district 14.57
eat into 22.166
diversify 4.152; 26.77
eat up 22.115
diversion 18.98
eat (my) words 22.115
docile 10.85
eating disorder 22.13
documentary 4.12
economic 26.11 0
domain 2.62
economical 20.93; 26.111
70
reconomise 26.79
explore 16.81 exposure 22.97 extend 2.1 03 extensive 2.82 extent 10.46
effect 6.1 01
exterior 14.28
effective 2.60
extermination 10.93
efficiency 2.33
extinction 10.92
elaborate 6.56
extracurricular 24.50
elementary school 24.27
extraterrestrial 24.61
eligible 22.152
extravagant 26.119
embark on 8.112 emigration 10.84 emission 16.28 emotional 2.80 enact 12.55 enclose 12.57 encode 12.58 encounter 10.41 endorse 10.56 enforce 12.61 engrossed 4.118; 18.63 enhance 24.72 enlarge 2.1 01 enrich 12.62 ensure 12.63 entrance exam 24.120 entrust 12.65 environmentalist 16.97 envisage 16.71 equalise 26.80 equator 18.12 erase 20.21 erosion 18.15 eruption 18.14 escort 8.26 estate agent 14.1 0 estuary 18.1 ethics 16.44 evaluate 24.21 eventful 10.1 01 evolution 10.91; 16.82 exception to the rule 24.37
excessive 2. 81 executive 2.19 exemplify 26.81 exorbitant 26.28 exotic 8.86 expand 2.1 02 expedition 8.22 expenditure 26.35 expenses 26.7 expertise 2. 73 explicit 12.76
F fabric 20.4 facilitate 24.113 faculty 24.1 faint 4.129 fall through 2.110 falsify 26.82 fantastic 6.111 far and wide 8.51 far-flung 8.33 fasten 12.60 fattening 22.40 feasible 2.132 feast 22.9 feather 10.32 featherless 10.115 feature 4.115 fed up22.112 feed 22.112 feedback 2.130 feel10 feet tall18.139 fees 24.116; 26.6 fence 14.1 fend for 10.35 fertile 10.118 fibre 22.3 field 2.63; 10.125 figure 26.130 figure out 16.58 '
filter out 16.53 finance 26.112 finances 26.15 financial 2.83 find out 12.127 firm 2.41 flair 20.29 flash 4.127 flat 14.86 flat on (my) back 14.86 flat out 14.86 flawed 10.141 flexibility 6.50
71
flexible 20.94
genetically modified 22.46
flock 8.45
genuine 10.89
flood 18.122
get at 8.100
flood in 22.172
get I come to grips with 24.92
flood the market 18.122
get down to business 2.127
floor 14.87
get going 20.141
flourish 10.119
get greedy 22.163
flow 18.91
get into 4.141
fluid 16.13
get into gear 16.111
fly high 2.108
get (my) foot in the door 14.82
foal 10.67
get (my) point across 12.128
focus 4.117
get the picture 20.134
focus a camera 20.49
getaway 8.35
focus attention 20.48
gifted 24.1 07
focus (my) energy 20.47
gigantic 22.11
fog 18.31
give out 16.54
follow (a) conversation 8.96
give (someone) an inch and (he'll) take a yard 18.137
follow (someone's) train of thought 8.97
give something back 26.128
follow the herd 8.46
(be) given credit 24.40
follow up 20.33
glad 6.80
food chain 22.45
glance 16.67
food poisoning 22.41
gland 10.30
foodie 22.78
glimpse 16.61
footnote 12.28
globalise 26.83
for good 4.65
gloomy 18.1 09; 20.125
for nothing 2.125
glorious 18.110
foreman 2.4
go back 4.48
forthcoming 4.43
go cheap 20.137
fracture 6.15
go down as 4.51
freelance 2.1 0
go into 4.49
freshman 24.31
go off 22.178
frost 18.32
go off track 8.92
fruitful 10.102
