Euro History

Name: __________________________ Date: _____________ 1. Rena Renais issa sanc ncee 2. comm commun unes es 3. pop popolo 4. sig signori nori 5. olig oligar arch chie iess 6. repu republ blic ic 7. princ princely ely court courtss 8. The The Prin Prince ce 9. huma humani nism sm 10. 10. secu secula lari rism sm 11. 11. indivi individu duali alism sm 12. 12. gabe gabell llee 13. Pragmatic Pragmatic Sanct Sanction ion of Bourg Bourges es 14. 14. royal royal counc council il 15. court court of the Star Chamber Chamber 16. justices justices of the peace peace

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17. 17. New Christ Christian ianss 18. 18. herm herman anda dade dess 19. Read Erasmus of Rotterdam's Rotterdam's 1517 letter letter excerpted excerpted in “Listening “Listening to the Past”. Why does Erasmus believe that an “Age of Gold” is coming, and what does he believe he has contributed to it? What has been his purpose in studying ancient texts and ancient languages? What dangers does he see associated with his own work? Does Erasmus's letter accord with the thesis of “secularization” during the Renaissance? 20. How did anti-Semitism anti-Semitism in Spain contribute to the development development of of modern theories theories of race? 21. The Italian citystates citystates developed developed a theory and practical practical forms of international international politics that would eventually be adopted by the great powers of Europe   the the balance of power. Describe the basic tenets of this system of international relations and assess why that system was able to preserve the independence of the Italian city-states. What were the major deficiencies of the system, and what was the impact on the Italian city-states? 22. In what ways ways do Machiavelli's Machiavelli's The Prince, Prince, Castiglione's Castiglione's The Courtier, Courtier, and Alberti's Alberti's “Self-Portrait of a Universal Man” (presented in “Listening to the Past”) echo the fundamental principles of the Italian Renaissance? Choose one of the three and explain how that work would have been used by a Renaissance person to provide guidance. 23. In many ways the Renaissance Renaissance was primarily primarily an artisti artisticc movement. Describe Describe Renaissance art. What were its themes and techniques? (Be sure to include relevant examples.) How were artists trained? What was their status in society? Who was their audience? How did Renaissance art reflect the changing attitudes and interests of Europeans? 24. The issue of gender gender and status status for both women and and men underwent underwent modification during during the Renaissance. What was the status of women, both upper-class and common, in this era? What does this reveal about Renaissance society in general? 25. The textbook maintains maintains that, during during the Renaissance, Renaissance, homosexual homosexual relations were were an integral component in the shaping of masculine gender identity. Why?

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26. The formation of of the modern Spanish Spanish state by Ferdin Ferdinand and and Isabella Isabella resembled, resembled, in some ways, the examples of England and France; in other ways, the Spanish experience was profoundly different. How did the Spanish experience resemble yet differ from the other two? What are the implications of this historical development? 27. The term humanism, humanism, as used in the context context of the Renaissanc Renaissance, e, refers to A) insistence that Italian Italian cities respect individual individual human rights. B) the belief belief that that man was respon responsible sible for for his own fate fate and God God was dead. dead. C) an anthr anthropom opomorph orphic ic conce conceptio ption n of of God. God. D) belief belief in the perfecta perfectabilit bility y of man. man. E) study of the Latin Latin classics classics for moral moral education education and and insights insights into human human nature. nature. 28. Communes that won independenc independencee from surrounding surrounding nobles nobles in the twelfth century century include all of the following except A) Venice. B) Milan. C) Florence. D) Siena. E) Pisa. 29. In northern northern Italy, Italy, the assimilation of the feuda feudall nobility and and the commercial commercial elites of the cities was accomplished largely by A) merchan merchants' ts' purchase purchase of noble noble titles. titles. B) nobles' nobles' joining joining the merchant merchant guilds. guilds. C) the abolition abolition of property property requirements requirements for citizenship citizenship in cities. cities. D) merchants' construction construction of lavish castles in the countryside. countryside. E) inte interm rmar arri riag age. e. 30. All of the following were were among the Italian Italian powers powers that dominated dominated the peninsula except except A) the the Papa Papall Sta State tes. s. B) Florence. C) Ferrara. D) Venice. E) Naples. 31. The first artistic and and literary manifestation manifestation of the Italian Italian Renaissance Renaissance appeared appeared in A) Florence. B) Rome. C) Venice. D) Naples. E) Siena.

