Înva#" !i folose!te corect limba englez"
2
Înva#" !i folose!te corect limba englez"
2
3
Cuprins
Prefa&$...................................................................................................................................... 4 PARTEA I................................................................................................................................ 6 MORFOLOGIA – VERBUL - TIMPUL ................................................................................. 6 VERB - PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE ..................................................................................... 6 VERB - PAST TENSE SIMPLE............................................................................................. 9 VERB - FUTURE TENSE SIMPLE ..................................................................................... 11 VERB – PRESENT PERFECT............................................................................................. 13 VERB – PAST PERFECT SIMPLE ...................................................................................... 16 PARTEA I.............................................................................................................................. 18 MORFOLOGIA – VERBUL - ASPECTUL ..........................................................................18 VERB - PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS ........................................................................ 18 VERB - PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS ................................................................................ 19 VERB- FUTURE CONTINUOUS ........................................................................................ 21 VERB – PRESENT PERFECT COTINUOUS ..................................................................... 22 VERB – PAST PERFECT COTINUOUS ............................................................................. 24 VERB - FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS .................................................................... 25 PERSOANA !I NUM#RUL ................................................................................................. 29 ARTICOLUL !I AL%I DETERMINAN%I ........................................................................... 45 COMPLEMENTELE CIRCUMSTAN%IALE DE LOC, TIMP, MOD ............................... 67 TEST FINAL ......................................................................................................................... 70 Cheia exerci&iilor ....................................................................................................................76 TIMPURILE LIMBII ENGLEZE - fi"$ exemplu ..................................................................91 Verbul TO WORK -model..................................................................................................... 93 Bibliografie: ........................................................................................................................... 94
4
Prefa&$
Gramatica de fa&$ î"i propune s$ ofere mai mult decât un simplu set de reguli gramaticale ale limbii engleze, iar prin metoda original $ de prezentare s $ ajute în crearea unui sentiment de siguran&$ în ceea ce prive "te corectitudinea gramatical $ în exprimare. Numai în acest fel adul&ii pot sc$ pa de un sentiment de inhibi&ie cu care au r $mas, probabil din "coal$. R ealitatea, situa&iile reale de exprimare de la care se porne "te confer $ originalitate. Se continu$ cu exemple, modele "i explica&ii gramaticale menite s $ conduc$ la st$ pânirea unui aspect gramatical al limbii engleze. Aten&ie! Nimic nu se pierde! Fiecare aspect gramatical este înso &it de cel pu&in un exerci&iu astfel încât punerea în practic$ s$ conduc$ la o finalitate pe termen lung a st $ pânirii acelui aspect gramatical. Cel care studiaz$ are de asemenea cheia exerci &iului la sfâr "it. Multitudinea de exerci&ii comparative variate sunt menite s$ sprijine în&elegerea elementelor teoretice prin aplica&ii practice. Citind aceast$ lucrare, ve&i fi confruntat cu probleme de gramatic $ "i de vocabular, ve&i descoperi în ce m $sur $ pute&i formula idei, v$ pute&i exprima corect "i coerent în limba englez $ "i ve&i afla care sunt aspectele care v $ creeaz$ dificult$&i. Modelul v$ va înso&i la tot pasul. La sfâr "itul c$r &ii ave&i un model de verb conjugat la timpurile modului indicativ. De asemenea ave &i "i o fi"$ cu regulile de formare a timpurilor, la afirmativ, negativ "i interogativ. Autenticitatea exerci&iilor propuse ofer $ o structurare a cuno "tin&elor în seturi grupate pe probleme gramaticale. Scurte prezent$ri teoretice "i o serie de exemple înso &esc aceste seturi de exerci&ii. Acestea vin s $ ilustreze tiparele structurale de baz $ ale limbii engleze. Deoarece va trebui s$ folosi&i din când în când dic &ionarul, ve&i avea ocazia s $ v$ îmbog$&iti substan&ial cuno"tin&ele de vocabular. Timpul pe care sunte&i dispus s$ îl aloca&i este bine distribuit pe probleme gramaticale. Nu v$ ia mai mult de 10 minute s$ parcurge&i un aspect gramatical. Intui&ia dumneavostr $ va func&iona foarte bine în st $ pânirea corect$ a gramaticii. Con"tiinciozitatea v$ va fi r $spl$tit$ printr-un rezultat excelent la testul final propus la sfâr "itul c$r &ii care ofer $ 150 întreb$ri asupra cuno"tin&elor de gramatic$ "i de vocabular. Rezolvarea testului v$ va da cu siguran &$ o imagine satisf $c$toare asupra stadiului la care a &i ajuns în însu"irea limbii engleze. Atingerea obiectivului dumneavoastr $ este scopul principal al acestei c$r &i care v$ pune la dispozi&ie într-o form$ concis$ "i accesibil$, informa&iile necesare pentru a putea folosi limba englez$ corect din punct de vedere gramatical "i pentru a asigura acurate &ea "i nuan&area atât de necesare în comunicare prin intermediul oric $rei limbi.
5
INTRODUCERE
M$ numesc Gramatica limbii engleze "i scopul meu principal este s $ v$ informez asupra regulilor referitoare la forma cuvintelor. Am dou $ fiice: Morfologia "i Sintaxa. O s$ face&i cuno"tin&$ mai ales cu prima dintre ele. Ea este deosebit de important $ deoarece primul lucru care se înva&$ în gramatica unei limbi str $ine este cum se formeaz $ categoriile gramaticale de baz$: timpurile verbului, pluralul substantivelor, compara&ia adjectivelor, pronumele, numeralul, etc. Morfologia cuprinde
regulile privitoare la forma cuvintelor "i la modific$rile formale ale
cuvintelor studiate pe p$r &i de vorbire; sintaxa cuprinde regulile privitoare la îmbinarea cuvintelor în propozi&ii "i fraze.
6
PARTEA I
MORFOLOGIA – VERBUL - TIMPUL
VERB - PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE
VERBUL – TIMPUL PREZENT SIMPLU CITI%I TEXTUL DE MAI JOS : READ THE TEXT : I live with my husband and my children at the countryside. I am a doctor. I usually go to work in the morning. I have many friends in the village. My friend, Louise, she is a teacher. She goes to
school in the afternoon, every day of the week: on Monday, on Tuesday, on Wednesday, on Thursday and on Friday. She does not go to school in the week end. She teaches English. My father, my mother, my brother and my sister live here, too. They are farmers. I like/enjoy living in nature. Haide&i s$ observ$m câteva din cuvintele din text, apoi vom analiza verbele. Let’s have a look at some words from the text, then we will see the verbs. a. Pronumele: (Pronouns) Cuvintele: I, she, they sunt pronume personale. Iat$ pronumele personale ale limbii engleze: I – eu You – tu He – el She – ea It – el/ea (pentru obiecte, animale) We – noi You – voi They – ei, ele b. Zilele s$ pt$mânii (Days of the week): Monday - Luni Tuesday - Mar &i Wednesday - Miercuri Thursday - Joi Friday - Vineri Saturday - Sâmb$t$ Sunday – Duminic$ 7
c. -
Momente ale zilei (Moments of the day) In the morning – diminea&a In the afternoon – dup$-amiaza In the evening – seara
d. Membrii familiei (Family members) father /dad / daddy – tat $ mother / mum / mummy / mom - mam$ parent / parents – p$rinte, p$rin&i child / children – copil, copii son - fiu daughter- fiic$ brother - frate sister - sor $ grandfather / granddad / grandpa - bunic grandmother / grandma / granny - bunic $ grandson - nepot granddaughter - nepoat$ uncle- unchi aunt - m$tu"$ cousin – veri"or, veri"oar $ nephew - nepot niece - nepoat$ e. Verbele la Prezent Simplu (Verbs at Present Tense Simple) : I live, I am , I go, I have, she is, She goes, She does not go, She teaches , They live, They are, I like I live with my husband and my children at the countryside.
Locuiesc cu so &ul "i copiii mei la &ar $. I am a doctor.- Sunt doctor. I usually go to work in the morning. - Eu merg de obicei la lucru diminea&a. I have many friends in the village. - Am mul&i prieteni în sat. My friend, Louise, she is a teacher. - Prietena mea, Louise, este profesor. She goes to school in the afternoon, every day of the week: on Monday, on Tuesday, on Wednesday, on Thursday and on Friday.- Ea merge la "coal$ dup$-amiaza, în fiecare zi a s$ pt$mânii: luni, mar &i, miercuri, joi "i vineri. She does not go to school in the week end. - Ea nu merge la "coal$ în week-end. She teaches English. - Ea pred$ limba englez$. My father, my mother, my brother and my sister live here, too.-Tat$l meu, mama mea, fratele meu "i sora mea locuiesc aici, de asemenea. They are farmers. - Ei sunt fermieri (agricultori). I like/enjoy living in nature. - Îmi place s$ tr $iesc în natur $. Verbele accentuate sunt la Present Tense Simple. Folosim acest timp verbal pentru a exprima: ( O ac&iune general$, repetabil$: - exemplu: I read daily. – Citesc zilnic. (Adev$ruri general valabile: The Earth spins round. – P $mântul se învârte.
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( O ac&iune regulat$, obi"nuit$, în perioada prezent$. What do you do? (Cu ce te ocupi?) I am a student. –Sunt elev. What time do you usually have breakfast? - La ce or $ iei de obicei micul dejun? ( Ac&iuni viitoare planificate în prezent ca urmare a unui program oficial. The plane takes off at 7:35.- Avionul decoleaz $/va decola la ora 7:35.
Conjugarea unui verb la Present Tense Simple: To work = a lucra, a munci Afirmativ
I work You work He/she/it works We work You work They work Negativ
I do not (don’t) work You do not (don’t) work He/she/it does not (doesn’t) work We do not (don’t) work You do not (don’t) work They do not (don’t) work Interogativ
Do I work? Do you work? Does he/she/it work? Do we work? Do you work? Do they work? Cu Present Simple Tense folosim adverbe cum ar fi: always, often, sometimes, usually, seldom, on Saturdays, rarely, never, every day, etc. Examples: 1. Philip gets up at 6 o'clock every morning .(în fiecare diminea&$) 2. I go to school every day. (în fiecare zi) 3. She sometimes goes out on Friday night (vineri noaptea). 4. I usually sleep late on Sunday morning.(de obicei) 5. Peter works for 8 hours every day. (în fiecare zi) 6. My children often watch TV in the afternoon. (adesea, des) 7. He always forgets his keys. (întotdeauna) Exerci &ii – Practice Situation: My friend and I don’t do things in the same way: Example: Affirmative get up early/late I get up early, but my friend gets up late 9
Interrogative get up early/late Do you get up early? Does he get up late? Negative get up early/late I don’t get up early. My friend doesn’t get up late 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
leave home at 12 o’clock/1 o’clock go to work by car/by train speak English well/badly get home at six/seven have two kids/three
ACUM LUCREAZ# SINGUR !I VERIFIC# LA SFÂR !ITUL C#R %II!
VERB - PAST TENSE SIMPLE
TIMPUL TRECUT SIMPLU CITI%I TEXTUL DE MAI JOS : READ THE TEXT : Last year I lived with my husband and my children at the countryside. I was a doctor. I used to go to work in the morning. I had many friends in the village. My friend, Louise, she was a good teacher in the village. She went to school in the afternoon every week day. She did not go to school in the week end. She taught English. My father, my mother, my brother and my sister lived here, too. They were farmers. I liked /enjoyed living in nature. Verbele accentuate sunt la timpul trecut simplu: I lived - am locuit I was – eram/am fost I used to go – obi"nuiam s$ m$ duc/m$ duceam I had – am avut She was – a fost She went – se ducea/mergea She did not go – ea nu mergea She taught - a predat They lived - au locuit They were - au fost/erau I liked – mi-a pl$cut ( Verbele la Past Tense Simple arat $ o ac&iune trecut$, terminat$, efectuat$ într-o perioad$ de timp trecut$, terminat$. Este timpul nara &iunii. Se traduce, de obicei, cu perfectul compus din limba român $. Ex. Yesterday I went for a walk. - Ieri am mers la plimbare. Last year I traveled to England. Anul trecut am c $l$torit în Anglia.
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To work (a lucra, a munci) la Past Tense Simple Afirmativ
I/you/he/she/it/we/they worked Negativ
I/you/he/she/it/we/they did not work Interogativ
Did I/you/he/she/it/we/they work? Forma prescurtat$ a lui did not este didn’t (I didn’t work). Verbele limbii engleze pot fi regulate sau neregulate. Past Tense Simple se formeaz $ prin ad$ugarea termina&iei – ed în cazul verbelor regulate. Ex. to work – worked Dac$ verbul este neregulat, Past Tense trebuie înv $&at din tabelul de verbe neregulate care indic$ cele trei forme de baza ale verbului: forma I – infinitiv, forma II- Paste Tense, forma III – participiul trecut. Ex. to speak – spoke – spoken Iat$ o list$ cu formele de Past Tense pentru verbe regulate "i neregulate: Verbe regulate: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
+ verb
+-ed
Aten&ie le pronun&ie! Pay attention to the pronounciation! {t} a) wash – washed – washed (a se sp $la) cook – cooked – cooked (a g $ti) {d} b) play – played – played (a se juca) listen – listened – listened (a asculta) {id} b) need – needed – needed (a avea nevoie) skate – skated - skated (a patina) Verbe neregulate: a) meet leave say read send spend
b) {e} met left said read sent spent
{e} met (a întâlni) left (a pleca) said (a spune) read (a citi) sent (a trimite) spent (a petrece)
have sit
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{æ} had sat
{æ} had (a avea) sat (a sta jos)
c) write speak break
{ ) } wrote spoke broke
written (a scrie) spoken (a vorbi) broken (a sparge)
{æ} ran began drank sang swam
{!} run (a alerga) begun (a începe) drunk (a bea) sung (a cânta) swum (a înota)
f) do go eat forget
d) run begin drink sing swim
did went ate forgot
done (a face) gone (a merge) eaten (a mânca) forgotten(a uita)
got got up found
got (a ob&ine, a primi) got up (a se trezi) found (a g$si)
{ei} made laid came gave
made (a face) laid (a pune) come (a veni) given (a da)
g) get get up find h)
e) be see
{i:n} was/were been (a fi) saw seen (a vedea)
make lay come give
Examples: Last year I bought a car and went to Boston. I spent my holiday there. Cele mai folosite adverbe pentru Past Tense Simple sunt: yesterday, last (month, year,) ago, (two days ago, 2 months ago, two years ago), on...., in....(on Monday, in 1987 ) Examples: I saw a movie yesterday. – Am v $zut un film ieri. I didn't see the play last year. – Nu am v $zut piesa anul trecut. I traveled to Japan two years ago. Am c $l$torit în Japonia acum doi ani. He went on holiday in August. A mers în vacan &$ în august. Exerci&ii – Practice LUCREAZ# SINGUR !I VERIFIC# LA SFÂR !ITUL C#R %II! Situation: Daniel went on holiday in July (last month). Tell how he spent his holiday (Use Past Tense Simple). Example: Daniel (go) on holiday in July. Daniel went on holiday in July. 1. He (spend) three days in the Danube Delta last month. 2. Daniel (get up) early in the morning and (do) morning exercises. 12
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Then he (wash) and (eat/have) breakfast with his parents. After that he (go fishing) with his friends Irina and Larry. He (swim) in the Danube in the evening. The weather (be) fine all the time. Daniel (make) a lot of friends there. He (come back) home in September to go to school.
Put the sentences into the negative and interrogative forms. Examples: Negative form: Daniel (go) on holiday in July. Daniel did not go on holiday in July. Interrogative form: Daniel (go) on holiday in July. Did Daniel go on holiday in July?
VERB - FUTURE TENSE SIMPLE
VERBUL – TIMPUL VIITOR SIMPLU CITI%I TEXTUL DE MAI JOS: READ THE TEXT: Next year I will live with my husband and my children at the countryside. I will be a doctor. I will go to work in the morning. I will have many friends in the village. My friend, Louise, she will be a teacher in the village. She will go to school in the afternoon every week day. She will not go to school in the week end. She will teach English. My father, my mother, my brother and my sister will live there, too. They will be farmers. I will enjoy living in nature. Verbele accentuate sunt la timpul viitor simplu: I will live – eu voi locui I will be – eu voi fi I will go – eu voi merge I will have – eu voi avea She will be – ea va fi She will go – ea va merge She will not go – ea nu va merge She will teach – ea va preda They will live – ei vor locui They will be – ei vor fi I will enjoy - îmi va face pl$cere
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( Future Tense Simple ( Viitorul simplu ) exprim$ un eveniment, o ac &iune care are loc într-un moment viitor, apropiat de momentul vorbirii.
Example: I will visit him tomorrow. - O s $-l vizitez mâine. (Îl voi vizita mâine.) We shall overcome . - Vom învinge. În engleza modern $ forma shall este foarte pu&in utilizat$.
Cea mai des folosit$ în Engleza vorbit$ "i scris$ este forma prescurtat$ 'll. I'll go to the seaside next week. - S $ pt$mâna viitoare voi pleca la mare. You'll spend the holiday in the mountains. - Voi ve &i petrece vacan&a la munte. Forma negativ$ se formeaz$ cu will not sau forma won't în fa&a verbului principal la prezent. I will not (won't) drink wine. - Nu voi bea vin. She will not (won't) play football. - Ea nu va juca fotbal. Forma interogativ$ se formeaz$ prin inversiunea dintre auxiliarul will "i subiect. Will you work here? - Vei lucra aici? Will she sing beautifully? - Va cânta ea frumos? To work ( a lucra, a munci) la Future Tense Simple: Afirmativ
I/you/he/she/it/we/they will work Negativ
I/you/he/she/it/we/they will not work Interogativ
Will I/you/he/she/it/we/they work? Adverbele cele mai utilizate pentru a exprima o ac&iune viitoare cu Future Tense Simple sunt: tomorrow, next (month, year) I'll finish this report tomorrow. - Voi termina acest raport mâine. Will he come next week ? - Va veni el s $ pt$mâna viitoare? Exerci&ii – Practice LUCREAZ# SINGUR !I VERIFIC# LA SFÂR !ITUL C#R %II! Situation 1: Grandpa does not hear very well what Daniel is saying. Complete his questions and Daniel’s answers. Example: Daniel: I’ll go to the Physics lab tomorrow. Grandpa: Where will you go tomorow? Daniel: To the Physics lab grandpa! Daniel: 1. I’ll work in the lab tomorrow. 2. I’ll do an interesting experiment tomorrow. 3. I’ll obtain hydrogen in the Chemistry lesson.
Grandpa: Where.........? What.........? What .........? 14
4. I’ll learn interesting things next week. 5. I’ll study hydrogen next week. 6. I’ll ask the teacher a lot of questions.
When .........? What .........? Who .........?
Situation 2. Daniel contradicts everything Irina says about her friend Larry. Example: Irina: Larry will go fishing tomorrow Daniel: Larry won’t go fishing tomrrow. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Larry will read his lesson later. Larry will go to the cinema next Sunday. He’ll go shopping tomorrow morning. He’ll help you tomorrow evening. He’ll have an experiment in the chemistry lab next week. He’ll wash the car on Sunday morning. He’ll buy a new car next year. He’ll take a new project next month.
VERB – PRESENT PERFECT CITI%I TEXTUL DE MAI JOS : READ THE TEXT: I have lived with my husband and my children at the countryside for a long time. I have been a doctor. I have gone to work in the morning. I have had many friends in the village. My friend, Louise, she has been a teacher in the village. She has gone to school in the afternoon every week day. She has not gone/hasn’t gone to school in the week end. She has taught English. My father, my mother, my brother and my sister have lived there, too. They have been farmers. I have enjoyed living in nature. Verbele accentuate sunt la timpul Present Perfect: I have lived – eu am locuit I have been – eu am fost I have gone – eu am mers I have had – eu am avut She has been – ea a fost She has gone – ea a mers She has not gone/hasn’t gone – ea nu a mers She has taught – ea a predat They have lived – ei au locuit They have been – ei au fost I have enjoyed – mi-a pl$cut ( Present Perfect - exprim$ o stare care a început în trecut "i care înc$ se continu$. We’ve been friends for a long time. - Suntem prieteni de mult timp. 15
( - exprim$ o stare terminat$ în trecut, pentru care momentul când a avut loc nu prezint $ interes; accentul este pus pe experien &a în sine tr $it$ prin ac&iunea respectiv$ I’ve never been to China. - N-am fost niciodat $ în China. ( - exprim$ o ac&iune trecut$ al c$rei rezultat este vizibil în prezent He’s broken his arm. - !i-a rupt bra&ul. To work (a lucra, a munci) la Present Perfect Afirmativ
I/you/we/they have worked he/she/it has worked Negativ
I/you/we/they have not worked (haven’t worked) he/she/it has not worked (hasn’t worked) Interogativ
Have I/you/we/they worked? Has he/she/it worked? Expresii cu care se folose "te adesea Prezentul Perfect Simplu: already, just, yet Exemple: 1. He has already finished his classes. - A terminat deja orele. 2. Tom has just spoken on the phone with Mary.-Tom tocmai a vorbit la telefon cu Maria. 3. They haven't written the exercise yet. Ei nu au scris exerci &iul înc$. never, ever, often Exemple: 1. I have never heard such a thing.- Nu am mai auzit niciodat $ un astfel de lucru. 2. Have you ever read this news? – Ai citit vreodat $ "tirea aceasta? 3. I have often traveled by car to the countryside. – Am c $l$torit adesea cu ma"ina la &ar $. ever and before Exemplu: Have you ever heard this song before? – Ai mai auzit vreodat $ cântecul acesta? for and since Exemple: 1. I've had my own car for four years. – Am avut propria mea ma"in$ timp de patru ani. 2. She has been ill since yesterday. – Este bolnav $ de ieri. until now, so far, up to now Exemple: 1. I haven't had any Math problems up to now. – Nu am mai avut probleme la matematic $ pân$ acum. 2. So far, he hasn't complained about his wage. – Pân $ acum nu s-a plâns de salariul s $u. 3. Until now, I haven't heard about this English singer. – Pân $ acum nu am auzit de acest cânt $re& englez. Exerci&ii – Practice 16
LUCREAZ# SINGUR !I VERIFIC# LA SFÂR !ITUL C#R %II!