go on 4.52
frying pan 22.24
go on and on 20.136
fully 6.142
go on to 4.50
fundamentally 10.140
go round in circles 8.87
funds 26.37
go the extra mile 18.135
fur 10.24
go under 2.1 07; 22.162
furious 6.75
go with 20.140
furry 20.117
goes to show 20.144
further 2.38
(be) going strong 20.143
G gale 18.33 gale-force wind 18.33 gaze 16.63 GCSE 24.23 gear 16.111 gene 16.40 generally 14.75 generate 4.153 generator 16.24 generosity 4.81 genetically engineer 16.38
72
goods 26.42 gourmet 22.76 GP 6.20 grade 24.85 gradually 16.121 graduation 24.28 grant 26.11 grape 22.58 grasp 24.95 grate 22.54 gratify 26.84 grease 22.34
horrify 26.85 hospitable 8.6 house 26.63 houseful 22.99 household 14.63 grounds 18.80
housekeeping 14.64 housewarming 14.65
guesthouse 8.4
H habitat 10.20 hack 16.29 hail 18.82 hail from 18.82 hammer 16.106 hammer home 16.1 06 hand-me-down 12.52 handful 22.98 handle 2.55; 24.91 hang up 20.31
housing estate 14.15 howl10.74 human resources 2.39
humanise 26.86 humid 18.84 hurricane 18.22 hygiene 6.26 hype up 4.143 hyperactive 24.42 hypermarket 24.57 hypersensitive 24.59 hypothetical 20.95 hysterical 20.96
hard up 26.31 hardware 16.1 harmonious 18.111
icon 20.14
harsh 18.92
ideally 24.80
hatch 10.17
identify 26.87
have (my) work cut out for (me) 2.129
identify with 6.61
have a (reasonable) command of a language 12.120
its and buts 8.55; 24.66
have a few pints 18.138
ignorance 4.82
have a go 20.139
illicit 12.77
have a word with 12.115
illustration 20.13
have an adverse effect 24.73
imaginary 6.11 0
hazardous 18.112
imaginative 6.112
heat 22.111
imitation 4.83
heatstroke 18.47
immature 6.131
heatwave 18.48
immense 22.127
hedge 14.2
immigration 10.82
helping 22.62
immoral 6.132
hemisphere 18.11
immortal 6.133
herb 22.81
immunity 16.46
herd 8.46
impact 10.43
hibernate 10.21
impair 24.7 4
(a) hidden agenda 12.105
implementation 14.33
high school 24.32
implicit 12.75
high-flying 2.109
imply 12.116
higher education 24.36
impose 10.44
highlight 4.36; 4.1 09
impoverished 26.32
highly 6.145
imprecise 6.135
hint 12.132
(be) in (one's) good books 12.113
hitchhiking 8.2
in a quandary 22.90
hold (someone) accountable 26.124
in a sense 6.157
hold back 12.133
in captivity 10.47
hold out 10.137
in charge of 26.132
horde 8.48
in comparison with 4.64
horizontal 20.113
in conjunction with 4.62
73
in droves 8.49
insert 16.89
in earnest 6.161
insight 24.93
in many respects 4.61
insistence 4.84
in no time 4.66
insomnia 6.38
in pursuit 10.39
inspiration 4.85; 20.19
in search of 2.123
install 16.16; 16.88
in season 22.87
instalments 26.25
in shape 20.135
instructive 2.87
in terms of 24.82
insufficient 6.139
in the footsteps of 8.11 0
intake 6.27
in the mood (for) 22.84
intensify 26.88
in the nick of time 16.123
intensively 24.78
in the vicinity 8.113
intentional 2.88
in the wild 10.48
inter-school 24.45
in tune with 14.1 00
interest 26.1
in vain 6.162
interest-free credit 26.24; 26.133
inaccurate 6.119
interierence 4.86
inadequate 6.120
interior design 14.16