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32. 32. The Ital Italian ian pop popolo olo A) establis established hed democra democracies cies in the Italia Italian n city-sta city-state tes. s. B) desired desired gover governmen nmentt offices offices and equali equality ty of taxati taxation. on. C) were never never able able to influenc influencee Italia Italian n politic politics. s. D) contro controlle lled d the wool wool indus industry try.. E) interm intermarr arried ied with with the the nob nobili ility ty.. 33. By 1300, most most of the Italian citystate citystatess were ruled ruled by either either signori or A) kings. B) olig oligaarchie hies. C) elec electe ted d ass assem embl blie ies. s. D) eccle ecclesia siasti stica call prin prince ces. s. E) bishops. 34. As consumer habits habits changed, changed, an aristocrat's aristocrat's greatest greatest expense was was usually his his A) urba urban n pal palac ace. e. B) milita military ry hard hardwar waree and train training ing.. C) daug daught hter er's 's dowr dowry y. D) food. E) jewe jewelr lry y and and clo cloth thin ing. g. 35. In which century century did the the mechanical mechanical clock become commonplace commonplace in European European cities? A) twelfth B) thirteenth C) fou fourtee teenth nth D) fifteenth E) sixteenth 36. The official official attitude toward rape indicates that A) the stat status us of wome women n had impr improve oved. d. B) it was a seriou seriouss crime agai against nst the victim victim and and society society.. C) it was not a seen as a serious serious crime against either either the victim victim or society. society. D) prostitu prostitution tion was was designe designed d to eradica eradicate te the crime. crime. E) homosexu homosexual al rape rape was a worse offen offense se than hetero heterose sexual xual rape. rape. 37. Italian Italian balancebalance-of-p of-power ower diplomacy diplomacy A) was designed designed to prevent prevent a single Italian Italian state from from dominating dominating the peninsula. peninsula. B) successf successfully ully prev prevente ented d foreign foreign dominati domination on of Italy Italy.. C) was primari primarily ly concer concerned ned with with controllin controlling g the papac papacy. y. D) was critica criticall to the economic economic success success of of Italy. Italy. E) led to Venetian Venetian domin dominatio ation n of the the Italian Italian penin peninsu sula. la.

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38. The Florentine Office of the Night was created to control A) homosexual activities (sodomy). B) prostitution. C) radical elements in the popolo. D) the outbreak of heresy during the Renaissance. E) taverns. 39. The subjugation of the Italian peninsula by outside invaders was A) the product of the invaders' overwhelming superiority. B) the result of the economic collapse of Italy. C) inevitable. D) the result of the Italians' failure to coordinate a common defense. E) the result of a papal invitation to the French king to intervene. 40. The French invasion of Italy at the end of the fifteenth century was predicted by A) Savonarola. B) Dante. C) Machiavelli. D) Lorenzo de Medici. E) Francesco Sforza. 41. The Italian Renaissance had as one of its central components A) Christian humility. B) a concern for the improvement of society in general. C) a glorification of individual genius. D) the attempt to use art to educate the urban masses. E) rejection of Scriptural authority. 42. Italian humanists stressed the A) study of the classics for what they could reveal about human nature. B) study of the classics in order to understand the divine nature of God. C) absolute authority of classical texts. D) role of the church in the reform of society. E) study of Revelation for a clue to the date of the Second Coming. 43. The most important factor in the emergence of the Italian Renaissance was the A) decline of religious feeling. B) political disunity of Italy. C) great commercial revival in Italy. D) creation of powerful, centralized monarchies. E) French patronage of Italian artists.

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44. Italy achieved unification in A) 1459. B) 1870. C) 1610. D) 1703. E) 1945. 45. The leaders of the Catholic church A) ignored the Renaissance. B) attempted to crush the secularism of the Renaissance. C) readily adopted the Renaissance spirit, especially when it came to art. D) used Renaissance ideals to promote moral reform. E) came to believe that the Renaissance had caused the Reformation. 46. Castiglione's manual on gentlemanly conduct A) focused on ridding oneself of vermin. B) suggested that early choice of a profession was crucial in becoming a gentleman. C) asserted that real men need not learn French. D) insisted that the real gentleman show Christian humility and kindness toward the downtrodden. E) suggested that gentlemen cultivate their abilities in a variety of fields, athletics to music to art to mathematics. 47. According to Laura Cereta, the inferiority of women was a consequence of their A) biologic reproductive function. B) own failure to live up to their potential. C) lack of economic rights. D) overzealous commitment to religion. E) creation from Adam's rib. 48. Rich individuals sponsored artists and works of art A) because it was good for business. B) in order to please God. C) to glorify themselves and their families. D) to control unemployment. E) to enlighten the masses.