I. Pune verbele din parantez$ la Prezentul Perfect Simplu, ca în exemplul de mai jos: Exemplu: Tom .......... (write) .......... his homework. Tom has just written his homework. 1. I .......... (fix) .......... my car. 2. Father .......... (leave) .......... home. 3. They .......... (arrive) .......... to the theatre. 4. We .......... (see) .......... our Math teacher. 5. He .......... (begin) .......... to cry. II. Completeaz$ urm$toarele propozi&ii ca în exemplul de mai jos, folosind timpul Prezent Perfect Simplu: Exemplu: This is the most beautiful girl I .......... (see) This is the most beautiful girl I have ever seen. 1. That is the most interesting movie he .......... (see) 2. This is the best book she .......... (read) 3. This is the biggest mall they .......... (visit) 4. These are the most attractive souvenirs they .......... (buy) 5. Those are the most wonderful monuments they .......... (see)
VERB – PAST PERFECT SIMPLE CITI%I TEXTUL DE MAI JOS : READ THE TEXT: I had lived with my husband and my children at the countryside for a long time before I moved in Pite"ti. I had been a doctor. I had gone to work in the morning. I had had many friends in the village. My friend, Louise, she had been a teacher in the village. She had gone to school in the afternoon every week day. She had not gone/hadn’t gone to school in the week end. She had taught English. My father, my mother, my brother and my sister had lived there, too. They had been farmers. I had enjoyed living in nature. Now everything is over. I have moved in town. Verbele accentuate sunt la timpul Past Perfect, corespondentul timpului mai mult ca perfect din limba român$: I had lived – eu locuisem I had been – eu fusesem I had gone – eu mersesem I had had – eu avusesem She had been – ea fusese She had gone – ea mersese She had not gone/hadn’t gone – ea nu mersese 17
She has taught – ea predase They had lived – ei locuiser $ They had been – ei fuseser $ I had enjoyed – îmi pl$cuse ( Past Perfect - exprim$ o ac&iune anterioar $ altei ac&iuni din trecut sau anterioar $ unui moment din trecut
The little boy said that he had seen a fairy in the garden. – B $ie&elul a spus c$ v$zuse o zân$ în gr $din$. The little spoke as if he had seen a fairy. – B $ie&elul vorbea de parc $ v$zuse o zân$. ( - exprim$ o dorin&$ nerealizat$ I wish/ wished I hadn't missed the flight. Îmi doresc s $ nu fi pierdut avionul. ( - exprim$ o ac&iune anterioar $ unei ac&iuni Tom said that he would go to France after he had learned French a little bit.- Tom a spus c $ se va duce în Fran&a dup$ ce va fi înv$&at pu&in$ francez$.
Verbul to work (a lucra, a munci ) la Past Perfect: Afirmativ
I/you he/she/it /we/you/they had worked Negativ
I/you he/she/it /we/you/they hadn’t worked Interogativ
Had I/you/ he/she/it /we/you/they worked? Expresii cu care se folose"te adesea Past Perfect Simplu: Before, never, ever You had studied English before you moved to New York. – Studiasei engleza înainte s $ te mu&i în NY. I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Crete. – Nu v $zusem niciodat$ o plaj$ a"a de frumoas$ pân$ nu am mers în Creta. Had Susan ever studied Chinese before she moved to China? – Studiase Susan vreodat $ chineza pân$ s$ se mute în China? Exerci&ii – Practice LUCREAZ# SINGUR !I VERIFIC# LA SFÂR !ITUL C#R %II! Situation: Daniel and Irina spent their last summer holiday at the seaside. Irina went there for the first time, Daniel had been there before. Ask and answer questions about them: Example: be to the beach Had Daniel been to the beach before? Yes, he had. Had Irina been to the beach before? No, she hadn’t. 18
1. 2. 3. 4.
see the Black Sea swim in the sea sunbathe on the beach go fishing in the sea
5. walk down the beach 6. stay at a hotel 7. make the tour of Constan & a 8. visit Eforie Nord
19
PARTEA I
MORFOLOGIA – VERBUL - ASPECTUL
VERB - PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS CITI%I TEXTUL DE MAI JOS : READ THE TEXT: In this moment I am living with my husband and my children at the countryside. My friend, Louise, she is at school now. She is teaching English. My father, my mother, my brother and my sister are in the field now. They are woking in this moment. Verbele accentuate sunt la timpul Present Continuous I am living – eu locuiesc She is teaching - ea pred$ They are woking – ei lucreaz$ ( Present Tense Continuous exprim $ o ac&iune desf $"urat$ ce are loc în momentul vorbirii. Example: I am writing now. I am studying English now- in this moment ( o ac&iune temporar $ ce are loc în prezent ca o excep &ie de la regul$. Example: I usually wake up early but today I am waking up late. ( o ac&iune obi"nuit$ care enerveaz$. Example: She is always telling lies.
Verbul to work (a lucra, a munci) la Present Tense Continuous: Afirmativ
I am working You/we/you/they are working he/she/it is working Negativ
I am not working You/we/you/they are not working he/she/it is not working Interogativ
Am I working? Are you/we/you/they working? Is he/she/it working? 20
Adverbele cele mai des utilizate cu prezentul continuu: now, in this moment, always, She is sending emails right now to all her friends. – Ea trimite emailuri acum tuturor prietenilor s$i. We are not working in this moment, we are on strike. Nu lucr $m în acest moment. Suntem în grev$. She's always coming in when we talk something important. Întotdeauna trebuie s $ intre în camer $ fix când vorbim noi lucruri importante. Exerci&ii – Practice LUCREAZ# SINGUR !I VERIFIC# LA SFÂR !ITUL C#R %II Situation: Today is Monday. All the employees are at work, in various rooms of the building. It is nine o’clock in the morning. Say what they are doing at the moment. Example: Irina is in the director’s office. (give information) She is giving information at this moment/now. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Larry is in his office (work) Daniel is in the secretariate (type a letter) Ioana is in the conference room (present a project) Maria is in the hall (speak on the phone) Matei is in the guests room (meet some clients)
VERB - PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS CITI%I TEXTUL DE MAI JOS : READ THE TEXT: I was living with my husband and my children at the countryside while my father, my mother, my brother and my sister were living in town. I was going to work in the morning. I was having many friends in the village. My friend, Louise was going to school in the afternoon every week day but my sister was going in the afternoon. They were not going to school in the week end. Louise was teaching English while my sister was teaching History. Verbele accentuate sunt la timpul Past Tense Continuous (echivalentul imperfectului din limba român$): I was living – eu locuiam They were living – ei locuiau I was going – eu mergeam I was having – eu aveam 21
Louise was going – Louise mergea My sister was going – sora mea mergea They were not going – ei nu mergeau Louise was teaching – Louise preda My sister was teaching – sora mea preda ( Past Tense Continuous se folose "te pentru a exprima o ac&iune care se desf $"ura într-un moment bine definit în trecut. While she was watching TV yesterday, her friend came to see her.
Verbul to work (a lucra, a munci) la Past Tense Continuous: Afirmativ
I was working You/we/you/they were working he/she/it was working Negativ
I was not working You/we/you/they were not working he/she/it was not working Interogativ
was I working? were you/we/you/they working? was he/she/it working? Adverbele cele mai des utilizate cu past continuous: At this time yesterday, this time last week,
Examples: At seven o’clock yesterday morning, I was in the bathroom. I was washing my face. – La ora "apte ieri diminea&$, eram în baie, îmi sp $lam fa&a. This time last week you were reading the magazine. – Pe vremea asta s $ pt$mâna trecut$ tu citeai revista. Exerci&ii – Practice LUCREAZ# SINGUR !I VERIFIC# LA SFÂR !ITUL C#R %II! Situation: Yesterday afternoon all the employees were at work. Say what they were doing when Mr Smith, the boss, came in. Example: Larry and Irina/discuss about a marketing project Larry and Irina were discussing about a marketing project when Mr Smith came in. 22
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Daniel and John / work in the office Matei and Maria / speak on the phone Ioana /write a report Martha / water the flowers Victor / talk to his colleague Angela/open the windows Mark and Chris /look at some pictures Fiona/read the newspapers
VERB- FUTURE CONTINUOUS CITI%I TEXTUL DE MAI JOS : READ THE TEXT: I will be living with my husband and my children at the countryside at this time next year when my father, my mother, my brother and my sister will be living in town. I will be working in the morning, my friend, Louise will be going to school in the afternoon every week day but my sister will be going in the evening. They will not be going to school in the week end. Louise will be teaching English while my sister will be teaching History. Verbele accentuate sunt la timpul Future Continuous: I will be living – voi locui They will be living – vor locui I will be working – voi lucra Louise will be going – Louise va merge They will not be going - ei nu vor merge Louise will be teaching – Louise va preda My sister will be teaching – sora mea va preda Verbul to work (a lucra, a munci) la Future Tense Continuous: Afirmativ
I /we shall/will be working You he/she/it /they will be working Negativ
I /we shall/will not be working You he/she/it /they will not be working Interogativ
Shall/will I /we be working? Will you he/she/it /they be working? ( Future Tense Continuous exprim$ o ac&iune în desf $"urare într-un moment viitor, posterior momentului vorbirii.
Exemplu: I shall/will be walking at two o’clock tomorrow. at this time next week. 23
M$ voi plimba mâine la ora dou$. s$ pt$mâna viitoare la ora asta. ( - exprim$ o ac&iune în desf $"urare întrerupt$ de o ac&iune momentan$.
Exemplu: When he comes, I will be eating. – Când va veni, eu voi fi în mijlocul mesei. ( - exprim$ o ac&iune în desf $"urare în viitor în paralel cu o alt$ ac&iune în desf $"urare, de asemenea în viitor.
Exemplu: She will be walking while I am sleeping.- Ea se va plimba în timp ce eu voi dormi. Adverbele cele mai des utilizate cu Future Continuous: when, while, at his time next week, month, year, etc Examples: You will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. – Tu o vei a "tepta când sose"te avionul disear $. I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight. –Când ea va sosi disear $, eu voi fi la televizor. Exerci&ii – Practice LUCREAZ# SINGUR !I VERIFIC# LA SFÂR !ITUL C#R %II! Pune&i verbele din parantez$ la Future Continuous. Example: Mark ______________ on the computer when his mother arrives home. (to play) Answer: Mark will be playing on the computer when his mother arrives home. 1) She ______________ him next week. (to meet) 2) We ______________ in Pite"ti just about now. (to arrive) 3) At 8 o'clock on Tuesday they ______________ the new song. (to sing) 4) He ______________when you call her. (to sleep) 5) It ______________ when I reach Madrid. (to rain, probably) 6) Mary ______________ a video when I arrive tonight. (to watch) 7) You ______________ spaghetti soon. (to eat) 8) This time next week he ______________ to Africa. (to fly) 9) Mary ______________to the party on Sunday. (to come) 10) Tomorrow at nine I ______________a test paper. (to write)
VERB – PRESENT PERFECT COTINUOUS CITI%I TEXTUL DE MAI JOS : READ THE TEXT: I have been living with my husband and my children at the countryside for 5 years. I have been going to work in the morning but my friend, Louise, has been going to school in the afternoon every week day. She has been teaching English for 5 years at the same village school and she is 24
still enjoying this. My father, my mother, my brother and my sister have been living there, too. They are farmers. We like living in nature. Verbele accentuate sunt la timpul Present Perfect Continuous: I have been living – eu locuiesc I have been going – eu merg Louise has been going – Louise merge She has been teaching – ea pred$ They have been living – ei locuiesc ( Present Perfect Continuous - exprim$ o ac &iune care s-a desf $"urat pân$ acum "i va continua probabil "i în viitor.
I have been working in the garden all day long. – Am muncit în gr $din$ toat$ ziua. They have been playing tennis for half an hour – Joac $ tenis de jum $tate de or $. ( - exprim$ o ac &iune repetat$ frecvent, într-o perioad$ de timp care se întinde din trecut pân $ în prezent He has been writing poems since he was a child.- Scrie poezii de când era copil. ( - exprim$ o ac&iune trecut$, încheiat$ recent, care este cauza unui efect sim &it în prezent A: Why are your hands dirty? B: I’ve been repairing my bike.
To work (a lucra, a munci) la Present Perfect Continuous Afirmativ
I/you/we/they have been working he/she/it has been working Negativ
I/you/we/they have not been working (haven’t been working) he/she/it has not been working (hasn’t been working) Interogativ
Have I/you/we/they been working? Has he/she/it been working? Expresii cu care se folose "te adesea Present Perfect Continuous: since Exemplu: You have been living in Paris since 1996. – Locuie "ti în Paris din 1996. for Exemplu: They have been watching TV for 3 hours. – Se uit $ la televizor de 3 ore. so far Exemplu: So far, there have been arriving 10 passengers from London. Pân $ acum au sosit 10 pasageri din Londra.
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ever Exemplu: Have you ever been listening to the radio? – Ai ascultat vreodat $ la radio? never Exemplu: I have never been travelling to France until now.- Nu am c $l$torit în Fran&a pân$ acum. Exerci&ii – Practice LUCREAZ# SINGUR !I VERIFIC# LA SFÂR !ITUL C#R %II! Completeaz $ spa&iile goale cu "FOR"( de) "i "SINCE"(din, de la). Pune verbele din parantez$ la Prezentul Perfect Continuu: Exemplu: Helen (study) English .......... last summer. Helen has been studying English since last summer. 1. We (talk) about that horrible accident .......... half an hour. 2. She (cook) a chicken soup .......... 1 hour. 3. They (phone) the manager .......... the last five minutes. 4. Mary (live) in Manhattan .......... June 1998. 5. It (rain) .......... morning.
VERB – PAST PERFECT COTINUOUS CITI%I TEXTUL DE MAI JOS : READ THE TEXT: I had been living with my husband and my children at the countryside before I came in town. I had been going to work in the morning. My friend, Louise, she had been going to school in the afternoon every week day before leaving the countryside, too. She had been teaching English. My father, my mother, my brother and my sister had been living there, too. Now everything is over. I have moved in town. Verbele accentuate sunt la timpul Past Perfect Contionuous: I had been living – eu locuisem I had been going – eu mersesem She had been going – ea mersese She had been teaching – ea predase They had been living – ei locuiser $ ( Past Perfect Continuous - exprim$ o ac&iune în curs pân $ la un moment dat trecut când a fost oprit de o alt$ ac&iune a c$rei urm$ri continu$ "i azi.
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They had been working on the new house before the fire destroyed it. (Ei) lucrau la casa cea nou $ înainte s$ fie distrus$ de foc. Verbul to work (a lucra, a munci ) la Past Perfect Continuous: Afirmativ
I/you he/she/it /we/you/they had been working Negativ
I/you he/she/it /we/you/they hadn’t been working Interogativ
Had I/you/ he/she/it /we/you/they been working Expresii cu care se folose "te adesea Past Perfect Continuous: For five minutes" , "for two weeks", etc You had not been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived. Ai a"teptat-o cel mult dou$ ore când în final a sosit. Exerci&ii – Practice LUCREAZ# SINGUR !I VERIFIC# LA SFÂR !ITUL C#R %II! Put the verbs into the correct form (past perfect continuous). She (sleep) for 10 hours when he woke us up. We (wait) at the station for 60 minutes when the train finally arrived. They (look for) her ring for three hours and then we found it in the bathroom. I (not / walk) for a long time, when it suddenly began to rain. How long (learn / she) English before she went to London? She (drive) less than an hour when he ran out of gas. They were very tired in the evening because they (help) on the farm all day. I (not / work) all day; so I wasn't tired and went to the disco at night. They (cycle) all day so their legs were sore in the evening.
VERB - FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS CITI%I TEXTUL DE MAI JOS : READ THE TEXT: When my friends will come to live at the countryside I will have been living with my husband and my children there for 5 years. I will have already been working for a couple of years as a doctor, Louise will have been teaching English in the afternoon for 5 years, too. Until next year, we will have been staying there for 6 years. 27
Verbele accentuate sunt la timpul Future Perfect Continuous: I will have been living – voi fi locuit I will have been working – eu voi fi lucrat Louise will have been teaching – Louise va fi predat We will have been staying – noi vom fi stat Verbul to work (a lucra, a munci) la Future Perfect Continuous: Afirmativ
I / you he/she/it /we /they will have been working Negativ
I / you he/she/it /we /they will not have been working Interogativ
Will I / you/ he/she/it /we /they have been working? ( Future Perfect Continuous - acest timp se folose "te rar în vorbire, fiind o form$ caracteristic$ limbii scrise "i pune mai mult accentul pe perioada lung $ de timp decât Future Continuous Se traduce tot prin "voi fi lucrat", "i ca toate formele de timpuri continue implic $ o ac&iune în derulare.
Exemplu: By 2010 he will have been working for 40 years.- În 2010 el va fi lucrat de 40 de ani Adverbul cel mai des utilizat cu Future Perfect Continuous: for Example: By six o’clock p.m., she will have been selling blouses for eight hours.- Pân $ la ora 18 ea va fi vândut bluze timp de opt ore. Exerci&ii – Practice LUCREAZ# SINGUR !I VERIFIC# LA SFÂR !ITUL C#R %II! Pune&i verbele din parantez$ la Future Perfect Continuous sau la Future Perfect Mike: Helen has been in the kitchen all day long. Ross: It doesn't sound like she's having a very good birthday party. Mike: She (cook) for over five hours by the time everyone arrives for dinner. Hopefully, she (finish) everything by then. Ross: Maybe we should give her a helping hand.
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PARTEA I
MORFOLOGIA – VERBUL - DIATEZA I DIATEZA ACTIV! II DIATEZA PASIV!
I Verbul este la diateza activ $ când subiectul gramatical s $vâr "e"te ac&iunea, care se r $sfrânge asupra subiectului (în cazul verbelor tranzitive). Exemplu: Lucy has written a letter.- Lucia a scris o scrisoare. II Verbul este la diateza pasiv $ când subiectul gramatical sufer $ ac&iunea s$vâr "it$ de obiect. Exemplu: This letter has been written by Lucy. – Aceast $ scrisoare a fost scris$ de Lucia. Diateza pasiv$ se remarc$ prin: - utilizarea verbului be sau get - complementul de agent introdus de prepozi &ia by exemplu: She was met at the station by my brother. – Ea a fost a "teptat$ la gar $ de fratele meu. Conjugarea unui verb la diateza pasiv $: Aspectul simplu: Present simple: Past Simple: Present Perfect Past Perfect: Future Future Perfect
I am seen. He is seen. We are seen. I was seen. We were seen. I have been seen. He has been seen I had been seen. I shall be seen. We will be seen. I shall have been seen. He will have been seen.
Aspectul continuu: Present Continuous: Past Continuous:
The classrooms are being cleaned now. The school was being cleaned when we wanted to visit it.
Exerci&ii – Practice LUCREAZ# SINGUR !I VERIFIC# LA SFÂR !ITUL C#R %II! 1. Trece&i urm$toarele propozi&ii la diateza pasiv$, transformând complementul persoanei în subiect.
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Exemplu: The guide is showing them the museum. They are being shown the museum. They have appointed him president. She has given me a good dictionary. They will tell you what time the bus leaves. I’ll pay the carpenter for his work. He promised them new bicycles. 2. Traduce&i urm$toarele propozi&ii în limba englez$, folosind verbe la diateza pasiv $: Exemplu: Aceast$ problem$ trebuie analizat$. This matter must be looked into. Nu s-a dormit în acest pat. Copiii au fost bine îngriji&i. Câinele a fost c$lcat de un autobuz. Vor râde de tine dac$ vei purta rochia asta. PERSOANA !I NUM#RUL Spre deosebire de verbul românesc, verbul englez are pu &ini indici formali care s$ marcheze persoana "i num$rul. Singura desinen&$ specific$ este –s/es pentru persoana a III-a singular, indicativ prezent. I play, you play, he play s, she plays, we play, you play, they play. I wash, you wash, he wash es, she wash es, we wash, you wash, they wash. Exerci&ii – Practice LUCREAZ# SINGUR !I VERIFIC# LA SFÂR !ITUL C#R %II! Folosi&i pronumele personal corect. Exemplu: ___ often reads books. (Lisa) She often reads books. 1) ___is dreaming. (George) 2) ___is green. (the blackboard) 3) ___are on the wall. (the posters) 4) ___is running. (the cat) 5) ___are watching TV. (my mother and I) 6) ___are in the garden. (the flowers) 7) ___is riding his horse. (Marc) 8) ___is from Bucharest. (Victoria) 9) ___has got a sister. (Diana) 10) Have ___ got a computer, Tom? 31
MODUL – THE MOOD I. MODUL INDICATIV (The Indicative Mood)
I.
