Energy Loss in Pipes

UQHHB^] Zà bmhu oc z`mu apta~mhalz wa~a zo6 

Zo uzqj} òw zà t~auuq~a j~ot ml b tmta sb~mau wmz` zà ~bza oc ckow



Zo onua~sa zà z~blumzmol c~oh kbhmlb~ zo zq~nqkalz ckow



Zo eohtb~a zà habuq~aj sbkqau oc zà c~mezmol cbezo~ wmz` tqnkmuàj e`b~zu

Zà apta~mhalz eb~~maj oqz `bu jaholuz~bzaj z`bz ckow ~bza jae~abuau bu t~auuq~a ml zà tmta jae~abuau, Mz bkuo uòwaj z`bz zà kbhmlb~ ~agmol oeeq~u ml zà kow ckow ~agmol, Bu zà ckow ~bza(`mg` ckow- wbu mle~abuaj +zq~nqkalz ckow wbu onua~saj,

1

Zà z~blumzmol oeeq~~aj ml nazwaal â sbkqa ~blga oc >444;â;24 bu t~auuq~a j~ot mle~abuaj+ c~mezmol jae~abuaj+ ckow ~bza mle~abuaj blj sakoemz} jae~abuaj,

BTTB^BZQU Wbza~ mu uqttkmaj zo b 5,4 hh mlza~lbk jmbhaza~ zqna oc kalgz` 144hh c~oh amzà~6 b- B àbja~ zbli (uhbkk ckow ~bzaun- Zà tqht oc zà `}j~bqkme nale` (kb~ga~ ckow ~bzauZà t~auuq~a j~ot bkolg zà zqna mu habuq~aj qumlg amzà~ bl bm~osa~wbza~ hblohaza~ o~ b `bljàkj t~auuq~a haza~, Zà ckow ~bza mu eolz~okkaj n} b laajka sbksa bz zà apmz c~oh zà zqna blj mu habuq~aj n} zmhmlg zà jmue`b~ga oc wbza~ mlzo b habuq~mlg e}kmlja~, Zà `}j~bqkme nale` eolzbmlu b ~aua~som~ oc wbza~+ zà uqht w`me` uqttkmau zà apta~ mhalzbk arqmthalz hoqlzaj ol mz+ w`me` ebl na quaj zo habuq~a zà wbza~ ckow ~bza, B tqht mlumja zà nale` j~bwu wbza~ qt c~oh zà uqht blj jakmsa~u mz zo zà apta~mhalz, B uzotwbze` wbu bkuo ~arqm~aj zo habuq~a zà ckow ~bza oc wbza~, B habuq~mlg ha buq~mlg e}kmlja~ wbu quaj zo eokkaez zà wbza~ ckowmlg oqz, Zà zahta~bzq~a oc zà wbza~ wbu habuq~aj qumlg b ebkmn~bzaj zà~hohaza~,

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EBKEQKBZMOLU Zà c~mezmol cbezo~+ c+ wbu zo na ebkeqkbzaj c~oh zà onua~saj t~auuq~a ~abjmlgu, Zà t~auuq~a j~ot bkolg zà tmta mu habuq~aj qumlg b hblohaza~ blj mu ~akbzaj zo zà jmcca~alea ml kasaku oc zà ckqmj ml zà zw o kagu oc zà hblohaza~ (∃v- n}6

  (   - Zà uàb~ uz~auu+ + mu ebkeqkbzaj n} ~ab~~blgmlg zà co~ea nbkblemlg arqbzmol6









Zà c~mezmol cbezo~ mu z`qu jacmlaj bu6



   



  

wà~a j mu jmbhaza~+ k mu kalgz `+ q mu zà habl ckqmj sakoemz} blj t mu zà ckqmj jalumz}