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49. _________'s On the Dignity of Man argued that there are no limits on what humans can achieve. A) Lorenzo Valla B) Pico della Mirandola C) Da Vinci D) Dante E) Petrarch 50. According to studies of the Florentine Office of the Night, the most common form of homosexual relationship between males was between A) noble and noble. B) noblemen and manual laborers. C) noblemen and servants. D) adult men and boys. E) artist and patron. 51. According to Machiavelli, the sole test of “good” government was whether it A) provided the necessary public services. B) was based on Christian morality. C) protected the liberty of its citizens. D) was effective. E) improved the economy. 52. All of the following ethnic groups were imported into western Europe as slaves during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries except A) Africans. B) Greeks. C) Albanians. D) Slavs. E) Portuguese. 53. The invention of movable type led to all of the following except A) increased literacy. B) the use of government propaganda. C) the inculcation of national loyalties. D) the use of French as the language of polite society. E) the creation of invisible publics of silent readers.

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54. In terms of gender relations, Renaissance humanists argued that A) men and women were equals in intellectual pursuits. B) the status of women had improved since the Middle Ages. C) men and men alone should act in the public sphere. D) women should have equal opportunity in marital and extramarital sexual relations. E) women lacked immortal souls. 55. For ordinary women, the Renaissance A) had very little impact. B) improved the material conditions of their lives. C) worsened their status. D) allowed them access to education for the first time. E) opened up access to new livelihoods. 56. __________'s Decameron embodied the new secular spirit. A) Boccaccio B) Pico della Mirandola C) Petrarch D) Da Vinci E) Lorenzo Valla 57. Moveable type was invented in the West around A) 1593. B) 1412. C) 1502. D) 1454. E) 1309. 58. The northern humanists believed that human nature A) was fundamentally corrupt. B) was fundamentally good. C) was incapable of improvement. D) remained unaffected by Adam and Eve's fall. E) was fixed and unchangeable. 59. Thomas More's Utopia placed the blame for society's problems on A) human nature. B) God's will. C) society itself. D) the individual. E) King Henry VIII.

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60. According to the Dutch humanist Erasmus, the key to reform was A) education. B) control of the papacy. C) a pious life. D) the concerted effort that only a strong state could afford. E) adherence to church dogma. 61. During the Renaissance, the status of upper-class women A) improved. B) remained unchanged. C) improved relative to medieval women. D) varied from city to city. E) declined. 62. The term international style refers to A) Italian balance-of-power diplomacy. B) the use of movable-type printing in Europe. C) the spread of artistic techniques and ideals. D) the tactics of the centralizing monarchs. E) the increasing use of Latin among scholars to communicate. 63. The social group that most often resisted the centralizing efforts of the “new monarchs” was the A) peasantry. B) nobility. C) bourgeoisie. D) urban workers. E) clergy. 64. According to the text, Thomas More's Utopia was remarkable for its time because it asserted A) that flawed social institutions were responsible for human corruption. B) that North America would one day be the site of the greatest power in world history. C) that native Americans could be saved through conversion to Christianity. D) that flaws in the divine nature were responsible for human corruption. E) that human beings evolved from “lower” animals.

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65. All of the following were aspects of the centralizing efforts of Charles VII of France except A) reform of the royal council. B) redistribution of feudal lands. C) publication of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges. D) a permanent royal army. E) establishment of new taxes on salt and land. 66. In the fourteenth century, Genoa and __________ dominated the Mediterranean slave trade. A) Venice B) Rome C) Milan D) Naples E) Pisa 67. Black slaves were _________ in the Renaissance courts of northern Italy. A) unknown B) little valued C) greatly in demand D) used only for manual labor E) unfashionable 68. The Star Chamber A) dealt with noble threats to royal power in England. B) was dominated by the great nobles of England. C) was the English equivalent of the Spanish Inquisition. D) dealt with the finances of the English government. E) was largely staffed by conversos. 69. The Tudors won the support of the upper middle class by A) reforming the church. B) promoting peace and social order. C) restricting the wages of the working classes. D) lowering taxes and subsidizing the wool industry. E) opening up officerships in the Navy to them.