Modul indicativ prezint$ ac&iunea, starea, etc. exprimat $ de verb ca real " , îndeplinit$ chiar.
Exemplu: - He returned the book to the library after he had read it.- A înapoiat cartea la bibliotec $ dup$ ce a citit-o. - I can return the book now. I have read it. – Pot s$ înapoiez cartea la bibliotec $ acum. Am citit-o. - He will return the book to the library next Monday. He will have read it by then.- Va înapoia cartea la bibliotec $ lunea viitoare. O va fi citit pân$ atunci. II MODUL SUBJONCTIV (The Subjunctive Mood)
Modul subjonctiv prezint$ ac &iunea ca posibil " când ac&iunea este proiectat$ în viitor , sau ireal " , când ac&iunea trebuia s$ aib$ loc în trecut. SUBJONCTIVUL PREZENT ( exprim$ o ac&iune considerat$ posibil$, deci nu contrar $ realit$&ii.
Exemplu: It is necessary that he be here.- Este necesar ca el s $ fie aici. come in time.- s$ vin$ la timp. SUBJONCTIVUL TRECUT ( coincide ca form $ cu Past Tense Simple.
Exemplu: I wish he/they told the truth.- A" dori s$ spun$ adev$rul. Observa&ie: Verbul be are form$ unic$ pentru toate persoanele: were Exemplu: I wish he/they were here. SUBJONCTIVUL ANALITIC ( exprim$ o ac&iune posibil$, presupus$, pentru a sublinia ideea de ac &iune "i nu ac&iunea propriu-zis$ sau îndeplinirea ei, care sunt redate cu indicativul.
Exemplu: The idea is that sport facilities should be improved. (subjonctiv) The fact is that sport facilities will be improved. (indicativ) Exerci&ii – Practice LUCREAZ# SINGUR !I VERIFIC# LA SFÂR !ITUL C#R %II! 1. It is very important that all employees _______________ in their proper uniforms before 6:30 a.m. A. are dressed B. will be dressed C. be dressed 2. I wish my sister _________ here. A. were B. was 32
3. The coach insisted that Mario _______ the center position, even though he's much too short for that position.. A. plays B. play 4. Mary hoped that the meeting _______________. A. was adjourned B. be adjourned 5. My mother would know what to do. Oh, would that she _______ here with us now! A. were B. was 6. If only Mark ______ a little more responsible in his choice of courses! A. was B. were 7. If Mrs. Smith ________ ill that night, the Smiths would not have gone to the cinema. A. were B. had been 8. Her employees treated Mrs. Smith as though she _______ a queen. A. was B. were 9. I wish I _________ better today. A. feel B. felt
INFINITIVUL - THE INFINITIVE to + verb = infinitive Infinitivul are doua forme: infinitivul lung (The Long Infinitive), marcat de particula to "i infinitivul scurt (The Short Infinitive) f $r $ particula to. Acesta se folose"te de obicei dup$ verbe de percep&ie : hear, see, watch, notice, observe, perceive, sau dup$ have, let, make. Exemplu: To err is human. – A gre "i este omenesc. I made her work harder. – Am f $cut-o s$ munceasc$ mai mult.
GERUNZIUL - THE GERUND Gerunziul, adesea cunoscut sub denumirea de form $ în –ing reprezint$ un substantiv format dintr- un verb la care se adaug$ termina&ia –ing. Exemplu: I adore reading your books. I detest going to supermarkets. I quit smoking. I can’t remember doing/having done this exercise before. ( - are categoriile gramaticale de timp "i diatez$: - Diateza activ$: Gerund: I enjoy learning English.- Îmi place s$ înv$& engleza. Perfect Gerund He denies having taken the books. – Neag $ c$ a luat c$r &ile. -Diateza pasiv$: Gerund: He can’t stand being interrupted .- Nu suport$ s$ fie întrerupt. Perfect Gerund He denies having been invited . – Neag$ c$ a fost invitat. ( - caracteristici substantivale: Exemplu: The sound of a loud knocking at the door interrupted us. her coming in interrupted us. a baby’s crying interrupted us.
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Exerci&ii – Practice LUCREAZ# SINGUR !I VERIFIC# LA SFÂR !ITUL C#R %II! Pune verbul din paranteze la gerunziu sau la infinitivul lung (to-). Exemplu:
They go on _______ (read) the book. They go on reading the book.
1) I can't imagine Peter (go) by bike. 2) He agreed (buy) a new washing machine. 3) The question is easy (answer). 4) The man asked me how (get) to the railway station. 5) I look forward to (see) you at the weekend. 6) Are you thinking of (visit) Paris? 7) We decided (run) through the dark forest. 8) The teacher expected Sarah (study) hard. 9) She doesn't mind (work) the night shift. 10) I learned (ride) the bike at the age of 3. PARTICIPIUL TRECUT - PAST PARTICIPLE Este forma nepersonal$ a verbului care denume "te ac&iunea ca rezultat. Se formeaz$ de la infinitiv la care se adaug$ termina&ia – ed (în cazul verbelor regulate), "i forma a III-a în cazul verbelor neregulate. Exemple: He is an aged man. – Este un om în vârst $. He is a learned man – Este un om înv $&at. A drunken man is unpleasant to look at. – Un om beat este nepl $cut la vedere. Exerci&ii – Practice -
LUCREAZ# SINGUR !I VERIFIC# LA SFÂR !ITUL C#R %II! 1. Completa&i corect formele de participiu trecut. the (lose) son an (interest) audience a (break) leg an (empty) bottle a (close) door a (decorate) room two (pack) bags the (write) letters the (sell) car the (buy) apples
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VERBELE AUXILIARE - AUXILIARY VERBS Au urm$toarele caracteristici: ( sunt golite de sens lexical: I shall leave after he comes.- Voi pleca dup $ ce vine el. ( înlociuesc verbele no&ionale în r $spunsuri scurte "i întreb$ri disjunctive: Do you like this book? Yes, I do. He has written a good composition, hasn’t he? ( apar adesea sub forme reduse: I’ve got a book.- I have got a book. I haven’t got a book. – I have not got a book. He’s come.- He has come He’s here.- He is here. Verbele auxiliare: 1. be/was/were/been 2. have/had/had 3. shall/should 4. will/would 5. may/might 6. let 7. do/does Exemple: 1. Infinitive: be reading Present: He is reading Past: He was reading Future: He will be reading Conditional: He would be reading Infinitive Perfect: have been reading Present Perfect: He has been reading Past Perfect: He had been reading Future Perfect: He will have been reading Conditional Perfect: He would have been reading 2. Perfect Infinitive: have read Perfect Gerund: having read Present Perfect: He has read Past Perfect: He had read Future Perfect: He will have read Conditional Perfect: He would have read 3. Future: I shall give Future Perfect:I shall have given Conditional: I should give Conditional Perfect: I should have given 4. Future: I will give Future Perfect: I will have given Conditional: I would give Conditional Perfect: I would have given 5. Hurry up, so that we may arrive in time.- Gr $ be"te-te ca s$ ajungem la timp. They hurried so that we might arrive in time.- S-au gr $ bit ca s$ ajungem la timp. 6. Let me think! – Las$-m$ s$ m$ gândesc. 7. Do you live in this town?- Locuie"ti în acest ora"? 35
Does he work here? – Lucreaz $ aici? Did he attend this school? – A urmat aceast $ "coal$? I don’t like it. – Nu-mi place.
Exerci&ii – Practice LUCREAZ# SINGUR !I VERIFIC# LA SFÂR !ITUL C#R %II! Alege&i auxiliarul potrivit: What ________ you done? I ________ not like this song. ________ she know that you are here? The lesson ________not started yet. ________you drink milk? Who ________ eaten my biscuits? It ________ not matter. They ________ not want to play outside. We ________ not seen you for a long time. My friend ________sent me some photos. The train ________ just arrived. ________ you understand? They ________been learning English for two years. ________ you heard that? My uncle ________ not eat fish. I ________ not live here. ________anybody rung up for me? She ________ not play the piano. How ________ we get there? Where ________ he live? VERBELE MODALE - MODAL VERBS
( Verbele: can, may, must, ought to, shall, will "i par &ial need "i dare formeaz$ grupul de verbe modale. Aceste verbe nu formeaz $ infinitivul cu particula 'to'. can - a putea, cu în &elesul de a fi în stare. În vorbirea curent$ mai ales în întreb$ri se folose"te în
locul lui 'may' (înseamn $ "i conserv$ "i 'to can' = a face conserv $) may - a putea, cu întelesul de a avea voie . (înseamn$ "i luna mai). În plus se folose"te în ur $ri, de exemplu poate fi tradus prin 'fie' . must - a trebui, a fi necesar (înseamn $ "i must- suc de struguri), poate fi tradus uneori "i prin probabil (sau 'trebuie ca') ought to - ar trebui, ar fi cazul shall - este o înt$rire a unui ordin dac$ este spus ap $sat. Altfel formeaz$ viitorul persoanei întâi. În acest ultim caz de obicei se înlocuie"te cu 'will'. will - formeaz$ viitorul, particula 'voi' din române "te. I will come = Voi veni. Se folose"te "i la formarea viitorului. (înseamn$ "i „testament” "i „voin&$”). need - a trebui, cu în &elesul de a avea nevoie dare - a îndrazni, a provoca pe cineva
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Exemple: I know I can.- !tiu c$ pot. May I have this dance? (Pot s $ am acest dans) - Îmi acorda &i acest dans? May the force be with you! - Fie ca for &a s$ te înso&easc$! din filmul StarWars, adic$ s$ ai noroc. If you must , you must - Dac$ trebuie, trebuie. I must be dreaming - Trebuie c $ visez (probabil c $ visez). You ought to stop smoking. – Ar fi cazul/ar trebui/î&i recomand s$ nu mai fumezi. You shall not kill = Nu vei omorî (s$ nu omori). I will survive = Voi supravie &ui. Need I go on? - E nevoie s $ continui? How dare you talk like this! - Cum îndr $zne"ti s$ vorbe"ti a"a! ( Caracteristicile generale ale verbelor modale ( Nu accept $ particula to pentru infinitiv, nu au participiu "i nici forma cu -ing. Din aceast $ cauz$ multe timpuri lipsesc acestor verbe. Foarte important: Verbul care urmeaz$ unui verb modal nu are to în fa&$. Adic$, în limba român$ se spune: Trebuie s $ m$nânc. În limba englez$ se spune: I must eat. Aten&ie: I need to eat - need aici nu e verb modal). Din exemplele de mai sus vedem c $ aceast$ regul$ a verbelor modale e respectat $: I know I can (f $r $ 'to'), May I have this dance? (f $r $ 'to') etc. ( Forma negativ$ nu cere do. Adic$ în cazul celorlalte verbe se pune un do not sau does not pentru nega&ie. I eat meat - M$nânc carne. I do not eat meat - Nu m$nânc carne. I can not eat meat - Nu pot s $ m$nânc carne. (particula do cade) ( Forma interogativ$ nu cere do. Do you eat meat? - M $nânci carne? Can you eat meat? - Po &i s$ m$nânci carne? Must you eat meat? - Trebuie s $ m$nânci carne? ( Aceste verbe nu se schimb $ dup$ persoan$: I can, you can, he/she can etc. Adic $ persoana a treia singular nu prime"te 's' . ( Aceste verbe se pot contracta cu particula not din propozi&ii negative. can't = can not, mustn't = must not, won't = will not sunt verbele modale care folosesc cel mai mult aceast$ regul$. ( Pentru formarea celebrului 'nu-i a "a' din englez$ e necesar folosirea acestor verbe. Forma 'nu-i a"a' depinde de verbul modal folosit în prima parte a întreb$rii. I can go, can't I? - Pot s$ m$ duc, nu-i a"a? sau He will go, won't he? - Va merge, nu-i a "a?
CAN/COULD exprim$ ( capacitatea fizic $ sau intelectual$ Daniel can speak three foreign languages. Daniel "tie trei limbi str $ine. Irina could run faster than you last year. Irina putea s $ alerge mai repede decât tine anul trecut. Viitor: I’ll be able to skate next year. Condi&ional: Would you be able to manage by yourself if it was necessary ? Could you manage by yourself if it was necessary ? Te-ai putea descurca singur dac $ ar fi nevoie ? Observa&ie ! Diferen&a de sens între could "i was/were able to se pierde la negativ sau cu verbe de percep&ie: I couldn’t swim yesterday as the weather was very bad. 37
I wasn’t able to swim yesterday as the weather was very bad. I couldn’t see him in the dark. I wasn’t able to see him in the dark. ( permisiunea A: Can I borrow your pen ? B: Of course you can. ( permisiunea în trecut On Sundays we could stay in bed until ten o’clock.- Duminic$ aveam voie s$ st$m în pat pân$ la ora 10. În acest sens, can/could poate fi înlocuit de be allowed to, be permitted to : On Sundays we were allowed to stay in bed until ten o’clock. MAY/MIGHT ( folosit pentru a cere (a) sau a acorda (b) permisiunea (mai oficial decât can): a) May I go ? Pot s $ plec ? b) You may go. Po&i s$ pleci. ( exprim$ o cerere, o rug$minte politicoas$ (may este mai politicos "i oficial decât can/could): May I use your phone ? Îmi da &i voie s$ dau telefon ? ( exprim$ o posibilitate prezent $ sau viitoare He may come today- Se poate s $ vin$ azi. ( might este folosit în cereri insistente sau atunci când vorbitorul este iritat de neîndeplinirea unei ac&iuni You might give me an answer. (Please, give me an answer)
MUST / HAVE TO / NEED MUST Must se folose"te pentru a exprima: 1) obliga&ia: They must stop because the traffic light is red now. Must exprimând obliga&ia poate fi înlocuit de have to sau ‘ve got to. 2. deduc&ia logic$: She must be at home. She left two hours ago. HAVE TO. Între must "i have to exist$ urm$toarele diferen&e de sens: a) Must exprim$ o obliga&ie impus$ de c$tre vorbitor, pe când have to exprim$ o obliga&ie impus$ din exterior: I must go. (It’s my decision). We have to go. (The shop is closing). b) Must exprim$ o obliga&ie important$, urgent$: I must be at the hospital at two. It’s most important. Have to exprim$ o obliga&ie obi"nuit$, repetat$ (habitual obligation): I have to be at the hospital at seven o’clock every morning. I begin work at seven. Prezent: You must stay home for a few days. You’ve got flu. You have to stay home when you have flu. Past Tense: He had to stay home last week. He was quite ill. Viitor: You must stay home tomorrow if you don’t feel better. You’ll have to stay home when you feel feverish again. HAVE GOT TO În vorbirea familiar $, se adaug$ got la have to, iar have se contrage ob&inându-se I’ve got/I haven’t got to phone her. NEED/NEEDN’T ( folosit pentru a exprima lipsa obligativit $&ii You needn’t come early to work= You don’t have to come early. (nu era nevoie) SHALL/SHOULD. 38
( Shall este folosit: pentru a exprima obliga&ie, în stil oficial (acte, regulamente, etc. la persoana a II-a "i a III-a) The employer shall supply the necessary documents in due time. Angajatorul va furniza documentele necesare în timp util. ( Shall este folosit în propozi&ii interogative, la persoana I singular sau plural: a)- pentru a cere un sfat, o sugestie, un ordin: Where shall we put the flowers ? Unde s $ punem florile ? Shall we go to the cinema tonight ? (Ce spui), mergem la cinema disear $ ? What shall we do ? Ce trebuie s $ facem ? b)- pentru a face o ofert$: Shall I help you ? S $ te ajut ? ( Should este folosit pentru a exprima: a) obliga&ia, necesitatea logic$ de înf $ ptuire a unei ac&iuni, de obicei sub form $ de sfat de c $tre vorbitor: The novel is very interesting. You should read it. Romanul este foarte interesant. Ar trebui s$-l cite"ti. He shouldn’t tell lies. N-ar trebui s$ mint$ . b) o presupunere: He should be there by now. Ar trebui s$ fi ajuns acolo deja. OUGHT TO ( La fel ca "i should, ought to exprim$ obliga&ia sau datoria, de obicei sub forma unui sfat dat de c$tre vorbitor: You ought to start packing before 12 o’clock to make the check out. WILL/WOULD ( exprim$ o comand$:You will do that immediately! ( exprim$ insisten&a: He will work as a doctor no matter what! ( o invita&ie:Will you have another slice of pizza? ( o cerere, o rug $minte: Will you sign the papers, please? ( o rug$minte foarte politicoas$- cu would : Would you do me a favor? ( insisten&a, hot$rârea de a efectua ceva în trecut: He would continue writing for hours, no matter what I said. ( probabilitatea: That would be his pen.- Probabil c $ acela este stiloul lui. USED TO exprim$ ( o ac&iune repetat$, un obicei trecut care nu mai este repetat în prezent: I used to call him when I was a student, I don’t do this anymore. Obi"nuiam s$ îl sun când erma student, nu mai fac asta acum. ( o ac&iune repetat$, un obicei trecut care înc$ mai este repetat în prezent: They used to go there every year and it is likely to find them there, too. Obi"nuiau s$ se duc$ acolo în fiecare an "i e posibil s$ îi g$se"ti acolo. BE TO folosit pentru a exprima ( o comand$ sau instruc&iuni într-un mod impersonal: He is to stay in the building till midnight. Trebuie/va sta /urmeaz $ s$ stea în cl$dire pîn$ la miezul nop&ii. ( o ac&iune planificat$: The meeting is to start at 7:30.- Întâlnirea urmeaz$ s$ înceap$ la 7:30. DARE ( este folosit cu sensul de a îndr $zni, a avea curajul, mai ales în propozi &ii interogative: How dare you say that? – Cum îndr $zne"ti s$ spui asta?
Exerci&ii – Practice
39
LUCREAZ# SINGUR !I VERIFIC# LA SFÂR !ITUL C#R %II! EX. 1. Alege&i varianta corect$ de r $spuns. 1.We ______________ go to the party. We're going to a wedding. A won't be able to B will can't C couldn't D want be able to 2. He __________ pass the exam if he studied harder. A can B will be able to C would be able to 3. I __________ remember his name. A 'm not able to B can't C fish 4. They ____________ go. The weather was too bad. A weren't able to B can't C couldn't 5. Sorry, Teacher. I ____________ do it yet. A wasn't able to B couldn't C haven't been able to EX.2. Alege&i între must "i have to: 1. I _______be at the meeting by 10:00. I will probably have to take a taxi if I want to be on time. 2. You _______submit the application if it has not been completely filled out. If the form is not complete, you will be rejected and you _______reapply at a later date. 3. Tina: Look at these flowers - they're beautiful! But, there's no card. Who could have sent them? Stephanie: It _______David. He's the only one who would send you flowers, you know. 4. You _______forget to pay the rent. Mr Daniel is very strict about paying on time. 5. You _______be like this! Why don't you try saying "please" once in a while. EX 3. Alege&i verbul modal potrivit situa&iilor de mai jos: 1. Mike's flight from Paris took more than 7 hours. He _________ quite exhausted after such a long flight. 2. The books are optional. My teacher said we _________ read them if we needed extra credit. But we _________read them if we don't want to. 3. Daniel _________ hear a word because the crowd was cheering so loudly. 4. The refrigerator isn't working. It _________damaged during the move. 5. Mike: _________you hold your breath for more than a minute? Jack: No, _________. 6. You _________be rich to be famous. Some of the most successful people I know haven't got a penny. 40
7. I've redone this math problem at least ten times, but my answer is wrong according to the answer key. So, the answer in the book _________wrong! 8. You _________do the job if you didn't speak three languages fluently. 9. You _________worry so much. It doesn't do you any good. Either you get the promotion, or you don't. If you don't, just apply for another job. 10. You _________ leave the table once you have finished your dinner and politely excused yourself. 11. Jenny's engagement ring is speechless! It _________cost a fortune. 12. _________we move into the living room? There's a beautiful view of the forest from there. 13. You had better take along some cash. The shop _________accept credit cards. 14. The machine _________start moving by pressing the left button. 15. I _________stand these people - I don ’t understand their priciples, so you get rid of them! 16. Do you always have to say the first thing that pops into your head. _________ you think once in a while before you open your mouth? 17. Daniel and Mathew said they would come over right after work, so they _________be here by 5:00. 18. You _________ no longer suffer this injustice! Freedom shall be yours! 19. If I had gone to an University in England, I _________participated in their English immersion program. 20. The lamp _________be broken. Maybe the light bulb just burned out or something.