incensed 6.83; 10.148
internalise 26.89
incentive 14.36
intuition 6.118
incentive scheme 26.17
invaluable 26.1 07
inclusive 2.84
invariably 16.118
income 26.9
invent 16.80
inconsistent 6.121
inventive 2.89
inconsolable 6.86
invertebrate 10.15
incubate 10.33
investment 22.100
(be) indebted to 26.126
involve 10.97
indecisive 6.122
involvement 22.101
indicate 20.76 indigenous 10.25
indigestion 6.42 indulge (in) 22.91 ineffective 6.123 inevitability 14.107 infallible 6.125 infect 6.103
irrigation 18.24 irritated 6.89 isolated 8.19; 18.62 issue 12.114 it pains (me) 6.154 it's a foregone conclusion 14.104 it's conceivable 14.1 05 itinerary 8.31
infectious 18.113
J
infer 12.117
jagged 20.111
inflation rate 26.21
jargon 12.15
inflexible 6.127
jaw 6.9
influential 2.85
joint 6.33
infrastructure 14.31
jot down 12.46
ingest 22.68
junior 24.24
ingredient 22.30
junk mail 26.18
inhabit 14.67
juvenile 12.91
inherit 14.68 inhibit 14.66 inject 16.90 innovative 2.86; 12.90 innumerable 22.122 inquire 12.73 inscription 12.82 insecure 6.136 insensitive 6.137
74
K keep (someone) in the dark 4.136 kettle 16.8 key 14.88 Key Stage 24.33 keyboard 16.9 kick in the teeth 6.153 kick out 24.137
literate 12.79 kidney 6.6
literature 22.103
kindergarten 24.25
liver 6.8
kingdom 14.46
loads of 22.123
kitten 10.59
loan 26.12
L laboratory 16.5 lactose intolerance 22.16 lamb 10.62 land 8.103 land a job 8.103 landlord 14.37 landmark 18.55 landscape 20.22
localise 26.90 lodge 8.30 long-term 2.17 look on the bright side 20.124 lose half a stone 18.140 lowly 2.118 lucrative 26.117 lung 6.7 luxurious 18.114 lyrics 12.5
landslide 18.54 late in life 6.155
M
lawn 14.3
machinery 16.4
lay 10.23
mail order 26.22
lay down 12.45
mainland 18.25
lay off 2.7; 26.45
majority 22.128
lay the table 10.23
make a breakthrough 16.47
laze around 4.145
make a fortune 26.143
lead 14.93
make a go of 20.142
leak 22.140
make a stand against 10.154
learning disability 24.13
make cutbacks 2.6
leave 2.65; 8.102
make do 26.144
leave no stone unturned 10.126
make ends meet 26.145
leave off 26.60
make light of 20.133
leave to chance 8.1 02
make (myself) understood 12.131
lecture 24.8
make off 26.44
leftovers 20.80
make off with 26.58
legal 24.129
make out 16.62
legend 12.3
make redundant 2.2
legible 22.153
make sense 6.157
lenient 24.99
make the grade 24.85
lens 20.5
make the most of 26.146
let (someone) know 12.129
make up 22.180
let-up 8.37
make up for 22.179
letdown 8.40
makeover 10.143
life 6.155
malfunction 4.151
ligament 6.1
mammal10.12
light up 20.131
managerial 2.37
likelihood 20.68
manhood 14.47
likeness 20.67; 22.102
manual12.6
likewise 20.66
manufacturing 2.8
limelight 4.111
manuscript 12.30
line (of work) 2.57
marble 14.94
linguistics 12.4
march 18.73
liquid 16.12
mark 24.83
liquidate assets 22.160
marked 24.83
literacy 24.11
martyrdom 14.48
literal12.78
mash up 22.21
literary 12.80
masterpiece 4.30; 20.28
75
maternity leave 2.42
multimillionaire 8.70
mature 12.92
multiplex 4.31
maturity 4.87
multipurpose 8. 79
