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Buxicogbhi mÿiqso`alhu ihxunigohu Ihszrhumh………………………)………5 57
Buxicohbhich Z`hoqhszxibhi mÿiqso`alhu ihxunigohu Ihszrhumh………5 Ihszrhumh………5
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L`qsnu`qalhu L`qsnu`q alhu Geu`qq………………………………………………………… Geu`qq…………………………………………………………1 1
51
Gxfegx mÿiqso`alhu ihxunigohu Ihszrhumh…………………… Ihszrhumh…………………………………8 ……………8
517 Ihxunihi………………………………………………………………8
515 Vhue`icxibhi………………………………………………… ………6
511 Mnktoh|`sãs mÿiqso`alhu ihxunigohu Ihszrhumh…………………… Ihszrhumh……………………2 2
53
Fxims`niqrh`qh mÿiqso`alhu ihxunigohu Ihszrhumh…………………… Ihszrhumh………………………0 …0
537 Q`bigoÿehusugbxib `i mÿiqso`alhi mÿiqso`alhi ihxunigohi ihxunigohi Ihszrhumhi………0 Ihszrhumhi………0
535 Sug`i`ibq+ xic Gxqeuh`sxibqtlgqh…………… Gxqeuh`sxibqtlgqh……………………………… …………………77 77
531 Ohuiuhbhoi……………………………………………………………75
533 Bugc`hishigeqs`hbqvhufgluhi……………………………………78
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Gee 1:
Ehgueh`segumh`s vni Mogqq`f`mgs`niqtuneohkhi xishuqal`hco`alhu Mnktoh|`sãs k`s Fhhcfnurguc+Ihszrhumhi k`s mh`ihu/ h`ihu xic zrh` L`cchi+Xi`s+Qal`alshi……………………………………………… L`cchi+Xi`s+Qal`alshi…………………………………………………<
Gee 3:
Ehqaluh`exib h`ihq i`als+o`ihguhi Zxqgkkhilgibq k`sshoq vhuqal`hchi mnktoh|hu Fxims`nihi……………………………………………0
Gee 8:
Q`bkn`cgoh Gms`v`sãsqfxims`ni………………………………………………74
Gee 6:
Qalhkgs`qalh Cguqshooxib h`ihq mÿiqso`alhi ihxunigohi Ihszrhumq k`s Egamtuntgbgs`ni+Giqgsz……………………………………………… Egamtuntgbgs`ni+Giqgsz………………………………………………73 73
Gee 2:
Zrh`c`khiq`nigoh Fhlohu+Lpthuhehih Fhlohu+Lpthuhehih `k cuh`c`khiq`nigohi Ugxk……… 76
Gee <:
Ogbh chq Sglnh+Qhhq………………………………………………………… 54
Gee 0:
Qalhkgs`qalh Cguqshooxib chu zxu Algibh Chshas`ni vhurhichshi Ihszrhum+Gual`shmsxu…………………………………………………………55
Gee 74:
Vhuboh`al chu bhkhqqhihi k`s chi cxual cgq ihxunigoh Ihszrhum ehuhalihshi Knusgo`sãsq+Rhush……………………………………………… 53
Gee 77:
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Gee 75:
Bhe`hs xk c`h Qsgcs Guiqehub ,Qgxhuogic)………………………………… 56
Gee 71:
E`skgt+Qhbkhish fÿu gooh Mogqqhi `i TA@ @kgbh Rnumq……………………52
Gee 73:
IIAUHGS+Kncxo……………………………………………………………5<
Gee 78:
IISUG@I+Kncxo……………………………………………………………50
Gee 76:
IIAOGQQ+Kncxo……………………………………………………………14
Gee 72:
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Gemÿuzxibhi GCGO@IH
Gcgts`vh O`ihgu Ihxuni
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,BNTGO & RNNCANAM 7006:10<) @k zrh`shi Eh`qt`ho vhuqxals chu Gxsnu cxual c`h Girhicxib mÿiqso`alhu ihxunigohu Ihszh c`h Mogqq`f`mgs`ni h`ihu Ogicqgs+Qzhih xishu Zxl`ofhiglkh chq Tunbugkkq Bhnkgs`ag cxualzxfÿluhi
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7
5 Buxicogbhi mÿiqso`alhu ihxunigohi Ihszrhumh
5)7 Buxicohbhich Z`hoqhszxibhi mÿiqso`alhu ihxunigohu Ihszrhumh Eh` chu Hufnuqalxib chu mÿiqso`alhi ihxunigohi Ihszh ,MIIq) lgichosh hq q`al xuqtuÿibo`al xk h`i Sh`obhe`hs chu Ihxune`nonb`h C`h cgu`i vhurhichshi Ihszrhumh rguhi xic q`ic h`ih qsgum vhuh`ifgalsh Geqsugms`ni chu Zhoohi chq khiqalo`alhi Bhl`uiq xic chu mnktoh|hi Vhue`icxibhi zr`qalhi `lihi ,R H@TUHALS 5443:0= AGOOGI 5441:78) @lu xuqtuÿibo`alhu Girhicxibqehuh`al rgu `k Ehuh`al chq Vhuqsãici`qbhr`iiq ÿehu c`h Fxims`niqrh`qh chq khiqalo`alhi Bhl`uiq gibhq`hchos Cnal gxf Buxic `luhu h`ifgalhi Qsuxmsxu/ ehqshlhic gxq Ihxunihi ,h`ifgalh Ehuhalixibqh`ilh`shi)/ c`h xishuh`igichu gxf vhuqal`hchiqsh Gus xic Rh`qh k`sh`igichu vhumiÿtfs qh`i möiihi/ qshooshi q`h h`i löalqs foh|`eoh Rhumzhxb cgu/ cgqq ÿehu c`h Ihxune`nonb`h l`igxq/ gxal `i xishuqal`hco`alqshi r`qqhiqalgfso`alhi C`qz`to`ihi Girhicxib f`ichi mniish Jh igal zx ehgueh`shichu Fugbhqshooxib rhuchi rhuchi chkzxfnobh vhuqal`hchiqsh Ihszsntnonb`hi Ihszsntnonb`hi vhurhichs vhurhichs ,E HAM & UHP nJ:nQ= ENAM 7008:12) Chu Xishuqal`hc chu Girhicxib vni MIIq bhbhiÿehu lhumökko`alhi Khslnchi ehqshls cgu`i/ cgqq zxk h`ihi gxal Tuneohkh ehgueh`shs rhuchi möiihi/ c`h i`als nchu ixu xizxuh`alhic cxual qsgs`qs`qalh Vhush`oxibhi ehqaluh`eegu q`ic Cg mh`ih fãoqalo`alh Giiglkh ÿehu h`ih qnoalh Vhush`oxib vnubhinkkhi r`uc/ o`hfhui MIIq
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5)5 L`qsnu`qalhu Geu`qq Eh` chk Fnuqalxibqbhe`hs chu mÿiqso`alhi ihxunigohi Ihszh lgichos hq q`al xk h`ihi vhulãosi`qkãÞ`b jxibhi R`qqhiqalgfsqehuh`al Chu Buxicqsh`i chu Hufnuqalxib chu MIIq rxuch zx Ehb`ii chu 7034hu Jgluh J gluh bhohbs @k Jglu 7031 hisr`amhoshi Rgoshu T`ssq ,7053 + 7060) xic Rguuhi KaAxoonal ,7<0< + 7025) cgq huqsh Knchoo h`ihq Ihxuniq= cgq KaAxoonal+T`ssq +Ihxuni L`hueh` lgichos hq q`al xk cgq h`ifgalqsh h|`qs`huhich Ihxunihiknchoo/ cg `i `lk gxqqalo`hÞo`al e`iãuh Rhush vhugueh`shs rhuchi möiihi Jhcnal lgs q`al cgq Tu`iz`t chu Gueh`sqrh`qh chu mÿiqso`alhi ihxunigohi Ihszrhumh e`q lhxsh i`als rhqhiso`al vhuãichus ,E HAM & UHP nJ:nQ= MU@HQHO 5442:56= U @SSHU hs go 7005:58) C`h Buxic`chh chq KaAxoonal+T`ssq +Ihxuniq ehqsgic cgu`i/ cgqq @ifnukgs`nihi ÿehu c`h GxÞhirhos ÿehu h`ihi Qhiqnu zx chk Ihxuni bhogibshi xic cnus h`ihi bhr`qqhi Rglulh`sqrhus huzhxbshi C`hqhu rxuch cgii ÿehu h`ih rh`shuh Vhue`icxib r`hchu gi c`h GxÞhirhos gebhbhehi K`s chk KaAxoonal+T`ssq +Ihxuni o`hÞhi q`al h`ifgalqsh onb`qalh Nthugs`nihi r`h xic , ∠)/ nchu , X) nchu i`als ,¯) ehgueh`shi Jhcnal eo`hehi eh` chu Girhicxib qnrnlo c`h Ihszrhumqsuxmsxu goq gxal c`h Gus xic Rh`qh chq Ohuivnubgibq Ohuivnubgibq vöoo`b `k Vhuenubhihi ,E HAM & UHP nJ:nQ= MU@HQHO 5442:56= U @SSHU hs go 7005:58) C`hq ãichush q`al huqs `k Jglu 7030 k`s chu Fnukxo`huxib chu huqshi Ohuiuhbho cxual chi Tqpalnonbhi Cnigoc Lhee ,7043 ‑ 70<8) C`hqh ogxshs: o gxshs: ’Rlhi gi g|ni nf ahoo G `q ihgu hinxbl sn h|a`sh ahoo E gic uhthgshcop nu thuq`qshisop sgmhq tgus `i f`u`ib `s/ qnkh bunrsl tunahqq nu khsgeno`a algibh sgmhq togah `i nih nu ensl ahooq qxal slgs G"q hff`a`hiap/ gq nih nf slh ahooq f`u`ib E/ `q `iauhgqhc‛ ,L HEE 7030:65) Cxual c`hqh Uhbho rxuch zxk huqshi Kgo h`i Zxqgkkhilgib zr`qalhi chi/ cxual cgq Ihszrhum bhqal`amshi Q`bigohi xic chu Ãichuxib chu Hff`z`hizhi chu Ihxunihivhue`icxibhi Ihxunihivhue`icxibhi
1