41
PARTEA I
MORFOLOGIA - SUBSTANTIVUL " ie: Defini ie:
Substantivul: a) denume"te obiecte în sens foarte larg, adic $ fiin&e, lucruri, fenomene fenomene (woman, (woman, desk, rain, go, happiness); b) are categorii gramaticale de gen, num $r "i caz; c) poa poate te îndep îndeplin linii în prop propoz ozii&ie func func&iile iile de subie subiect, ct, nu nume me predic predicati ativv, atrib atribut, ut, apo apozi zi&ie, complement, element predicativ suplimentar, sau poate fi echivalentul unei propozi &ii sau fraze. Clasificare:
a) substantive simple: boy, meal, day; b) substantive substantive formate din din derivare cu sufixe sau prefixe: prefixe: childhood, childhood, disgust, disgust, unhappines unhappiness; s; c) substantive formate prin compunere (substantivele compuse): schoolboy d) substantive formate prin conversiune, din alte p $r &i de vorbire: - adjective: the good, the evil, the rich, the poor; - verbe la infinitiv: cook, fall; - verbe la Gerund: reading, boxing; - verbe la participiul trecut: the injured; e) subs substa tant ntiv ivee form format atee prin prin cont contra rage gere re:: ad (adv (adver erti tise seme ment nt), ), fridg fridgee (ref (refri rige gera rato tor) r),, gy gym m (gymnasium), lab (laboratory), liv (livingroom), poly (polytechnic), pub (public house); f) abrevieri: MP (Member (Member of Parliament), Dr (doctor), Mr Brown (Dl. Brown), Mrs Brown (dna (dna Brow Brown) n),, Miss Miss Brow Brownn (dra (dra Brow Brown) n),, Ms Brow Brownn (ap (apelat elativ iv pent pentru ru feme femei, i, c$s$tori torite te sau sau nec$s$torite) g) substantive comune "i substantive proprii - Substantivele comune pot fi: - substantive colective, care denumesc obiecte constând din mai multe elemente de acela "i fe fel: family, people; - substantive concrete, care denumesc obiecte sau substan &a constitutiv$ a unor obiecte: obiecte: table, table, wood, steel; - subst substan antiv tivee abs abstra tracte cte,, care care denum denumes escc abs abstra tracc &iuni: difficulty, worry, peace Substantivele Substantivele (numele) (numele) proprii au capacitatea de a individualiza individualiza un obiect dintr-o categorie categorie de obiecte de acela"i fel, denumind denumind în principi principiuu un singur singur element element dintr-o dintr-o categor categorie. ie. În limba limba englez$, substantivele proprii denumesc: - nume de persoane: John, Larry, Daniel; - denumiri geografice - nume de localit $&i: London, Paris - nume de &$ri "i continente: Romania, France, Europe - nume de ape "i mun&i: London River, Carpathians - diviziuni temporale - lunile lunile anului: anului: Januar Januaryy, Februar Februaryy, March, March, April, April, June, June, July July, Augu August, st, Septemb September er,, October October,, November, November, December December - zilele s$ pt$mânii: Monday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday Wednesday,, Thursday, Friday, Fri day, Saturday, Sunday - s$rb$tori: Halloween d) nume de c $r &i, ziare, reviste: The English Magazine, Nine o ’Clock e) nume de institu &ii 42
Num!rul substantivelor :
I. Substantive num$rabile (Count nouns) II. Substantive nenum$rabile (Mass nouns). I. Substantivele num "rabile denumesc no&iunile ca unit$&i separate, care pot fi num $rate: a
boy, boy, two boys, a few boys, etc. etc. Au urm$toarele caracteristici: a) sunt variabile ca form $, având atât num$rul singular, cât "i num$rul plural: museum - museums, child - children; b) pot fi precedate de numerale cardinale sau cuantificatori: one book, three books, several apples, a lot of brushes; c) la num$rul singular se acord$ cu verbe la singular: The book is on the table. /The apples are in the basket. Formarea pluralului substantivelor num$rabile: Formele de plural sunt de dou $ feluri: A. regulate, când pluralul se formeaz $ prin ad$ugarea desinen&ei -s la forma de singular: book - books. B. Neregulate, când pluralul se formeaz $ în alte moduri: - Substantivele terminate în -s, -z, -x, -ch, -sh adaug $ es: bus - bu buses ses;; glass glass - glass glasses es;; bu buzz zz buzzes; buzzes; box - boxes; watch watch - watches; watches; brush – brushes brushes - când -o e precedat de o vocal $: cuckoos; kangaroos; radios; scenarios; studios, zoos; - adaug$ -es la substantive ca: echoes, heroes, mosquitoes, Negroes, potatoes, tomatoes - Substantivele terminate în -y precedat de o consoan $ transform$ pe y în i "i adaug$ -es: -es: cit cityy cities; factory - factories. Transformarea nu are loc dup $ vocale: boy - boys, play - plays; 1) -th' ths: bath - baths; mouth - mouths; path - paths; 2) -f(e) [f]' ves [vz]: calf - calves; calves; elf - elves; half - halves; knife - knives; leaf - leaves; leaves; life lives; loaf - loaves l oaves;; self - selves; shelf - shelves; 3) -se [s]' ses [ziz]: house - houses II.
Substantivele nenum"rabile
- denumesc no&iuni v$zute ca un întreg. - pot fi concrete: sugar, coal, steel sau abstracte: beauty, beauty, kindness. Substantivele nenum $rabile au urm$toarele caracteristici: caracteristici: a) sunt invariabile ca form$: tea, information, cattle. b) neavând contrastul singular - plural, ele nu pot fi num$rate cu ajutorul ajutorul numeralelo numeralelorr sau al altor cuantificatori: I need (some) tea. I need (some) information. I need (some) scissors. c) Se acord $ cu verbul singular: singular: Chinese tea is very good. Ceaiul chinezesc chinezesc este foarte bun, sau la plural: The scissors are on the table. Foarfeca este pe mas $. d) Unele substantive engleze"ti fac parte atât din clasa substantivelor num$rabile, cât "i din din a celor nenum$rabile, cu diferen&e de sens: She is a beauty. (Ea) este o frumuse &e. Beauty is to be admired. Frumuse &ea trebuie admirat$. She has got a new iron. Are un nou fier de c $lcat. This tool is made of iron. Aceast $ unealt$ este din fier. În limba englez$ fac parte din clasa substantivelor substantivelor invariabile invariabile la singular unele substantive care sunt num$rabile sau invariabile la plural în limba român $: -
advi advice, ce, busi busine ness ss,, furn furnit itur ure, e, home homewo work rk,, inco income me,, info inform rmat atio ion, n, know knowle ledg dge, e, lugg luggag age, e, merchandise, merchandise, money etc
He always gives me good advice. Totdeauna îmi d $ sfaturi bune. You must do your homework carefully. Trebuie s $-&i faci cu aten &ie lec&iile. 43
I need further information. Am nevoie de informa&ii suplimentare. His knowledge of English is poor. Cuno "tin&ele lui de englez $ sunt slabe. Num$rul substantivelor invariabile Substantivele invariabile nu au opozi &ia singular singular - plural. plural. Ele au numai singular: singular: gold, gold, sau numai plural the police, cattle etc. Cuantificarea substantivelor invariabile la singular se poate realiza cu ajutorul unor cuvinte ca: a piece of, an item of, a bar of, a bag of etc. Substantive concrete: a piece of bacon a slice of cake a piece of bread a loaf of bread a piece of land a strip of land a piece of furniture an article of furniture a bit of grass a blade of grass a piece of paper a sheet of paper
Substantive abstracte: a piece of advice a word of advice a piece of information an item of news an item of business a bit of business a piece of work a bit of work a word of abuse a fit of passion an attack of fever
(Gender of Nouns) - genul este marcat formal: boy - girl, lion - lioness, - se poate identifica de obicei cu ajutorul pronumelor care se refer $ la substantive "i care au forme diferite dup$ gen: The librarian is at his desk. He is writing something. (el) The librarian is at her desk. She is writing something. (ea) Clasificare: A. substantive nume de persoane B. substantive nume de animale C. substantive nume de obiecte Genul substantivelor
A. brother/sister brother/sister earl/countess father/mother king/queen lord/lady man/woman uncle/aunt - ess: actor/actress count/countess god/goddess master/mistress waiter/waitress -ine: hero/heroine; -er: widow/widower -groom: bride/bridegroom 44
-
alte substantive nume de persoane au o singur $ form$ atât pentru masculin cât "i pentru feminin. Ele apar &in genului comun: artist, chairman, cook, cousin, doctor, foreigner, friend, quest, musician, parent, teacher, writer. Apartenen &a la genul masculin sau feminin se precizeaz$ în context.
B: horse: stallion/mare ox: bull/cow sheep: ram/ewe pig: boar/sow deer: stag/hind lion/lioness tiger/tigress cock/hen dog/bitch drake/duck cock sparrow/hen sparrow he goat/she goat Tom cat/she cat C: Sunt masculine substantivele care denumesc: a) pasiuni intense "i ac&iuni violente: anger, fear, murder. b) fenomene naturale puternice: ocean, river, sun. c) nume de fluvii: the Danube, the Thames. d) nume de mun&i: the Carpathians, the Cheviot. Sunt feminine: a) substantivele care sugereaz $ o caracteristic$ feminin$, un caracter blând, afectuos, cele care indic$ fertilitatea: affection, devotion, faith, hope, justice; b) substantivele care denumesc tr $s$turi negative de caracter: ambition, folly, jealousy, revenge, vanity; c) substantive abstracte ca: fortune, liberty, mercy, nature, peace, science Cazul substantivelor:
În limba englez$, categoria gramatical$ a cazului este marcat $ prin: - desinen&$: the child’s book- cartea copilului - topic$: The man (N) opened the window (Ac).- B$rbatul a deschis fereastra. - prepozi&ii: I bought it for Mary.- Am cump$rat-o pentru Mary. Cazul nominativ (The Nominative Case) The girl is waiting for her friend.- Fata î "i a"teapt$ prietenul. Cazul acuzativ (The Acusative Case) I ate a pizza an hour ago.- Am mâncat o pizza acum o or $. Cazul dativ (The Dative Case) În limba englez$, cazul dativ este marcat de prepozi &ia to sau for sau prin topic$: She gave some sweets to the children. – Le-a dat ni "te dulciuri copiilor. I bought a present for my mother.- Am cump $rat un cadou pentru fratele meu. I lent her (D) a book (Ac).- I-am împrumutat o carte. Cazul genitiv (The Genitive Case). Substantivul în cazul genitiv exprim $ în principal ideea de posesiune: Marc’s car is new.- Ma"ina lui Marc este nou $. the girl’s dress; the pupil’s question – rochia fetei, întrebarea elevului for goodness’ sake; for convenience’ sake – pentru numele lui Dumnezeu, de dragul comodit $&ii Observa &ie: Apostroful nu este obligatoriu în acest caz. 45
Apostroful singur, f $r $ desinen&a -s se adaug $: - la forma de plural a substantivelor regulate: the boys’ bicycles (bicicletele b $ie&ilor); the drivers’ attention (aten&ia "oferilor) - la substantivele nume de persoane terminate în -s: Dickens’ life (via &a lui Dickens); Charles’ books (c$r &ile lui Charles). Obs: 1. La numele proprii terminate în -s se poate întâlni "i genitivul cu ‘s: Dickens’s novels Exerci&ii – Practice LUCREAZ# SINGUR !I VERIFIC# LA SFÂR !ITUL C#R %II! EX 1. Scrie forma de genitiv în spa &iile libere: Example: I met _______ sister yesterday. (Mary) Answer: I met Mary's sister yesterday. 1) This is _______ book. (Peter) 2) Let's go to the _______. (Smiths) 3) The room is upstairs. (children) 4) _______sister is twelve years old. (John) 5) _______and _______ bags have blue stickers. (Susan - Steve) 6) _______ shoes are on the second floor. (men) 7) My _______ car was not expensive. (parents) 8) _______CD player is new. (Charles) 9) This is the _______ bike. (boy) 10) These are the _______ pencils. (boys) EX 2. Pune&i forma de plural corespunz$toare substantivelor: Put in the correct form of the plural of the given nouns. Example: car - ___ Answer: car - cars 1) half - 2) kilo -3) woman - 4) mouth - 5) foot - 6) sheep - 7) penny - 8) bus - 9) day - 10) fish – EX. 3. Completa&i spa&iile cu urm$toarele cuvinte: advice, chocolate, jam, lemonade, meat, milk, oil, rice, tea, tennis Example: a cube of _____ Answer: a cube of sugar 1) a piece of _____2) a packet of _____3) a bar of _____4) a glass of _____ 5) a cup of _____6) a bottle of _____7) a slice of _____8) a barrel of _____ 9) a game of _____10) a jar of _____ EX 4. Crea&i substantive nenum$rabile din literele de mai jos. Exemplu: ira = air aet
ikn
ilo
fgo
eber
einw doow acek 46
aclo
ahir
ARTICOLUL !I AL%I DETERMINAN%I Determinan&ii propriu-zi"i ai substantivului Articolul hot$rât the child Articolul nehot$rât a child, an elephant Articolul zero men, books, schools Adjectivul demonstrativ this tree, that tree, these trees, those trees Adjectivul posesiv my, your, his, her, our, your, their car, its tail Adjectivul interogativ what/which/whose car do you want? Adjectivul nehot$rât each, person every, person, either side, some notebooks, any idea , no idea, neither student Articolul nu poate fi o parte de vorbire independent$, el contribuind doar la determinarea unic$ sau individual$ a substantivului pe care îl înso &e"te. Articolul este redat prin articolul hot $rât the, articolul nehot$rât a sau an sau prin articolul zero. Aceste articole se folosesc pentru a realiza: 1) referin&a unic$ (unique reference) "i 2) referin&a individual$ (individual reference) 1) The girl was running very fast. - Fata alerga foarte repede. 2) Where are the books I gave you? – Unde sunt c $r &ile pe care &i le-am dat? There is a pen on the table. There is an orange on the table. There are (some) books on the table Observa&ie: a) articolul hot$rât the, articolul nehot$rât a( n) sau articolul zero pentru substantivele num$rabile: The cow gives us milk. A cow gives us milk. Cows give us milk. b) articolul zero pentru substantivele nenum$rabile: Milk is good for our health. Articolul hot"rât (The Definite Article) Articolul hot$rât are forma unic$ the
Ex:the door, the window, the table, etc The United Kingdom, the United States, the Art Gallery, The Sahara, etc. Articolul nehot"rât (The Indefinite Article) Articolul nehot$rât are dou$ forme: a "i an
Ex: a story, a magazine; a water-melon, a year an architect, an egg, an orange, an hour, an heir, an honest man Articolul zero (The Zero Article)
În unele cazuri, substantivele nenum $rabile, substantivele num$rabile la plural "i numele proprii par neînso&ite de articol: She drinks tea every day. Clothes do not make the man. În astfel de cazuri, absen&a articolului echivaleaz$ ca func&ie cu prezen&a unui articol. Acesta este de obicei numit articolul zero. Omisiunea articolului (The Elypsis of the Article)
Ex: a) I like honey. Îmi place mierea. (articolul zero = func &ia generic$) I like the honey they sell here. Îmi place mierea care se vinde aici. (articolul hot $rât the) 47
Exerci&ii – Practice LUCREAZ# SINGUR !I VERIFIC# LA SFÂR !ITUL C#R %II! A, an, the sau articolul zero. Pune r $spunsul corect: This coat was designed by ___ famous New York artist. Can you tell me how to get to ___ bank from here? ___ city museum is closed today. He is one of ___ smartest people I know. I recommend you eat ___ apple pie at this restaurant. ___ milk is good for you. Would you like to see ___ movie? ___ apple a day keeps ___ doctor away. I can't believe I failed ___ yesterday's test! Do you have ___ dictionary that I can borrow? AL%I DETERMINAN%I : Adjectivul demonstrativ (The Demonstrative Adjective)
( This – acesta, aceasta ( That – acela, aceea ( These – ace "tia, acestea ( Those – aceia, acelea This house is more expensive than that one. – Aceast $ cas$ este mai scump $ decât aceea.
Exerci&ii – Practice LUCREAZ# SINGUR !I VERIFIC# LA SFÂR !ITUL C#R %II! Completa&i cu this/that/ these/ those 1. _______beach was quite empty last year. 2. _______exhibition will be open until the end of May. 3. _______people come from that hotel over there. 4. What does_______ notice say? 5. _______exhibition closed a month ago. 6. He was dismissed on the 13th. _______ night the factory went on fire. 7. Do you see _______birds at the top of the tree? 8. _______are the old classrooms. Those are the new ones. 9. _______is my cousin, Jessica. 10. Wasn't _______ a horrible thing to say? Adjectivul posesiv (The Posesive Adjective)
( înlocuie"te posesorul "i determin$ numele obiectului posedat: Peter’s bike is excellent for him to keep fit. His bike is excellent ... Adjectivul posesiv se acord$ în gen "i num$r cu numele obiectului posedat: Her book - cartea ei;
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His bike - bicicleta lui; Their toys - juc$riile lor. Compara&i: Adjectiv posesiv This is my book. That is your book. That is her/his/its food. This is our classroom. That is their classroom.
Pronume posesiv This book is mine. That book is yours. That food is hers/his. This classroom is ours. That classroom is theirs.
Exerci&ii – Practice LUCREAZ# SINGUR !I VERIFIC# LA SFÂR !ITUL C#R %II! Completa&i propozi&iile cu adjective posesive: 1 He's from Spain. ____name's Alberto. 2 They're married. ____ children's names are Lauren and Daniel. 3 We're brothers. ____ parents are French. 4 She's eight. ____ brother's nine. 5 I'm British. ____ name's Peter. 6 You're students. ____ books are in the classroom. Adjectivul interogativ (The Interrogative Adjective)
( determin$ numele obiectului asupra c $ruia se cer informa&ii: who are forme flexionare pentru caz, which "i what sunt invariabile. Caz Pronume who what which
Nominativ who what which Genitiv whose what which Dativ to whom (form$ literar $) who ... to (vorbire curent$) what which Acuzativ whom (form$ literar $) who (vorbire curent$) what which Exemplu: What film did you see last night ?- Ce film ai v$zut asear $? Exerci&ii – Practice LUCREAZ# SINGUR !I VERIFIC# LA SFÂR !ITUL C#R %II! Completa&i spa&iile cu adjectivul interogativpotrivit. 1. _________________ time is the flight ? 2. _________________ girl has a red bag ? 3. _________________ mother is a nurse ? 4. _________________ subject do you like ? 5. _________________ books are these ?
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Adjectivul nehot"rât (The Indefinite Adjective)
( determin$ substantivul într-un mod global (all the pens, every child) sau par &ial (each pupil, either side)
Some = ceva, ni"te, pu&in$, unii, unele, câ &iva, câteva, vreun, vreo, se întrebuin &eaz$ în propozi&ii afirmative "i indic$ existen&a unui num$r restrâns de lucruri, fiin&e, a unei cantit $&i restrânse. There are some books on his desk. Any = vreun, vreo, nici un(ul), nici o, nici una, se întrebuin &eaz$: - în propozi&ii afirmative cu sensul: oricare, orice: Any student in your class could answer the question. - în propozi&ii interogative "i negative: There isn’t any milk in the cup. Every = fiecare (se refer $ la membrii unui grup f $r $ a-i individualiza) Every woman in the room has the right to speak. Each = fiecare (se refer $ la membrii unui grup lua&i individual) Each pupil must bring some plants to school. Exerci&ii – Practice LUCREAZ# SINGUR !I VERIFIC# LA SFÂR !ITUL C#R %II! Completa&i cu "any", "some", "no" or "none": Exemplu: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Are there any onions? No, there aren't any. Do ______ black people work in your company? Yes, there are ______. She hasn't ______ clothes to wear to the party. No problem, I can give her ______. Mary, there is ______ gas in the car. Oh, no. We had better get ______. Are there ______ good movies this weekend? No, there are ______. I want to take a shower; is there ______ hot water? I'm sorry, there is ______ hot water.
