Solid Waste Management Bangladesh

The paper is prepared for the presentation for the National Workshop for REGA and CDM Awareness Building & Motivation under the ADB PREGA Project in the Western Inn. Ltd., Khulna Bangladesh on 03-04 July, 2005, organized by Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies

People’s Perception of the Existing Solid Waste Management of Khulna City Corporation (KCC) Area: A Case Study of Participatory Management

The views expressed in this paper are the views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), or its Board of Directors or the governments they represent. ADB makes no representation concerning and does not guarantee the source, originality, accuracy, completeness or reliability of any statement, information, data, finding, interpretation, advice, opinion, or view presented.

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People’s Perception of the Existing Solid Waste Management of Khulna City Corporation (KCC) Area: A Case Study of Participatory Management Professor Dr. Md. Mahbubur Rahman, Vice Chancellor, Khulna University, Bangladesh Dr. Md. Salequzzaman, Associate Professor, Environmental Science Discipline, Khulna University, Bangladesh, and Research Fellow, Institute for Sustainability and Technology Policy (ISTP), Murdoch University, Western Australia, Phone: +880 41 813239, Fax: +880 41 731244, Email: [email protected] / [email protected] Md. Mezbaul Bahar, Lecturer, Environmental Science Discipline, Khulna University, Bangladesh Md. Nazim Uddin, Lecturer, Environmental Science Discipline, Khulna University, Bangladesh Md. Atikul Islam, Lecturer, Environmental Science Discipline, Khulna University, Bangladesh; and Md. Abdullah Yousuf al Harun, Lecturer, Environmental Science Discipline, Khulna University, Bangladesh

Abstract: Generation of solid waste (SW) is a major problem in urban areas, thus its management is one of the important obligatory functions to not only urban local authority but also for the urban peoples. The research focuses on existing solid waste management (SWM) system of Khulna City Corporation (KCC) area for improving its inhabitant’s environmental health and how peoples perceived on SWM activities of the KCC areas. The research also finds out the participatory management system through analyzing the peoples’ perceptions is an alternative to its regular activities. For example, house to house SWM. Finally the research suggests some appropriate recommendations on how a participatory-sustainable solid waste management system could be developed in the area of KCC to achieve its goals.

1. Introduction Waste is nothing but useful material at wrong place. This waste management, particularly solid waste management is one of the important obligatory functions of not only urban local authority but also of the awareness of urban people. But this essential service of Khulna City Corporation (KCC) is not efficiently and properly performed by the local bodies and the people are not aware about this problem, resulting in many health, environmental and sanitation problems. It is observed that lack of financial resources, institutional weakness, improper selection of technology, transportation systems and disposal options, public’s apathy towards environmental cleanliness and sanitation have made this service unsatisfactory. The fundamental objectives of solid waste management program are to minimize the pollution of the environment as well as utilizing the waste as a resource. These goals should be achieved in a way that is financially sustainable, i.e. using methods that can be afforded by the community over the long term and with minimum risk to the persons involved. Methods of solid waste management vary greatly with types of wastes and local conditions. The best systems are designed by fixing together the fundamental goals, a clear analysis of local conditions and factors, an understanding of the full range of technology options that are available and an awareness of the traditional wisdom and systems that the local people have developed. 1.1. Meaning of solid waste and its management Solid wastes are all wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally solid in nature and that are discarded as useless or unwanted. It is a generic term used to describe the things we through away that include garbage, refuse, trash, and others. Solid Waste Management refers all activities pertaining to the control, collection, transportation, processing and disposal of those in accordance with the best principles of public health, economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics and other environmental considerations. It includes all the procedures from the source and final disposal which