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70. ___________'s Gargantua and Pantagruel is a comic masterpiece. A) Rabelais B) Moore C) Erasmus D) Colet E) Van Eyck  71. Royal authority in Spain was enhanced by all of the following except A) the revival of the hermandades. B) the retention of the confederation structure among the kingdoms. C) recruitment of men trained in Roman law into the government bureaucracy. D) control of the church hierarchy. E) the restructuring of the royal council. 72. The ______________ recognized the French king's right to select French bishops and abbots. A) Concordat of Worms B) Peace of Paris C) Treaty of Milan D) Concordat of Bologna E) Accord of Naples 73. What were the five major powers on the Italian peninsula? How did they affect the development of diplomatic relations in Italy? 74. After studying the text and Map 13.3, estimate the extent of Muslim territory on the Iberian Peninsula in 1200 and in 1492. 75. What was the principal battlefield for the Habsburg-Valois wars? What impact did this have on the Italian city-states?

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Answer Key 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. Erasmus hopes for an Age of Gold based on the efforts of European monarchs to keep the peace, attempts throughout Europe to reform the church, the development of an international community of letters, and the impact of his own work on theology. The purpose of his work, ultimately, has been to strengthen Christianity, as demonstrated by his fear of pagan and “Judaizing” tendencies in contemporary scholarship. On the one hand Erasmus's own devotion to Christianity and the church suggest that the “secularization” thesis is overdrawn; on the other, his fears indicate some reality behind the thesis. 20. This essay requires that the student recapitulate a straightforward argument made in the text. In this account Inquisitors, faced by conversos' continued insistence on their own true Christian faith, ultimately claimed that the conversos' guilt was not a matter of their proclaimed beliefs so much as it was one of their “blood” or race. Because their ancestors had once been Jewish  because they bore a mysterious racial taint  conversos' declarations of faith could ipso facto not be trusted. 21. The student should begin by defining balance-of-power diplomacy; this description should include a discussion of equilibrium, compensation, and shifting alliances. The practices of permanent ambassadorships to conduct foreign relations should also be described. Next, the essay should address how this system worked, with a brief narrative of the shifting alliances among the five major Italian powers outlined in the text. This description should lead to a consideration of the weaknesses of the system, such as its instability and, concomitantly, the virtual power vacuum resulting from instability, treachery, and lack of cooperation. Foreign invasions and domination were the impact of these deficiencies.

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22. First, the student should state the fundamental principles (humanism, individualism, secularism) and then analyze each of the three works on this basis. This analysis calls for a degree of description for each work, to support or detract from the essay's arguments. The essay should then consider how effectively these works could be used by contemporaries; obviously, for princes, Machiavelli is most germane, while for courtiers, Castiglione is most germane. Alberti's autobiography seems best suited for artists. The astute essay writer should also address the general aspects of all three, using Alberti to emphasize the belief in personal genius. 23. To answer this question on the artistic aspect of the Renaissance, the student should begin with a discussion of the themes, religious and classical, of the movement. Second, the techniques, such as realism, perspective, and balance, should be described. Examples should be cited; the text provides many such examples. Next, one should turn to the artists themselves, considering their training and status; the better essays might connect artistic genius (exemplified by Alberti's autobiographical sketch) with increasingly humanistic and realistic works of art. The system of patronage should also be discussed. Finally, the essay should attempt to assess to what extent Italian Renaissance art, with its increasingly secular styles, represented changing attitudes. 24. This essay should certainly indicate the declining status of women, from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance, in terms of political power, property rights, and work. Better education for women should be mentioned; careers of female artists and writers should be included. The essay should also indicate that the world of upper-class women, described in the text, differed sharply with that of lower-class women. The evidence of the legal code's treatment of rape should be mentioned. The great divide between the upper and lower class should definitely be emphasized, with wealth and education defining the great social divide. The separate spheres of male and female activity among the upper classes and behavior should also be discussed. The essay should emphasize that women were considered part of a husband's household  a decoration, a possession. 25. This essay should examine the evidence of homosexual activity: legislative acts, court records, and especially the evidence of the Florentine Office of the Night. This discussion should indicate the age and status of the partners in order to demonstrate the cultural values implicit in the homosexual relations. Then, the essay needs to indicate the various reasons offered for the incidence of homosexual activities, such as lack of “respectable” women, the notion that a homosexual act did not preclude sexual relations with women, and the fact that for many men, such acts were forms of male sociability. 26. This essay should first indicate the Renaissance political ideals that seemed to guide the new monarchs, particularly Machiavelli. Emphasis should be placed on efforts to control the nobles and establish domestic order, using innovative and traditional tactics. The essay should include reform of the royal council, control of church, hermandades, and so on. The essay should stress the lack of homogeneity of the Iberian Peninsula and its continued confederated state. Most significant, the essay should discuss the issue of the “new Christians” and the ultimate use of the Inquisition against them. The essay should conclude with an assessment of this racially motivated and justified policy to create ethnic homogeneity, as opposed to cultural homogeneity. 27. E 28. A 29. E