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NUMERALUL –THE NUMERAL ( este partea de vorbire care exprim $ un num$r, determinarea numeric$ a obiectelor (numeralul cardinal) sau ordinea obiectelor prin num$rare (numeralul ordinal) a. Numeralul cardinal : one, two, three etc. b. Numeralul ordinal : the first, the second etc.
a. Numeralul cardinal: 0 zero (nought) 1 one 11 eleven 2 two 12 twelve 3 three 13 thirteen 4 four 14 fourteen 5 five 15 fifteen 6 six 16 sixteen 7 seven 17 seventeen 8 eight 18 eighteen 9 nine 19 nineteen 100 200 … 900 1,000
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
ten twenty thirty forty (no "u") fifty (note "f", not "v") sixty seventy eighty (only one "t") ninety (note the "e")
10th
tenth
20th 30th 40th 50th 60th 70th 80th 90th
twentieth thirtieth fortieth fiftieth sixtieth seventieth eightieth ninetieth
one hundred two hundred … nine hundred one thousand
b. Numeralul ordinal: 0th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th
zeroth or noughth first 11th eleventh second 12th twelfth third 13th thirteenth fourth 14th fourteenth fifth 15th fifteenth sixth 16th sixteenth seventh17th seventeenth eighth 18th eighteenth ninth 19th nineteenth
c. Numeralul frac #ionar (The Fractional Numeral)
( sunt redate sub forma unor frac &ii. Num$rul frac&iei este exprimat printr-un numeral cardinal, iar numitorul printr-un numeral ordinal: 1/2 = a/one half = o jum$tate, o doime; 1/3/ = a/one third = o treime 1.5 = one point nought five d. Numeralul colectiv (The Collective Numeral)
( arat$ c$ obiectele sunt considerate în grup "i nu izolat Numeralele colective sunt: couple, pair, team, dozen, score, yoke Ex: two dozen of eggs, several pair(s) of shoes
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e.Numeralul multiplicativ (The Multiplicative Numeral)
once - odat$; twice - de dou$ ori; three times - de trei ori, four times, five times, etc. Numeralul distributiv (The Distributive Numeral) f. Numeralul distributiv (The Distributive Numeral) $ exprim$ gruparea numeric$ a obiectelor. exemplu: two at a time; two by two; by twos; two and two; in tows (in pairs): The pupils left the classroom two by two/in twos. Elevii au p$r $sit clasa câte doi. g. Numeralul adverbial (The Adverbial Numeral) $ arat$: de câte ori are loc o ac &iune: once, twice, three times (thrice); ten times, a hundred times; once more; once again; twice as fast etc. They have French twice a week. Au franceza de dou $ ori pe s$ pt$mân$. Exerci&ii – Practice LUCREAZ# SINGUR !I VERIFIC# LA SFÂR !ITUL C#R %II! 1. ________ of people sat quietly in the hall. ? Hundred ? Hundreds ? Five hundreds ? Five hundred ? 2. Eggs are cheap. I bought __________. ? two dozens ? two dozen ? two a dozen ? two dozens of them? 3. He wrote a __________ report. ? five-thousand-words ? five-thousands-word ? five-thousands-words ? five-thousand-word 4. Next week, we are going to study __________. ? Lesson Nine ? Lesson Ninth ? Lesson Nineth ? the nineth lesson 5. About ________ of the workers are young people. ? third-fifths ? three-fifth ? three-fifths ? third-fifth 6. About ___________ old people died of the flu last winter. ? two thousand of ? two thousand ? two thousands ? two thousands of 7. The scientist is in his _________. ? thirties ? thirtys ? thirty's ? thirtieths 8. "C" is _______ letter of the English alphabet. ? a third ? third ? the third ? the third of the 9. He's been in the United States for __________. ? one year and a half ? one year and half ? one year and an half ? one and half years 10. The experiment will last for one hundred fifty days. Today is __________ day. ? the one hundred fourty-ninth ? the one hundred forty-nineth ? one hundred forty ninth ? the one hundred forty-ninth PRONUMELE -THE PRONOUN ( poate înlocui substantive: The man is here; He is here ( desemneaz$ direct vorbitorul "i ascult$torul (I, you) sau desemneaz$ global sau par &ial obiecte sau fenomene (all, each); ( are categoriile gramaticale de persoan $, gen, num$r "i caz; Clasificarea pronumelor:
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Pronumele personal Pronumele reflexiv Pronumele posesiv Pronumele relativ Pronumele interogativ Pronumele demonstrativ Pronumele nehot$rât pozitiv universal :each, all, every afirmativ: many, much, few, little, several, enough, one, seria some neafirmativ: seria any, either, negativ: seria no, neither Pronumele personal:
Nominativ Dativ/Acuzativ I me you you he him she her it it we us they them Exemple: You like me and I like you.- %ie î&i place de mine "i mie îmi place de tine. Pronumele reflexiv ( are termina&ia -self la singular "i -selves la plural
Persoana I a II-a a III-a
Singular myself yourself himself (masc.) herself (fem.) itself (neutru)
Plural ourselves yourselves themselves
Exemple: He looked at himself in the mirror. Pronumele posesiv
$ înlocuie"te atât numele obiectului posedat cât "i al posesorului Formele pronumelui posesiv sunt: Persoana I singular mine I plural ours a II-a singular/plural yours a III-a masculin singular his plural theirs feminin singular hers plural theirs Exemplu: Is this his pen? No, it’s not ours. Ask Irina if is hers. Is it yours, Irina? Adjective posesive
Pronume posesive
Pronume personal
It's my food It's your food It's his food It's her food It's its food
It's mine It's yours It's his It's hers --
It belongs to me It belongs to you It belongs to him It belongs to her It belongs to it 53
It's our food It's your food It's their food
It's ours It's yours It's theirs
It belongs to us It belongs to you It belongs to them
Pronumele interogativ
who este folosit pentru fiin&e what pentru lucruri which pentru fiin&e "i lucruri how much pentru cantit$&i how many pentru num$r what kind of pentru calit$&i, etc Exemple: Who are they waiting for?- Pe cine a "teapt$ ei? What did he tell you? – Ce &i-a spus? What time is it? – Cât este ceasul? Which of these books do you prefer ? – Pe care din aceste c $r &i o preferi? From what country does he come from? – Din ce &ar $ vine? Pronumele relativ
( se refer $ la un substantiv sau înlocuitor al acestuia men &ionat anterior "i face leg$tura între propozi&ia în care se afl$ "i cea pe care o înso&e"te: I know people who don’t like this kind of food. I know people that don’t like this kind of food. Pronumele relative sunt: who, which "i that Nominativ Dativ/Acuzativ Genitiv Who
Who(m)
Whose
Exemplu: I don’t know whose car is this one.- Nu "tiu a cui este ma"ina aceasta. whoever -oricine. Whoever speaks must translate. Oricine vorbe "te trebuie s$ traduc$. Whichever - oricare. He will take whichever is his. O/Îl va lua pe oricare este a/al lui. Pronumele nehot"rât ( desemneaz$ global ( all ) sau par &ial (each, either ) obiecte sau fenomene
Some = ceva, ni "te, pu&in, pu&in$, unii, unele, câ&iva, câteva, vreun, vreo, se întrebuin &eaz$ în propozi&ii afirmative, interogative (ptr a pune accentul pe ceva) Exemplu: She bought some. (vegetables, items, etc) Did you visit some of the museums the tourist guide recommended ? Any = vreun, vreo, niciun(ul), nicio, niciuna se întrebuin &eaz$: în propozi&ii afirmative cu sensul: oricare, orice: Any of you could answer this question. în propozi&ii interogative "i negative: Have you got any ? I haven’t got any. ( Compu"ii lui some, any "i no: somebody/someone - anybody/anyone - nobody/no one none something - anything - nothing Exemple: I saw somebody in your room. I saw something in your room. I saw nobody in your room. I saw nothing in your room. Each = fiecare: Each of them - Fiecare (dintre ei) Either (forma negativ$ neither) = fiecare: Have you seen either of them ? L-ai v $zut pe vreunul dintre ei (doi) ? 54
Every =fiecare: Every pupil must do his homework. All = tot, toat$, to&i, toate: I’ve seen them all. Le-am v $zut pe toate. One = un, unul, una cineva:There were two children in the room: one was good and one was bad. Pronumele negativ
nobody, no one (nimeni), none (nici unul), neither (nici unul din doi), nothing (nimic): Exemple: Neither of them is right. Nici unul dintre ei (doi) nu are dreptate. What have you bought ? Nothing. Ce-ai cump $rat ? Nimic. Exerci&ii – Practice LUCREAZ# SINGUR !I VERIFIC# LA SFÂR !ITUL C#R %II! EX1. Folosi&i pronumele personale potrivite.Aten&ie la cuvintele din parantez $. Example: ___ often reads books. (Lisa)- She often reads books. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)
___is dreaming. (George) ___is green. (the blackboard) ___are on the wall. (the posters) ___is running. (the dog) ___are watching TV. (my mother and I)
EX.2.Alege &i pronumele posesiv corect Example: I have got a pet. ___ name is Cookie.- I have got a pet. Its name is Cookie. Hi Daniel, ___ name is John. This is ___ friend Jason. He's 32. ___ sister is 34 and ___ workplace is very near. Jason and I work in the same office. There are 150 employees in ___ company. EX.3. Alege&i pronumele reflexiv corect din lista de mai jos: myself - yourself - himself - herself - itself - ourselves - yourselves - themselves 1) Robert made this T-shirt ___ . 2) Lisa did the homework ___ 3) We helped ___ to some cola at the party. 4) Emma, did you take the photo all by ___ ? 5) I wrote this poem ___ . 6) He cut ___ with the knife while he was doing the dishes. 7) The lion can defend ___ . 8) My mother often talks to ___ . 9) Tim and Gerry, if you want more milk, help ___ . 10) Alice and Doris collected the stickers ___ . EX.4. Alege&i pronumele relativ corect: who, which or whose: 1) I talked to the boy ____ car had broken down in front of the building. 2) Mr John, ____ is a taxi driver, lives in the neighbourhood. 3) We often visit our aunt in Bucharest ____ is in the south of Romania. 4) This is the boy ____ comes from France. 5) That's Irina, the girl ____ has just arrived at the airport. 6) Thank you very much for your e-mail____ was very interesting. 7) The man, ____ father is a professor, forgot his umbrella. 55
8) The children, ____ shouted in the street, are not from our school. 9) The car, ____ driver is a young man, is from England. 10) What did you do with the money ____ your parents lent you? EX 5. Alege&i pronumele corecte din lista de mai jos: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves or each other. Example: Daniel and Irina have known __________ since 2007. Answer: Daniel and Irina have known each other since 2000. 1) John and Angela haven't met ____ for a very long time. 2) My friends enjoyed ____ at the party. 3) Daniel repaired computer car ____. 4) We helped ____ with our written task. 5) People often give ____ presents at Christmas. 6) I bought ____ a new record player. 7) Katie, did you do the homework ____? 8) They looked at ____ and smiled. 9) They often write e-mails to ____ because they're best friends. 10) She only thinks of ____. She's a little bit selfish.
ADJECTIVUL - THE ADJECTIVE ( este partea de vorbire care: a) exprim$ o calitate a unui obiect (an interesting class, a young man) b) are categoria gramatical$ a compara&iei: He is taller than his sister. Compara#ia adjectivelor (The Comparison of Adjectives) 1. Adjectivele monosilabice primesc -(e)r la comparativ "i the -(e)st la superlativ: small - smaller - the smallest ( mic-mai mic-cel mai mic) short - shorter - the shortest (scurt- mai scurt-cel mai scurt) Observa&ie: La ortografiere pot ap$rea unele modific$ri: big - bigger - the biggest (mare-mai mare- cel mai mare) hot - hotter - the hottest (fierbinte- mai fierbinte-cel mai fierbinte) fat - fatter - the fattest (gras-mai gras-cel mai gras) thin - thinner - the thinnest (sub&ire-mai sub&ire-cel mai sub&ire) happy - happier - the happiest (fericit-mai fericit- cel mai fericit) angry - angrier - the angriest (nervos- mai nervos- cel mai nervos) 2. Adjectivele formate din dou $ sau mai multe silabe formeaz $ comparativul "i superlativul cu ajutorul lui more "i the most : careful - more careful - the most careful (grijuliu- mai grijuliu- cel mai grijuliu) difficult - more difficult - the most difficult (dificil- mai dificil- cel mai dificil) 3. Adjectvele compuse formeaz $ gradele de compara &ie în felul urm$tor: a) când primul element este un adjectiv care î "i p$streaz$ sensul, acesta se schimb $ la comparativ "i superlativ: well-known – better-known - the best-known (binecunoscut) ill-paid - worse-paid - the worst-paid (prost pl$tit) intelligent-looking, - more intelligent-looking - the most intelligent-looking (privire inteligent$)
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b) când cele dou$ elemente formeaz$ un tot din punct de vedere al sensului compara &ia se realizeaz $ cu ajutorul lui more "i the most : heart-broken - more heart-broken - the most heart-broken (inima frânt $) ( comparativului de egalitate "i inferioritate: My room is as large as hers (la fel de mare ca) My homework is not as easy as yours. This film is less interesting than the previous one. (mai pu&in interesant decât) ( superlativul absolut se construie "te cu ajutorul adverbelor very, too, highly, extremely, utterly : The film was very amusing . It is extremelly difficult to make such a film. 4.Adjective neregulate good - better - the best ( bun- mai bun- cel mai bun) bad - worse - the worst (r $u- mai r $u- cel mai r $u) much- more- the most (mult- mai mult- cel mai mult) old- older- the oldest (b$trân, vechi- mai b$trân, vechi- cel mai b$trân, vechi) old – elder- the eldest (în vârst $- mai în vârst$- cel mai în vârst$) little -less - the least (pu&in, mai pu&in- cel mai pu&in) far - farther - the farthest (dep$rtat – mai dep$rtat- cel mai dep$rtat) sau further - the furthest Exerci&ii – Practice LUCREAZ# SINGUR !I VERIFIC# LA SFÂR !ITUL C#R %II! Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative). My house is ____ than yours. This red flower is ____ than that yellow one. This is ____ magazine I have ever read. Non-smokers usually live ____ than smokers. Which is ____ insect in the world? A holiday by the sea is ____ than a holiday in the mountains. It is strange but often a coke is ____ than a beer. Who is ____ man on earth? The weather is even ____ than last summer. He was ____ student of all. ADVERBUL – THE ADVERB ( a)arat$ o caracteristic$ a unei ac&iuni, a unei st $ri sau a unei calit$&i; b) poate avea categoria gramatical $ a compara&iei; c) îndepline"te func&ia sintactic$ de complement circumstan &ial
Exemplu: Is this idea really good? Locu#iuni adverbiale : as a rule = de obicei; by the way = apropo; as a matter-of-fact = de fapt; at once = imediat; once in while, now and then = din când în când; to-and fro = încoace "i încolo... Adverbele de mod sau timp se formeaz $ prin ad$ugarea sufixului -ly la forma adjectivului: slow- slowly, week - week ly Excep&ii: true - truly; due - duly; whole – wholly, beautifully, etc. Adverbele de mod (Adverbs of manner). Adverbele de mod indic $ modalitatea propriu-zis$: well, badly, quickly, slowly etc. Ele mai pot fi adverbe: - de înt$rire: actually, certainly, obviously, really; 57
- de amplificare: absolutely, completely, greatly, barely, hardly; - de afirma&ie sau nega&ie: yes, no, of course, not at all; - de probabilitate: maybe, perhaps, probally. Adverbele de loc (Adverbs of Place) Unele adverbe de loc indic $ locul propriu-zis: here, there, somewhere. Altele indic$ direc&ia: aside, foward(s), backward(s), righ, left. Majoritatea adverbelor de loc pot fi folosite pentru a exprima atât locul cât "i direc&ia: Loc: He doesn’t live far (Nu locuie "te departe). Direc&ie: He didn’t go far (Nu s-a dus departe). Adverbele de timp (Adverbs of Time). Adverbele de timp indic $: - momentul ac&iunii: now, nowadays, today, then; - succesiunea în timp: afterwards, before, eventually, formerly, previosly, soon; - durata: lately, recently, since, still, yet; - frecven&a: definit$: weekly, three times a day; nedefinit$: often, usually, seldom, once in a while. Compara#ia adverbelor: Comparativ: fast - faster; early – earlier quickly - more quickly; carefully - more carefully Comparativul de egalitate: She dances on ice as quickly as her brother. Comparativul de inferioritate: She dances on ice less carefully than her brother. Superlativul absolut: se formeaz$ cu ajutorul unor adverbe ca very, quite, most care preced adverbul respectiv. Superlativul relativ: (the) most intelligently (of all). (the) least + adverb Compara#ia neregulat" a adverbelor :
Gradul pozitiv well (bine) badly (r $u) much (mult)
Gradul comparativ better (mai bine) worse (mai r $u) more (mai mult)
Gradul superlativ (the) best (cel mai bine) (the) worst (cel mai r $u) (the) most (cel mai mult)
Exerci&ii – Practice LUCREAZ# SINGUR !I VERIFIC# LA SFÂR !ITUL C#R %II! G$si&i adjectivul din prima propozi&ie "i completa&i spa&iile libere cu adverbul corespunz $tor: Joanne is happy. She smiles____ . The boy is loud. He shouts ____. Her English is fluent. She speaks English ____. Our mum was angry. She spoke to____ us . My neighbour is a careless driver. He drives____ . The painter is awful. He paints____ . Jim is a wonderful piano player. He plays the piano____ . This girl is very quiet. She often sneaks out of the house ____. She is a good dancer. She dances really ____. This exercise is simple. You ____ have to put one word in each space.
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PREPOZI%IA - PREPOSITION ( leag$ p$r &i de vorbire diferite: substantive, adjective, verbe sau adverbe de substantive sau substitute ale acestora: In the picture, I can see a woman who is sitting at a table. She is sitting on a chair. There is another chair next to the woman. Unele cuvinte sunt urmate în mod obligatoriu de anumite prepozi &ii: a) Substantive: - interest, progress, satisfaction + in; - cause, chance, opportunity + of; - exception, invitation, kindness + to; b) Adjective: - anxious, enthusiastic + about; - alarmed, amazed, astonished, clever, good + at; - bound, eager, famous, fit, sorry + for; - disappointed, rich, successful + in; - afraid, ashamed, aware, characteristic, fond, full, jealous, proud, sure, tired, typical, worthy + of; - affectionate, appropiate, attentive, contrary, cruel, deaf, indifferent, kind, parallel, polite, rude, thankful + to; - angry, busy, charmed, consistent, delighted, dizzy, faint, identical, pale, satisfied, stiff, wet + with; c) Verbe: - aim, arrive, fire, gaze, glance, look + at; - account, ask, blame, care, leave long + for; - conceal, die, differ, escape, hide, prevent, protect + from; - abound, believe, end, fail, originate, succeed (+-ing), + in; - accuse, boast, cure, deprive, die, remind take care + of; - agree, comment, concentrate, congratulate, mediate + on; - adapt, adjust, apply, attribute, belong, cling, conform, consent, link, listen, prefer, reduce, refer, report, sell, sail, subscribe, turn + to; - complete, flush, glow, shake, shiver, side, subscribe, supply, threaten, tremble + with.
Prepositions
Example
In At On by, next to, beside Under Below Over Above Across Through To Into Towards Onto From Of
in the kitchen, in London, in the book,in the car, in a taxi at the door, at the station, at the table, at a concert, at 45 on the table, on the left, on the first floor, on the bus, Jane is standing by / next to / beside the car. the bag is under the table the fish are below the surface put a jacket over your shirt, over 16 years of age, a path above the lake walk across the bridge, swim across the lake drive through the tunnel go to the cinema, go to London ,go to bed go into the kitchen / the house go 5 steps towards the house jump onto the table a flower from the garden, a present from Jane a page of the book, the picture of a palace 59
By Off Out of By About
a book by Mark Twain get off the train get out of the taxi by car, by bus talking about you
Prepositions of place: at, in, within, by, beside, next to, near, close to, against, over, above, on, top of; under, beneath, below, underneath, in front of, before; behind, after, between, among Prepositions of time at, on, in, by, before, after¸ from... to, till/until, during, for, (all) through/throughout, over Prepositions of manner With (cu), without (f $r $), in... manner/way Prepositions of direction: to, into, onto, towards, through, across, over, up, down, along, past, by, about, around, off, out of, from Prepositions of reference: as to, as for, regarding, in regard to, concerning (formal), About, on (despre): Prepositions of cause: because of, on account of (formal), from, out of, for, through (din cauz $ de) Prepositions of concession: in spite, despite (formal), for all, with all (familiar) ( în ciuda, cu toat$ / toate... Exerci&ii – Practice LUCREAZ# SINGUR !I VERIFIC# LA SFÂR !ITUL C#R %II! EX.1. Alege prepozi&ia de loc corect $: We live ____ London. Would you like to go ____ the cinema tonight? No, thanks. I was ____ the cinema yesterday. We are going ____ holiday next week. There is a bridge ____ the river. The flight ____Bucharest ____ Lecce was ____ Berlin. ____ my wall, there are many picture postcards. Who is the person ____ this picture? Come ____ the sitting room, we want to watch TV. The town lies 530 meters ____sea level. EX.2. Alege prepozi&ia de timp corect$: 1. What are you doing ____ the weekend? 2. I don't know yet. Maybe I'll go to the cinema ____ Saturday. 3. That's interesting. I haven't been to the cinema ____ so many years. 4. We could go there together ____ the afternoon. 5. That would be great. But I would prefer to go there ____ the evening. I am visiting my grandma ____Saturday. 6. That's okay. The film starts ____ eight o'clock. 7. I can pick you up ____ half ____ seven. How long does the film last? 8. It lasts ____ two hours and forty-five minutes. 9. ____eight ____ a quarter to eleven. 10.That's right. But I must hurry home ____ the film. I have to be home ____ eleven o'clock.