gxfbhqshoos C`hq qalxf c`h Egq`q fÿu rh`shuh Hisr`amoxibhi `k Ehuh`al chu Ohuiuhbhoi ,E HAM & UHP nJ:nQ= MU@HQHO 5442:56) Eh`qt`hoqrh`qh rxuch 708< vni Fugim Unqhieogss ,705< + 7060) xic Alguohq Rl`shkgi cgq huqsh Thuzhtsuni+Knchoo gxfbhqshoos C`hqhq `i Qal`alshi gxfbhegxsh Ihszrhum ehqshls gxqqalo`hÞo`al gxq @itxs + xic Nxstxs +Ihxunihi +Ihxunihi Hq `qs `i chu Ogbh k`s L`ofh chq Thuzhtsuni+ Mnivhubhiz+Slhnuhkq qh`ih Qsuxmsxu ,cgq lh`Þs/ c`h Bhr`alsxibhi zr`qalhi qh`ihi Ihxunihi) chugus zx vhuãichui/ cgqq chu Xishuqal`hc zr`qalhi h`ihk vnubhbhehihi Nxstxs xic chk huzhxbshi Nxstxs ,chu gxq h`ihk ehqs`kkshi @itxs bhihu`hus r`uc) h`i K`i`kxk huuh`als ,MU@HQHO 5442:52/ 82) H`ih huqskgo`bh rh`s vhueuh`shsh mnkkhuz`hooh Ixszxib mÿiqso`alhu ihxunigohu Ihszh hufnobsh `i chi fuÿlhi 7064hu Jgluhi/ goq Ehuiguc R`cunr xic Kgua`gi Lnff cgq GCGO@IH ,GCGts`vh O@ihgu IHxuni) hisr`amhoshi C`hqhq rxuch `i iglhzx goohi gigonbhi Shohfnihi zxu Halszh`s+Halnf`oshuxib h`ibhqhszs Cgq GCGO@IH rhichs c`h Chosguhbho goq Ohuigobnu`slkxq gi/ rhoalhu vhuboh`alegu k`s chk Ohuigobnu`slkxq chq Thuzhtsuniq `qs/ bhbhiÿehu c`hqhk jhcnal chi Vnush`o lgs/ cgqq eh` h|suhk fgoqalhi Bhr`alsqh`iqshooxibhi `iihulgoe chq Ihszrhumq c`hqh qsãumhu vhuãichus rxuchi Qnk`s rgu cgq Huuh`alhi h`ihq bonegohi Fhlohuk`i`kxkq qalihoohu zx uhgo`q`huhi goq cxual cgq Thuzhtsuni+Mnivhubhiz+ Slhnuhk/ eh` rhoalhk c`h Qsãumh chu Bhr`alsqvhuãichuxib qshsq mniqsgis rgu ,M U@HQHO 5442:52) Igal h`ihu oãibhuhi Thu`nch nlih ihiihiqrhush Ihxhuxibhi/ `i chu c`h Fnuqalxib gxf chk Bhe`hs chu MIIq kgibhoq Bhocbhehui sh`orh`qh iglhzx vöoo`b zxk Huo`hbhi mgk/ rgu hq qaloxqqhico`al Tgxo Rhuenq/ chu 7023 cxual c`h Vhuöffhiso`alxib qh`ihq Egamtuntgbgs`ni + Giqgszhq h`ihi huihxshi Gxfqalrxib h`ioh`shs Goohuc`ibq qnoosh hq inal e`q 70<6 cgxhui/ e`q c`h Egamtuntgbgs`ni gxal `i chu Fnuqalxib `ishiq`v zxk H`iqgsz mgk C`hq `qs `iqehqnichuh `iqehqnichuh Cgv`c Uxkholgus ,703<+ )/ Bhnffuhp L`isni ,7032+ ) xic Unigoc R`oo`gkq zx vhucgimhi/ c`h zh`bhi mniishi/ cgqq k`s L`ofh chu Egamtuntgbgs`ni gxal i`als+o`ihguh Tuneohkh ,zxk Eh`qt`ho cgq \NU , h|aoxq`vh+nu ,hisrhchu nchu))+Tuneohk) ehrãos`bs rhuchi mniishi ,E HAM & UHP nJ:nQ= MU@HQHO 5442:5
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3
5)1 Gxfegx mÿiqso`alhu ihxunigohu Ihszrhumh Eh` mÿiqso`alhi ihxunigohi Ihszhi lgichos hq q`al xk h|suhk xkfgibuh`alh Ihszrhumh h`ifgalhu Ehuhalixibqh`ilh`shi/ c`h qhlu qsgum xishuh`igichu vhuexichi q`ic xic tgugooho geogxfhi C`hqh H`ilh`shi rhuchi goq Ihxunihi/ Xi`sq nchu Minshi ehzh`alihs xic q`ic cxual Vhue`icxibhi , Aniihas`niq/ Mgishi) xishuh`igichu bhmntthos ,E NAM 7008:12= B NTGO & RNNCANAM 7006:100)
5)1)7 Ihxunihi Kgi xishuqalh`chs eh` mÿiqso`alhi ihxunigohi Ihszhi v`hu vhuqal`hchih Gushi vni Ihxunihi: C`h @itxs+Xi`sq ,q`hlh Gee 7) e`ochi c`h huqsh Qal`als/ c`h h`i zx vhugueh`shichq Q`bigo cxualoãxfs Q`h hktfgibhi Uh`zh , @itxs ) gxq chu GxÞhirhos xic bhehi c`hqhi `i Gelãib`bmh`s chu Vhue`icxibhi gi L`cchi+Xi`sq ,ehz`hlxibqrh`qh eh` qhlu h`ifgalhi Ihszrhumhi gxal c`uhms gi c`h Nxstxs+Xi`sq) rh`shu C`h Gizglo chu @itxs+Xi`sq / c`h `i h`ihk MII vhurhichs rhuchi/ lãibs bhrölio`al vni chu Ehqalgffhilh`s chu zxu Vhufÿbxib qshlhichi Cgshi ge ,EHAM & UHP nJ:nQ= AGOOGI 5441:72f= M U@HQHO 5442:17f) C`h L`cchi+Xi`sq ,q`hlh Gee 7) q`ic cgq Mhuiqsÿam chq ihxunigohi Ihszhq/ cg `i `lihi chu @itxs / chi q`h gxq chi @itxs+Xi`sq ,ehz`hlxibqrh`qh eh` mnktoh|huhi Ihszgual`shmsxuhi gxal gxq vnugibhbgibhihi L`cchi+Xi`sq ) hulgoshi/ gxfqxkk`hus xic gxf algugmshu`qs`qalh Gus xic Rh`qh `i Nxstxs ,Gms`v`sãsqohvho chu hisqtuhalhichi hisqtuhalhichi Xi`s ) xkbhqhszs r`uc Ohszshi Hichq hisqalh`chs `luh Mniqs`sxs`ni cguÿehu/ r`h chu @itxs / chi cgq ihxunigoh Ihsz hktfãibs/ `i Nxstxs xkbhrgichos xkbhrgichos r`uc Buxicqãszo`al qsh`bs c`h Gizglo chu vhurhichshi L`cchi+Xi`sq k`s
rgalqhichu Mnktoh|`sãs chq zx ehgueh`shichi Tuneohkh ,E HAM & UHP nJ:nQ= AGOOGI 5441:72f= C XCG hs go 5447:5<3/ 172f= M U@HQHO 5442:17f) @i chi Nxstxs+Xi`sq ,q`hlh Gee 7) qalo`hÞo`al/ f`ichs h`ih ßehuqhszxib chu `k MII vhugueh`shshi Q`bigoh qsgss/ eh` chu c`h huzhxbshi Cgshi r`hchuxk gi c`h GxÞhirhos zxuÿambhbhehi rhuchi @luh Gizglo r`uc cxual cgq vni Ihsz gxqzxbhehich Uhqxosgs vnulhuehqs`kks ,EHAM & UHP nJ:nQ= AGOOGI 5441:72f= MU@HQHO 5442:17f) Zxqãszo`al zx c`hqhi cuh` Ihxunihi+Gushi möiihi/ `i Gelãib`bmh`s chq zx ehgueh`shichi Tuneohkq/ inal E`gq+Xi`sq h`ibhqhszs rhuchi C`hqh hktfgibhi mh`ihi @itxs xic qshxhui qnk`s qshsq h`ihi mniqsgishi Rhus zxk Ihssn+ @itxs ,cgq lh`Þs/ zxk Bhqgks+ @itxs chi h`ih 8
Xi`s hulãos) eh` E`gq+Xi`s q möiihi hisrhchu gxf gooh Xi`sq h`ihq MIIq gibhrgics rhuchi
nchu gehu ixu gxf h`izhoih ,E HAM & UHP nJ:nQ= CXCG hs go 5447:5<8= M U@HQHO 5442:1
Gee 7: Qalhkgs`qalh Cguqshooxib h`ihq mÿiqso`alhi ihxunigohi Ihszhq k`s jhrh`oq h`ihu @itxs+/ L`cchi+ xic Nxstxs +Qal`als +Qal`als ,vhuãichus igal EHAM & UHP nJ:nQ)
5)1)5 Vhue`icxibhi Xk Cgshi `iihulgoe chq Ihszrhumq vni h`ihk Ihxuni zxk iãalqshi zx sugiqtnus`huhi/ kÿqqhi c`hqh xishuh`igichu vhuexichi qh`i C`hq r`uc cxual c`h Mgishi uhgo`q`hus C`h Vhue`icxibhi zr`qalhi chi h`izhoihi Ihxunihi Ihxunihi q`ic jhrh`oq bhu`alshs xic rh`qhi ehqs`kksh Bhr`alsxibhi gxf C`hqh möiihi hisrhchu tnq`s`vhu/ ihbgs`vhu nchu ihxsugohu Igsxu qh`i ,EHAM & UHP nJ:nQ) H`ih tnq`s`vh Bhr`alsxib lgs zxu Fnobh/ cgqq h`i Q`bigo vni h`ihk Ihxuni `i boh`alhu Fnuk ,köbo`alhurh`qh jhcnal vhuqsãums nchu gebhqalrãals/ jh igal chk ne chu Fgmsnu buöÞhu nchu moh`ihu goq h`iq `qs) gi cgq Fnobh+Ihxuni rh`shubhoh`shs r`uc H`ih ihbgs`vh Bhr`alsxib l`ibhbhi ehr`ums h`ih Ihbgs`ni chu Q`bigoqsãumh xic ÿehu h`ih ihxsugoh Vhue`icxib rhuchi mh`ih Q`bigoh rh`shubhoh`shs Ihxsugoh Vhue`icxibhi möiihi chkigal goq i`als h|`qshis gibhqhlhi rhuchi Jhcnal möiihi q`al c`h Bhr`alsxib rãluhic chu Hisr`amoxib chq MIIq jhchuzh`s ãichui/ qn cgqq Vhue`icxibhi bhqsãums nchu gebhqalrãals ehz`hlxibqrh`qh hisqshlhi xic vhubhlhi möiihi ,E HAM & UHP nJ:nQ) C`h Gus xic Rh`qh r`h c`h Ihxunihi xishuh`igichu vhuexichi q`ic/ r`uc gxal goq Mniihms`v`sãs ehzh`alihs H`i Ihszrhum kxqq i`als `i jhchk Fgoo `i Qal`alshi gxq @itxs +/ +/ +Q`bigo qshsq vnurãusq zxu Nxstxs + L`cchi+ xic Nxstxs+Xi`sq h`ibhsh`os qh`i/ `i chihi cgq @itxs +Q`bigo 6
Qal`als oãxfs , Fhhcfnurguc +Ihszrhum) +Ihszrhum) Hq mnkkhi hehifgooq uhmxuuhish Ihszrhumh zxk H`iqgsz/ eh` chihi Q`bigoh gxal uÿamrãusq cxual cgq Ihszrhum ogxfhi möiihi ,goqn chu @itxs + Qal`als hisbhbhi)/ ehz`hlxibqrh`qh chu Nxstxs ehqs`kkshu Ihxunihi zx `luhk h`bhihi @itxs ehsuãbs ,q`hlh Gee 5) ,E HAM & UHP nJ:nQ)
Gee 5: Uhmxuuhishq mÿiqso`alhq ihxunigohq Ihszrhum k`s Bhr`alsqkgsu`| ,A GOOGI 5441:70)
Buxicqãszo`al mgii cgq R`qqhiq/ cgq `i h`ihk ihxunigohi Ihsz bhqth`alhus `qs/ `i chqqhi Bhr`alsxibhi vhunushs rhuchi/ cg vni `lihi gelãibs/ r`h chu @itxs q`al cxual cgq Ihszrhum ehrhbs xic chkhisqtuhalhic chi Nxstxs huzhxbs Chkzxfnobh mgii h`ih Ãichuxib chu Bhr`alsh ,c`h gxal/ r`h `i Gee`ocxib 5/ `i Fnuk h`ihu Kgsu`| cgubhqshoos rhuchi möiihi) k`s chk Ohuitunzhqq boh`albhqhszs rhuchi/ cg q`al cgqq Ihszrhum cgcxual gxf c`h Vhugueh`sxib h`ihu ehqs`kkshi Cgshigus h`iqshoos ,E HAM & UHP nJ:nQ)
5)1)1 Mnktoh|`sãs mÿiqso`alhu ihxunigohu Ihszrhumh Jh igal Gxfegx xic Mnktoh|`sãs chq vhurhichshi Ihszrhumq ogqqhi q`al k`s c`hqhk xishuqal`hco`alh Tuneohkh ehgueh`shi O`hÞhi q`al k`s chi ehuh`sq `i Mgt`sho 55 vnubhqshooshi KaAxoonal+T`ssq +Ihxuni qnr`h chk Thuzhtsuni `i qh`ihu Xuqtuxibqfnuk ,nlih L`cchi+Xi`sq ) ixu o`ihguh Tuneohkh ehrãos`bhi/ qn `qs hq köbo`al/ cxual cgqq L`izxfÿbhi vni L`cchi+Xi`s +Qal`alshi +Qal`alshi zxu 2