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30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75.

C A B B A C C A A D A C A C B C E B C B D D E D C A A D B C A E C B A B A C A B A C D

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1. pluralism Ans: 2. The Imitation of Christ Ans: 3. ecumenical council Ans: 4. indulgence Ans: 5. Diet of Worms Ans: 6. Protestant Ans: 7. transubstantiation Ans: 8. consubstantiation Ans: 9. Lord's Supper Ans: 10. preacherships Ans: 11. peasant revolts Ans: 12. Institutes of the Christian Religion Ans: 13. predestination Ans: 14. Anabaptists Ans: 15. Book of Common Prayer Ans:

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16. Elizabethan Settlement Ans: 17. Jesuits Ans: 18. Holy Office Ans: 19. sola scriptura Ans: 20. The Christian church had experienced periodic calls for reform prior to Luther's rebellion. How can we explain why Luther's challenge to the sale of indulgences sparked such a startling revolution in European history? Ans: In this essay, students should describe the intellectual, moral, economic, and political situation in Europe on the eve of the Reformation. The discussion of intellectual roots should include the reformist trends of the northern humanists, the piety of most people, and the increased literacy among urban populations and their resultant dissatisfaction with ignorant and immoral priests. The problems within the church, such as pluralism, absenteeism, and general lack of spiritual prestige, should also be considered. The discussion of social roots should include a discussion of peasant unhappiness with the manorial system as well as urban dissatisfaction with both the clergy and the message of Christianity; the peasant grievances presented in “Listening to the Past” should be cited as supporting evidence, as should the Twelve Articles. The state of political affairs in Germany (lack of political unity, role of papacy in German diplomacy, extensive outflow of gold from Germany to Rome) should be discussed next. Finally, students should discuss economic roots (which are of course related to social roots); changes in manorial obligations, which harshened conditions for the peasantry (citing evidence from the text and “Listening to the Past”); rising taxes and clerical immunity from taxation; and the growth of the urban economy, in general. Finally, the essay should certainly mention the indispensable role of Luther as a theologian and writer (coupled with the technological breakthroughs in printing).

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21. Although the Protestant Reformation usually is interpreted as a religious movement, it did have a profound impact on European civilization in general. Discuss the political, social, and economic consequences of the Reformation. How did the Reformation affect women? Ans: Discussion of the Reformation's political impact should include the destruction of the concept of European unity; the idea of religious homogeneity within a state, decided by the prince; the declining influence of the church in political affairs; and churches' increasing identification with the state. Students should also provide a brief narrative of the political history of the era, including military confrontations. In the discussion of social consequences, the Peasants' War should be considered carefully, with special attention to both the role of Luther and the results of that conflict; this discussion could indicate not only its limited impact on the social status of peasants but also the close and supportive relationship between Lutheranism and the state. The impact on urban society should certainly include a discussion of the Protestant tenet that all vocations have merit in God's eyes, thus providing religious justification for the business classes; a brief discussion of the Weberian concept of the Protestant work ethic can be included, but such a discussion should indicate the weaknesses of this argument. The impact on women should include Luther's exaltation of marriage and procreation as well as his denunciation of the monastic lifestyle; within this framework, the loss of a career opportunity for upper-class women in Protestant states should be considered. The shared responsibility of husband and wife in the family should also be discussed, being sure to indicate that the husband was the ruler of the household. The role of women as leaders in the domestic religious arena and the increased role of upper-class women in charity work should be included.