meagre 22.131
multiracial 24.49
medication 6.24
multistorey 8. 76
meditation 6.49
mumble 4.95
memorise 26.91
mural20.8
merchandise 26.41
mystify 26.93
merciless 10.103 merely 24.77 mess around 24.139 metabolism 22.4 meteoric rise 2.112
mew 10.70 microscope 16.19 microwave oven 16.7
middle or junior high school 24.29 migraine 6.45
migration 10.83 mild 18.30 mind 6.156 mind reader 12.112 mineral 22.6
minority 22.116 minuscule 22.130 minute 22.133 miracle cure 6.150
miserable 6.90 mission 20.65 mix-up 8.39; 20.36 mock (exam) 24.121 modem 16.10 modify 16.35 module 24.1 0
N nag 4.93 narrow down 12.50
natural 10.90 neglect 14.41 negotiate 2.48 neigh 10.75 nest 10.22 neutralise 26.94 nibble 22.66 non-fiction 12.7
none of (my) business 2.126 not have the faintest idea 4.129 not mind 6.156 (do) not stand a chance 14.111 notice 16.66 notify 6.65; 12.123 novel 12.93 novice 12.94 now and again 8.59 numeracy 24.12 numerous 18.115
nursery school 24.34 nurture 10.26 nutritious 22.42
monitor 16.113
0
monotonous 24.48
object 6.1 06
moo 10.71
objectivity 4.88
moralise 26.92
oblige 24.110
mortgage 14.19
observe 10.80; 16.65
motif 24.103
obsessed 18.59
motionless 10.1 04
obsolete 12.95
motivation 24.101
obtain 26.71
motive 24.1 02
occupant 14.42
motor 16.22
occupation 2.58
mount (a) campaign 20.42
off the beaten track 8.18
mount (a) photograph 20.41
offence 4.89
mount (an) exhibition 20.43
official 2.90
mouth-watering 22.10
offspring 10.36
move in an unexpected direction 8.90
omission 20.64
movie buff 4.14
on a large(r) scale 4.63
multicoloured 8. 71
on a regular basis 16.116
multicultural 8. 72
on hand 6.164
multilingual 8. 74
on impulse 6.165
76
oversee 16.68 oversimplify 8. 73 purpose 6.163
oversleep 8.60 overtime 2.23
on the grounds that 18.80
overview 18.1 03
on the lookout 18.1 02
owe (me) one 26.123
on the market 14.20
p
on the part of 4.67 (be) on the right I wrong track 8.93 on the threshold of 14.78 one-way system 14.34 open (my) eyes 24.88 opening 14.79 opportunity knocks 14.81 opt (for) 6.64 optional 24.14 oral 24.122 ordinary 16.87 organic 22.47 originality 4.90 ornament 20.9 out and about 8.53 out of the question 14.1 08 out of work 2.124 out-of-date 12.97 outdoor 14.61 outlet 26.26 outline 12.26 outlive 8.67 outlook 2.68; 18.101 outmoded 12.96 outnumber 8. 78 outright 4.114 outset 8.36 outskirts 14.56 outsmart 8.81 outspoken 12.121 outstay 8.80 outvote 8.68 outward 14.62 outweigh 8.69 oval20.106 over the hill 12.98 overactive 8.62 overboard 18.86 overbooked 8. 77 overcast 18.28; 18.87 overcharge 8.82 t overcook
8. 75 overdraft 26.10 overeat 8.63 overestimate 8.61 overjoyed 6. 76 nv~r<::&>::IC::
18.88
PA 2.22 pack 8.47 pack it in 22.175 package 8.15 pain relief 6.31 paint a picture 20.134 palette 20.25 paperback 12.8 paperwork 2.21 pastry 22.35 patch 18.36 patent 16.30 pay a compliment 12.36 pay (my) debt to society 26.122 pay (someone) back 26.125 pay off 26.52 peach 22.61 peak 18.5 peel 22.31 peer 16.70; 24.19 pelvis 6.10 people skills 2.34 perceive 6.99 perfectly 6.146 perilous 18.116 perk 2.26 permanent 2.11 permissible 20.97