Ihszrhumgual`shmsxu/ gxal mnktoh|huh Tuneohkh zx ehgueh`shi Xk q`ktoh i`als+o`ihguh Zxqgkkhilãibh lhugxqzxgueh`shi/ bhiÿbs ehuh`sq c`h H`ifÿluxib h`ihu L`cchi+Qal`als Zxu Uhmniqsuxms`ni r`oomÿuo`alhu Vhush`oxibhi/ k`s eho`he`bhi Sntnonb`hi/ chihi k`s qsgs`qs`qalhi Vhufgluhi i`als khlu igalzxmnkkhi `qs/ kÿqqhi l`ibhbhi k`ichqshiq zrh` Qal`alshi k`s L`cchi+Xi`sq `i cgq Ihszrhum h`ibhfÿbs rhuchi ,q`hlh Gee 1) ,E @QLNT 7008:0ff= A GOOGI
5441:31ff)
Gee 1: Ehgueh`segumh`s vni Mogqq`f`mgs`niqtuneohkhi xishuqal`hco`alhu Mnktoh|`sãs k`s Fhhcfnurguc + Ihszrhumhi k`s mh`ihu/ h`ihu xic zrh` L`cchi+Xi`s +Qal`alshi +Qal`alshi ,LHQH 5448:58)
Vnuge qnoosh chkigal hisqal`hchi rhuchi/ rhoalh Ihszrhum+Mnktoh|`sãs iös`b `qs/ xk h`i ehqs`kkshq Tuneohk zx oöqhi H`ih zx h`ifgalh Gual`shmsxu lãssh zxu Fnobh/ cgqq cgq MII c`h Cgshiqsuxmsxu i`als bhigx bhixb r`hchubhehi mgii Xiiös`b v`hoh Qal`alshi r`hchuxk rÿuchi zxk h`ihi ÿehulölshi Uhalhigxfrgic hufnuchui/ zxk gichuhi h`ih zx bhigxh Gitgqqxib gi chi Cgshiqgsz/ chu zxk Ohluhi ,Sug`i`huhi) chq MIIq vhurhichs rxuch/ vhuxuqgalhi C`hqhu goq ßehusug`i`ib ehzh`alihsh Hffhms lgs zxu Fnobh/ cgqq cgq sug`i`hush Ihszrhum ,chqqhi Bhr`alsh gxf h`ihi ehqs`kkshi Cgshiqgsz h`ibhqshoos q`ic) qhlu bhigxh Hubhei`qqh fÿu c`h Cgshi o`hfhus/ cxual c`h c`h Bhr`alsh mgo`eu`hus rxuchi C`h
<
ßehusugbegumh`s h`ihq qn qthz`hoo gibhtgqqshi Ihszhq `qs cgcxual goohuc`ibq i`als khlu bhbhehi ,E @QLNT 7008: 73f= CXCG hs go 5447:5<0) Zxu Vhugiqalgxo`alxib mgii Gee`ocxib 3 lhugibhznbhi rhuchi Cxual c`h o`ihguh Fxims`ni `i Gee`ocxib 3g mgii mh`ih gxquh`alhich Uhtuãqhisgs`ni chu zrh` Mogqqhi ,jhrh`oq cgubhqshoos cxual Muh`qh xic Muhxzh) huz`hos rhuchi Cxual c`h lnal mnktoh|h Mogqqhibuhizh `i Gee`ocxib 3a r`uc zrgu c`h Cgshiqsuxmsxu fÿu c`hqhq mnimuhsh Eh`qt`ho h|gms igalbhe`ochs/ jhcnal r`uc chu Sgsqgalh i`als Uhalixib bhsugbhi/ cgqq hq q`al köbo`alhurh`qh xk h`ihi fo`hÞhichi Mogqqhiÿehubgib lgichos ,hsrg cgcxual lhuvnubhuxfhi/ cgqq K`qal+ T`|ho hislgoshi q`ic) nchu cgqq c`h Cgshiqsuxmsxu `k Sug`i`ibqcgshiqgsz i`als lxichustunzhis`b mnuuhms `qs ,zxk Eh`qt`ho cxual gsknqtlãu`qalh H`ifoÿqqh) H`i nts`kgohq Hubhei`q o`hfhus chkigal h`i k`sshokãÞ`b mnktoh|hu Giqgsz/ chu h`ihi Mnktunk`qq zr`qalhi Cgshiqsuxmsxu+ Uhtuãqhisgs`ni xic ßehusugbegumh`s cguqshoos C`hqhu `qs `i Gee`ocxib 3e cgubhqshoos ,E @QLNT 7008: 73f)
Gee 3: Ehqaluh`exib h`ihq i`als+o`ihguhi Zxqgkkhilgibq k`sshoq vhuqal`hchi mnktoh|hu Fxims`nihi ,vhuãichus igal E @QLNT 7008:71f ) )
5)3 Fxims`niqrh`qh mÿiqso`alhu ihxunigohu Ihszrhumh
5)3)7 Q`bigoÿehusugbxib `i mÿiqso`alhi ihxunigohi Ihszrhumhi Cgq Q`bigo/ cgq cxual h`i MII vni h`ihk Ihxuni zxk iãalqshi bhoh`shs r`uc/ r`uc gxal goq Gms`v`huxib nchu Gms`v`huxibqohvho h`ihu Xi`s ehzh`alihs C`hqh mgii hisrhchu h`ih uhhooh Zglo ,`iihulgoe h`ihq ehqs`kkshi @ishuvgooq ,eh`qt`hoqrh`qh ]4= 7[)) nchu gehu h`i c`qmuhshu Rhus ,zxk Eh`qt`ho gxq chu Khibh chu Zglohi }4= 7{) qh`i ,E HAM & UHP nJ:nQ= AGOOGI 5441:57) 0
Rhoalhi @itxs h`i Ihxuni gxq h`ihk gichuhi hulãos/ lãibs vni zrh` Fgmsnuhi ge Zxk h`ihi `qs cgq Gms`v`sãsqohvho chu qhichichi Xi`s ,cgq lh`Þs/ chuhi Gxqbgehrhus) ,g `) hisqalh`chic/ zxk gichuhi c`h Qsãumh chu Bhr`alsxib zr`qalhi chi eh`chi H`ilh`shi ,r `j) Qnk`s mgii chu @itxs chi h`i Ihxuni ` gxq h`ihk Ihxuni j hulãos/ igal E HAM & UHP ,nJ:nQ) r`h fnobs ehqalu`hehi rhuchi:
@itxs j ; g` − r`j
,7)
Chkigal oãqqs q`al igal A GOOGI ,5441:51) chu Bhqgks+ @itxs ,chu gxal goq Ihssn+ @itxs ehzh`alihs r`uc)/ chi h`i Ihxuni gxq goohi gichuhi/ `lk vnubhqalgoshshi Ihxunihi ,j ; 7/ …/ J) hulãos/ cxual c`h Gxfqxkk`huxib chu @itxsq goohu qhichichu Xi`s q ehuhalihi: J
Ihssn ∕ @itxs j ; ∗ g` − r`j
,5)
j ;7
R`h h`i Ihxuni gxq qh`ihk Ihssn+ @itxs h`i Gms`v`huxibqohvho huzhxbs/ lãibs vni chu Gms`v`sãsqfxims`ni chu H`ilh`s ge C`hqh `qs fÿu bhrölio`al eh` goohi Ihxunihi h`ihq MII `chis`qal Q`h mgii `i h`ihk zrh`c`khiq`nigohi C`gbugkk v`qxgo`q`hus rhuchi/ `i chk gxf chu Geqz`qqh chu Ihssn+ @itxs xic gxf chu Nuc`igsh cgq Gms`v`sãsqohvho gebhsugbhi r`uc ,q`hlh Gee 8) ,EHAM & UHP nJ:nQ= E@QLNT 7008:<5f= A GOOGI 5441:57ff= C XCG hs go 5447:5<8)
Gee 8: Q`bkn`cgoh Gms`v`sãsqfxims`ni ,A GOOGI 5441:51)
74
C`h lãxf`bqsh Vhurhicxib f`ichs c`h q`bkn`cgoh Gms`v`sãsqfxims`ni/ cg q`h eh`qt`hoqrh`qh chi Vnush`o lgs/ h`ih ehbuhizsh Gxqbgeh zx huzhxbhi Cgq lh`Þs/ xigelãib`b cgvni/ rhoalhi Ihssn+ @itxs @itxs h`i Ihxuni hulãos/ r`uc chqqhi Gms`v`sãsqohvho i`h h`ih ehqs`kksh Nehu+ nchu Xishubuhizh ÿehuqaluh`shi ,`i Gee`ocxib 8 zxk Eh`qt`ho o`hbs chu Rhushehuh`al chu Q`bkn`cgofxims`ni `k @ishuvgoo ]4= 7[) Eh` h`ihk o`ihguhi Zxqgkkhilgib zr`qalhi Ihssn+ @itxs xic Gms`v`huxib `qs c`hq i`als chu Fgoo xic cgq Ihszrhum oãxfs Bhfglu/ eh` qhlu bunÞhi
nchu qhlu moh`ihi Gms`v`sãsqohvhoq ixu inal Fhlohurhush gxqzxbhehi/ rgq qh`ih Girhicegumh`s xishu Xkqsãichi h`iqaluãims ,EHAM & UHP nJ:nQ= E@QLNT 7008:<1= AGOOGI 5441:51) H`i rh`shuhu Vnush`o chu q`bkn`cgohi Fxims`ni bhbhiÿehu gichuhi `qs/ cgqq q`h gi jhchu Qshooh c`ffhuhiz`huegu `qs C`hq `qs `iqehqnichuh fÿu cgq Vhufgluhi chu Egamtuntgbgs`ni h`ih insrhic`bh Vnugxqqhszxib/ c`h eh`qt`hoqrh`qh eh` h`ihu e`iãuhi Fxims`ni ,c`h hsrg e`q zx h`ihk Qalrhoohirhus c`h Gms`v`huxib 4 gxqb`es xic cguÿehu c`h Gms`v`huxib 7) i`als bhbhehi `qs ,EHAM & UHP nJ:nQ= MU@HQHO 5442:11f)
5)3)5 Sug`i`ibq+ xic Gxqeuh`sxibqtlgqh Eh` chu Girhicxib mÿiqso`alhu ihxunigohu Ihszh xishuqalh`chs kgi lãxf`b zr`qalhi h`ihu Sug`i`ibq+ xic h`ihu Gxqeuh`sxibqtlgqh ,E HAM & UHP nJ:nQ= MU@HQHO 5442:3
Uglkhi
h`ihq
ÿehurgalshi
Sug`i`ibq
rhuchi
Cgshi
vhurhichs/
chuhi
Mogqq`f`mgs`niqhubhei`q ehuh`sq fhqs qshls ,eh`qt`hoqrh`qh Bhe`hsh chuhi Ogicehchamxib eh` h`ihu Bhoãichehbhlxib ehqs`kks rxuch) Cxual H`iqth`qhi chq Sug`i`ibq+ @itxs q `i cgq Ihszrhum xic giqalo`hÞhichk Vhuboh`al zr`qalhi Qnoo+ xic @qs+ Nxstxs / mgii gebhqalãszs rhuchi/ `i r`h fhui cgq MII zxu Mogqq`f`mgs`ni c`hqhu Cgshi bhh`bihs `qs xic r`h qsgum chkigal c`h Bhr`alsxibhi gibhtgqqs rhuchi kÿqqhi xk h`ih ehqqhuh Giiãlhuxib gi chi Qnoo+Nxstxs zx huz`hohi C`hq jhcnal `kkhu xishu Ehuÿamq`als`bxib chq `i Mgt`sho 511
77
bhqal`ochushi Qgalvhulgosq chq ßehusug`i`ibq ,E HAM & UHP nJ:nQ= E@QLNT 7008:74= AGKKGI 5442:56f= Q SGCHU 7005:
Cgcxual r`uc q`al ohc`bo`al ohc`bo`al inal h`ikgo vhuq`alhus/ ne c`h
Sug`i`ibqtlgqh mnuuhms gebhogxfhi `qs xic cgq Ihszrhum k`s c`hqhi Cgshi zxuhalsmnkks Fãoos c`hqhu Shqs ihbgs`v gxq/ kxqq cgq Sug`i`ib r`hchulnos rhuchi Gichuhifgooq r`uc c`h Gxqeuh`sxibqtlgqh fnusbhqhszs/ `ichk rh`shuh Cgshi/ chuhi Nxstxs hehifgooq fhqsqshls/ c`h jhcnal i`als fÿu c`h Sug`i`ibqtlgqh vhurhichs rxuchi/ `i cgq Ihszrhum h`ibhqth`qs L`huk`s r`uc xishuqxals/ ne cgq MII `i chu Ogbh `qs qh`i rãluhic chq Sug`i`ibq hurnuehihq R`qqhi zxu Mogqq`f`mgs`ni gichuhu ,jhcnal ãlio`alhu) Cgshi h`izxqhszhi O`hfhus gxal c`h Gxqeuh`sxibqtlgqh ehfu`hc`bhich Hubhei`qqh/ mgii k`s chu h`bhiso`alhi Mogqq`f`mgs`ni fnusbhfgluhi rhuchi ,E HAM & UHP nJ:nQ= AGOOGI 5441:5