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22. How did the established Christian church, headquartered in Rome, respond to the challenge presented by Luther and subsequent Protestant reformers? How successful was this response? Ans: Initially, the essay should define both the Catholic Reformation and the CounterReformation, indicating the spiritual renewal emphasized by the Catholic Reformation and the fear of infection emphasized by the Counter-Reformation. Following this, the essay should consider the attempts and slow pace of the conciliar reform movement, the new religious orders (Ursulines and Jesuits), and their effort both at spiritual renewal and missionary and reconversion activities, which is indicative of the blurring between the two components of the Catholic response. The role of the Inquisition, including mention of the Sacred Congregation and the Index, must also be included; the role of the Jesuits in this endeavor is further evidence of the intertwined nature of the Catholic Reformation and Counter-Reformation. The Council of Trent should be thoroughly discussed, in relationship to the reforms that were produced as well as the attempt to incorporate the Protestant leadership. Finally, an assessment must be made; this should include the checking of the spread of Protestantism (and even retrenchment) and the limited effectiveness of the Inquisition, citing the thriving publishing industry of Venice, which ignored the Index. The essay should also indicate that the religious unity of Europe was shattered and impossible to reimpose. 23. How might Martin Luther's definition of Christian freedom, presented in this chapter's “Listening to the Past,” contribute to an unquestioning acceptance of political authority? Ans: The core of the matter is Luther's absolute distinction between the world of the spirit and the world of the body, which Luther associates with wealth, material comfort, and political power. Luther defines freedom purely in terms of the spirit, and more specifically in terms of access to and comprehension of Scripture. His theology makes no claims on the world of the body. 24. According to the text, Luther did not ask new questions but offered new answers to old questions. What were these questions, and what were Luther's answers? Ans: First, the essay should ask the questions: How is salvation achieved? What is the nature of the church? What is the source of religious authority? One should then move to a discussion of Luther's theology, being sure to stress salvation by faith alone, biblical authority, the church as a community of believers, the merit of all vocations, differing number of sacraments, and the concept of consubstantiation. These should be juxtaposed to the Catholic positions: faith and works, Bible and church tradition, church equals the clergy, the primacy of clerical life, sacraments, and transubstantiation.

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25. What were the political motivations for European rulers to join the Protestant Reformation? Give specific examples of the links between politics and the Reform movement. Ans: Two clear examples are those of the German princes who converted to Lutheranism and King Henry VIII's Act of Supremacy. The essay should describe in detail what the German princes gained from conversion (control over the church, confiscation of church properties, end to the outflow of tithes to Rome) and what Henry VIII did (confiscation of monasteries, the lands of which he then donated to the biggest landholders, securing their support). A strong essay might also consider the tight social restraint exercised in Calvinist Geneva. If nothing else, Calvinism clearly aimed at controlling social disorder. 26. According to the text, the English Reformation was an act of state, initiated by the king's emotional life, as well as by dynastic and political concerns. How accurate is this assessment? What were the longterm consequences of the English Reformation? Ans: This essay should include a thorough narrative of the English Reformation, including its emotional and political causes and the course of Henry VIII's efforts. Mention must be made of the Lollard tradition in England, but the recent scholarship indicating the vitality of the church must also be included, thus underscoring the political and personal nature of Henry's attack on the Roman church. Consequences should include a discussion of the impact of the confiscation of monastic properties on both the upper classes, tying them to the Tudor dynasty, and the growth of bureaucracy to manage, temporarily, the confiscated lands, which prompted a thorough reform of royal government. The limited spiritual nature of the Reformation and its impact on ongoing conflict among Puritans, Anglicans, and Catholics should also be examined. The good essay will also mention the impact of Henry's reformation on Scottish and Irish religious reformations. 27. How do the actions of both Protestant and Catholic leaders exemplify the basic political creed of uniformity prevalent in Europe in the sixteenth century? Ans: Initially, the essay should provide an explanation of this concept, with perhaps pre-Reformation indications of this concept at work (expulsion of the Jews from Spain and internal crusades against heretics, for example). The essay should next consider the actions of religious and secular leaders in relation to this concept; this should include the efforts of Charles V, the Inquisition, John Calvin's condemnation of Michael Servetus, the Peace of Augsburg, and the seemingly Europeanwide antipathy toward the Anabaptists.