permission 2.67 permit 2.66; 10.57 personalise 26.95 perspective 2. 70 petrified 6. 77 phase out 16.56 physical 10.88 pick up 2.116; 20.35; 24.132 picture 20.134 picturesque 20.23 pile-up 8.41 pinch 22.36 pioneer 8.32 pitiful 10.1 05 plain 18.81 plant 10.129 play down 12.43 play up 4.142
77
playwright 4.60
promote 2.30
plod 18.71
promptly 12.124
plot 4.34
proofread 12.29
plum 22.60
property 14.39
pluses and minuses 24.64
pros and cons 8.54; 24.63
poacher 10.96
prospect 2.69
poetry 12.16
prospects 2.18
pointless 10.106
prosperous 18.117; 26.30
polish off 22.11
protest 10.58
popularise 14.74; 26.96
provisional 16.119
pork 22.59
psych out 10.133
portion 22.63
publicise 26.97
portrait 20.15
pulses 22.80
pose a problem 20.54
puppy 10.60
pose a question 20.55
put a stop to 10.156
pose for a photo 20.53
put in 2.27
post 2.16; 12.24
put (my) finger on 24.87
postgraduate 24.4
put off 26.59
posture 6.48
put on 4.149
pottery 20.3
pyramid 20.121
pouch 10.27 poultry 22.43 pour 22.142 pour out 22.181
a quench (my) thirst 22.106 quotation 12.17
predator 10.31; 10.94
R
predecessor 6.97
radiant 20.126
prefer 14.70
radiator 14.6
preferable 14.69
radical10.142
preferential 2.91; 14.71
rainbow 18.44
prehistoric 24.55
raindrop 18.46
premiere 4.44 premises 14.30
preschool 24.41 prescription 6.23; 12.81 presenter 4.15
preservative 22.149 preserve 10.81 pretence 4.91 prevailing 6.43 prey 10.95 priceless 10.1 07; 26.105
rainfall 18.43 rainforest 18.45 raise awareness 16.48 raise expectations 16.49 raise money 16.50
ratings 4.124 ray 20.127 ray of hope 20.127 reach a compromise 16.52
reach the top 2.113 read between the lines 12.111
primary 24.5
read into 12.106
primary school 24.5
read (someone) like a book 12.104
primitive 12.99
read (someone's) mind 20.56
prior to 8.111
readership 14.49
priority 2.72
reasonable 20.98; 26.29
privileged 24.1 08
rebellious 18.118
procedure 16.42
recall 6.1 08
processed 22.48
receive 26.66
prodigy 24.117
recruit 2.53
producer 4.16
rectangular 20.1 04
professional 2.92
redeem 26.14
progress 16.83
78
refresher course 24.119
reiterate 12.119
run 2.52
relentless 10.108
run a mile 18.132
remainder 20.78
run down 12.48
remedy 6.37
run like clockwork 16.109
remind 6.1 07
run out 10.136
reminisce 4.96
run through 4.144
remote 8.23
rural 14.24
renewable 20.99
s
renovate 14.38 renowned 4.123 repay 26.121 represent 20.75 reptile 10.11 require 12.74 resemble 10.28 reservoir 18.1 0 residential 2.93; 24.118 resign 2.122 resign (myselry to 2.122 resistible 20.1 00 resort 8.16 resources 26.38 respectable 20.101 respond 6. 70 restless 10.1 09 restore 14.40; 20.61 restore confidence (in) 20.62 restore order 20.60 resume 12.68 retail therapy 26.19 retain 6.109; 26.64 return (a) compliment 12.33 review 4.45
revolve 10.98 rewind 4.107 rib 6.11 ridge 18.7 rip off 26.57 rise to a challenge 2.36 rising star 2.119 rising tide 18.131 root 10.120 rosy 20.128 rote learning 24.127 rough 8.85; 20.116 round 20.108 round and round 8.50 round off 26.55 rub salt in the wound 6.148 rucksack 8.3 ruin 24.75 ruins 20.79 rule out 12.107 rumour 12.18