Zà â}lokju Lqhna~ mu b jmhalumolkauu lqhna~ w`me` mu jm~aezk} ~akbzaj zo zà e~mzmebk sakoemz} oc ckow, Zà ckow mu quqbkk} kbhmlb~ mc â mu kauu z`bl 20 44 blj mu kmiak} zo na zq~nqkalz mc â mu g~abza~ z`bl >544, Zà â}lokju Lqhna~u mu jacmlaj bu6

 

 

Wà~a ± mu ckqmj smueoumz}

Co~ uzabj} kbhmlb~ ckow ml b uz~bmg`z em~eqkb~ tmta zà c~mezmol cbezo~ ebl na uòwl zo na mlsa~uak} t~oto~zmolbk zo zà â}lokju Lqhna~6



 

Co~ zà zq~nqkalz ~agmol+ wmz` >444 ‽ â ‽ 24 zà zào~azmebk uokqzmol co~ uhooz` tmtau n} Nkbumqu 1

uqggauzu z`bz6

   





Zà ~auqkzu wa~a ~at~aualzaj ml b zbnqkb~ co~h nakow6 Zbnka 2 Kow ckow qumlg hblohaza~,

Hblohaza~ Kasaku Kacz (hh-

T~auuq~a J~ot (hh @>4-

Wbza~ Sokqha S(hk-

Zmha (u-

Ckow ^bza R (hk/u-/(wbza~ sok/zmha-

^mg`z (hh-

>14

:14

>44

241

20,07

1,13

>34

::4

204

=1

20,14

1,2:

>74

:54

234

=4

20,44

1,44

>04

:>4

2:4

=1

2=,2>

:,=7

>=4

:24

2>4

=1

>4,2=

:,72

544

:44

244

241

>:,71

:,>:

524

5=4

04

244

54,3=

5,>3

5>4

504

34

244

:4,57

>,:0

554 5:4

574 534

:4 >4

244 244

1=,71 2>7,3=

2,37 4,705

Zbnka >

@mg` Ckow qumlg T~auuq~a Haza~

T~auuq~a J~ot (eh @>4-

Wbza~ Sokqha S(hk-

Zmha Mlza~sbk (u-

Ckow ^bza R (hk/u-

>4

>44

50,57

1,>2

:4

>41

>3,13

7,72

34

>41

>2,2=

=,37

04

>24

27,=:

22,72

244

>41

21,71

25,4>

2>4

>41

2:,52

2:,55

2:4

>41

25,2>

21,35

234

>41

22,02

27,53

204

>24

22,57

20,:7

>44

>41

24,71

2=,47





B g~bt` oc t~auuq~a j~ot bgbmluz zà sokqhaz~me ckow ~bza R+ qumlg zà ~auqkzu co~ noz` `mg` ckow blj kow ckow wbu tkozzaj6

G~bt` oc t~auuq~a j~ot bgbmluz ckow ~bza >14

>44

214

`mg` ckow hblohaza~

T~auuq~a j~ot/(eh `>4-

kow ckow hblohaza~ 244

14

4 4

1

24

21

>4

>1

Ckow ~bza/(hk/u-

Zà t~auuq~a j~ot co~ kow ckow hblohaza~ wbu habuq~aj ml hh blj `bu naal eolsa~zaj mlzo eh uo z`bz zà g~bt` ebl beeohhojbza noz` uazu oc ~abjmlgu, C~oh zà g~bt` nakow+ mz ebl na uaal z`bz t~auuq~a mle~abuau lol kmlab~k} wmz` ckow ~bza, Zà ckow sakoemz} blj â co~ bkk ~abjmlgu b~a zo na ebkeqkbzaj, Ckow ~bza (hk/u- `bu bk~abj} naal coqlj, Mz 5