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28. In the early sixteenth century, critics of the church attacked all of the following except A) the academic pursuits of the clergy. B) clerical immorality. C) the ignorance of the parish clergy. D) the problems of pluralism and absenteeism. E) the way money changed hands when a bishop entered office. Ans: A 29. The Brethren of the Common Life represent A) the extent of Protestant conversions in Italy. B) the power and appeal of John Calvin's message. C) an example of pre-Reformation reform movements within the church. D) a typical response of the papacy to the Reformation. E) the persistence of Lollardism in England. Ans: C 30. Martin Luther wrote his letter entitled “NinetyFive Theses” to Archbishop Albert in response to A) Luther's personal struggle with the question of salvation. B) the election of Charles V. C) the draining of Germany's wealth by the papacy. D) a new campaign to sell indulgences. E) the construction of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. Ans: D 31. In the fifteenth century, many clerics held more than one benefice, a practice known as A) pluralism. B) simony. C) investiture. D) indulgence. E) councilarism. Ans: A 32. Martin Luther's father was a A) priest. B) minor noble. Ans: E

C) poor peasant.

D) wool merchant.

E) miner.

33. The doctrine of indulgence rests on all of the following principles except A) belief that God is both merciful and just. B) belief in salvation by faith alone. C) belief that Christ and the saints established a treasury of merit. D) belief that the church has the authority to grant sinners access to the treasury of merit. E) The doctrine rests on all four of these principles. Ans: B

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34. The Twelve Articles were A) the charter of the Lutheran church. B) grievances of the Swabian peasants. C) part of the political settlement of Augsburg. D) the pope's rebuttal to the NinetyFive Theses. E) the resolutions of the Council of Trent. Ans: B 35. In 1521, Charles V ordered Luther to appear before the A) Diet of Worms. D) Tribunal of the Holy Office. B) Council of Augsburg. E) Court of the Holy Office. C) Diet of Wittenburg. Ans: A 36. The __________, summoned in 1529, aimed to unify Protestant opinion. A) Diet of Worms D) Summit of Geneva B) Council of Wittenburg E) Diet of Burgundy C) Colloquy of Marburg Ans: C 37. Luther believed that the church consisted of  A) the entire body of clergy. B) the elect. C) all those who supported his views. D) the saints and Christ, not of human beings. E) the entire community of Christian believers. Ans: E 38. Luther's ideas about Roman exploitation of Germany A) appealed to the political aspirations of German princes. B) were met with dismay by the ruling elite. C) led to administrative reform in the Empire. D) found an audience only among the peasantry. E) are generally considered paranoid by modern historians. Ans: A 39. Luther saw the _________ as the special domain of women. A) church B) home C) public market D) convent E) pulpit Ans: B

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40. According to the text, Catholic historians have tended to view the Reformation as A) a radical break with the past. B) a wrongheaded return to the kerygma of Paul of Tarsus. C) an extension of the Albigensian heresy. D) a plot on the part of Henry VIII. E) continuous with earlier reform movements that remained within the church. Ans: E 41. John Knox was influential in the Reformation in A) Ireland. B) Scotland. C) Switzerland. D) Sweden. Ans: B

E) Swabia.

42. As a result of the Peace of Augsburg, the people of Germany A) remained Catholics. B) were able to practice the religion of their choice. C) converted to Lutheranism. D) became either Lutheran or Catholic depending on the preference of their prince. E) threw off the papal yoke. Ans: D 43. Luther viewed sex as A) an abomination. B) inevitable but condemned by God. C) allowed between consenting adults. D) a good and natural thing within marriage. E) an invention of the devil. Ans: D 44. The Protestant Reformation in Germany A) weakened the power of secular states. B) compounded problems that had existed since the Middle Ages. C) destroyed Habsburg influence in the Empire. D) helped pave the way for a unified nation. E) did not take root. Ans: B 45. According to the text, how have Protestant historians tended to view the Reformation? A) as a revolutionary break with the past. B) as continuous with earlier reform movements that remained within the Catholic church. C) as a return to the Christianity of the late Roman Empire. D) as primarily driven by politics. E) as a long-term consequence of the 1054 schism with Orthodoxy. Ans: A