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should not have any harmful effect to the environment or least environmental effect that could be integrate by any physical or technical or social activities. This management also includes all attendant administrative, financial, legal and engineering functions. 1.2. Participatory Solid Waste Management: Participatory or Community-based management of services backed by measures to strengthen local institutions in implementing and sustaining solid waste management programs, is one of the guiding principles in international declarations such as New Delhi Consultation in 1990 and reconfirmed in Agenda 21 (Ahmed and Rahman, 2000). Participatory management is an approach that seeks to make the best use resources available within the community with support from government or any NGO or organization. In communities or user groups, take on more tasks and responsibilities, relieving agencies of routine solid waste management and maintenance duties through and learning approach by promoting changes of prevailing attitude, behaviour, norms, skills and procedures. 2. Khulna City Corporation (KCC) Khulna City is the third largest city of the Bangladesh, which is located in the in the southwestern part of the country. It s situated between 210 38‫ ״‬and 230 1‫״‬north latitude and 890 8‫ & ״‬890 58‫״‬east longitude and is 16 ft. above mean sea level. The city stands on the western bank of the river Bhairab. The initial growth of the city started along the river bank in the south some times in early nineteenth century and the real spread started towards north-west. It grew into a linear shape. The shape is influenced by a physical barrier-the river on the east and in availability of build able land on the west. Although the city is growing spatially in a substantial scale the city’s normal function has been founded to be highly depended on the city center (Islam, M. A., 2004)). Total area of the Khulna city is 47.0 sq. km. comprising 31 wards. In 2004, total population of Khulna city was 1.5 Millions with a growth rate of 1.54 (interview of KCC Authority). Gross population density of the Khulna City is 18,000 persons per sq km (USAID, 2002). The Khulna Municipality was established in 1884 and in the year of 1991 it was converted to Khulna City Corporation. 3. Generation of solid waste in KCC According to interview of the KCC people and the relevant NGO Khulna City Corporation generates around 455 tons of municipal solid waste per day considering all the sources and the generation rate is 0.75 Kg/capita/day on an average. The maximum part is organic waste among all generated wastes in KCC and rest is inorganic waste and the amount inorganic hazardous wastes are 5 tons which are generating from the 50 hospitals/clinics. Waste generation rate varies from area to area and season to season. High amount of municipal waste is generated during May to July because various types of seasonal fruit are available in that time.

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Figure-01: Khulna City Corporation. (Salequzzaman, 2005). 3.1. Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste in KCC Domestic wastes are the main sources of MSW in Khulna city Corporation. The other important sources of municipal solid wastes are Commercial wastes which comprises of markets, hotels, restaurants, hospital/Clinical, institutions including schools, colleges and government offices, construction & demolition, municipal services like street sweeping, drain sweeping, treatment plant sites and other wastes.( Salequzzaman, Banerjee and Ahmed, 2005) The household sector is the primary source of Municipal solid wastes in Khulna city. About eighty percent wastes are coming from domestic sources. These are includes organic, inorganic non-hazardous and inorganic hazardous. Mainly clinical and some industrial wastes are inorganic hazardous wastes.

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Waste Generation Rate, gm/capita/day.

250

200

150

100

50

0 Khalishpur R/A

Mujgonni R/A

Munshipara R/A

Nirala R/A

Sonadanga R/A

Study Areas

Figure-02: Waste Generation Rate in Five Residential area in KCC. (Salequzzaman, Banerjee, and Ahmed, 2005).

1000 900

W aste Generation, Kg.

800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

Khalishpur R/A Mujgonni R/A

Munshipara R/A

Nirala R/A

Sonadanga R/A

Study Areas

Figure-03: Quantity of waste in Five Residential areas in KCC. (Salequzzaman, Banerjee, and Ahmed, 2005). 1% 2%

2% 1%

5%

Domestic

10%

Commercial institutional Clinic/Hospital Street Sweeping Drain cleaning 79%

others

Figure-04: Sources of generated solid waste in KCC. (, Banerjee and Ahmed, 2005).