safe and sound 8.57 sainthood 14.50 salary 2.25 saucepan 22.26 savings account 26.2
savoury 22.73 say (something) in a roundabout way 8.91 scaly 10.19 scar 6.152 scar (someone) for life 6.152 scare 22.49 scared 6.78 scenery 8.25 sceptical 6.113 scholarship 14.51 scramble 18.77 screen 16.114 screenplay 4.39 screenwriter 4.17
screw 16.108 script 4.35 sculpture 20.6 seasoning 22.82 sector 2.9 secure 26.69 see (someone f something) in a new light 20.133 see (something) through rose-coloured glasses 20.132 seed 10.5 seize 26.67 seizure 22.104 select 2.47 self-catering 8.17 sell off 26.47 semicircle 24.46 semiconscious 24.54
send off 26.54 senior 24.30 sense 6.157 sense of direction 6.157 sequel 4.29 sequence 4.33 serving 22.64 set 2.45; 4.18; 4.139 set foot in 8.104 set in (my) ways 4.139
79
set off 26.53
solid16.11
set up 2.50
sophomore 24.35
settle 18.35
sort out 16.60
shade 20.26
sour 22.74
shadow 20.129
sow 10.121
shadow hanging over (me) 20.129
spanner 16.110
shameless 10.11 0
specialise 6.57; 26.99
shape 20.135
specialist 16.98
shapeless 10.111
species 10.14
share 26.40
specify 26.1 00
shed 14.5
spectacle 10.149
shed light on 4.137
spell (it) out 12.108
shell10.16
sphere 20.118
shore 18.2
spice 22.83
shortly 16.117
spill 22.65; 22.141
show paintings 20.40
spine 6.13
shower with 18.125
spiral 20.109
shrink 2.104
splash 22.11 0; 22.139
shuffle 18.72
splash out 26.120
shutter 14.4
spoil 24.76
side by side 22.89
(be) spoilt for choice 22.88
sieve 22.23
spokesperson 16.1 04
significance 2.71
sponge off 22.159
simmer 22.32
sponsorship 14.53
simplicity 4.92
spotlight 4.110
simplify 26.98
spread 22.146
simulate 24.115
sprinkle 22.148
single out 10.135; 16.59
square 20.1 07
single-sex school 24.124
square meal 22.12
sink in 22.173
squeeze 22.147
sisterhood 14.52
stab 6.151
situations vacant 2.3
stab (someone) in the back 6.151
sketch 20.20
stabilise 26.101
skull 6.12
staff 2.40
slang 12.19
stage 4.19
sleet 18.34
stagger 18.78
slice 22.57
stalk 10.6
(a) slice of the market 22.164
stamp out 10.130
sling 6.16
stand down 12.47
slogan 12.20
stand in 22.174
slope 18.18
stand out a mile 18.133
slum 14.21
staple 22.69
small print 12.9
stardom 14.54
smooth 20.115
stare 16.69
snap at 4.100
start from scratch 10.155
snapshot 20.1 0
starve 22.14
snowdrift 18.56
state of affairs 10.145
(be) snowed under 18.130
state-of-the-art 4.38; 12.100
snow11ake 18.57
status 2.133
so-called 4.121
stay afloat 22.169
soaking 18.85
steel 14.91
socialise 14.72
steer (a) conversation 8.95
soil 18.23
stem 10.122
80
take a dive 2.115 take a large bite out of 22.168 take a look at 24.94 take a sudden I unexpected turn 8.89 take account of 26.140 take into account 14.99; 26.127 take issue with 12.114 take off 2.117; 26.51 take on 2.15 take out 16.57 take out a loan 26.139 take precautions 16.51 take shape 20.135 take the floor 14.87 takings 26.34 up a conversation 12.32