5)3)1 Ohuiuhbhoi Cgk`s q`al h`i mÿiqso`alhq ihxunigohq Ihsz rãluhic chu Sug`i`ibqtlgqh gi h`ihi Cgshiqgsz gitgqqhi mgii/ ehcguf hq Bhr`alsqvhuãichuxibhi chu Vhue`icxibhi zr`qalhi chi Ihxunihi C`hqh rhuchi igal Ohuiuhbhoi vnubhinkkhi Chkigal `qs h`ih Ohuiuhbho igal MU@HQHO ,5442:18) ’]…[ h`i Gobnu`slkxq/ chu cgq ihxunigoh Ihsz vhuãichus xic `lk qn eh`eu`ibs/ fÿu h`ih vnubhbhehih H`ibgeh h`ih bhrÿiqalsh Gxqbgeh zx tuncxz`huhi‟ H`i`bh Eh`qt`hoh fÿu qnoalh Gobnu`slkhi q`ic c`h Lheeqalh Ohuiuhbho/ c`h Chosguhbho nchu c`h Egamtuntgbgs`ni C`hqh qnoohi `k Fnobhichi mxuz huoãxshus rhuchi Eh` chu Lheeqalhi Ohuiuhbho hufnobs c`h Vhuãichuxib chu Bhr`alsh zr`qalhi zrh` Ihxuni/ r`h ehuh`sq `i Geqali`ss 55 chxso`al rxuch/ rhii h`ihq chu eh`chi lãxf`bh Uh`zh vnk jhrh`oq gichuhi hufãlus xic cgugxfl`i hehifgooq gms`v r`uc= rhii c`hqh goqn boh`alzh`s`b gms`v q`ic C`h Bhr`alsqãichuxib , ∆r`j) chu Vhue`icxib zr`qalhi chi Ihxunihi ` xic j igal chu 75
Lheeqalh Ohuiuhbho oãqqs c`al chkigal cxual fnobhich Fnukho igal E HAM & UHP ,nJ:nQ) gxqcuÿamhi: ∆r`j ; θ − g ` − g j
,1)
Rneh` θ h`ih vnuchf`i`hush Ohuiugsh cguqshoos/ c`h c`h Bhqalr`ic`bmh`s chq Ohuivnubgibq qshxhus xic g ` xic g j c`h Gms`v`sãsqohvho chu Ihxunihi ` xic j C`h Chosg+Uhbho/ c`h chk Thuzhtsuni+Mnivhubhiz+Slhnuhk ãlio`al `qs/ egq`hus l`ibhbhi gxf h`ihu Gitgqqxib chq @qs+Gms`v`sãsqohvhoq h`ihq Ihxuniq gi chi Qnoo+Rhus/ chu `i chu Sug`i`ibqtlgqh vnubhbhehi `qs @lu Vnush`o bhbhiÿehu chk Thuzhtsuni+Ohuigobnu`slkxq ehqshls cgu`i/ cgqq c`h Bhr`alsh i`als k`s mniqsgishu Qsãumh vhuãichus rhuchi/ qnichui c`hqh cgvni gelãibs/ r`h bunÞ chu gmsxhooh Fhlohu `k Gms`v`sãsqohvho `qs @qs cgq Ihszrhum goqn rh`s vni h`ihu nts`kgohi Gitgqqxib gi h`ihi Cgshiqgsz hisfhuis/ oãxfs chu Ohuivnubgib hisqtuhalhic qalihoo ge Iãlhus q`al cgq Ihszrhum chk bonegohi Fhlohuk`i`kxk gi/ vhuogibqgks q`al chu Tunzhqq ,E HAM & UHP nJ:nQ= AGKKGI 5442:17= M U@HQHO 5442:52) C`h Chosguhbho mgii fnukhoo igal E HAM & UHP ,nJ:nQ) r`h fnobs ehqalu`hehi rhuchi: ∆r`j ; θ − γ ` − g j
,3)
k`s : γ ` ; g` , Qnoo ) ∕ g` , @qs )
H`ih rh`shuh Ohuiuhbho c`h q`al lhxsh bunÞhu Eho`heslh`s hufuhxs/ xic gxal `i chu Fhuihumxicxib hisqtuhalhic lãxf`b h`ibhqhszs r`uc/ `qs c`h Egamtuntgbgs`ni nchu gxal Fhlohuuÿamfÿluxib ,E @QALNF hs go 7005: 3<5= L GI hs go 5441:832= L HHUKGII & MLGZHI@H 7005:<7= MU@HQHO 5442:50= U @SSHU hs go 7005:8= Q K@SL 7001:7745) Chu H`ifgallh`s lgoehu r`uc `k Fnobhichi vni h`ihk vnooqsãic`b vhuexichihi/ `i Qal`alshi gibhnucihshi Fhhcfnurguc +Ihszrhum +Ihszrhum gxqbhbgibhi/ `i chk mh`ih Fhhcegam + Vhue`icxibhi ,cgq lh`Þs uÿamrãusqbhu`alshsh Q`bigotfgch) zxbhogqqhi q`ic Eh` chk Egamtuntgbgs`ni+Vhufgluhi f`ichi zrh` vnooqsãic`bh Ihszcxualoãxfh qsgss ,q`hlh Gee 6) Zxk h`ihi r`uc/ r`h eh` jhchk gichuhi Ohuigobnu`slkxq gxal/ h`i @itxs +Q`bigo +Q`bigo `i cgq xisug`i`hush Ihszrhum ,chqqhi @i`s`go+Bhr`alsxibhi zxfãoo`b fhqsbhohbs rhuchi) h`ibhqth`qs C`hqhq oãxfs cxual cgq MII xic tuncxz`hus h`ihi Nxstxs +Rhus +Rhus @k Giqaloxqq r`uc xishuqxals/ r`h bunÞ c`h Gerh`alxib zr`qalhi chu @qs+ xic Qnoo+Gxqbgeh `qs ,E HAM & UHP nJ:nQ= AGOOGI 5441:30= Q SGCHU 7005:74ff) 71
Gee 6: Qalhkgs`qalh Cguqshooxib h`ihq mÿiqso`alhi ihxunigohi Ihszrhumq k`s Egamtuntgbgs`ni+Giqgsz ,MHUEHU 5445:nQ)
L`hueh` möiihi xishuqal`hco`alh Fhlohu igal M U@HQHO ,5442:84) chf`i`hus rhuchi:
+ Qthz`f`qalhu Fhlohu:
Huu t ;
k`s:
7 ∗ 5 ,s Ω ∕ pΩ )µ Ω∌N
,t ∌ T)
,8)
Huu ; Fhlohu s ; Qnoo+Gxqbgeh ,sgubhs) p ; @qs+Gxqbgeh t ; mnimuhshu Sug`i`ibq+ @itxs ,eh`qt`hoqrh`qh h`i T`|ho) T ; Khibh goohu Sug`i`ibq+ @itxs q ,Sug`i`ibq+T`|ho) ; mnimuhshq Nxstxs +Ihxuni +Ihxuni
N ; Khibh goohu Nxstxs ihxunihi ihxunihi
+ Bhqgks+Fhlohu:
Huu ;
∗ Huu t
,6)
t∌T
Zxu Geqalãszxib chu Gibhtgqqslh`s chq ihxunigohi Ihszhq möiihi cguÿehu l`igxq gxal chu Unns Khgi Qwxguh Huunu ,UKQH) nchu ãlio`alh Wxgisnuhi vhurhichs rhuchi Cg fÿu c`h Fhlohuuÿamfÿluxib jhcnal chu Bhqgks+Fhlohu hisqalh`chic `qs/ r`uc gxf h`ih Cguqshooxib rh`shuhu Ehuhalixibqvnuqalu`fshi gi c`hqhu Qshooh vhuz`alshs ,M U@HQHO 5442:84) @k zrh`shi Cxualogxf r`uc cgq Bhqgksfhlohu+Q`bigo/ cgq igal h`ihu bhqgkshi Htnalh ,cgq lh`Þs/ igal Cxualogxf goohu Sug`i`ibqcgshi) gxq goohi h`izhoihi ,qthz`f`qalhi) Fhlohui gxfqxkk`hus rxuch/ uÿamrãusq `i cgq Ihszrhum h`ibhqth`qs C`hqhq ehrhbs q`al goqn vni chu 73
+Qal`als xic vhurhichs cgeh` hehifgooq c`h bhr`alshshi Vhue`icxibhi Nxstxs + zxu @itxs +Qal`als zr`qalhi chi Ihxunihi C`hqhu Vnubgib c`his chu Gigopqh/ rhoalh Vhue`icxib r`h qsgum zxk Bhqgksfhlohu ehsuãbs Gxf Buxic chqqhi `qs h`ih C`ffhuhiz`huxib chq Bhqgksfhlohuq l`iq`also`al chu Bhr`alsxibhi vniiöshi ,E HAM & UHP nJ:nQ= AGOOGI 5441:30ff= M U@HQHO 5442:65) Chkigal mgii c`h Egamtuntgbgs`ni +Ohuiuhbho fnukhoo goq u`alsxibqgelãib`bh Geoh`sxib chq Bhqgksfhlohuq r`h fnobs igal M U@HQHO ,5442:65) ehqalu`hehi rhuchi:
∆r` / j ; ∕θ
k`s:
∅ Huu ,R ) ∅r` / j
,2)
Huu,R) ; Fhlohu `i Gelãib`bmh`s chu Bhqgkslh`s goohu Bhr`alsh ,c l chk Bhr`alsqvhmsnu R)
Xk `i Gelãib`bmh`s vni chi gmsxhoohi Bhr`alsxibhi chi Bhqgksfhlohu gish`o`b gxf c`h h`izhoihi Vhue`icxibhi zxuÿamfÿluhi zx möiihi/ `qs hq zr`ibhic insrhic`b/ cgqq c`h Gms`v`huxibqfxims`ni chu Ihxunihi qshs`b xic gi jhchu Qshooh c`ffhuhiz`huegu `qs Cglhu q`ic q`bkn`cgoh Fxims`nihi fÿu Egamtuntgbgs`ni +Girhicxibhi ehqnichuq bhh`bihs Zrgu rh`qs gxal c`h o`ihguh Fxims`ni c`h H`bhiqalgfs chu C`ffhuhiz`huegumh`s gi jhchu Qshooh gxf/ jhcnal ehqshls eh` c`hqhu c`h Bhfglu/ cgqq eh` qhlu bunÞhi/ ehz`hlxibqrh`qh qhlu moh`ihi Ihssn+ @itxs q gxal c`h Gms`v`sãsqohvho bhbhi ·∙ bhlhi C`hq lãssh zxu fnobh/ cgqq cgq Ihszrhum cgugxfl`i ixu inal Fhlohurhush tuncxz`hus/ rgq kh`qs i`als hurÿiqals `qs ,E HAM & UHP nJ:nQ)
5)3)3 Bugc`hishigeqs`hbqvhufgluhi Bugc`hishigeqs`hbqvhufgluhi Z`ho chq Ohuivnubgibq `qs/ xigelãib`b cgvni rhoalh Ohuiuhbho vhurhichs r`uc/ c`h K`i`k`huxib chq Fhlohuq Cgq ehchxshs/ cgqq c`h C`ffhuhiz zr`qalhi chu @qs+ xic chu Z`ho+ Gxqbgeh qn rh`s r`h köbo`al uhcxz`hus rhuchi kxqq C`hqhu Qgalvhulgos mgii zxu Vhugiqalgxo`alxib `i h`ihk i-7+c`khiq`nigohi Mnnuc`igshiqpqshk cgubhqshoos rhuchi/ rneh` i chu Gizglo chu Bhr`alsxibhi `k MII hisqtu`als ,`i Gee`ocxib 2 c`h C`khiq`nihi | xic p) xic c`h zxqãszo`alh C`khiq`ni zxk Gesugb chq Bhqgksfhlohuq c`his ,`i Gee`ocxib 2 c`h C`khiq`ni z) @i h`ihk qnoalhi q noalhi H`bhiqalgfsqugxk qshoos q`al chu Qnoo+@qs+Xishuqal`hc ,goqn chu Fhlohu) goq Lpthuhehih cgu ,q`hlh Gee 2) ,E HAM & UHP nJ:nQ= AGOOGI 5441:34ff) 78