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4%

6%

Inorganic Hazardous waste Organic waste Inorganic NonHazardous waste

90%

Figure-05: Composition of MSW in KCC. (Salequzzaman et al., 1998). Table 1: Quantity of degradable solid waste (in kg) in five residential areas of KCC (Salequzzaman, Banerjee and Ahmed, 2005). Composition Bones Cloth Coir Egg Shell Feather Fish Residue Garden Trimmings

Meat Residue Paper Starch Vegetables Wood

Nirala (R/A) 19.31 8.658 18.93 3.708 14.43 34.456 15.91 23.331 45.04 27.503 651 17.154

Sonadanga(R/A)

Mujgonni(R/A)

Khalispur(R/A)

Munshipara(R/A)

15.51 1.557 7.137 2.825 11.95 20.57 3.2 13.581 6.89 26.022 149 0.991

4.65 6.96 6.44 2.27 7.12 23 2.12 20.58 14.85 22.41 139 3.7

6.65 7.763 14.39 4.203 2.919 10.507 9.807 4.495 30.24 26.291 356 1.343

8.59 2.95 9.57 2.95 4.553 7.66 3.83 5.57 8.48 13.03 327 3.71

4. Participatory Solid Waste Management System in KCC In Khulna City the main responsibility of solid waste management system is on the Khulna City Corporation. This Solid Waste Management System can be explained by two ways: a) Collection and transportation of solid waste to the disposal site. b) Resource recovery and composting of solid waste. a) Collection and transportation of solid waste to the disposal site: There are two types of solid waste collection and transportation to the disposal site in Khulna City Corporation region. These are: i) Conventional System ii) Participatory System i) Conventional System: Waste is generated in the home and usually stored until a small amount has been accumulated. In the conventional system it is the responsibility of the householders to carry their wastes to the nearest solid waste bins or similar facilities which are provided by the city corporation and deposit wastes there. The city corporation is responsible for the transfer of this waste from the roadside bins to the final disposal site. Usually the city corporation’s truck visits these locations at regular intervals and collects and hauls the accumulated wastes to disposal sites.

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Conventional Approach


Figure 06: Conventional waste collection system in KCC. (Khalequzaman, Salequzzaman and Rahman, 2004)) ii) Participatory System: In Khulna the city wards are divided into small areas called primary collection blocks. These consist of approximately 500 households which are all served by one rickshaw van. Waste generated in the home is stored in a bin, basket or bag and collected everyday by a primary collector who transports the waste to nearby transfer points, normally in a rickshaw van. This is primary collection and is the responsibility of the community. Transfer points are places where waste is unloaded from primary collection vehicles to be taken away by secondary transport. Several primary collection blocks are served by a transfer point. The waste is then collected from the transfer points and taken to the final disposal point by a large truck. This is secondary collection and is the responsibility of the city corporation. In Khulna City Corporation there are 31 wards. Among these wards in 29 wards (except 22 and 29 no. ward) seventeen NGOs are working for Primary collection. In 31 no. ward the maximum waste generated used for land reclamation of the surrounding low lying areas. For secondary collection and conventional collection of solid waste city corporation has 34 trucks which have to provide trip more than one. The city corporation have 60 bigha own land for dumping the solid waste at the edge of the Khulna city in the Rajbandh.

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Community Approach


Figure 07: Community based waste collection system in KCC. (Khalequzaman, Salequzzaman and Rahman, 2004))

Figure 08: Door to door waste collection.

Figure 09: Van collection system.

Figure 10: Operation of the primary collection system: A rickshaw van collecting and transporting waste. b) Resource recovery and composting of solid waste: The KCC does not perform any kind of resource recovery activities. solid waste like all kinds of papers, metals and glass with other valuables things including polythene / plastic bag have recycled and a group of people is engaged (locally called ‘Tokai’) to this Page no-8


profession for their income and daily life maintenance. In general, wastes having some market value are being reclaimed or salvaged in three stages: In first stage, housewives separate refuse of higher market value such as papers, bottles, fresh containers, old clothes, shoes, etc. and sell them to street hawkers. In second stage, mostly children of slum dwellers ‘Tokai’ carry out salvaging by collecting different items of low market value from waste collection bins. Scavengers at the final disposal sites do the third stage of salvaging when municipal trucks unload fresh refuse. The reclaimed materials reach the waste and old materials shop through street hawkers who purchase old materials directly from households and through solid waste collectors who reclaim the materials from bins and final disposal sites. These reclaimed materials require intermediate processing like washing, drying and sorting. The refuse dealers separate the materials in proper form and sell them to consumers as well as supply them to appropriate processing factories for reuse as raw materials. Other mismanaged reusable/recyclable are going to different places such as secondary disposal site, drain, low land filling, roadside & open spaces etc. More than two hundreds and fifty shops in KCC areas and above one thousands of people earn their lives depending on it. Percentage of recycleable material in KCC area