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CONJUNCTIA - THE CONJUNCTION (lat.: conjunctio, con = impreuna; junctio = legatura) Conjunc#iile coordonatoare : a) copulative: and - "i; as well as - precum; both... and - atât... cât "i; not only... but also - nu numai...dar "i; b) disjunctive: or - sau; ori; either...or - sau... sau; neither...nor - nici...nici; c) adversative: but - dar, ci; exemple: I see a boy and a girl. = V $d un b$iat "i o fat$. He speaks English as well as German. = El vorbe "te engleza precum "i germana. Conjunc#iile subordonatoare - universale: that - c $; if, whether – dac$ - specializate: de loc: where - unde; wherever - oriunde; b) de timp: when - când; since - de când; till/until - pân$ când; while/as - în timp ce; before înainte ca; after - dup$ ce; c) de mod: (exactly) as; (just) as - (a "a) cum; (exact) cum; d) de cauz$: as, since, because - deoarece, fiindc $; e) de scop: so that, in order that/so (that) (mai formal) - (pentru) ca, cu scopul ca. f) condi&ionale: if - dac$; provided (that) / on condition (that) as long as/so longs as - cu condi &ia; unless - afar $ dac$, numai dac$ nu; g) consecutive: so that - încât; so (familiar) - încât; so/such... (that) - a"a/astfel... încât; h) concesive: though, although (mai formal), while, whereas (formal), even if.though - de "i, cu toate c$, chiar dac$; i) comparative: as...as - mai (mult)... decât; as if/as though - ca "i cum, de parc$. Exerci&ii – Practice LUCREAZ# SINGUR !I VERIFIC# LA SFÂR !ITUL C#R %II! EX.1. Alege&i conjunc&ia coordonatoare potrivit$ din urm$toarele: and, but, or, so 1. Daniel was cold, _____he put on a coat. 2. Maria tried to translate the text, _____ it was too difficult. 3. To get from Pite"ti to Bucharest, you can take a bus, _____ you can go by car. 4. I bought a bottle of wine, _____ we drank it together. 5. The teacher was not very nice, _____ the mark was good. 6. I went to buy my favorite CD, _____the shop didn't have it. 7. Irina needed some money, _____ she took a part-time job. 8. There's so much noise in the building lately! Maybe it's because of the new family who has just moved in , _____ maybe it's just coincidence. 9. Julie has a guitar, _____ she plays it really well. 10. The concert was cancelled, _____ we went to a disco instead. EX.2 Alege&i conjunc&ia subordonatoare potrivit$: Daniel couldn't buy any presents ________ he didn't have any money. a. even though b because I don't drink coffee ________ it makes me nervous. a. as b. although ________ it was snowing, I wasn’t cold. a. Although b. Because ________ She doesn't speak English, she can't translate that text. 61
a. Whereas b. Since Daniel passed the exam first time ________ his brother had to retake it four times. a. as b. while Paula got the job she wanted ________ she had no experience. a. even though b. as I will be late today ________ my car has broken down. a. because b. though ________ my wife likes to travel abroad, I prefer to stay at the countryside for my vacations. a. Whereas b. Since
INTERJEC %IA- INTERJECTION Clasificare:
Cu ajutorul interjec&iilor se exteriorizeaz$: 1) senza # ii !i sentimente : a) bucurie: Ah ! Ooh ! Jippee ! Hurray ! (a, ah, ura!). b) surpriz$: Oh ! Wow ! (a, ah, oh!). Oh, what a nice dress ! c) mirare: Oh, dear ! Dear me ! Indeed ! (vai drag $, vai de mine, într-adev $r) Oh, dear, I can’t find my purse. Dear me ! What are you doing over there ? d) admira&ie: Whew !(ah, doamne): Whew, how beautiful she is ! e) în&elegere: Aha ! (a, aha!): Aha, these gloves are exactly what I was looking for. f) dispre&: Fie ! Pshaw ! What a shame! (Ptiu, pah, ce ru "ine!): Fie upon you ! You ought to be ashamed at what you have done. g) dezgust: Ugh! (îh!): Ugh, how dirty your hands are ! h) aprobare: Well done ! Congratulations ! (Foarte bine! Felicit $ri!) Well done, Peter ! You’ve passed all your exams brilliantly. i) dezaprobare: Nonsense! What a nuisance! (Prostii ! Ce pacoste!): What a nuisance! Now I’ll have to do it all over again! j) regret: Ah! Oh! What a pity! (a!, oh! ce p$cat!): What a pity you couldn’t come! It was a good play. k) durere: Ouch! Ow! (vai, ah, aoleu!): ouch, it hurts! 2) manifest "ri de voin #" : a) o rug$minte, un îndemn: Oh! Help! (oh! Ajutor!); Ssh! Hush! Silence! (Sst, lini"te!): Hush! The baby’s sleeping! b) o încurajare: Cheer up! Come on! (Curaj! Haide!): Come on, don’t be afraid! You’ll be fine. c) o avertizare: Look Out! Fire! (Aten&ie! Foc!): Fire ! The house is on fire! 3) se reproduc sunete "i zgomote din mediul înconjur "tor : Bow - wow ! Miaow! Baa! Buzz! (Ham - ham ! Miau! Beh! Bzzz!): Bang! Click! Crash! Exerci&ii – Practice LUCREAZ# SINGUR !I VERIFIC# LA SFÂR !ITUL C#R %II! Alege&i interjec&ia potrivit$ situa&iilor de mai jos. Pute&i folosi interjec&ii ca: ah, hello, dear, eh, allas, hmm, oh, well, er, uh-huh, ouch, etc. 1. " ____, that feels good" 2. " ____, she's dead now" 3. " Oh ____ ! Does it hurt ?" 62
4. "What do you think of that, ____ ?" 5. "Lima is the capital of.... ____...Peru" 6. " ____ John, How are you today ?" 7. " ____, I'm not so sure" 8. " ____ , please say 'yes' !" 9. " ____, what did he say " 10. " 85 divided by 5 is... ____...17" 11. "Shall we go ? " " ____" 12. " ____ ! That hurts !"
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PARTEA A II-A
P#R%ILE DE PROPOZI%IE (The Parts of the Sentence) ( P$r &ile de propozi&ie se clasific$ în: 1) p"r#i principale de propozi #ie: subiectul "i predicatul; 2) p"r#i secundare de propozi#ie: complementul direct, indirect, prepozi&ional, elementul predicativ suplimentar, complemente circumstan&iale (de timp, loc, mod, cauz $ etc.) "i atributul.
SUBIECTUL – THE SUBJECT ( Subiectul este partea principal$ de propozi&ie despre care se spune ceva cu ajutorul predicatului. Exemple:He is a really nice guy. My dog attacked the burglar. David plays the piano The police interviewed all the witnesses.
The man who had followed us inside walked over to the telephone. Subiectul simplu: man Subiectul complex: the man who had followed us inside Subiectul compus: The man and the woman walked over to the telephone.
PREDICATUL - THE PREDICATE ( Predicatul este partea principal $ de propozi&ie care atribuie subiectului o ac&iune, o stare sau o însu"ire. Predicatul nominal este alc$tuit din: un verb copulativ + un nume predicativ. Verbe copulative: a. verbul be: He is clever. El este de "tept b. verbe ale devenirii: become, get, grow, turn : Her hair has turned grey. A înc $run&it. She is getting old. Îmb$trâne"te. c. Verbe ale continu$rii în aceea"i stare : continue, keep, remain, hold, stay . He kept silent. T$cea. d. verbe ale aparen&ei: appear, look, seem : She seemed ill. P$rea bolnav$. He looks pale. Este palid. Numele predicativ este exprimat: a) printr-un substantiv sau echivalent al acestuia: My nephew has become a doctor . b) printr-un adjectiv, singur sau cu o complinire: She was happy. She was eager to come . c) printr-un participiu trecut: The village seemed deserted .
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Exerci&ii – Practice LUCREAZ# SINGUR !I VERIFIC# LA SFÂR !ITUL C#R %II! EX.1.Încercui&i subiectele "i sublinia&i predicatele din propozi&iile de mai jos. 1. Yesterday, Ross and Monica took their children to the zoo. 2. The elephants, the lions, and all of the other animals were outside. 3. The president of the bank looked everywhere for the papers. 4. They listened quietly. 5. The yellow race car with red stripes finished the first in the race. 6. After his speech, the president of the meeting shook hands with all members of the crowd. EX.2. Potrivi&i subiectul cu predicatul. Mai multe variante sunt posibile. Un exemplu este f $cut pentru a v$ ajuta: Subjects The dirty yellow cat We Tom and his brother The taxi driver Anna's elderly mother The green tree snake The detective in the gray raincoat Seven rats
Predicates stood outside the hotel all night. prowled through the dark alley. lived in the attic last winter. baked delicious apple pies. were late yesterday. sold used cars. was from the Middle East. waited patiently for his victim.
COMPLEMENTUL DIRECT -THE DIRECT OBJECT I haven’t seen him for a long tim. Nu l-am v $zut de mult. I drink milk every day. Beau lapte în fiecare zi. We enjoyed ourselves at the cinema. Ne-am distrat la cinematograf. We sing a song every day.- Interpret $m un cântec în fiecare zi. Did she ask you any questions ? %i-a pus vreo întrebare ? Cuvintele subliniate sunt complemente directe. R $spund la una din întreb $rile pe cine?, ce? O alt$ metod$ pentru a afla dac $ un cuvânt este sau nu complement direct, este aceea de a transforma fraza respectiv$ la diateza pasiv$. Complementul direct va trebui sa devin$ subiectul propozi&iei la diateza pasiv $. Exemplu: 1. Todd sang a song. => Passive: A song was sung by Todd. 2. Ashley became a rock star. " a rock star " nu este complement direct "i deci nu poate deveni subiectul propozi &iei la diateza pasiv$. Exerci&ii – Practice LUCREAZ# SINGUR !I VERIFIC# LA SFÂR !ITUL C#R %II! Identifica&i complementul direct, apoi traduce&i propozi&iile. 1. The computer programmer is testing his new software. 2. We suddenly realized that someone was listening. 65
3. Amy has decided to go to university. 4. They can't read what you've just written. 5. This exercise involves clicking on the screen. COMPLEMENTUL INDIRECT - THE INDIRECT OBJECT Please, send an email to me. Te rog trimite-mi un email. He sold his car to his best friend . !i-a vândut ma"ina celui mai bun prieten. She bought a new shirt for her husband . A cump$rat o c$ma"$ nou$ so&ul ei. Cuvintele subliniate sunt complemente indirecte. R $spund la întrebarea cui? sau pentru cine? Acestea pot fi precedate sau nu de prepozi &ii: Exemplu: Tom sold us his old house. She bought her brother a new shirt. Complementul indirect este exprimat de regul $ printr-un substantiv sau echivalent al acestuia, precedat de prepozi&ia to sau for : We offered presents to our teacher. We offered flowers to her. She bought books for her children . Exerci&ii – Practice LUCREAZ# SINGUR !I VERIFIC# LA SFÂR !ITUL C#R %II! Identifica&i atât complementele directe cât "i indirecte din propozi&iile de mai jos: 1. I owe you some money. 2. The students read English writers in their literature class. 3. Tell them the news now. 4. Will you give Mary the candy? (Hint: change it to a statement) 5. Mrs. Jones gave the students a difficult homework. 6. The principal excused the boys early last Wednesday. 7. Who taught them about the Civil War? 8. Mr. Smith gave us a long speech about science. 9. Have you written many letters this summer? 10. Mr. John gave his son the keys to his car. 11. I like rain. 12. Traffic controllers in the towers at the airport control air traffic. COMPLEMENTUL PREPOZI%IONAL - THE PREPOSITIONAL OBJECT ( Complementul prepozi&ional este exprimat prin: a) un substantiv sau echivalent al acestuia precedat de o prepozi &ie: He is looking for his suit . Î"i caut$ costumul. I ran after her. Am fugit dup$ ea. b) o construc&ie infinitival$ sau gerundial$, precedat$ de o prepozi&ie: Would they agree to leave at once? Ar fi de acord s$ plec$m imediat? He boasts of being the best football player in the school. Se laud $ c$ este cel mai bun juc $tor de fotbal din "coal$. c) o propozi&ie subordonat$: He boasts that he is the best football player in the school . ( Complementul prepozi&ional este întrebuin&at dup$:
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a) verbe intranzitive cu prepozi&ie obligatorie: care for, complain of, depend on, hint at, insist on, long for, look at, pass for, warn of, wonder at, worry about : The success of the meeting will depend on the speaker ’s inspiration. b) verbe intranzitive cu dou$ prepozi&ii: agree with smb about smth, argue with smb about smth.
He agreed with me about the plan. c) verbe tranzitive cu prepozi&ie obligatorie: acquaint smb with smth, advise smb. about smth, assure smb of smth, blame smb for smth, bother smb. with smth, convince smb, of smth, entrust smb with smth, mistake smb. for smth, warn smb about smth:
I convinced him about the plan. d) adjective sau participii care îndeplinesc func &ia de nume predicativ într-un predicat nominal, urmate de o prepozi&ie obligatorie: about: He was reasonable about her decision. at: She is good at chemistry. in: He is interested in astronomy. of: Romania’s foreign trade is based on co-operation and equal rights. with: He is angry with your behaviour. Alte adjective "i participii urmate de aceste prepozi &ii sunt: - angry, glad, happy, mad, annoyed, pleased worried + about; - angry, clever, hopeless, terrible, alarmed, amused, annoyed, delighted, pleased + at; - efficient, fortunate, lucky, persistent, (un)successful + in; - afraid, certain, conscious, fond, glad, convinced, scared + of; - dependent, insistent, keen, lent, set + on; - busy, (un)comfortable, (in)compatible, content, furious, (un)happy, impatient, sick, uneasy, annoyed, bored, concerned, delighted, disaplointed, excited, exhausted, horrified, obsessed, occupied, overcome, pleased, satisfied, upset + with. Exerci&ii – Practice LUCREAZ# SINGUR !I VERIFIC# LA SFÂR !ITUL C#R %II! Completa&i spa&iile libere cu prepozi&ia potrivit$: He reminds me _____ your brother in some ways. You have similar temperaments. The „must not” message is designed to prevent people _____entering. The judge banned him _____ driving for six months. This new software enables the user _____ get lots of reports for the management. I don't smoke at home; I don't want to encourage the children _____ smoke. The team manager wouldn't allow the press _____ interview his players. The police wouldn't provide the press _____ any details about the crime. The salesman failed to interest me _____ any of his products. CONSTRUC %IILE COMPLEXE - COMPLEX CONSTRUCTIONS Acuzativ cu
- infinitiv - participiu prezent - participiu trecut Nominativ cu - infinitiv - participiu prezent Infinitiv cu for - to 67
Nominativul absolut cu
-infinitivul - participiu prezent - participiu trecut
Construc&iile gerundiale a) În construc&iile infinitivale ne intereseaz$ ac&iunea în sine, faptul petrecut, care este v $zut ca încheiat: We saw him sleep (= that he fell asleep ). Am v$zut c$ a adormit. b) în construc&iile cu participiul în -ing, ac&iunea este v$zut$ în desf $"urare: We saw him dancing (= that he was dancing ). L-am v$zut dansând. c) în construc&iile cu participiul trecut, ac&iunea este privit$ ca un rezultat: We found the dog dead . Am g$sit c$&elul mort. cu acuzativul Ac + infinitiv I saw him cross the street.
cu nominativul N+ infinitiv Daniel seems to speak English fluently.
Ac + part. prez. She could hear her friend laughing.
N+ part. prez N absolut + part. prezent He was seen smoking in the The investigation being living. done, the policemen headed to the station. N absolut + part.trecut: The game finished, the players left the football ground.
Acuzativ cu participiu trecut: I want this homework done immediately.
nominativul absolut N + infinitiv He sent the tests first, the comments to come later.
Exerci&ii – Practice LUCREAZ# SINGUR !I VERIFIC# LA SFÂR !ITUL C#R %II! EX.1.Recunoa"te&i construc&iile folosite în exemplele de mai jos: 1. The day being rainy, we didn’t go out. 2. The two women, their business concluded , retired to the bar. 3. The Prime Minister happened to be in Greece at the time. 4. I would like him to come . 5. The letter being written, he left to the post office.
EX.2. Transfera&i construc&iile Acuzativ cu infinitiv în construc&ii Nominativ cu infinitiv. Exemplu: They knew her to be a good teacher. She was known to be a good teacher. 1. We expected the manager to speak first. 2. They thought him to be gifted in singing. 3. I heard him walk slowly in the dark. 4. We advised him to go to the hospital as soon as possible 5. They told us not to worry. 6. The manager asked him to explain the semester report. 7. They saw him steal the money. 8. You consider his thoughts to be very weird.
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COMPLEMENTELE CIRCUMSTAN %IALE DE LOC, TIMP, MOD
– ADVERBIALS ( Complementul circumstan&ial de loc indic$ locul, punctul de plecare, direc &ia sau limita unei ac&iuni sau st $ri. ( Complementul circumstan&ial de timp indic$: a) momentul ac&iunii: now, nowadays, today, then; b) succesiunea de timp: afterwards, before, eventually, formerly, previously, soon. c) durata: lately, recently, since, still, yet; d) frecven&a: weekly, three times a day, often, usually, seldom, once in a while. ( Complementul circumstan&ial de mod indic$ modul în care se îndepline "te o ac&iune sau apare o însu "ire. Complementul circumstan #ial de loc (The Adverbial of Place) este exprimat prin:
a) un adverb sau o perifraz $ advebial$ de loc: He is here. He was walking to and fro. b) un substantiv cu sau f $r $ prepozi&ie: Helen is in town for the moment./ They went home. c) un substantiv în cazul genitiv precedat de o prepozi &ie: We buy vegetables at the greengrocer's . d) o propozi&ie circumstan&ial$ de loc: We do our shopping where everybody else does. Complementul circumstan #ial de timp (The Adverbial of Time) este exprimat prin:
a) un adverb de timp: My parents arrived yesterday. b) o perifraz$ adverbial$ de timp: They visit their relatives from time to time. c) o construc&ie adverbial$: Tom was born in 1965. d) nominativul absolut cu participiul trecut: His homework written the boy went out to play. e) un participiu prezent sau trecut, precedat de o conjunc &ie temporal$: He doesn’t feel quite well when sailing by their ship. f) un gerund precedat de o prepozi &ie: On leaving the house, she asked me to make certain the lights were off.. g) un substantiv introdus într-o conjunc&ie temporal$: While in Romania he learned to manage by himself. 3) o propozi&ie circumstan&ial$ de timp: He is always air sick when he travels by plane. Complementul circumstan #ial de mod (The Adverbial of Manner)
- indic$ felul, modalitatea în care decurge ac &iunea sau starea: well, badly, quikly, slowly. Ele mai pot reda "i alte sensuri: - cantitatea: enough, much, a little; - înt$rire: actually, certainly, really; - amplificare: absolutely, completely, greatly, highly, barely, scarcely; - de afirma&ie sau nega&ie: yes, no, of course, not at all; - probabilitate: maybe, perhaps, possibly. Exemplu: The merchandise was slowly moved into the warehouse. Complementul circumstan#ial de mod comparativ (The Adverbial of Comparison) este
exprimat: a) printr-un substantiv sau pronume precedat de prepozi &ia like: I slept like a baby.. b) printr-un substantiv cu prepozi&ie, un adjectiv, un verb la infinitiv sau participiu prezent/trecut introduse prin as if, as though : She cried as if in a terrible danger. 69
c) un substantiv, un adjectiv, pronume sau numeral, o construc &ie infinitival$ sau gerundial$ introduse prin conjunc&iile as, not so/as, than : She is as smart as her parents. d) o propozi&ie circumstan&ial$ de mod comparativ$: She smiled as if she were extremely happy, but... . Exerci&ii – Practice LUCREAZ# SINGUR !I VERIFIC# LA SFÂR !ITUL C#R %II! Rewrite the sentences and put the adverbs in correctly. Rescrie&i propozi&iile "i pune&i adverbul la locul potrivit. Men&iona&i felul adverbelor. We were in London. (last week) ' He walks his dog. (rarely) ' She waited. (patiently) ' My father goes fishing. (always) ' Your bedroom is. (upstairs) ' We don't go skiing. (in summer) ' Cats can hear. (well) ' I saw him. (there) ' The girl speaks English. (fluently) ' I have seen that film. (never) / (before) ' ATRIBUTUL - THE ATRIBUTE Atributul modific$ sau determin$ un substntiv sau pronume care îndepline "te în propozi&ie func&ia de: 1) subiect: The tall girl is my sister-in-law. 2) o parte secundar $ de prepozi&ie: a) complement direct sau indirect: They made an extraordinary attempt. b) complement circumstan&ial (de loc, timp etc.): They often go out quiet evenings. Atributul prepus: this exercise, my youngest brother,etc Atributul postpus: Did you find anything new ? Ai g$sit ceva nou ?