Gee 2: Zrh`c`khiq`nigoh Fhlohu+Lpthuhehih `k cuh`c`khiq`nigohi cu h`c`khiq`nigohi Ugxk ,k`s zrh` Bhr`alsq+ xic h`ihu Fhlohuc`khiq`ni) ,vhuãichus igal B @OO@Q 5446:nQ)
Slhnuhs`qal mgii cgq Gxfqtÿuhi chq bonegohi Fhlohuk`i`kxkq cxual c`h Ehuhalixib chq Bhqgksfhlohuq fÿu jhch köbo`alh Bhr`alsqmnke`igs`ni hufnobhi Cg c`hq jhcnal qhlu `ihff`z`his `qs xic fÿu jhchq rh`shuh Bhr`als `k MMI h`ih rh`shuh C`khiq`ni `k H`bhiqalgfsugxk l`izxmnkks/ `qs h`i qnoalhq Xishufgibhi gxfbuxic zx lnlhi Uhalhigxfrgicq Uhalhigxfrgicq i`als zx uhgo`q`huhi ,E HAM & UHP nJ:nQ) Qsgsschqqhi mnkks lãxf`b cgq Bugc`hishigeqs`hbqvhufgluhi zxu Girhicxibhi Eh` c`hqhk ehb`iis cgq Sug`i`ibqvhufgluhi k`s h`ihu zxfãoo`bhi @i`s`gobhr`alsxib= goqn gi h`ihu eho`he`bhi Qshooh gxf chu Lpthuhehih Giqalo`hÞhic rhuchi gxqbhlhic vni c`hqhk Txims c`h Bugc`hishi ,goqn c`h Fhlohuãichuxibhi) `i gooh köbo`alhi U`alsxibhi ehuhalihs xic c`h Bhr`alsxibhi fÿu chi zrh`shi Sug`i`ibqcxualogxf ,c`h zrh`sh @shugs`ni) hisogib c`hqhu U`alsxib vhuãichus Cgigal rhuchi huihxs c`h Bugc`hishi ehuhalihs/ xic qn rh`shu C`hq r`uc qn ogibh fnusbhqhszs/ e`q h`i Fhlohuk`i`kxk huuh`als `qs ehz`hlxibqrh`qh h`ih vnuchf`i`hush Kg|`kgozglo vni @shugs`nihi cxualbhfÿlus rxuch nchu chu Bhqgksfhlohu xishu h`ih hehifgooq vnuehqs`kksh Snohugizqalrhooh bhfgoohi `qs ,E @QLNT 7008:561ff= CXCG hs go 5447:175) Goohuc`ibq rh`qs gxal cgq Bugc`hishigeqs`hbqvhufgluhi bhr`qqh Igalsh`oh gxf Zxk h`ihi mgii cgcxual mh`ihqrhbq bgugis`hus rhuchi/ cgqq gxf chu Fhlohuhehih h`i bonegohq K`i`kxk huuh`als r`uc @iqehqnichuh eh` h|suhk lnalc`khiq`nigohi Uãxkhi qsh`bs c`h Bhfglu/ gxf h`i 76
onmgohq K`i`kxk zx mnivhub`huhi/ cg chuhi Gizglo k`s qsh`bhichu C`khiq`niqzglo ÿehutuntnus`nigo girãalqs C`hq mgii cxual c`h/ k`s chu C`khiq`nigo`sãs girgalqhich/ Ugxl`bmh`s chu Fhlohu+Hehih humoãus rhuchi/ chii chu Fhlohu ehmnkks tun zxqãszo`alhu C`khiq`ni jhrh`oq c`h Köbo`almh`s/ qh`ihi Rhus `i zrh` rh`shuh U`alsxibhi zx vgu``huhi Rh`shuh Tuneohkh qshoohi c`h U`q`mhi cgu/ cgqq zxk h`ihi cgq Ohuivhufgluhi gxf Togshgxq/ gxf chihi chu Bugc`his `i khluhuh U`alsxibhi chi Rhus Ixoo gii`kks/ h`ibhqshoos r`uc/ nchu cgqq zxk gichuhi cgq bonegoh Fhlohuk`i`kxk eh` zx bunÞ bhrãloshu Ohuiugsh h`ifgal ÿehuqtuxibhi r`uc Ohszshico`al `qs gxal cgq Tuneohk chu Nqz`oogs`ni i`als xihulheo`al/ eh` chk cgq Ohuivhufgluhi `kkhu r`hchu c`hqhoehi Tximsh gxf chu Fhlohuhehih huuh`als xic cglhu qnzxqgbhi `k Muh`q oãxfs nlih h`i Z`ho zx f`ichi ,E HAM & UHP nJ:nQ= MU@HQHO 5442:21) Xk goo c`hqh Tuneohkh zx xkbhlhi qshlhi `k Rhqhiso`alhi cuh` vhuqal`hchih Khslnchi zx Vhufÿbxib/ rhoalh jhcnal gooh gxf r`hchulnosh Cxualoãxfh chu Sug`i`ibqtlgqh l`igxqogxfhi/ cg i`hkgic k`s Ehqs`kkslh`s qgbhi mgii/ r`h c`h Fhlohuhehih ehqalgffhi `qs xic rn `lu bonegohq K`i`kxk o`hbs ,E HAM & UHP nJ:nQ) C`h huqsh Köbo`almh`s `qs c`h @i`s`go+Bhr`alsh zx vgu``huhi/ cg c`hqh h`ihi rhqhiso`alhi H`ifoxqq gxf chi Vhuogxf chq Sug`i`ibq lgehi Qalo`hÞo`al r`uc l`hucxual ehqs`kks/ gi rhoalhu Qshooh chu Fhlohuhehih cgq Geqs`hbqvhufgluhi ehb`iis ,E HAM & UHP nJ:nQ= MU@HQHO 5442:26) Rh`shul`i `qs hq q`iivnoo c`h Ohuiugsh zx vhuãichui/ cg eh`qt`hoqrh`qh h`ih lnlh Ohuiugsh chi Vnush`o lãssh/ cgqq rh`s hisfhuish K`i`kg qalihoohu huuh`als rhuchi möiihi xic cgqq c`h Bhfglu chu Qsgbigs`ni gxf Togshgxq uhcxz`hus r`uc L`ibhbhi rãalqs cgq U`q`mn/ cgqq K`i`kg ÿehuqtuxibhi rhuchi xic Nqz`oogs`nihi rhuchi rgluqalh`io`alhu H`ih Vhuk`ichuxib chu Ohuiugsh lãssh h`ih Xkmhluxib chu Igalsh`oh `i Vnush`oh xic xkbhmhlus zxu Fnobh ,E
HAM
&
UHP nJ:nQ= MU@HQHO 5442:21ff) H`ih cu`ssh Nts`ni zxu Xkbhlxib chu nehi bhigiishi Tuneohkh rãuh c`h H`ifÿluxib h`ihu Knkhisxk+Ugsh C`hqh ehr`ums/ cgqq eh`k Bugc`hishigeqs`hbqvhufgluhi c`h Bhr`alsh i`als gxqqalo`hÞo`al `i U`alsxib chq buöÞshi Bugc`hishi vhuãichus rhuchi/ qnichui zx jhchk Ãichuxibqqalu`ss inal h`ikgo h`i bhr`qqhu Gish`o chu Ãichuxib gxq chk Qalu`ss zxvnu l`izxgcc`hus r`uc R`h bunÞ c`hqhu Gish`o `qs/ r`uc cxual c`h Knkhisxk+Ugsh fhqsbhohbs Cxual c`h @ishbugs`ni c`hqhu Vgu`geohi hulãos kgi jh igal bhrãloshu BuöÞh h`ih qsãumhuh nchu qalrãalhuh Mnis`ix`sãs `k Geqs`hbqvhufgluhi/ rncxual `iqehqnichuh chk Tuneohk chu Nqz`oogs`ni vnubhehxbs rhuchi mgii ,E HAM & UHP nJ:nQ= E@QLNT 7008:562ff= M U@HQHO 5442:26f) 72
5)8 H`bhiqalgfshi mÿiqso`alhu ihxunigohu Ihszrhumh @i chi ohszshi eh`chi Geqali`sshi ,51 xic 53) rxuchi chu Gxfegx xic c`h Fxims`niqrh`qh mÿiqso`alhu ihxunigohu Ihszh bhqal`ochus Egq`huhic gxf c`hqhk R `qqhi ogqqhi q`al ixi c`h cgugxq fnobhichi H`bhiqalgfshi chu MIIq zxqgkkhifgqqhi Gxfbuxic chq foh|`eohi Gxfegxq mÿiqso`alhu ihxunigohu Ihszh gxq zglouh`alhi h`ifgalhi Vhugueh`sxibqh`ilh`shi/ c`h gxf v`hofãos`bh Rh`qh xishuh`igichu vhumiÿtfs q`ic/ rhuchi `i cgq Ihszrhum h`ibhqth`qsh Cgshi lnalbugc`b tgugooho vhugueh`shs ,zxk`ichqs slhnuhs`qal/ cg MIIq bhrölio`al gxf Anktxshui gxqbhfÿlus rhuchi xic c`hqh qhwxhis`hoo gueh`shi) C`hq lgs zxu Fnobh/ cgqq cgq `i `lk bhqth`alhush R`qqhi ,cgqq `i chi bhr`alshshi Vhue`icxibhi o`hbs)/ ÿehu cgq bhqgksh/ ehz`hlxibqrh`qh zxk`ichqs ÿehu Sh`oh Ihszrhum vhueuh`shs `qs Cgq r`hchuxk ehchxshs/ cgqq `ishuih Qalãchi mh`ih bunÞhi Fhlohu `k ihxunigohi Ihsz lhuvnuuxfhi/ xic chkigal cgq Ihsz ,vnugxqbhqhszs hq `qs l`iuh`alhic bunÞ/ xk Qalãchi zx mnkthiq`huhi) chi Gxqfgoo h`izhoihu Ihxunihi nlih rh`shuhq gxqboh`alhi mgii xic eh` boh`alhu H`ibgeh/ gi chu Nxstxs +Qal`als +Qal`als sunszchk cgq boh`alh Hubhei`q gxqb`es Rh`shul`i ehqshls gxal h`ih bhr`qqh Snohugiz bhbhiÿehu h|shuihi Qalãchi Cgq lh`Þs/ cgqq cgq MII gxal k`s fhlohulgfshi @itxs +Cgshi +Cgshi h`ih mnuuhmsh Gxqbgeh huzhxbhi mgii ,E HAM & UHP nJ:nQ= LHQH 5448:7<= Mu`hqho 5442:57ff) Goohuc`ibq rh`qhi mÿiqso`alh ihxunigoh Ihszh gxal Igalsh`oh gxf @iqehqnichuh/ cgqq cgq Sug`i`ibqvhufgluhi gxf Buxic chq bunÞhi Uhalhigxfrgicq qhlu ogibqgk geoãxfs xic `k Vhuboh`al zx gichuhi Khslnchi vhulãosi`qkãÞ`b v`hoh Sug`i`ibqcgshi ehiös`bs rhuchi Gxal ehqshls c`h Bhfglu chq `i 535 bhqal`ochushi ßehusug`i`huhiq Rh`shul`i `qs i`als bgugis`hus/ cxual cgq Vhuãichui chu Bhr`alsh h`i bonegohq Fhlohuk`i`kxk zx f`ichi C`h o`hbs i`als zxohszs cgu`i ehbuÿichs/ cgqq hq q`al eh` ihxunigohi Ihszhi xk Eogam+En| +Qpqshkh lgichoi/ eh` chihi mh`ih Mhiisi`q cguÿehu ehqshls/ r`h gxq chk @itxs h`i Nxstxs huzhxbs r`uc xic r`h q`al chkzxfnobh c`h nts`kgoh Bhr`alsqmgo`eu`huxib bhqsgoshs Gxal c`h ehqsbhh`bihsqsh Ihszrhumgual`shmsxu eoh`es gxf Buxic chq Eogam+En|+Algugmshuq `k Vhuenubhihi/ qn cgqq chu Ihszhisr`amohu qshsq vnu chu Fugbh qshls/ ne k`s h`ihk gichuhi Ihszrhumgxfegx i`als cnal h`i ehqqhuhq Hubhei`q zx huz`hohi `qs ,E HAM & UHP nJ:nQ= LHQH 5448:56) C`hq kgals chxso`al/ cgqq c`h Girhicxib mÿiqso`alhu ihxunigohu Ihszh/ r`h jhchq gichuh Vhufgluhi gxal/ qnrnlo Vnu+ goq gxal Igalsh`oh lgs C`hqh qnooshi q`al eh` chu Ehgueh`sxib h`ihq Tuneohkq/ eh` chu c`h Ixszxib vni MIIq `i Fugbh mnkks/ qshsq vnu Gxbhi bhlgoshi rhuchi/ qn cgqq h`i nejhms`vhq Gerãbhi vni Fÿu xic R`chu xic c`h cgugxf egq`huhich Vhurhicxib nchu Geohlixib c`hqhu Khslnch bhrãluoh`qshs rhuchi mgii 7<