2% 28%

Plastic Glass 55%

7%

Iron Paper Animal Bone

8%

Figure 11: Percentage of Collected Recyclable Materials in KCC. According to field survey it is estimated that at present 500 tokay’s are working for collection of recyclable materials from Secondary disposal sites in KCC area. They scavenge anything that has certain economic value in the market. For recovering, they use either bare hand or bent rod or a wooden stick. They sell their recoverable material to Hawkers or recycling shops and earn on an average 50 – 80 taka per day. Table 02: Item and amount of recyclable materials at different locations in KCC (Murtaza, Sarwar and Salequzzaman, 1998). Average Quantity of Recycling Materials (Kg/day/shop) Hazardous Location of No. Animal Wastes (Saline the Shops of Glass Metal Plastic Paper Bone bag, paint items Shops etc.) Sheikh Para 151 11.00 224.00 15.00 2.50 0.75 0.07 Fultala 2 25.00 121.00 30.00 7.50 Page no-9


Daulatpur Khalishpur Raligate Fulbarigate Shiromoni

2 24 2 5 2

53.00 27.50 33.00 18.00 -

268.00 47.00 185.00 91.00 61.00

56.50 22.00 34.00 11.00 8.00

210.00 15.00 58.00 8.00 13

-

4.25 0.40 0.30

Among the 17 NGOs who are working in KCC solid waste management there are 4 NGOs make compost fertilizer from the solid waste. Khulna city corporation authority gives them land for this activity. In present there are five composting factory. Among these Prism has 3, Rastic, Prodipan and Samadhan each has 1. In the city corporation region some householders compost their waste to use in their home garden.

Figure 12: SWM labour separate some collected waste 5. Peoples Perception From the above discussion it is clear that the solid waste of Khulna city is a serious Urban Environmental Problem. However it is not always perceived to be a problem and among some development economists there is a view that people in poor cities like Khulna are not likely to consider such issues as solid waste very seriously (Salequzzaman and Newman, 2000). Therefore, this study has conducted interviews of KCC people to obtain their perception on solid waste, its management and appropriate policy suggestions.

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Figure 13: Scavenger separate waste materials.

Figure 14: Solid waste dumping in the roadside of Gollamari Bridge ignoring the environmental health (Photograph taken by Dr. Md. Salequzzaman). In general, city dwellers think that because they pay taxes, it is the sole responsibility of the city authority to provide them with a nuisance-free habitable city. To build a pollution-free city environment, along with other things, requires an efficient urban management plan (Salequzzaman, Awal and Alam, 2001). Execution of such a plan may not bring any positive change unless and until cooperation from every section of city dwellers could be ensured.