Exerci&ii – Practice LUCREAZ# SINGUR !I VERIFIC# LA SFÂR !ITUL C#R %II! 1. Those are probably _______ boys in the school. Fanciest/ fanciest/ most fanciest 2. Uncle Daniel is really _______ man. an old sweet/a sweet, old/ a sweet old 3. Dacia used to be _______ car. a fine German / a German, fine/ a fine, German 4. All the family was home for the holidays. What could make for _______ Christmas? a merrier/ the merriest/ a merrier 5. They were raised in _______ house in Bucharest. a comfortable, little/ a little, comfortable/ a comfortable little 6. Four weddings and a funeral is the _______ movie I've ever seen. most excited/most exciting/most exciteable 7. She wanted to take a course with _______professor. 70
that interesting new Japanese economics/ that Japanese interesting, new economics that interesting,new, Japanese, economics 8. Of all the mechanics in the shop, he is surely _______ . the less competent/ the least competent/ the competentest. 9. In the fall, the valleys tend to be _______than the hilltops. foggy/more foggier/foggier 10. My cold is definitely _______ this morning. worse/ worst/worser
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TEST FINAL 1.Q: What ____________ you ____________ (do)? I'm working. do you do are you doing did you do 2. Q: ____________ you always ____________ (get up) at 6 o'clock? Do you always get up Are you always getting up Do always you get up 3. Q: ____________ Daniel ____________ (have, got) a motorbike? Does John have got Has John got Have John got 4. Q: At the moment he ____________ (have) dinner. is having having has 5. Q: John doesn't like playing basketball, but he ____________ (love) playing tennis. is loving love loves 6. Q: Last winter he ____________ (go) by train from Rome to London. goed has gone went 7. Q: Mary ____________ (not, be) at work at the moment. She's at home. isn't being isn't doesn't be 8. Q: Next Wednesday my sister ____________ (go) to Paris. went goes is going 9. Q: They ____________ (take) their children to Italy last year. did take took taked 10. Q: What time ____________ he ____________ (arrive) home last Thursday? did he arrives did he arrive does he arrive 11. Q: What ____________ they ____________ (do)? They're studying. is they doing are they doing do they do 12. Q: When ____________ you ____________ (go) to France last year? you went did you go did you went 13. Q: ____________ you ____________ (have, got) any brothers or sisters? Has you got Do you have got Have you got 14. Q: John doesn't like going to the beach, but he ____________ (love) going to the mountains. loves doesn't love is loving 15. Q: Next Sunday John ____________ (come) to visit his family. comes is coming will come 16. Q: Peter ____________ (be) on holiday now. He isn't at home. will be is is going to be 17. Q: She ____________ (teach) her husband cooking last summer. did teach teached taught 18. Q: ____________ he always ____________ (have) breakfast at 7 o'clock? Is he always having Does he always has Does he always have 19. Q: Last winter she ____________ (drive) to Bulgaria. drove drived did drive 20. Q: ____________ you ____________ (have, got) a good summer job? Do you got Have you got Has you got 21. Q: Where ____________ she ____________ (study) french last year? did she study did she studied has she studied 22. Q: Mary likes visiting relatives, but she ____________ (like) talking on the telephone. doesn't like likes isn't liking 23. Q: She ____________ (watch) a documentay at the moment. watched watches is watching 24. Q: He ____________ (take) his friend to the theater last week. tooked has taken took 25. Q: Mary ____________ (not, be) on holiday now. She's at home. isn't won't be isn't being
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26. Q: What ____________ you ____________ (do)? I'm playing the guitar. is you doing do you do are you doing 27. Q: Next Saturday my brother ____________ (visit) the new museum. will visit visits is going to visit 28. Q: ____________ you always ____________ (finish) work at 8 o'clock? Do you always finish Are you always finishing Did you always finished 29. Q: They ____________ (ride) the train to England last spring. did ride rode have ridden 30. Q: What ____________ you ____________ (do) this evening? I'm doing my English homework. will you do do you do are you doing 31. Q: ____________ she often ____________ (telephone) in the evening? Does she often telephone Is she often telephoning Will she often telephones 32. Q: ____________ they ____________ (have, got) a van? Have they got Do they have got Has they got 33. Q: At the moment they ____________ (read) a magazine. are going to read reads are reading 34. Q: I ____________ (teach) my students about the mammals yesterday. taughted taught have taught 35. Q: Maria doesn't like working in the office, but she ____________ (love) working at home. loves doesn't love isn't loving 36. Q: Next Tuesday my sister ____________ (have) dinner at that new restaurant. is going to have will have has 37. Q: She ____________ (fly) to the USA last summer. flied has flown flew 38. Q: Irina ____________ (not, be) at the office tomorrow. He's on holiday. isn't going to be won't been isn't 39. Q: What ____________ she ____________ (do) yesterday evening? did she do does she do is she doing 40. Q: ____________ Daniel ____________ (have, got) a television? Have Daniel got Has Daniel got Does Daniel has got 41. Q: Where ____________ they ____________ (go) on holiday last winter? did they went have they gone did they go 42. Q: Alice loves walking in the countryside, and she ____________ (like) going to the swimming pool. doesn't like like likes 43. Q: At the moment she ____________ (listen) to some music. listens is listening has listened 44. Q: ____________ he always ____________ (play) tennis on Sundays? Do he always play Does he always plays Does he always play 45. Q: I __________________ TV when the telephone rang. watched was watching are watching have watched 46. Q: I'm afraid I'm not hungry. I've _______ eaten breakfast. Yet still already ever 47. Q: My father let me ____________ late when I was a child. to stay out stayed out stay out staying out 48. Q: Would you like ___________ chicken? any a some one 49. Q: He has _______ friends in London. Few few of a lot much 50. Q: She _________________ dinner by the time we arrived. had finished finished have finished finishing 51. Q: What shall we do tonight? How about ___________ a film? to see see seeing going
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52. Q: _______ you ever ________ to Paris? Did ... go Have .... go Have ... gone Shall .... go 53. Q: Have you finished your work ______? Yet already still just 54. Q: Jack is really ______________ geography, especially Japanese history. interested at interesting in interested in interested for 55. Q: These images ______________ by an artist named John Smith. are photographed were photoed photographed were photographed 56. Q: He'll give you a call as soon as he __________. will arrive arrives is arriving is going to arrive. 57. Q: He found his watch ___________ the papers on the table. In among between through 58. Q: Would you mind ______________ me a hand? to give give giving given 59. Q: I think Pite"ti is ____ exciting ____ Bucharest. as ... as so ... than as ... than so ... as 60. Q: He _________ he wanted to come. told said me said told to me 61. Q: What ______________ at work? do you have to do must you do have you to do do you 62. Q: How is he? - Daniel? He __________. 's fine s tall with blond hair 's quite a shy person actually 's twenty three 63. Q: He will meet you _________ the station at 9 o'clock sharp. in front ahead in front of behind of 64. Q: If you want to be healthy, you _______ smoke or drink alcohol. needn't couldn't shouldn't mustn't to 65. Q: He's _____________ politics. interested interesting interested to interested in 66. Q: Where was Dany yesterday? - I don't know. He ________________ seeing the doctor. might has been might have been couldn't have been mustn't have been 67. Q: Yes, that is the woman _________ horse almost trampled her! which whose who that 68. Q: Would you like me to ______________ the kids next week? look to look at look after look into 69. Q: I missed the bus, so I _________ take the next one. musted must had to had 70. Q: Why are your hands so dirty? - Well, I __________________ in the garden for the last two hours. have worked worked am working have been working 71. Q: Fiestas ______________ in an old city in Germany for many years now. have been making have made have been made are made 72. Q: Let me ___________! I didn't really want to eat all the cakes, I just couldn't help myself. to say you say you explain me explain 73. Q: Yes, we have bought the tickets to the concert and we _______________ next Saturday. I'm so excited. will go won't go shall be going are going 74. Q: Most people like rugby, but ____ my opinion it's too chaotic. Of from in with 75. Q: Are you travelling to Prague ____ business or ____ holiday? For on to in 76. Q: Have you read the article _____ Time magazine ____ Google? on – on to – on in – on from – on 77. Q: What's that book _____?
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about to from of 78. Q: I stayed ____ the Ritz Hotel ________ my stay in New York. in – to to – while at – while at – during 79. Q: I looked this word ____ in the dictionary, but I still don't understand its meaning. from on up over 80. Q: We need some sugar. We're almost completely ____ it. out out of over through 81. Q: Luckily, I made it to the station ___ time to catch the last train. in for at to 82. Q: My house is ___ the end of the street ___ the left. in – on at – in in – at at – on 83. Q: The post office doesn't open _____ 9 a.m. For until still just 84. Q: Are you ___ or ___ the prime minister? pro – con for – against with – against proto – contra 85. Q: Were you ____ time for your appointment? Or were you late? to on at of 86. Q: Throw the ball ___ Daniel, please. next beneath to against 87. Q: I got ____ home late last night. To at _ in 88. Q: Please talk __ the manager and don't shout __ me! to – to at – to to – at with – to 89. Q: You can start the computer ___ pressing that button. with to by from 90. Q: She was born ____ Spain ___ March 16, 1992. in – in in – to in – on to – in 91. Q: He was born ___ Germany ___ April. in – to on – in in – in in – at 92. Q: Be careful! You're going to set the paper ___ fire! to on in with 93. Q: I need to learn these verbs ___ heart ___ tomorrow. by – on by – to from – by by – by 94. Q: She'll be finished ____ the end of the week. By from to in 95. Q: You must take the medicine _____ the next five minutes. Since until within at 96. Q: I haven't seen Larry ___ ages! At in since until 97. Q: It is years ____ I last played tennis. For when since at 98. Q: Jack will be out _____ 3.30. Since at from until 99. Q: Daniel _____ (live) in New York for the past 15 years. has lived lives lived 100. Q: Jane ____ (work) for H&M before she came to work for us. Works worked has worked 101. Q: Are there ______ peaches in the kitchen? Much any some a 102. Q: That is _____ interesting book. The a an 103. Q: I went ______ church last Sunday. At in to on
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104. Q: What _____ he like? - He is very friendly. Does did is has 105. Q: I ________ a new car last month. bought have bought buyed did bought 106. Q: How ________ money do you have in your wallet? many few much some 107. Q: She came ______ home late last night. at to in 108. Q: Daniel is a nice boy, and I like _____. him his it 109. Q: I get up ______ eight o'clock every day. In on at to 110. Q: I like __________ music. Listen listen to listening to to listening to 111. Q: What __________ in your free time? you do do you do are you doing does you do 112. Q: My father _______ in a software company. Works work is working is worked 113. Q: Would you like _______ coffee? Any an some to 114. Q: I _____ drive a car. can't to can want have 115. Q: He likes watching TV ______ evening. in the at during in 116. Q: I drove my car _____ the garage. In at into onto 117. Q: _________. Is there a bank near here? Please Excuse me Pardon Hey 118. Q: I live in ______. italy Italy Italian italian 119. Q: The bank is at the end of this street _____ the left. at in on over 120. Q: The bank is _______ the post office. near of next to next close 121. Q: There are ______ magazines on the table. any an some a 122. Q: I would like _____ rice. a one some any 123. Q: I went to London three years _____. last ago time past yet 124. Q: I would love to visit Prague sometime. Unfortunately, I ____ (be/never) there. have never been was never will never be 125. Q: Daniel _____ (play) tennis for five years when he _____ (be) at school. has played – was played – was has played - has been 126. Q: : Do you like ______ Chinese food? an some the 127. Q: I _____ (work) in Spain for 5 years. I ____ (begin) work as soon as I arrived. work – began have worked - have begun have worked – began 128. Q: I'm afraid I'm not hungry. I _____ (eat/already). didn't eat already have already eaten haven't already eaten 129. Q: When Daniel was at school, he _____ (learn) to play the piano. He _____ (play) it ever since. has learned - has played learned - has played learned – played
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130. Q: Could you give me some advice? I _____ (buy) this sweater yesterday. Do you think I should take it back? Bought have bought buyed 131. Q: George lives in New York. Before she _____ (move) here, she ____ (live) in Seattle for 3 years. moved - has lived moved – lived has moved – lived 132. Q: Peter ____ (go) to Paris last year. That means that he ____ (be) to Paris 3 times! went - has been went – was has gone – was 133. Q: Just a moment! I _____ (not think) of a good idea yet! haven't thought didn't think don't think 134. Q: Irina _____ (believe) that for ages! believes has believed was believed 135. Q: How long _____ (you/live) there before coming here? have you lived did you live do you live 136. Q: She _____ (write) the email but doesn't know how to send it. has written writes written 137. Q: I ____ (just/have) something done to my hair. Do you like it? have just had just have had just have 138. Q: Hurry up! The concert _____ (begin) and we are late. Begins has begun began 139. Q: Andra _____ (record) many albums and will probably make many more. records has recorded recorded 140. Q: Nat King Cole _____ (record) many albums during his great career. records has recorded recorded 141. Q: How many magazines ____ (read) this year? did you read do you read have you read 142. Q: How many books ____ (read) last year? do you read have you read did you read 143. Q: ____ (newspaper/arrive)? Yes, Daniel is reading it at the moment. Did the newspaper arrived Does the newspaper arrive Has the newspaper arrived 144. Q: Where ____ (you/find) that book? - I _____(find) it in the library. have you found - have found did you find – found did you find - have found 145. Q: ____ (you/smoke) a lot before becoming a non-smoker? Have you smoked Did you smoked Did you smoke 146. Q: He _____ (leave) the shop a few minutes ago. was left left has left 147. Q: She ____ (not leave) the house yet. has left hasn't left didn't leave 148. Q: I _____ (not know) you ____ (be) here! _____ (you/be) here long? haven't known - were - Have you been didn't know - were - Have you been didn't know - have been - Have you been 149. Q: _____ (you/see) today's paper? Do you see Have you seen Are you seeing 150. Q: I'm tired. I _____ (not get) much sleep last night. haven't got didn't get wasn't get
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Cheia exerci&iilor Present Tense Simple Afirmativ: I leave home at 12 o’clock but my friend leaves home at 1 o’clock. I go to work by car but my friend goes to work by train. I speak English well but my friend speaks English badly. I get home at six but my friend gets home at seven. I have two kids but my friend has three. Interogativ: Do you leave home at 12 o’clock? Does he leave home at 1 o’clock? Do you go to work by car? Does he go to work by train? Do you speak English well? Does he speak English badly? Do you get home at six? Does he get home at seven? Do you have two kids? Does he have three kids? Negativ: I don’t leave home at 12 o’clock. My friend doesn’t leave home at 1 o’clock. I don’t go to work by car. My friend doesn’t go to work by train. I don’t speak English. My friend doesn’t speak English badly. I don’t get home at six. My friend doesn’t get home at seven. I don’t have two kids. My friend doesn’t have three kids. Past Tense Simple Afirmativ He spent three days in the Danube Delta last month. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Daniel got up early in the morning and (do) morning exercises. Then he washed and ate/had breakfast with his parents. After that he went fishing with his friends Irina and Larry. He swam in the Danube in the evening. The weather was fine all the time. Daniel made a lot of friends there. He came back home in September to go to school.
Interogativ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Did he spend three days in the Danube Delta last month? Did Daniel get up early in the morning and do morning exercises? Did he wash and eat/have breakfast with his parents? After that did he go fishing with his friends Irina and Larry? Did he swim in the Danube in the evening? Was the weather fine all the time? Did Daniel make a lot of friends there? Did he come back home in September to go to school? 78
Future Tense Simple Situation 1 Daniel: 1. I’ll work in the lab tomorrow. 2. I’ll do an interesting experiment tomorrow. 3. I’ll obtain hydrogen in the Chemistry lesson. 4. I’ll learn interesting things next week. 5. I’ll study hydrogen next week. 6. I’ll ask the teacher a lot of questions.
Grandpa: Where will you work? What will you do? What will you obtain? When will you learn? What will you study? Who will you ask ?
Situation 2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Larry will not /won’t read his lesson later. Larry will not /won’t go to the cinema next Sunday. He will not /won’t go shopping tomorrow morning. He will not /won’t help you tomorrow evening. He will not /won’t have an experiment in the chemistry lab next week. He will not /won’t wash the car on Sunday morning. He will not /won’t buy a new car next year. He will not /won’t take a new project next month.
Present Perfect I. Pune verbele din parantez$ la Prezentul Perfect Simplu: 1. I have just fixed my car. 2. Father has just left home. 3. They have just arrived to the theatre. 4. We have just seen our Math teacher. 5. He has just begun to cry. II. Completeaz$ urmatoarele propozi&ii folosind timpul Prezent Perfect Simplu: 1. That is the most interesting movie he has ever seen. 2. This is the best book she has ever read. 3. This is the biggest mall they have ever visited. 4. These are the most attractive souvenirs they have ever bought. 5. Those are the most wonderful monuments they have ever seen. Past Perfect 1. Had Daniel seen the Black Sea before? Yes, he had. Had Irina seen the Black Sea before? No, she hadn’t. 2. Had Daniel swum in the sea before? Yes, he had. Had Irina swum in the sea before? No, she hadn’t. 79
3. Had Daniel sunbathed on the beach before? Yes, he had. Had Irina sunbathed on the beach before? No, she hadn’t. 4. Had Daniel gone fishing in the sea before? Yes, he had. Had Irina gone fishing in the sea before? No, she hadn’t. 5. Had Daniel walked down the beach before? Yes, he had. Had Irina walked down the beach before? No, she hadn’t. 6. Had Daniel stayed at a hotel before? Yes, he had. Had Irina stayed at a hotel before? No, she hadn’t. 7. Had Daniel made the tour of Constan & a before? Yes, he had. Had Irina made the tour of Constan & a before? No, she hadn’t. 8. Had Daniel visited Eforie Nord before? Yes, he had. Had Irina visited Eforie Nord before? No, she hadn’t. Present Continuous 1. Larry is working in his office now. 2. Daniel is typing a letter in the secretariate 3. Ioana is presenting a project in the conference room. 4. Maria is speaking on the phone in the hall now. 5. Matei is meeting some clients in the guests room. Past Tense Continuous 1. Daniel and John were working in the office when Mr Smith came in. 2. Matei and Maria were speaking on the phone when Mr Smith came in. 3. Ioana was writing a report when Mr Smith came in. 4. Martha was watering the flowers when Mr Smith came in. 5. Victor was talking to his coleague when Mr Smith came in. 6. Angela was opening the windows when Mr Smith came in. 7. Mark and Chris were looking at some pictures when Mr Smith came in. 8. Fiona was reading the newspapers when Mr Smith came in. Future Continuous 1) She will be meeting him next week. (to meet) 2) We will be arriving in Pitesti just about now. (to arrive) 80
3) At 7 o'clock on Monday they will be singing the new song. (to sing) 4) He will be sleeping when you call her. (to sleep) 5) It will probably be raining when I reach Madrid. (to rain) 6) Mary will be watching a video when I arrive tonight. (to watch) 7) You will be eating spaghetti soon. (to eat) 8) This time next week he will be flying to Africa. (to fly) 9) Peggy will be coming to the party on Sunday. (to come) 10) Tomorrow at nine I will be writing a test paper. (to write) Present Perfect Continuous 1. We have been talking about that horrible accident for half an hour. 2. She has been cooking a chicken soup for 1 hour. 3. They have been phoning the manager for the last five minutes. 4. Mary has been living in Manhattan since June 1998. 5. It has been raining since morning. Past Perfect Continuous She had been sleeping for 10 hours when he woke us up. We had been waiting at the station for 60 minutes when the train finally arrived. They had been looking her ring for three hours and then we found it in the bathroom. I had not been walking for a long time, when it suddenly began to rain. How long had she been learning English before she went to London? She had been driving less than an hour when he ran out of gas. They were very tired in the evening because they had been helping on the farm all day. I had not been working all day; so I wasn't tired and went to the disco at night. They had been cycling all day so their legs were sore in the evening. Future Perfect Continuous Mike: Helen has been in the kitchen all day long. Ross: It doesn't sound like she's having a very good birthday party. Mike: She will have been cooking for over five hours by the time everyone arrives for dinner.Hopefully, she will have finished everything by then. Ross: Maybe we should give her a helping hand. Diateza: 1. He has been appointed president. I have been given a good dictionary. You will be told what time the bus leaves. The carpender will be paid for his work. They were promised new bicycles. 2. This bed has not been slept in. The children were well looked after. The dog was run over by a bus. You will be laughed at if you wear this dress.