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lgichos hq q`al xk c`h huqsh Girhicxib vni MIIq zxu Chshms`huxib vni Ãichuxibhi ,Algibh Chshas`ni)/ cg c`hqh `k Vnufhoc `i chu Fhuihumxicxib `k Rhqhiso`alhi zxu E`ocmogqq`f`mgs`ni vhurhichs rxuchi ,B NTGO & RNNCANAM 7006: 10<)
1)7 Buxicogbhi chu Xishuqxalxib Eh` chk Xishuqxalxibqbhe`hs lgichos hq q`al xk cgq Ehamhi chq Sglnh+Qhhq `i Mgo`fnui`hi ,q`hlh Gee <) C`hqhq h`bihsh q`al fÿu c`h Xishuqxalxib ehqnichuq bxs/ cg hq `k Zh`sugxk vni 70<< e`q 7005 gxfbuxic ogib gilgoshichu Cÿuuhi zx h`ihu hulölshi Mni`fhuhi+ Knusgo`sãs mgk Z`ho chu Xishuqxalxib rgu hq/ i`als r`h inukgohurh`qh eh` chu Algibh Chshas`ni ÿeo`al/ c`h Gus chu Vhuãichuxibhi `i chi Ogicixszxibq+ ezr +ehchamxibqmogqqhi
zx huk`sshoi/ qnichui c`h @ishiq`sãs/ k`s chu c`hqh Ãichuxib `k Zh`sugxk vni 70<< e`q 7007 qsgssfgichi ,cgq lh`Þs/ c`h Gizglo chu gebhqsnuehihi Eãxkh) ,B NTGO & RNNCANAM 7006:10<) Ehuh`sq `k Vnufhoc chu MII+egq`hushi Geqalãszxib rxuch chu Vhuqxal xishuinkkhi/ c`h Knusgo`sãs k`s zrh` gichuhi Khslnchi zx uhmniqsux`huhi Cgcxual qsgichi zxk h`ihi zxqãszo`alh Cgshi gxq zrh` Bhoãichehbhlxibhi zxu Vhufÿbxib ,rhoalh goohuc`ibq gxf bhqgkshi Ehqsgicq+Qhbkhishi egq`hushi/ giqsgss gxf T`|hoi) xic cguÿehu l`igxq huogxesh c`hq h`ihi Vhuboh`al xic qnk`s h`ih wxgo`sgs`vh H`iqalãszxib chu Hubhei`qqh ,B NTGO & RNNCANAM 7006:10<)
70
Gee <: Ogbh chq Sglnh+Qhhq ,vhuãichus igal @ UR@I 7000:nQ= GINIPKNXQ 5442e:nQ)
C`h huqsh Xishuqxalxib chu Mni`fhuhi+Knusgo`sãs rxuch vni K GANKEHU & RNNCANAM ,7008:588) xishuinkkhi @lu Giqgsz egq`hush gxf chu Khqqxib chq MunihiqaloxÞuÿambgibq zr`qalhi zrh` Zh`stximshi ,70<< xic 7005)/ rneh` c`hqhu jhrh`oq k`s chk O`+Qsuglohu+ Knchoo ehuhalihs rxuch Goq Hubhei`q hul`hos kgi h`ih k`ssohuh Knusgo`sãs vni 78( chq Ixszlnozvnoxkhiq C`hq chamsh q`al k`s chi `k Bhoãich bhkhqqhihi Rhushi/ jhcnal r`alhi c`h Knusgo`sãshi chu h`izhoihi Ehqsãich sh`orh`qh qsgum vni chi Khqqxibhi ge ,uµ ; 4/3) ,BNTGO & RNNCANAM 7006:10<) H`ih rh`shuh Geqalãszxib rxuch hehifgooq 7008 vni A NOO@IQ & RNNCANAM ,7008:562) cxualbhfÿlus C`hqh vhurhichsh chi Bugkk+Qalk`cs+Nuslnbnigo`q`huxibqtunzhqq zxu Algibh Chshas`ni/ eh` chk/ ãlio`al r`h eh` chu Sgqqhohc+Agt +Gigopqh ,h`ihu qthz`hoohi
Vgu`gish chu Tu`ia`tgo Anktnihis Gigopq`q ,TAG)/ eh` chu xishu Gxfuhalshulgosxib chq BunÞsh`oq chu @ifnukgs`nihi/ c`h C`khiq`nigo`sãs h`ihq Cgshiqgszhq/ k`s khluhuhi mnuuho`huhichi Vgu`geohi/ lhugeqhszs r`uc) h`i i+mgigo`bhq E`oc `i i nuslnbnigoh @ic`zhq zhuohbs r`uc/ vni chihi jhchu h`i bhr`qqhq Tnshis`go zxu Khqqxib vni Qzhihi+Algugmshu`qs`mg gxfrh`qs @k l`hu vnubhqshooshi Vhufgluhi rxuchi v`hu Mnktnihishi vhurhichs , Eu`blsihqq ,Nehufoãalhilhoo`bhmh`s)/ Buhhihqq ,Vhbhsgs`niqv`sgo`sãs)/ Rhsihqq ,Vhbhsgs`niqfhxals`bmh`s) 54
qnr`h h`i rh`shuhu Ãichuxibq+@ich|) H`ih Uhbuhqq`ni zr`qalhi c`hqhi xic chi Bhoãichkhqqxibhi hubgehi gelãib`b cgvni/ rhoalh Cgshi zxk Sug`i`ib ehz`hlxibqrh`qh zxk Shqshi vhurhichs rxuchi/ h`i uµ vni 4/8 e`q 4/2 xic qnk`s h`ih ehqqhuh Fãl`bmh`s c`h Mni`fhuhi+Knusgo`sãs zx ehqs`kkhi/ goq c`h `k huqshi Vhuqxal gibhrgicsh Khslnch ,GUKQSUNFF 5442:52= B NTGO & RNNCANAM 7006:100)
1)5 Vnubhlhi xic Hubhei`qqh @k Fnobhichi r`uc ixi cgq Vnubhlhi chq cu`sshi Giqgszhq zxu Knusgo`sãsqehqs`kkxib `k Ehamhi chq Sglnh+Qhhq vnubhqshoos/ rhoalhu gxf mÿiqso`alhi mÿiqso` alhi ihxunigohi Ihszrhumhi egq`hus Goq Cgshibuxicogbh c`hishi zrh` Qzhihi chq Ogicqgs+ Slhkgs`a+Kgtthu ,SK) ,gxq chi Jgluhi 70<< xic 7007)/ vni chihi jhcnal jhrh`oq chu eogxh xic slhukgoh Mgigo gxq chu Xishuqxalxib
gxqbhqalonqqhi
rxuchi
qnr`h
Knusgo`sãsq+Rhush
ÿehu
jhrh`oq
67
ehz`hlxibqrh`qh 56 Ehqsãich/ c`h rãluhic zrh` Fhocmgktgbihi gxfbhinkkhi rxuchi ,BNTGO & RNNCANAM 7006:100) Zxu Girhicxib mgk h`i Fhhcfnurguc +Ihszrhum +Ihszrhum ,`i chk goqn mh`ih uÿamrãusq bhu`alshshi Vhue`icxibhi zxbhogqqhi rxuchi) k`s ÿehurgalshk Egamtuntgbgs`ni+Ohuigobnu`slkxq ,q`hlh Gee 0) C`hqhq lgssh h`ih @itxs +Qal`als +Qal`als k`s zhli/ h`ih L`cchi+Qal`als k`s 78 qnr`h h`ih Nxstxs +Qal`als +Qal`als k`s h`ihk Ihxuni xic vhurhichsh q`bkn`cgoh Gms`v`sãsqfxims`nihi/ rncxual gooh Cgshi rãluhic chq Ihszcxualogxfq gxf chi Rhushehuh`al ]4= 7[ qmgo`hus rguhi ,BNTGO & RNNCANAM 7006:100) L`hueh` lgsshi c`h Ihszhisr`amohu zrh` Hisqalh`cxibhi zx suhffhi: Zxk h`ihi qshoosh q`al c`h Fugbh r`h v`hoh @itxs +Vhmsnuhi +Vhmsnuhi vhurhichs rhuchi qnooshi H`ihuqh`sq lãssh kgi fÿif @itxs +Ihxunihi +Ihxunihi vhurhichi möiihi/ rgq q`al chugus bhqsgoshs lãssh/ cgqq
zxiãalqs
jhrh`oq
c`h
C`ffhuhiz+Rhush
boh`alhu
Mgiãoh
zr`qalhi
chi
Gxfiglkhzh`stximshi lãsshi ehuhalihs rhuchi kÿqqhi ,zxk Eh`qt`ho SK 5 7007 ‑ SK 570<<) xic c`hqh cgii `i cgq Ihszrhum h`ibhqth`qs rnuchi rãuhi C`hq rxuch goohuc`ibq zx Bxiqshi h`ihq zhlimgigo`bhi zhlimgigo`bhi @itxs +Vhmsnuq +Vhmsnuq vhurnufhi ,q`hlh Gee 0) Eh` c`hqhu Vgu`gish rxuchi gooh vhurhichshi SK+Mgiãoh k`s `luhi geqnoxshi Rhushi h`ibhqth`qs C`hq lgs `k Bhbhiqgsz zxk fÿifmgigo`bhi @itxs +Vhmsnu +Vhmsnu h`ihi geqnoxshi qsgss h`ihi uhogs`vhi Mni`fhuhi+Uÿambgib zxu Fnobh Rh`shul`i f`ho c`h Rglo chu Ihszhisr`amohu gxf zhli H`ibgeh+Mgiãoh/ cg q`al eh` chu Vhurhicxib vni ixu fÿif `i chu Sug`i`ibqtlgqh mh`ih Mnivhubhiz gxf h`i Fhlohuk`i`kxk h`iqshoosh ,BNTGO & RNNCANAM 7006:100) 57
Chq Rh`shuhi vhuogibsh c`h Girhicxib h`ihq MII c`h Ehqaluãimxib gxf h`ih Cgshigus Cgq lh`Þs/ cgqq hisrhchu c`h T`|ho ,chu SK+Cgshi , @itxs )) )) nchu c`h Qhbkhish ,chu Bhoãichxishuqxalxib ,Qnoo+ Nxstxs chu Sug`i`ibq+ xic Shqs+Tlgqh)) zxu Buxicogbh chu Gigopqh bhkgals rhuchi kxqqshi L`hueh` f`ho c`h Rglo gxf c`h Ehqsgicq+Qhbkhish/ cg h`ih C`qgbbuhb`huxib gxf T`|ho+Hehih cgzx bhfÿlus lãssh/ cgqq jhchk h`izhoihi T`|ho chu k`ssohuh Knusgo`sãsqrhus chq bhqgkshi Ehqsgichq lãssh zxbhr`hqhi rhuchi kÿqqhi C`hq hisqtu`als jhcnal
i`als
chu
Uhgo`sãs
xic
lãssh
cgcxual
c`h
Sug`i`ibqtlgqh
qnr`h
c`h
Wxgo`sãsqh`iqalãszxib chq MII `i chu Shqstlgqh vhufãoqals Qsgsschqqhi rxuch chu Igalsh`o `i Mgxf bhinkkhi/ cgqq ixu qhlu rhi`bh Cgshi zxk Sug`i`huhi xic Shqshi ,67 ehz`hlxibqrh`qh ehz`hlxibqrh`qh 56) chq ihxunigohi Ihszhq zxu Vhufÿbxib Vhufÿbxib qsgichi ,B NTGO & RNNCANAM 7006:100)
Gee 0: Qalhkgs`qalh Cguqshooxib chu zxu Algibh Chshas`ni vhurhichshi Ihszrhum+Gual`shmsxu ,B NTGO & RNNCANAM 7006:344)
C`h @i`s`go+Bhr`alsxibhi rxuchi thu Zxfgoo gxf Rhush zr`qalhi +4/7 xic 4/7 fhqsbhqhszs xic jhrh`oq vhuãichus/ igalchk chk Ihszrhum fÿif Sug`i`ibq+Ehqsãich tuãqhis`hus rxuchi C`hq bhqalgl igal B NTGO & RNNCANAM ,7006:344) r`h fnobs:
55
r,i - 7) ; r, i) - β
k`s:
∅h, z |/ r,i)) ∅r,i)
- α ∆r, i)
,<)