uòqkj na eolsa~zaj mlzo h /u blj zàl jmsmja mz n} zà e~ouu uaezmolbk b~ab oc zà tmta, Jmbhaza~ oc tmta 85hh B~ab ebkeqkbzaj6 Йj>/:8Й(4,445->/: 8 7,43p243 h> Zà sbkqa oc â ebl na ebkeqkbzaj n} qumlg zà co~hqkb halzmolaj bnosa ,Wa bk~abj} ilow zà jalumz} oc zà wbza~ blj abe` ~abjmlg oc sakoemz} blj zà jmbhaza~ oc zà tmta mu eoluzblz, Ckqmj smueoumz} ebl na ~abj occ c~oh zà zbnka, Zà zahta~bzq~a co~ zà @mg` Ckow ~abjmlgu wbu >3,4 E blj zà zahta~bzq~a oc zà Kow Ckow wbu >:,4 E, Wa ebl kooi bz zà zbnka bz zà alj oc zà `bljoqz blj gaz zà Ckqmj smueoumz} 5

n} ~ab~~blgmlg zà arqbzmol, Nakow mu b la w zbnka eolsa~zmlg zà sokqhau zo h blj ckow ~bzau blj zà ebkeqkbzaj sakoemzmau bu wakk bu zà ebkeqkbzaj â sbkqau,







 



4

(q mu zà habl ckqmj sakoemz} +t mu zà ckqmj jalumz}( 2444- +±(c~oh zbnka umlea zaht mu >: e mu ckqmj smueoumz} + j mu jmbhaza~-

3

8 ts82444 p 4,=22 p 24 8=,22 p 24

:

Zbnka 5 Kow ckow qumlg hblohaza~, hblohaza~,

Wbza~ Sokqha S(h5-

B~ab B(h>-

Ckow ^bza (h5/u-

Ckow Sakoemz} S(h/u-

â

4,444241

7,43p243

1,13 p 243

4,7=

>34>

4,4444=1

3

1,2: p 24

3

4,7>

>572

3

1,44 p 24

3

4,72

>550

3

:,=7 p 24

3

4,74

>541

:,77 p 24

3

4,30

>>5=

7,43p24

4,4444=4

7,43p24

4,4444=1

7,43p24

4,4444=1 4,444241

3

7,43p24

3

:,>: p 24

3

4,34

2=73

3

5,>3 p 24

3

4,:3

2121

3

>,:0 p 24

3

4,51

2215

2,37 p 24

3

4,>:

7=4

7,05 p 24

7

4,22

53>

7,43p24

4,444244

7,43p24

4,444244

7,43p24

4,444244 4,444244

3

7,43p24

3

7,43p24

Zbnka : @mg` ckow qumlg hblohaza~, hblohaza~, 3

8 ts82444p (o,075p24 - 80,75p 24 Wbza~ Sokqha S(h5-

B~ab B(h>-

4,444>44 4,444>41

:

Ckow ^bza (h5/u-

Ckow Sakoemz} S(h/u-

â

7,43p243

1,>2p243

4,7:

>1:5

3

7,7>p243

2,4=

57:3

3

=,37p243

2,57

:740

4,444>24

3

7,43p24

2,27p 241

2,33

174:

4,444>41

7,43p243

2,21p241

2,35

1342

4,444>41

3

2,:5p241

>,45

3=73

3

2,13p241

>,>2

71=1

3

2,7:p241

>,:3

0:1:

3

2,01p241

>,3>

=445

4,444>41

4,444>41

7,43p24 7,43p24

7,43p24 7,43p24

4,444>41

7,43p24

4,444>24

7,43p24





Zo ebkeqkbza zà c c~oh zà t~auuq~aj ~abjmlgu wa ebl fquz qua zà zwo a rqbzmolu Kmlimlg c+ â blj zà zwo jmcca~alz z}tau oc ckow, Zà co~hqkbu b~a gmsal bnosa, Nakow mu b zbnka cabzq~mlg zà â lqhna~u blj zà eo~~autoljmlg c sbkqau,

Kow ckow

`mg` ckow

â

C

â

C

>34>

4,42241

>1:5

4,4222>

>572

4,4225>

57:3

4,4244=

>550

4,42253

:740

4,44=15

>541

4,422:4

174:

4,44=4=

>>5=

4,422:0

1342

4,44=25

2=73

4,4404=

3=73

4,4403:

2121

4,42413

71=1

4,440:3

2215

4,4250=

0:1:

4,440>:

7=4

4,4>4>1

=445

4,44022

53>

4,4::2=

=525

4,4404:

C~mezmol cbezo~ bgbmluz ckow ~bza 4,41 4,4:1 4,4: 4,451 4,45

c~mezmol ~bza 4,4>1

Ua~mau2

4,4>

Ua~mau>

4,421 4,42 4,441 4 4

1

24

21

ckow ~bza(hk/u-

>4

>1







G~bt` oc t~auuq~a j~ot bgbmluz â sbkqau

>14

>44 4 > @ h e214 / t o ~ J a ~244 q u u a ~ T

kow ckow hblohaza~ `mg` ckow hblohaza~

14

4 4

>4 44

:4 44

â sbkqau

34 44

04 4 4

24 4 44

JMUEQUUMOL 

Gala~bkk}+ bu zà t~auuq~a j~ot jae~abuau z à ckow ~bza bkuo jae~abuau naebqua oc kow t~auuq~a hablu kow co~eau uo wbza~ eblloz z~bsak bz `mg` utaaju wmzòqz b umglmcmeblz mle~abua ml co~ea,



Beeo~jmlg zo zà zbnka blj zà g~bt`+ bu zà ckow ~bza mle~abuau zà c~mezmol cbezo~ jae~abuau,Z`mu onua~sbzmol wbu bkuo t~osal n} zà ebkeqkbzmolu qumlg zà co~hqkb, Houz oc zà @mg` blj Kow ckow ~abjmlgu zowb~ju zà alj eo~~autolj wmz` zà ~akbzmolu`mt naebqua zà c~mezmol cbezo~ zàl jae~abuau bz b ukowa~ ~bza bu eohtb~aj zo zà mlmzmbk sbkqau, Co~ zà kow ckow apta~mhalz+ zà â sbkqau wa~a ~oqg`k} 144‽ â‽ >444, Blj co~ zà `mg` ckow apta~mhalz+ zà â sbkqau wa~a ~oqg`k} >444‽ â‽ 24444, Zà jmue~atblemau eoqkj na jqa zo apta~mhalzbk a~~o~u+ o~

zà cbqkz} ~abjmlgu, Blozà~ ~abuol eoqkj na jqa zo a ~~o~u ml habuq~mlg zà ckow ~bza ( uzot wbze` zmhmlg-,





EOLEKQUMOL Osa~bkk zà apta~mhalz wbu b sa~} uqeeauucqk ola wmz` oq~ apta~mhalzbk sbkqau eohmlg ekoua zo zà zào~azmebk sbkqau, Uo cb~ wa `bsa a uzbnkmuàj6 

Ckow ~bza mu jm~aezk} t~oto~zmolbk zo zà t~a uuq~a j~ot+ ho~a uo wmz` kow ckow



Ckow sakoemz} gala~bkk} jae~abuau wmz` ckow ~bza jqa zo co~ea ~ajqezmol



â}lokju lqhna~ bkuo jae~abuau wmz` jae~abumlg ckow ~bzau



C~mezmol cbezo~ gala~bkk} mle~abuau wmz` jae~abumlg â sbkqau jqa zo zàm~ mlsa~ua ~akbzmolu`mt



Kow ckow apta~mhalz uòwu `mgà~ c~mezmol cbezo~ sbkqau eohtb~aj zo `mg` ckow apta~mhalz jqa zo kowa~ â sbkqau,



Tmta ~oqg`lauu blj b~ab eo~~autolju zo `mgà~ c~mezmol cbezo~u+ `mlja~mlg ckow



Wbza~ smueoumz} jae~abuau wmz` mle~abumlg zahta~bzq~a+ z`qu gmsmlg `mgà~ â sbkqau beeo~jmlg zo zà co~hqkb



@mg` ckow gala~bkk} eo~~autoljaj zo `mgà~ â sbkqau

Energy Loss in Pipes

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