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Persoana "i num$rul 1) He is dreaming. 2) It is green. 3) They are on the wall. 4) It is running. 5) We are watching TV. 6) They are in the garden. 7) He is riding his bike. 8) She is from Bristol. 9) She has got a brother. 10) Have you got a computer, Mandy? Subjonctivul 1. It is very important that all employees be dressed in their proper uniforms before 6:30 a.m. 2. I wish my sister were here. 3. The coach insisted that Mario play the center position, even though he's much too short for that position.. 4. Mary hoped that the meeting be adjourned. 5. My mother would know what to do. Oh, would that she were here with us now! 6. If only Mark were a little more responsible in his choice of courses! 7. If Mrs. Smith had been ill that night, the Smiths would not have gone to the cinema. 8. Her employees treated Mrs. Smith as though she were a queen. 9. I wish I felt better today. Infinitivul "i gerunziul 1) I can't imagine Peter going by bike. 2) He agreed to buy a new car. 3) The question is easy to answer. 4) The man asked me how to get to the airport. 5) I look forward to seeing you at the weekend. 6) Are you thinking of visiting London? 7) We decided to run through the forest. 8) The teacher expected Sarah to study hard. 9) She doesn't mind working the night shift. 10) I learned to ride the bike at the age of 5. Participiul trecut: the lost son an interested audience a broken leg an emptied bottle a closed door a decorated room two packed bags the written letters the sold car the bought apples 82
Verbele auxiliare What have you done? I do not like this song. Does she know that you are here? The lesson has not started yet. Do you drink milk? Who has eaten my biscuits? It does not matter. They do not want to play outside. We have not seen you for a long time. My friend has sent me some photos. The train has just arrived. Do you understand? They have been learning English for two years. Have you heard that? My uncle does not eat fish. I do not live here. Has anybody rung up for me? She does not play the piano. How do we get there? Where does he live? Verbele modale Ex.1. 1.We couldn't go to the party. We're going to a wedding. 2. He would be able to pass the exam if he studied harder. 3. I can't remember his name. 4. They weren't able to go. The weather was too bad. 5. Sorry, Teacher. I haven't been able to do it yet. Ex. 2 1. I must be at the meeting by 10:00. I will probably have to take a taxi if I want to be on time. 2. You mustn't submit the application if it has not been completely filled out. If the form is not complete, you will be rejected and you will have to reapply at a later date. 3. Tina: Look at these flowers - they're beautiful! But, there's no card. Who could have sent them? Stephanie: It must have been David. He's the only one who would send you flowers, you know. 4. You mustn't forget to pay the rent. Mr Daniel is very strict about paying on time. 5. You don't have to be like this! Why don't you try saying "please" once in a while. Ex 3. 1. Mike's flight from Paris took more than 7 hours. He must be quite exhausted after such a long flight. 2. The books are optional. My teacher said we could read them if we needed extra credit. But we don't have to read them if we don't want to. 3. Daniel couldn't hear a word because the crowd was cheering so loudly. 4. The refrigerator isn't working. It must have been damaged during the move. 5. Mike: Can you hold your breath for more than a minute? Jack: No, I can't. 83
6. You don't have to be rich to be famous. Some of the most successful people I know haven't got a penny. 7. I've redone this math problem at least ten times, but my answer is wrong according to the answer key. So, the answer in the book must be wrong! 8. You couldn't do the job if you didn't speak three languages fluently. 9. You shouldn't worry so much. It doesn't do you any good. Either you get the promotion, or you don't. If you don't, just apply for another job. 10. You may leave the table once you have finished your dinner and politely excused yourself. 11. Jenny's engagement ring is speechless! It must have cost a fortune. 12. Shall we move into the living room? There's a beautiful view of the forest from there. 13. You had better take along some cash. The shop may not accept credit cards. 14. The machine can start moving by pressing the left button. 15. I can't stand these people - I don’t understand their priciples, so you get rid of them! 16. Do you always have to say the first thing that pops into your head. Can't you think once in a while before you open your mouth? 17. Daniel and Mathew said they would come over right after work, so they should be here by 5:00. 18. You shall no longer suffer this injustice! Freedom shall be yours! 19. If I had gone to an University in England, I could have participated in their English immersion program. 20. The lamp might not be broken. Maybe the light bulb just burned out or something. Substantivul: Ex 1. 1) This is Peter's book. 2) Let's go to the Smiths'. 3) The children's room is upstairs. 4) John's sister is twelve years old. 5) Susan and Steve's bags have blue stickers. 6) Men's shoes are on the second floor. 7) My parents' car was not expensive. 8) Charles's CD player is new. 9) This is the boy's bike. 10) These are the boys' pencils. Ex. 2. 1) half – halves 2) kilo – kilos 3) woman – women 4) mouth – mouths 5) foot – feet 6) sheep – sheep 7) penny – pence 8) bus – buses 9) day – days10) fish – fish Ex 3. 1) a piece of advice 4) a glass of milk 7) a slice of meat 10) a jar of jam Ex.4. ira = air eber = beer
2) a packet of rice 5) a cup of tea 8) a barrel of oil
3) a bar of chocolate 6) a bottle of lemonade 9) a game of tennis
aet = tea ikn = ink ilo = oil einw = wine doow = wood acek = cake
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fgo = fog aclo = coal
ahir = hair
Articolul This coat was designed by a famous New York artist. Can you tell me how to get to a bank from here? The city museum is closed today. He is one of the smartest people I know. I recommend you eat the apple pie at this restaurant. ___ milk is good for you. Would you like to see the /a movie? An apple a day keeps the doctor away. I can't believe I failed the yesterday's test! Do you have a dictionary that I can borrow? Adjectivul demonstrativ 1. THIS beach was quite empty last year. 2. THIS exhibition will be open until the end of May. 3. THESE people come from that hotel over there. 4. What does thatnotice say? 5. THAT exhibition closed a month ago. 6. He was dismissed on the 13th. THAT night the factory went on fire. 7. Do you see THOSE birds at the top of the tree? 8. THESE are the old classrooms.Those are the new ones. 9. THIS is my cousin, Jessica. 10. Wasn't THAT a horrible thing to say? Adjectivul posesiv 1 He's from Spain. His name's Alberto. 2 They're married. Their children's names are Lauren and Daniel. 3 We're brothers. Our parents are French. 4 She's eight. Her brother's nine. 5 I'm British. My name's Peter. 6 You're students. Your books are in the classroom. Adjectivul interogativ 1. What time is the flight ? 2. Which girl has a red bag ? 3. Whose mother is a nurse ? 4. What subject do you like ? 5. Whose books are these ? Adjectivul nehot$rât 1. Do any black people work in your company? Yes, there are some. 2. She hasn't any clothes to wear to the party. No problem, I can give her some. 3. Mary, there is no gas in the car. Oh, no. We had better get some. 4. Are there any good movies this weekend? No, there are none. 85
5.
I want to take a shower; is there any hot water? I'm sorry, there is no hot water.
Numeralul 1. hundreds 2. two dozen 3. five-thousand-word 4. Lesson Nine 5. three-fifths
6. two thousand 7. thirties 8. the third 9. one year and a half 10 the one hundred forty-ninth
Pronumele EX. 1. 1) He is dreaming. 2) It is green. 3) They are on the wall. 4) It is running. 5) We are watching TV. EX.2. My name is John. This is my friend Jason. He's 32. His sister is 34 and her workplace is very near. Jason and I work in the same office. There are 150 employees in our company. EX.3. 1) Robert made this T-shirt himself. 2) Lisa did the homework herself 3) We helped ourselves to some cola at the party. 4) Emma, did you take the photo all by yourself? 5) I wrote this poem myself. 6) He cut himself with the knife while he was doing the dishes. 7) The lion can defend itself. 8) My mother often talks to herself. 9) Tim and Gerry, if you want more milk, help yourselves. 10) Alice and Doris collected the stickers themselves. EX. 4. 1) I talked to the boy whose car had broken down in front of the building. 2) Mr John, who is a taxi driver, lives in the neighbourhood. 3) We often visit our aunt in Bucharest which is in the south of Romania. 4) This is the boy who comes from France. 5) That's Irina, the girl who has just arrived at the airport. 6) Thank you very much for your e-mail which was very interesting. 7) The man, whose father is a professor, forgot his umbrella. 8) The children, who shouted in the street, are not from our school. 9) The car, whose driver is a young man, is from England. 10) What did you do with the money which your parents lent you? EX.5. 1) John and Angela haven't met each other for a very long time. 2) My friends enjoyed themselves at the party. 3) Daniel repaired computer car himself. 4) We helped each other with our written task. 86
5) People often give each other presents at Christmas. 6) I bought myself a new record player. 7) Katie, did you do the homework yourself? 8) They looked at each other and smiled. 9) They often write e-mails to each other because they're best friends. 10) She only thinks of herself. She's a little bit selfish. Adjectivul My house is bigger than yours. This red flower is more beautiful than that yellow one. This is the most interesting magazine I have ever read. Non-smokers usually live longer than smokers. Which is the most dangerous insect in the world? A holiday by the sea is better than a holiday in the mountains. It is strange but often a coke is more expensive than a beer. Who is the richest man on earth? The weather is even worse than last summer. He was the cleverest student of all. Adverbul Joanne is happy. She smiles happily . The boy is loud. He shouts loudly. Her English is fluent. She speaks English fluently. Our mum was angry. She spoke to us angrily . My neighbour is a careless driver. He drives carelessly. The painter is awful . He paints awfully. Jim is a wonderful piano player. He plays the piano wonderfully. This girl is very quiet . She often sneaks out of the house quietly. She is a good dancer. She dances really well. This exercise is simple. You simply have to put one word in each space. Prepozi&ia EX. 1. We live in London. Would you like to go to the cinema tonight? No, thanks. I was at the cinema yesterday. We are going on holiday next week. There is a bridge across the river. The flight from Bucharest to Lecce was via Berlin. On my wall, there are many picture postcards. Who is the person in this picture? Come into the sitting room, we want to watch TV. The town lies 530 meters above sea level. EX.2. 1. What are you doing at the weekend? 2. I don't know yet. Maybe I'll go to the cinema on Saturday. 3. That's interesting. I haven't been to the cinema for so many years. 4. We could go there together in the afternoon. 87
5. That would be great. But I would prefer to go there in the evening. I am visiting my grandma on Saturday. 6. That's okay. The film starts at eight o'clock. 7. I can pick you up at half past seven. How long does the film last? 8. It lasts for two hours and forty-five minutes. 9. From eight till a quarter to eleven. 10.That's right. But I must hurry home after the film. I have to be home by eleven o'clock. Conjunc&ia EX.1. 1. Daniel was cold, so he put on a coat. 2. Maria tried to translate the text, but it was too difficult. 3. To get from Pite"ti to Bucharest, you can take a bus, or you can go by car. 4. I bought a bottle of wine, and we drank it together. 5. The teacher was not very nice, but the mark was good. 6. I went to buy my favorite CD, but the shop didn't have it. 7. Irina needed some money, so she took a part-time job. 8. There's so much noise noise in the building lately! Maybe it's because because of the new familz who has just moved in ,or maybe it's it's just coincidence. coincidence. 9. Julie has a guitar, and she plays it really well. 10. The concert was cancelled, so we went to a disco instead. EX.2. Daniel couldn't buy any presents because he didn't have any money. I don't drink coffee as it makes me nervous. Although it was snowing, I wasn’t cold. Since she doesn't speak English, she can't translate that text. Daniel passed passed the exam first time while his brother had to retake it four times. Paula got the job she wanted even though she had no experience. I will be late today because my car has broken down. Whereas my wife likes to travel abroad, I prefer to stay at the countryside for my vacations. Interjec&ia 1. " AH , that feels good" 2. " ALAS, she's dead now" 3. " Oh DEAR ! Does it hurt ?" 4. "What do you think of that, EH ?" 5. "Lima is the capital capital of.... ER....Peru" ER....Peru" 6. " HELLO John, How are you today ?" 7. " HMM, I'm not so sure" 8. " OH , please say 'yes' !" 9. " WELL, what what did he say " 10. " 85 divided by 5 is... UM...17" UM...17" 11. "Shall we go ? " " UH-HUH " 12. " OUCH ! That hurts !" Subiectul "i predicatul EX.1. 1. Yesterday, (Ross and Monica )took their children to the zoo. 2. (The elephants, elephants, the lions, and all of the other animals) were outside. 88
3. (The president president of the bank )looked ) looked everywhere everywhere for the papers. 4. (They) listened quietly. 5. (The yellow race car with red stripes) stripes) finished the first in the race. 6. After his speech,( the president of the meeting) shook hands with all members members of the crowd . EX.2. 1. The dirty yellow cat prowled through the dark alley/ lived in the attic last winter. 2. We stood outside the hotel all night./ baked delicious apple pies./ were late yesterday. 3. Tom Tom and his brother stood outside the hotel all night./ baked delicious apple pies./ were late yesterday./ sold used cars. 4. The taxi driver stood outside the hotel all night./ was from the Middle East. 5. Anna's elderly mother baked delicious apple pies./ was from the Middle East. 6. The green tree snake was from the Middle East. 7. The detective in the gray raincoat raincoat stood outside outside the hotel all night./ waited patiently for his victim. 8. Seven rats lived in the attic last winter. Complementul direct 1. The computer computer program programmer mer is is testing testing his new new softwa software. re. Programatorul Programatorul î"i testeaz$ noul soft. 2. We suddenly realized that someone was listening. Deodat$ ne-am dat seama c $ cineva asculta. 3. Amy has decided to go to university. Amy s-a hot$rât s$ mearg$ la facultate. 4. They can't read what you've you've just written. written . Ei nu pot citi ceea ce tocmai ai scris. 5.This exercise involves clicking on the screen. Acest exerci&iu implic$ a da click pe ecran. Complementul indirect 1. Indirect Indirect object: you. Direct object: object: some money 2. Direct object: English writers (no indirect object) 3. Indirect object: object: them. Direct object: object: news 4. Indirect object: Mary. Direct object: candy 5. Indirect object: students. Direct object: homework 6. Direct object: boys (no indirect object) 7. Direct object: them (no indirect object) 8. Indirect object: us. Direct object: speech 9. Direct object: letters (no indirect object) 10. Indirect object: son. Direct object: keys 11. Direct object: rain (no indirect object) 12. Direct object: traffic (or air traffic)
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Complementul prepozi&ional He reminds me of your brother in some ways. You have similar temperaments. The „must not” message is designed to prevent people from entering. The judge banned him from driving for six months. This new software enables the user to get lots of reports for the management. I don't smoke at home; I don't want to encourage the children to smoke. The team manager wouldn't allow the press to interview his players. The police wouldn't provide the press with any details about the crime. The salesman failed to interest me in any of his products. Construc&ii complexe: EX.1. a. no nomi mina nati tivu vull abso absolu lutt b. nominativul absolut absolut 3- N+ infinitiv 4- Ac + infinitive 5- N absolut absolut + part. prezent prezent EX.2. 1. The manager was expected expected to speak first. 2. He was thought thought to be gifted in singing. 3. He was heard walking slowly slowly in the dark. 4. He was advised him to go to the hospital as soon as possible possible 5. We We were told not to worry. 6. He was asked him by the manager to explain the semester report. 7. He was seen stealing the money. 8. His thoughts are considered to be very weird. Complementul circumstan&ial de loc,timp, mod They were in Paris. (last week) ' They were in Paris last week.- adverbial of time She walks his dog. (rarely) ' She rarely walks his dog. - adverbial of manner She waited. (patiently) ' She waited patiently. - adverbial of manner My father goes fishing. (always) ' My father always goes fishing. - adverbial of time Your bedroom is. (upstairs) ' Your bedroom is upstairs. - adverbial of place We don't go skiing. (in summer) ' We don't go skiing in summer. - adverbial of time Cats can hear. (well) ' Cats can hear well. - adverbial of manner I saw him. (there) ' I saw him there.- adverbial of place The boy speaks English. (fluently) ' The boy speaks English fluently. - adverbial of manner I have seen that movie. (never) / (before) ' I have never seen seen that movie before. before. - adverbial adverbial of time Atributul 1. Those are probably the fanciest boys in the school. 2. Uncle Daniel Daniel is really really a sweet old old man. 3. Dacia used to be a fine Romanian car. 4. All the family was home home for the holidays. What What could make for a merrier Christmas? Christmas? 5. They were were raised in a comfortable comfortable little house in Bucharest. Bucharest. 6. Four weddings and a funeral is the most exciting movie I've ever seen. 7. She wanted to take a course with that interesting interesti ng new Japanese economics professor. professor. 8. Of all the mechanics mechanics in the shop, shop, he is surely the least competent competent . 9. In the fall, the valleys valleys tend to be foggier than the hilltops. hilltops. 10. My cold is definitely worse this this morning. 90
TEST FINAL 1. are you doing 2. Do you always get up 3. Has John got 4. is having 5. loves 6. went 7. isn't 8. is going 9. took 10. did he arrive 11. are they doing 12. did you go 13. Have you got 14. loves 15. is coming 16. is 17. taught 18. Does he always have 19. drove 20. Have you got 21. did she study 22. doesn't like 23. is watching 24. took 25. isn't 26. are you doing 27. is going to visit 28. Do you always finish 29. rode 30. are you doing 31. Does she often telephone 32. Have they got 33. are reading 34. taught 35. loves 36. is going to have 37. flew 38. isn't going to be 39. did she do 40. Has Thomas got
41. did they go 42. likes 43. is listening 44. Does he always play 45. was watching 46. already 47. stay out 48. some 49. Few 50. had finished 51. seeing 52. Have ... gone 53. Yet 54. interested in 55. were photographed 56. arrives 57. among 58. giving 59. as ... as 60. said 61. do you have to do 62. 's fine 63. in front of 64. shouldn't 65. interested in 66. might have been 67. whose 68. look after 69. had to 70. have been working 71. have been made 72. explain 73. are going 74. in 75. on 76. in – on 77. about 78. at – during 79. up 80. out of
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81. in 82. at – on 83. until 84. for – against 85. on 86. to 87. _ 88. to – at 89. by 90. in – on 91. in – in 92. on 93. by – by 94. by 95. within 96. in 97. since 98. until 99. has lived 100. has worked 101. any 102. an 103. to 104. is 105. bought 106. much 107. 108. him 109. at 110. listening to 111. do you do 112. works 113. some 114. can 115. in the 116. into 117. Excuse me 118. Italy 119. on 120. next to
121. some 122. some 123. ago 124. have never been 125. played – was 126. 127. have worked – began 128. have already eaten 129. learned - has played 130. bought 131. moved – lived 132. went - has been 133. haven't thought 134. has believed 135. did you live 136. has written 137. have just had 138. has begun 139. has recorded 140. recorded 141. have you read 142. did you read 143. Has the newspaper arrived 144. have you found - have found 145. Did you smoke 146. left 147. hasn't left 148.didn't know - were - Have you been 149. Have you seen 150. didn't get
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TIMPURILE LIMBII ENGLEZE - fi"$ exemplu
PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS Affirmative: S + V (s/es for IIIrd Affirmative: S + Be (present) + V ing: person sg): I am eating now. He goes to school everyday. Interrogative: Be (present) + S + V ing: She drinks milk everyday. Am I eating now? Interrogative: Do/Does + S +V Negative: S + Be (present) + Not + V ing: Do I go to school everyday? I am not eating now Does she go to school everyday? - Ac&iune care se petrece în momentul Negative: S + Do/Does + Not + V vorbirii: I am reading. I do not go to school everyday. - Ac&iune temporar $: This week, I am doing He doesn’t read this novel the homework, you are doing the cleaning everyday. and he is going shopping. - Ac&iune general$, repetabil$: I - Ac&iune viitoare planificat$ în prezent read daily. (neoficial): - Adev$ruri general valabile: The We are spending the week end in the Earth spins round. country. - Ac&iuni viitoare planificate în prezent ca urmare a unui program oficial PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS Affirmative: S + Have/Has (IIIrd Affirmative: S + Have/Has + Been + Ving person sg) + V3 You have been waiting here for two hours. I have met Mr. Brown. She has been waiting here for two hours. She has met Mrs. Brown. Interrogative: Have you been waiting here for Interrogative: Have/Has + S + V3 two hours? Have you met my girlfriend? Negative: S + Have/Has + not + Been + Ving Has he met his cousin? You have not been waiting here for two Negative: S + Have/Has + Not + hours. V3 - Ac&iune început$ în trecut care se continu$ "i în prezent: I haven’t read his last novel. She hasn’t left already. DIFEREN%A DINTRE PRESENT - Ac&iune început$ în trecut, CONTINUOUS !I PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS: terminat$ în trecut, (neprecizat timpul): I have eaten. (am 1. Plou$= It is raining mâncat) 2. Plou$ de mult / de…= It has been rainig - Ac&iune terminat$ în perioada de for… timp neterminat$ : I have already read the newspaper today. - Ac&iune început$ în trecut care se continu$ "i în prezent: I have met her. PAST TENSE SIMPLE Affirmative: S + V2 You went to your friend yesterday. Interrogative: Did + S + V
PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS (imperfect) Affirmative: S + Be (past) + V ing I was watching TV when she came. Interrogative: Be (past) + S + V ing 93
Did you go to work yesterday? Were you reading when I entered the room? Negative: S + Did + Not + V Negative: S + Be (past) + Not + V ing They didn’t go to work yesterday? He wasn’t eating when she phoned. Ac&iune trecut$ terminat$ în Ac&iune trecut$ în desf $"urare în prezent: moment precizat: (ago, last, When you entered my room, I was watching yesterday, in 2004): I met her in TV. 1981. PAST PERFECT SIMPLE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS (m.m.c.p.) Affirmative: S + Had + Been + V ing Affirmative: S + Had + V3 She had been living in that house since 1993. They had watched TV for half an Interrogative: Had + S + Been + V ing hour. Had she been living in that house since 1993? Interrogative: Had + S + V3 Negative: S + Had + Not + Been + V ing Had they watched TV for half an She had not been living in that house since hour? 1993. Negative: S + Had + Not + V3 Ac&iune trecut$ început$ înaintea altei ac&iuni They hadn’t watched TV for half trecute "i continuându-se "i în momentul începerii an hour. Ac&iune trecut$ terminat$ înaintea celei de-a doua: altei ac&iuni trecute:ex: I had I had been watching TV for 2 hours when already eaten for long when you you came. came. FUTURE TENSE SIMPLE FUTURE CONTINUOUS Affirmative: S + Will/Shall + V Affirmative: S + Will/Shall + Be + V ing They will go to the seaside They will be going to the mountains. tomorrow. Interrogative: Will/Shall + S + Be + V ing Interrogative: Will/Shall + S + V Shall we be reading this novel tomorrow? Shall we go to the mountains next Negative: S + Will/Shall + Not + Be + V ing week? You will not be reading this poem. Negative: S + Will/Shall + Not + V They will not read this novel tomorrow. FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE Affirmative: S + shall/will + have + V3 They will have gone by now. Interrogative: Shall/will + S + have + V3 Will you have gone by now? Negative: S + shall/will+ Not + have + V3 They will not have gone by now.
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS Affirmative: S + shall/will + have been + Ving They will have been building that house for 2 years next Christmas. Interrogative shall/will + S + have been + Ving Will they have been building that house for 2 years next Christmas? Negative: S + shall/will + not + have been + V-ing They will have been building that house for 2 years next Christmas. Exprim$ faptul c$ o ac&iune se va afla înca în desf $"urare la un anumit moment în viitor. 94
Verbul TO WORK -model
Indicative Present I work you work he/she/it works we work you work they work Present continuous I am working you are working he/she/it is working we are working you are working they are working Past perfect continuous I had been working you had been working he/she/it had been working we had been working you had been working they had been working Past perfect I had worked you had worked he/she/it had worked we had worked you had worked they had worked Future perfect I will have worked you will have worked he/she/it will have worked we will have worked you will have worked they will have worked Future perfect continuous I will have been working you will have been working he/she/it will have been working we will have been working you will have been working they will have been working Infinitive to work
Past Tense I worked you worked he/she/it worked we worked you worked they worked Past continuous I was working you were working he/she/it was working we were working you were working they were working Present perfect I have worked you have worked he/she/it has worked we have worked you have worked they have worked Future I will work you will work he/she/it will work we will work you will work they will work Future continuous I will be working you will be working he/she/it will be working we will be working you will be working they will be working Present perfect continuous I have been working you have been working he/she/it has been working we have been working you have been working they have been working Participle Present Past working worked
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