r,i) ; Bhr`alsxibqkgsu`| zxk @shugs`niq+Zh`stxims i β ; Ohui+Ugsh α ; Knkhisxk+Ugsh
h ,z |/ r,i)) ; C`ffhuhiz zr`qalhi Qnoo+ ,z) xic @qs+ Nxstxs `i Gelãib`bmh`s vni r,i)
Hq rxuchi khluhuh Cxualoãxfh k`s xishuqal`hco`alhi Ohui+ xic Knkhisxk+Ugshi cxualbhfÿlus/ rneh` c`h Rglo ohszshico`al gxf Rhush vni 4/1 xic 4/6 v`ho/ cg eh` c`hqhi cgq U`q`mn chu Nqz`oogs`ni k`i`kgo rgu Chq Rh`shuhi mgkhi Ihszrhum+Gual`shmsxuhi k`s fÿif e`q fÿifz`b L`cchi+Xi`s q zxk H`iqgsz/ rneh` c`h ehqshi Hubhei`qqh k`s fÿifzhli e`q zrgiz`b huz`hos rhuchi mniishi ,B NTGO & RNNCANAM 7006:344) Gxfbuxic chu hisqalh`chichi Ehchxsxib chu @i`s`go+Bhr`alsxibhi rxuchi gxal l`hu fÿif vhuqal`hch Cxualoãxfh k`s jhrh`oq xishuqal`hco`alhi Zxfgooq+@i`s`go+Bhr`alshi xishuinkkhi Goohuc`ibq fÿlushi gooh fÿif Vhuqxalh zx ãlio`alhi Hubhei`qqhi/ rncxual cgvni gxqzxbhlhi `qs/ cgqq cgq sug`i`hush Ihszrhum h`ih ,giiãlhuic) nts`kgoh Uhtuãqhisgs`ni chu Cgshiqsuxmsxu o`hfhus ,BNTGO & RNNCANAM 7006:344) Cgq Hubhei`q/ cgq cxual c`h Girhicxib chu `i Gee`ocxib 0 cgubhqshooshi Gual`shmsxu huz`hos rxuch/ `qs `i Gee`ocxib 74 zx qhlhi L`hu`i q`ic c`h 56 Ehqsgicqtximsh gxq chu Sug`i`ibqtlgqh gebhsugbhi Hq fãoos h`ih chxso`alh Mnuuhogs`ni zr`qalhi chi vnk MII ehuhalihshi ,Nuc`igsh) xic chi bhkhqqhihi Ãichuxibhi ,Geqz`qqh) gxf C`hqh oãqqs q`al cxual h`ihi Rhus vni 4/<10 fÿu uµ qnr`h 6/< fÿu chi UKQH wxgis`f`z`huhi/ rgq h`ihu chxso`alhi Vhuehqqhuxib bhbhiÿehu chu Bugkk+Qalk`cs+Nuslnbnigo`q`huxibq+Khslnch ,uµ zr`qalhi 4/3< xic 4/2 xic UKQH zr`qalhi 0/07 xic 2/<6) hisqtu`als ,B NTGO & RNNCANAM 7006:344f) H`i Buxic fÿu c`h ehqqhuhi Uhqxosgsh möiish zxk h`ihi qh`i/ cgqq chu Zxqgkkhilgib zr`qalhi chu Mni`fhuhi+Knusgo`sãs xic chi qthmsugohi @ifnukgs`nihi i`als o`ihgu `qs xic qn cxual h`i mÿiqso`alhq ihxunigohq Ihsz ehqqhu r`hchubhbhehi rhuchi mgii H`ih rh`shuh Köbo`almh`s ehqshls cgu`i/ cgqq cgq MII hvhisxhoo gichuh @ifnukgs`nihi gxq chi kxos`qthmsugohi Cgshi zxu Wxgis`f`z`huxib chu Mni`fhuhi+Knusgo`sãs vhurhichs Xk c`hq zx ehxush`ohi/ rxuchi vni Bntgo & Rnncanam ,7006:347) c`h Fãl`bmh`shi h`ihu TAG xishuqxals ,BNTGO & RNNCANAM 7006:347) 51
Gee 74: Vhuboh`al chu bhkhqqhihi k`s chi cxual cgq ihxunigoh Ihszrhum ehuhalihshi Knusgo`sãsq+Rhush ,B NTGO & RNNCANAM 7006:347)
Cg ehuh`sq c`h Xishuqxalxibhi vni A NOO@IQ & RNNCANAM ,7008:562) gxf h`ihu qthz`hoohi Gus vni TAG ehuxlshi/ ens q`al h`i Vhuboh`al chu H`bhivhmsnuhi gi/ c`h c`h Gxqu`alsxib chu Lgxtsmnktnihishi , Tu`ia`tgo Anktnihisq) chshuk`i`huhi C`hqhu zh`bsh gxf/ cgqq c`h huqsh Lgxtsmnktnihish qhlu qsgum k`s chk vni A NOO@IQ & RNNCANAM ,7008:562) vhurhichshi Ãichuxibq+@ich| Ãichuxibq+@ich| mnuuho`hushi qnr`h c`h zrh`sh xic cu`ssh jhrh`oq k`s chu Eu`blsihqq+ xic Buhhihqq +Mnktnihish chq Bugkk+Qalk`cs+Nuslnbnigo`q`huxibq+ Vhufgluhiq Egq`huhic gxf c`hqhu Gigopqh mgii goqn cgvni gxqbhbgibhi rhuchi/ cgqq eh`ch Shali`mhi c`h qhoehi Cgshi vhurhichs xic cgqq chkzxfnobh h`iz`b chu Vnush`o/ cgqq ihxunigoh Ihszh i`als+o`ihguh Zxqgkkhilãibh ehqqhu uhmniqsux`huhi möiihi/ c`hqhi zx h`ihk bhigxhuhi Uhqxosgs vhul`ofs ,B NTGO & RNNCANAM 7006:345)
53
3 Girhicxib mÿiqso`alhu ihxunigohu Ihszh zxu Mogqq`f`mgs`ni h`ihu Ogicqgs+SK+Qzhih @k Fnobhichi qnoo ixi c`h Girhicxib mÿiqso`alhu ihxunigohu Ihszh zxu Mogqq`f`mgs`ni h`ihu Ogicqgs+8+SK+Qzhih vnubhqshoos rhuchi C`hqh rxuch xishu Zxl`ofhiglkh chu Qnfsrguh Bhnkgs`ag 0)7)4 vni TA@ Bhnkgs`aq cxualbhfÿlus ,TA@ BHNKGS@AQ 5441:nQ)
3)7 Cgshibuxicogbh xic Vnuvhugueh`sxib Zxu Cxualfÿluxib chu Mogqq`f`mgs`ni qsgic qs gic h`ih Ogicqgs+8+SK+Qzhih vnk 584870<0 k`s h`ihu uãxko`alhi Gxfoöqxib vnk cuh`Þ`b kgo cuh`Þ`b Khshui zxu Vhufÿbxib C`hqh zh`bs h`ihi BunÞsh`o Inuculh`i+Rhqsfgohiq/ cgq qÿcrhqso`alh I`hchu+Qgalqhi xic cgq inuc+rhqso`alh Lhqqhi qnr`h h`ihi Sh`o chu I`hchuogich ,ãxÞhuhu rh`Þhu Uglkhi `i Gee 77)
Gee 77: Ogbh chu Ogicqgs+Qzhih qnr`h chq mogqq`f`z`hushi Gxqqali`ssq gxf h`ihu Chxsqalogic+Mgush ,vhuãichus igal GINIPKNXQ 5442g:nQ)
58
Gee 75: Bhe`hs xk c`h Qsgcs Guiqehub ,Qgxhuogic) ,vhuãichus igal K @I@QSHU@XK FßU EGXHI XIC VHUMHLU CHQ OGICHQ INUCULH@I +RHQSFGLOHI 5446:nQ)
Cg hq eh` chu l`hu vnubhqshooshi Girhicxib ohc`bo`al xk cgq Tu`iz`t chu Mogqq`f`mgs`ni k`sshoq mÿiqso`alhu ihxunigohu Ihszh bhls/ rxuch ohc`bo`al k`s h`ihk Gxqqali`ss chu bhqgkshi Ogicqgs+Qzhih bhgueh`shs C`hqhu xkfgqqs cgq Bhe`hs xk c`h qgxhuoãic`qalh Qsgcs Guiqehub ,`iihuhu rh`Þhu Uglkhi `i Gee 77 ehz`hlxibqrh`qh Gee 75) C`hqhq h`bihsh q`al ehqnichuq bxs/ cg l`hu h`ih qhlu lhshunbhih Ogicqalgfs k`s zglouh`alhi vhuqal`hchihi Ogicehchamxibhi Ogicehchamxibhi vnulhuuqals/ c`h q`al bxs mogqq`f`z`huhi ogqqhi Ehvnu c`hqhu Gxqqali`ss jhcnal huqshoos rhuchi mniish/ kxqqshi c`h `k s`f+Fnukgs vnuo`hbhichi Ogicqgs+Mgiãoh `i t`|+Cgsh`hi ,k`s chihi Bhnkgs`ag xkbhlhi mgii) xkbhrgichos rhuchi xic giqalo`hÞhic chu zrh`sh/ cu`ssh/ v`hush/ fÿifsh xic q`hesh Mgigo gi chi huqshi gibhlãibs rhuchi ,chu qhalqsh Mgigo rxuchi rhbhi chu qalohalshuhi uãxko`alhi Gxfoöqxib gxq chu Gigopqh gxqbhqalonqqhi) C`hq bhqalgl k`sshoq chu Sugiqfhu+Ogphu + Fxims`ni/ c`h `i chi Fnaxq vni Bhnkgs`ag `ktohkhis`hus `qs ,TA@ BHNKGS@AQ 5441:nQ) 56
Goq Uhfhuhizcgshi+Wxhooh qsgic cgq Tunbugkk Bnnboh Hgusl zxu Vhufÿbxib/ rhoalhq h`ih Qzhih chqqhoehi Bhe`hshq vnk 54455443 ehuh`sl`hos C`hqh h`bihsh q`al `iqehqnichuh zxu Vgo`c`huxib chu `k Fnobhichi bhqal`ochushi E`skgt+Huqshooxib Goohuc`ibq ehqsgic chu Igalsh`o/ cgqq c`h Qzhih zxk h`ihi huqs 78 Jgluh igal chu Ogicqgs+Qzhih hisqsgic xic cguÿehu l`igxq gxal inal zx h`ihu bãizo`al gichuhi Jgluhqzh`s gxfbhinkkhi rxuch/ rgq zxu Fnobh lgssh/ cgqq boh`alh Bhe`hsh `i eh`chi Cgshiqãszhi ixu qhlu qalrhu gxqzxkgalhi rguhi C`hq rxuch inal zxqãszo`al cgcxual huqalrhus/ cgqq c`h Qzhihi xishuh`igichu h`ihi Vhuqgsz gxqr`hqhi ,goqn chuhi Mnnuc`igshi i`als ÿehuh`iqs`kkshi) Ohc`bo`al c`h C`ffhuhiz`huxib zr`qalhi Ogxe+ xic Igchorãochui rxuch cxual chi `k R`ishu gxfbhinkkhihi Bnnboh+ Hgusl+Cgshiqgsz huoh`alshus/ cg huqshuh zx c`hqhk Zh`stxims ogxefuh` rguhi
3)1 Vnubhlhi xic Hubhei`qqh Xk h`ih Mogqq`f`mgs`ni k`s mÿiqso`alhi ihxunigohi Ihszhi `i Bhnkgs`ag cxualfÿluhi zx möiihi/ rhuchi zxiãalqs Sug`i`ibqbhe`hsh ehiös`bs C`hqh rxuchi `i Bhnkgs`agq @kgbh Rnumq `i Fnuk vni E`skgtq gxqbhr`hqhi xic giqalo`hÞhic goq Qhbkhis gi chi Cgshiqgsz
gibhlãibs Hq rxuchi jhrh`oq E`skgtq fÿu c`h Mogqqhi Rgqqhu/ Xuegi/ Ogxergoc/ Igchorgoc/ Gamhuogic qnr`h Eugalfoãalhi huqshoos ,q`hlh Gee 71)
Gee 71: E`skgt+Qhbkhish fÿu gooh Mogqqhi `i TA@ @kgbh Rnumq ,TA@ BHNKGS@AQ 5441:nQ)
52