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Among the house holders, about 60% gives their waste to the waste collector or dumps into the city corporation collection bin. The rest 40% had thrown their waste into roadside, lowland, canals, drains or house premises (Figure 14). House to house collection system supports 80%, communal 10% and others 10%. In Khulna City waste from the house are collected during day time. This system support 80% householder, the rest 15% night and 5% during afternoon. About 80% people known about resource recovery from the solid waste but they don’t collect because in some household these materials cause dirty, odor, risky for children etc. More than 40% people separate resource such as paper, bottle, Plastic container, old cloth from the waste More than 80% people of House holder, educated person, student, roadside shopkeeper, people around the disposal site, scavenger etc. face several types of problem such as odor pollution, air pollution, traffic jam, dirty roadside etc. The opinion of different groups of people about the existing solid waste management system in KCC is that 60% think this system is suitable, 20% think this system should improve such as make regularity in collection, use covered vehicles for transportation of waste, and increase of house to house waste collection system. Most of the people suggest that the solid waste transportation through the KCC’s busy roads during night time instead of day time. But the labors of KCC have some problem to work during night time. The main problem is the lack of electricity. Because the waste generated from different sources are not being separated, result in the solid waste contain hazardous and toxic waste such as syringe, broken glass, hospital waste, and thy also afraid because sometimes explosives may be hidden in the waste. Their security is also an important matter of concern. 6. Discussion It is evident that the city dwellers expressed their concerns about the solid waste management system in KCC and its associated problems that they are encountering. There are some hindrances in the KCC’s solid waste Management system. These problems are arising from both the city corporation authority and the citizen of different levels. These are as follows: It is not uncommon that low-income neighborhoods often face considerable problems. In slum areas of KCC inadequate solid waste management is just one of them and its improvement may not have priority for a community. If solid waste management is not a felt need, this will have consequences for their participation in the service and their willingness to pay. Households often behave contrary to schedules and rules of effective solid waste management. Sometimes this is caused by a lack of facilities. If a transfer point or dumping site is more than 100 meters away from their house, people tend to throw their waste much more often in streets, open spaces and rivers. More often, however, it is due to households lacking knowledge and incentives to keep to the rules of the collection system, and operators lacking sanctions and authority.

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In most of the cases residents of a neighborhood have a sense of responsibility for their home and immediate environment, but the public places such as streets and drains are considered the responsibility of the State. Willingness to pay is a rather central point because it is important for the success of a Participatory solid waste management project and it is related to many other aspects such as the motivation of operators and households and the reliability of the service . Salequzzaman, Islam and Stocker, 2001). Community perception of fees and of the waste collection service is essential for its willingness to pay. If residents think they already pay for collection through taxes, or if they do not trust the service, they refuse to pay. Management of Participatory solid waste services is often a voluntary activity, mostly carried out by the more effluent residents, who are motivated by community benefits such as a cleaner environment, a better health of neighborhood residents, status of the job, etc. While motivated management is one of the success factors of Participatory solid waste management project, exclusive dependence on one person who manages the operation of a solid waste service is considered undesirable, because accountability to the community and the continuity of the service may not be secured any more. The accountability to the community of the managers of a solid waste service also depends on the composition of the management committee. Whether it is an elected body or appointed by the local government, whether it consists of traditional leaders or modern community organizations, or of influential individuals. There is a difference between remuneration of operation and of management of Participatory solid waste management projects. Operational activities like collection of waste, sorting, recycling etc. are almost entirely done on the basis of profit, i.e. a personal salary, because work is hard and status is low. The salary of operators of waste collection services is often low, because waste collectors derive their income from waste collection fees and from the sale of recyclables. Both do not yield much revenue in low-income neighborhoods. Fee collection is not high, because households in low-income neighborhoods are not able to pay high fees. The waste that remains to be collected is often worthless due to its high organic content. Another reason for the low salary of operators of waste collection services is the size of coverage areas, which is often too small to earn an adequate income. The low status of waste collectors in the society may be caused by their low salary, the nature of their work and sometimes by their waste-picker background. The nature of their work is often considered unpleasant and filthy, not only collection but also activities such as sorting of garbage at a composting plant. An unreliable service, which does not arrive in time or is not carried out according to the expectations of the community, has consequences for the trust of the community for their participation and willingness to pay for the service. It may be caused by a lack of performance control, a lack of priority of the service when waste collection is carried out as a part time job. If operators have formerly been waste-pickers, they may cause additional reliability problems.