tale 4.28
18.79
tame 10.86 tamper 16.43
I woman 4.21
tangible 20.71 tear down 12.42
k:f":rintinn
12.10; 12.83
tear off 26.56 technician 16.99 temporary 20.73 tendency 16.120
!standard 24.43 22.18; 24.39 4.126; 24.53
terminal 8.8 terms 24.82 terrain 8.27 terribly 6.140 terrified 6.84 tertiary 24.26 test tube 16.20 thaw 18.37 the ends of the earth 8.21 the key to 14.80 the odds are 14.1 06 the time of (my) life 6.155 there and back 8.52 there is a distinct possibility 14.1 02 there is little prospect of 14.1 03 there's a slim chance 14.110 thoughtful 6.114 threshold 14.78 thrilled 6.91 thriller 4.22 thrive 10.42 throw a spanner in the works 16.11 0 thunderclap 18.50 thundercloud 18.49 tie in with 22.176 tighten 12.64 tighten the screws 16.108 timber 14.90 timely 18.119
imAthinn)
lying down 26.141
81
tin 14.89
unlike 22.155
tiptoe 18.66
unlock 14.83
to go 20.145
unspoilt 8.84
tons of 22.120
unwind 4.1 08
tools of the trade 16.112
up for sale 14.25
torrent 18.123
up-and-coming 2.114
(a) torrent of 18.123
up-to-date 12.1 01
totally 14.77
upgrade 16.18
touch up 20.30
upright 4.113
touchdown 8.38
upset 6.82
trace 22.126
urban 14.22
trade in 22.177
utmost 10.152
trail 8.28
utterly 6.147; 10.146
trailer 4.23
v
transfer 8.7; 16.77 transform 16.78 translator 16.100 transparent 24.89 transplant 16.76 travel agency 8.12 treat 6.35 trekking 8.24 trendy 18.120 triangular 20.1 05 trickle 18.124 truancy 24.1 04 trudge 18.67 trunk 10.7 try out 16.55 tuition 24.112 tutorial 24.17; 24.111 twig 10.8 twinkle 20.130 twinkle in (someone's) eye 20.130 typical 16.86 typify 26.1 04
vaccination 6.21
vaccine 16.37 vacuum cleaner 16.6
valley 18.8 vast22.118 vegetarian 16.1 01
vein 6.4 vending machine 26.23 venomous 10.38 venue 4.24 verse 12.21 vertical 20.114 veteran 12.1 02 view 16.72 villain 4.37 vintage 12.103 virtual reality 16.26 virtually 24.79 virus 16.15 visible 20.69; 20.1 02 vitamin 22.5 vocalist 16.1 02
u
vocation 2.59; 24.98
(be) under (an) illusion 6.160
voice 12.31
(be) under (no) illusion 24.90
volcano 18.20
under canvas 8.29
voluntary work 2.131
underage 6.158
voucher 26.13
underdressed 8.66
vowel12.22
undergraduate 24.3
w
underline 12.11 0 underrate 8. 65 understaffed 8.83 undervalue 8.64 unearth 10.123 unfaithful 6.124 unfamiliar 6.126 unintentional 6.128 unjustifiable 10.144 unjustified 6.129
82
wade 18.70 wade through 18.126 waffle 4.98 wander 18.65 wander off the topic 8.94 washout 8.43 watch (my) weight 22.50; 22.109 watercolour 18.53; 20.18 waterfall 18.51
witness 16.64 wonder where (a) conversation is going I leading 8.98 wood 14.92 word 12.115 work off 26.50 work out 10.138 workload 2.24 workshop 24.9 worthless 10.113; 26.1 06 wouldn't bet on 14.109 wound 6.148
~lderness 18.19
wound (someone's) pride 6.148 wrestle with 24.86 write off 26.61 written all over (my) face 12.109
windscreen 18.40 wipe the floor with 14.87 withdrawal 26.4
y yearn 6.63 youthful 10.114
withhold 12.34 within reach of 14.101
83