Igal chk Chf`i`huhi chu Sug`i`ibqbhe`hsh/ mniish k`sshoq chq IIAUHGS+Kncxoq `i +Ihszhq ehbniihi rhuchi C`hqhq Bhnkgs`ag q \tgah k`s chu Huqshooxib h`ihq Fhhcfnurguc +Ihszhq vhuogibs/ r`h `i Gee`ocxib 73 zx qhlhi/ c`h Gibgeh chu zx vhurhichichi @itxs +Mgiãoh +Mgiãoh ,CE@A) ehz`hlxibqrh`qh c`h xik`sshoegu cgk`s zxqgkkhilãibhich Gizglo chu @itxs + Ihxunihi ,I@XI@S) @i c`hqhk Fgoo rxuch tun H`ibgibq+Mgigo h`ih @itxs+Xi`s vhurhichs Chq Rh`shuhi kxqq c`h Gizglo chu L`cchi+Xi`sq ,ILXI@S) ,c`h `i Bhnkgs`ag qshsq q`bkn`cgoh Gms`v`sãsqfxims`nihi lgehi) gibhbhehi rhuchi/ rhoalh `i chu l`hu bhqal`ochushi Girhicxib zr`qalhi cuh` xic fÿif tun Qal`als vgu``hus rxuch L`hueh` rxuchi jhrh`oq Sug`i`ibqcxualoãxfh k`s h`ihu xic zrh` L`cchi+Qal`alshi cxualbhfÿlus cxualbhfÿlus Cg jhcnal cxual c`h Vhurhicxib h`ihu zxqãszo`alhi Qal`als mh`ih ihiihiqrhushi Vhuehqqhuxibhi zx huz`hohi rguhi/ rxuch chu f`igoh Cxualogxf k`s ixu h`ihu Qal`als ä fÿif f ÿif Xi`sq xishuinkkhi Rh`shul`i bge hq h`ih Ehqaluãimxib gxf kg|`kgo 7444 Sug`i`ibq+ T`|ho tun Mogqqh/ xk h`ihi xiiös`b lnlhi Uhalhigxfrgic zx vhukh`chi ,TA@ BHNKGS@AQ 5441:nQ)
Gee 73: IIAUHGS+Kncxo ,TA@ BHNKGS@AQ 5441:nQ)
@k Giqaloxqq Giqaloxqq
gi c`h c`h Huqshooxib c`hqhq ihxunigohi ihxunigohi Ihszrhumq k`s h`ihu 6+8+6hu+
Gual`shmsxu/ rhoalhq vni Bhnkgs`ag goq Qhbkhis gi c`h hisqtuhalhich Cgsh` gibhlãibs gibhlãibs r`uc/ bgos hq ixi/ cgq Ihszrhum zx sug`i`huhi C`hq bhqalgl k`s chk \tgah+Kncxo IISUG@I/ rhoalhq zxk h`ihi c`h Gibgeh chq mÿiqso`alhi ihxunigohi Ihszhq vhuogibs/ cgqq `k IIAUHGS+Kncxo huqshoos rxuch Zxk gichuhi kÿqqhi c`h Ohui+ xic Knkhisxk+Ugsh qnr`h c`h Fhlohuqalrhoohi ,qthz`f`qalhu xic Bhqgks+Fhlohu) gibhbhehi rhuchi/ eh` chuhi Huuh`alhi chu Sug`i`ibqvnubgib ehhichs r`uc Cguÿehu l`igxq `qs c`h Chf`i`s`ni h`ihu
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kg|`kgohi @shugs`niq+Zglo neo`bgsnu`qal C`hqh ehr`ums chi Geqaloxqq chu Sug`i`ibqtlgqh/ fgooq mh`ih chu bhrÿiqalshi Fhlohuqalrhoohi huuh`als r`uc ,TA@ BHNKGS@AQ 5441:nQ) Hq rxuchi khluhuh Sug`i`ibqcxualoãxfh k`s jhrh`oq xishuqal`hco`alhi @i`s`go+ Bhr`alsxibhi/ xishuqal`hco`alhi Ohui+ xic Knkhisxk+Ugshi ,jhrh`oq zr`qalhi ixoo xic h`iq) qnr`h vhuqal`hchihi Kg|`kgo+@shugs`nihi ,7444 ‑ 5444) cxualbhfÿlus Cgq ehqsh Hubhei`q rxuch l`hueh` k`s Ohui+ xic Knkhisxk+Ugshi vni jhrh`oq 4/3 xic 7444 @shugs`nihi ,h`ih Hulölxib c`hqhu gxf 5444 eugalsh mh`ih rh`shuh Vhuehqqhuxib) huz`hos Zxk Hich chu Sug`i`ibqtlgqh qshoosh q`al h`i Bhqgksfhlohu vni 4/401 h`i/ chu bhbhiÿehu chu vnuh`ibhqshooshi Snohugizqalrhooh vni 4/47 inal vhulãosi`qkãÞ`b lnal o`hbs Jhcnal o`hfhushi c`h kh`qshi Sug`i`ibqcxualoãxfh k`s xishuqal`hco`alqshi Ohui+ xic Knkhisxk+Ugshi ãlio`alh Hubhei`qqh xic ixu h`i`bh h`i`bh rhi`bh rhi`bh
Bhqgksfhlohu rguhi chxso`al qalohalshu Qnk`s mgii cgvni
gxqbhbgibhi gxqbhbgibhi rhuchi/ cgqq cxual cgq Sug`i`ibqvhufgluhi h`i bonegohq Fhlohuk`i`kxk huuh`als rxuch ehz`hlxibqrh`qh hq zxk`ichqs h`ih Giiãlhuxib gi c`hqhq bge
Gee 78: IISUG@I+Kncxo ,TA@ BHNKGS@AQ 5441:nQ)
Geqalo`hÞhic rxuch cgq sug`i`hush MII zxu h`bhiso`alhi Mogqq`f`mgs`ni gxf chi bhqgkshi Cgshiqgsz gibhrgics L`huzx qshls `i Bhnkgs`ag cgq \tgah+Kncxo IIAOGQQ zxu Vhufÿbxib ,q`hlh Gee 76) C`hqhq b`es fÿu jhchi T`|ho jhrh`oq c`h rgluqalh`io`alqsh Mogqqh `i h`ihi Nxstxs +Mgigo +Mgigo gxq Cguÿehu l`igxq ogqqhi q`al gxal c`h Rgluqalh`io`almh`s ,cgq lh`Þs/ c`h Q`alhulh`s/ k`s chu jhchu E`octxims h`ihu ehqs`kkshi Mogqqh zxbhr`hqhi rxuch) qnr`h c`h zrh`srgluqalh`io`alqsh/ cu`ssrgluqalh`io`alqsh hsa Mogqqh fÿu jhchi E`octxims `i zxqãszo`alhi Mgiãohi gxqbhehi @i chu vnuo`hbhichi Xishuqxalxib rxuch q`al jhcnal gxf h`ihi Nxstxs + Mgigo ehqaluãims ,TA@ BHNKGS@AQ 5441:nQ) 50
Gee 76: IIAOGQQ+Kncxo ,TA@ BHNKGS@AQ 5441:nQ)
Cgq Mogqq`f`mgs`niqhubhei`q `qs `i Gee`ocxib 72 zx qhlhi H`ih uh`i nts`qalh Gigopqh/ oãqqs chi Qaloxqq zx/ cgqq cgq MII c`h Cgshiqsuxmsxu k`s bxshu Giiãlhuxib r`hchub`es Hq zh`alihi q`al chxso`al Rgqqhu+ qnr`h xuegih Bhe`hsh ge xic gxal c`h Gbugufoãalhi q`ic vni chi ehrgochshi Bhe`hshi bxs zx xishuqalh`chi Ohc`bo`al eh` chu C`ffhuhiz`huxib zr`qalhi Ogxe+ xic Igchorgoc su`ss h`ih humhiieguh Mnifxq`ni gxf/ c`h köbo`alhurh`qh gxal gxf sntnbugtl`qalhi H`ifoÿqqhi ehuxls Zxu Wxgis`f`z`huxib chu Bhigx`bmh`s chq Mogqq`f`mgs`niqhubhei`qqhq rãuh h`ih Bhigx`bmh`sqgigopqh rÿiqalhiqrhus bhrhqhi/ jhcnal kxqqsh gibhq`alsq chu xizxuh`alhichi Uhfhuhiz+Cgshibuxicogbh ,`iqehqnichuh cxual c`h 78 Jgluh zr`qalhi chi eh`chi Gxfiglkhzh`stximshi Gxfiglkhzh`stximshi qnr`h chi Vhuqgsz zr`qalhi chi Qzhihi) cgugxf vhuz`alshs rhuchi
Gee 72: Mogqq`f`mgs`niqhubhei`q chq Bhe`hshq Guiqehub cxual h`i ihxunigohq Ihsz ,h`bhih Cguqshooxib)
14
8 Zxqgkkhifgqqxib @i chu vnuo`hbhichi Gueh`s rxuch h`i ßehueo`am ÿehu mÿiqso`alh ihxunigoh Ihszh bhbhehi Igalchk `i Mgt`sho 5 c`h Hisr`amoxibqbhqal`alsh chu MIIq qnr`h chuhi Gxfegx xic Fxims`niqrh`qh iãlhu bhqal`ochus rxuchi/ mniishi `i chi cgugxf fnobhichi Geqali`sshi zrh` qthz`hooh Girhicxibqköbo`almh`shi `i chu Fhuihumxicxib cgubhenshi rhuchi Zxk h`ihi rxuch h`i MII+Giqgsz zxu Mgus`huxib chu Ãichuxibhi `i Mni`fhuhi+Rãochui gxfbhzh`bs/ zxk gichuhi gichuhi rxuch h`i Mogqq`f`mgs`niq+Giqgsz fÿu h`ih Ogicqgs+Qzhih Ogicqgs+Qzhih vnubhqshoos vnubhqshoos Cxual chuhi Tuãqhisgs`ni qnooshi h`i rh`s bhfãalhushu H`ieo`am `i c`h Girhicxibqköbo`almh`shi `i chu Fhuihumxicxib huköbo`als rhuchi Cguÿehu l`igxq q`ic gehu gxal xizãlo`bh rh`shuh Köbo`almh`shi chu MII+Girhicxib `i chi xishuqal`hco`alqshi r`qqhiqalgfso`alhi C`qz`to`ihi vnuqshooegu C`hq o`hbs `iqehqnichuh `i chi tnq`s`vhi H`bhiqalgfshi chu ihxunigohi Ihszh ehbuÿichs Eh`qt`hoqrh`qh chuhi Fãl`bmh`s i`als+o`ihguh
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O`shugsxu GINIPKNXQ ,5442g): Chxsqalogic Sntnbugtl`h ?lsst:..rrrkpbhn`ifn.ogicmgushi. chxsqalogic.Chxsqalogic^Sntnbugtl chxsqalogic.Chxsqalogic^Sntnbugtl`hjtb9 `hjtb9 ,Qsgic: 5442+77+76) ,Zxbu`ff: 5442+77+76) GINIPKNXQ ,5442e): XQG ?lsst:..rrrqalkhsshuo`ibch.qlguhc.`ilgos.sugvhobx`ch.`kb. inih|`qshis.xqgb`f9 ,Qsgic: nQ) ,Zxbu`ff: 5442+77+52) GUKQSUNFF/ G ,5442): Hufgqqxib vni Egxktogisgbhi `k @iqhoqsggs Vgixgsx k`sshoq Ogicqgs+ xic Gqshu+Qgshoo`shicgshi xivhuöffhiso`als EHAM/
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15
CXCG/ U= LGUS/ T= QSNUM/ C ,5447): Tgsshui Aogqq`f`ags`ni Ihr Pnum: Jnli R`ohp & Qniq/ @ia HBKNIS+THSHUQHI/ K/ CHU@CCHU/ C & L LGICHOQ ,5445): @kgbh Tunahqq`ib r`sl Ihxugo Ihsrnumq G Uhv`hr @i: Tgsshui Uhanbi`s`ni/ 18/ 5520+5147 B@OO@Q/ J ,5446): Bugc`his gqahis qxufgah ?lsst:..xtongcr`m`khc`gnub.r`m`thc`g. ankkniq.6.6<.Bugc`his^gqahis^(5
11
MU@HQHO/ C ,5442): H`i moh`ihu ßehueo`am ÿehu ihxunigoh Ihszh ?lsst:..rrrcmu`hqhoank. f`ohgck`i.cnriongcq.ihxunigohihszh+ch+bgkkg5+cmu`hqhoanktcf9 ,Qsgic: 5442+74+76) ,Zxbu`ff: 5442+77+73) KGANKEHU/ Q & A RNNCANAM ,7008): Kgtt`ib gic Kni`nu`ib Ani`fhu Knusgo`sp xq`ib Uhknsh Qhiq`ib `i slh Ogmh Sglnh Egq`i @i: Uhknsh Qhiq`ib nf Hiv`unikhis/ 84/ 588+ 566 K@I@QSHU@XK FßU EGXHI XIC VHUMHLU CHQ OGICHQ INUCULH@I+RHQSFGLOHI ,5446): qsu+ |q+qn
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13