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7. Recommendation To ameliorate this environmental problem, the following things could be done: ¾ Increase the facility of house to house collection in all areas of KCC. ¾ Assurance of regularity in collection and transportation of solid waste from the house hold, bins and primary dumping stations. ¾ Separation and collection of separated waste separately from the house by increasing awareness. ¾ Increase awareness for reduction of solid waste generation. ¾ Transportation of solid waste during nighttime instead of daytime. If it transport during day time use cover on the waste transportation vehicle to reduce the odor pollution and other associated problems. ¾ Increase the salary and safety of the labor who working in the solid waste management system. ¾ Increase awareness to the people about the resource recovery from the solid waste. ¾ More composting of organic degradable waste and used as a fertilizer. ¾ Probability assessment of electricity generation from the solid waste. ¾ Establishment of sanitary land fill instead of open dumping if funds are available. REFERENCES: 1.

Ahmed, M.F., and Rahman, M. (2000) Water Supply and Sanitation: Rural and low income urban communities, Bangladesh. Centre for Water Supply and Waste Management, ITN- Bangladesh Civil Engineering Building (3rd floor), BUET, Dhaka-1000. Bangladesh. 2. Islam, M. A. (2004) Environmental Awareness builds up through Legislation to meet Sustainable Solid Waste Management in Khulna City, http://www.esp.org/Acess_archives/access32.pdf (25 June 2005). 3. Khairuzzaman, M.M. and Salequzzaman M. (2001) Sustainability of Community-based Solid Waste Management in Bangladesh. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Planning, Design and Technology in Indigenous & Developing Communities (Community Technology 2001 Conference), 05-06 July 2001, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia. 4. Khalequzaman, M.M, Salequzzaman, M and Rahman, M, B. (2004) Participatory and Communitybased Co-Management of Wetland in Bangladesh: An Initiative of Ox-Bow Lake. In: Proceedings of The Second International Symposium on Southeast Asian Water Environment to be held on December 1-3, 2004, Hanoi, Vietnam, http://www.env.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/project/asian_water/ (access on 22 September 2004). 5. Knowledge Network (2004) Water and Sanitation Program, Web site: www.wsp.org (25 June 2005). 6. Matsuo, T.; Sato, H.; Urase, T.; Inata, S.; Yamada, K.; and Salequzzaman, M. (1995) Fate of pollutants in Environment. In: Proceedings of the Research Works 1995, Department of Urban Engineering, Tokyo University, Japan. 7. Murtaza, G.M.; Sarwar, M. and Salequzzaman, M. (1998) An NGO’s Initiative on Municipal Solid Waste Management in Khulna City. In: Proceedings of the workshop on waste management in Khulna City, 26 October 1998, BIT of Khulna, Bangladesh, organized by Committee for Advanced Research and Studies, Council of BIT’s and BIT, Khulna, pp. 11-13. 8. Murtaza, G.M.; Sarwar, M. and Salequzzaman, M. (1998) Evaluation study on Municipal Solid Waste Management Project in Khulna City, PRODIPAN, Shaheb Bari Road, Khulna-9203, Bangladesh. 9. Salequzzaman et al., (1998) Environmental Health Risk Assessment for Khulna City Corporation Area. In: Proceedings of the Environmental Health Project, funded by the United States Agency for International Development, 09 August 1998. 10. Salequzzaman, M. (1996) appropriate water supply and sanitation technologies in the rural areas of Bangladesh. Journal of International Environmental Planning Center (INTEP), vol. III, Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, the University of Tokyo, Japan, pp. 53-66. 11. Salequzzaman, M. (2000) Perceptions of Vehicle Air Pollution in Khulna, Bangladesh, Proceedings of the Habitus 2000 Conference in Perth, Western Australia on05-09 September, 2000. 12. Salequzzaman, M. (2003) Sustainable Coastal Development: Perspectives of Local knowledge and Community-based Co-management in South-east Asian Coastal Community. In: Proceedings of the

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Acknowledgement The paper is the outcome of the field survey, sampling and relevant laboratory analysis by Mr. Md. Nurul Amin (Out going student), Mr. Sharif Mahmood (4th year student) and Mr. Md. Mosharaf Hossain (4th year student) of Environmental Science Discipline of Khulna University, Bangladesh. We acknowledge all of their contributions with grateful thanks.

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Solid Waste Management Bangladesh

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