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46. Calvin's reform movement A) was suppressed by the civil authorities in Geneva. B) was restricted to Switzerland and France. C) was thoroughly integrated into the civil government of Geneva. D) rejected any role in the secular government of Geneva. E) was quickly rejected by the citizens of Geneva. Ans: C 47. Ulrich Zwingli attacked all of the following except A) indulgences. D) clerical celibacy. B) monasticism. E) the Mass. C) the doctrine of the Trinity. Ans: C 48. Martin Luther's first response to the demands made by the Swabian peasants of their lords was A) a call to the nobles to crush the peasants. B) a call for the peasants to rebel. C) a call for peasants and nobles to unite in a Crusade against the Turks. D) a call for the confiscation of Catholic nobles' estates. E) sympathy for the peasants. Ans: E 49. According to Calvin, the elect were A) the leaders of the Genevan Consistory. B) the intellectual leaders of the Reformation. C) those individuals chosen for salvation. D) all Protestants. E) the elected ministers of the church. Ans: C 50. The Genevan Consistory A) regulated the behavior of Genevans in a manner consistent with other European cities. B) severely regulated the conduct of Genevans. C) routinely harbored religious dissenters from around Europe. D) attempted to suppress Calvinism. E) included Calvinist, Lutheran, and Zwinglian representatives. Ans: B

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51. The decision to burn Michael Servetus at the stake reflected A) Calvin's hatred of Roman Catholicism. B) the religious intolerance of the Catholic Inquisition. C) Luther's rejection of other Protestant theologians. D) Calvin's harsh view of religious dissent. E) the pan-European persecution of Anabaptists. Ans: D 52. According to the text, the Calvinist doctrine of predestination led to A) a mood of fatalism among Calvin's followers. B) a withdrawal from the world of business and politics. C) a mass exodus from the city of Geneva. D) a fashion for astrology. E) a confidence among Calvinists in their own salvation. Ans: E 53. Anabaptists generally favored all of the following except A) opening the ministry to women. D) pacifism. B) religious tolerance. E) abolition of baptism. C) self-governing congregations. Ans: E 54. The dissolution of the English monasteries A) resulted from Henry VIII's desire to confiscate their wealth. B) resulted in a more equitable distribution of land. C) deeply disturbed the English upper classes. D) was the result of rebellious activities by the monks. E) was reversed by Elizabeth I. Ans: A 55. Recent research on the English church before Henry VIII's break with Rome indicates that A) a vast gap existed between the clergy and the English people. B) the church was in a very healthy condition. C) conditions in England mirrored those on the continent. D) clerical abuse and ignorance was worse in England than on the continent. E) a majority of English Catholics were Lollards. Ans: B

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56. The Reformation in England was primarily the result of  A) dynastic and romantic concerns of Henry VIII. B) the missionary activity of the Lollards. C) the terrible conditions then existing in the English churches. D) efforts by Luther and his followers. E) Elizabeth I's conversion to Presbyterianism. Ans: A 57. Luther and Zwingli disagreed on which of the following issues? A) priestly celibacy. D) monasticism. B) the authority of Scripture. E) the Eucharist. C) indulgences. Ans: E 58. The Pilgrimage of Grace attested to A) the continued strength of Catholicism in southern Europe. B) the popularity of John Calvin. C) popular opposition in northern England to Henry VIII's Reformation. D) popular support of Luther in his conflict with the pope. E) the piety of Teresa of Avila. Ans: C 59. The parliamentary acts that removed the English church from papal jurisdiction A) were probably misunderstood by most members of Parliament. B) were passed unanimously. C) made the archbishop of Canterbury the leader of the church. D) also forbade all Catholic ritual and doctrine in the new Anglican church. E) were applied also to Scotland. Ans: A 60. The Catholic Reformation, started the 1540s as a response to the Protestant Reformation, A) sought to reform the liturgy of the Catholic church. B) sought to restore the conciliar movement. C) sought to initiate institutional reform. D) sought to stimulate a new spiritualism. E) was ineffectual. Ans: C

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61. In religious affairs, Elizabeth I of England followed a policy that A) supported the efforts of the Puritans. B) emphasized personal and public religious conformity. C) was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes. D) favored Catholics over Protestants. E) imported Scottish Presbyterianism into England. Ans: C 62. __________'s Institutes of the Christian Religion laid out the core elements of his theology. A) Luther B) Calvin C) Zwingli D) Knox E) Servetus Ans: B 63. The Quakers trace their origins, in part, to A) the Anabaptists. B) Lutheranism. C) Calvinism. Ans: A

D) E)

Zwinglism. Lollardism.

64. The Tridentine decree Tametsi stipulated that A) for a marriage to be valid, it had to be witnessed by a priest. B) each diocese had to establish a seminary. C) bishops had to live in their own dioceses. D) the sale of indulgences was illegal. E) no church offices would be sold. Ans: A 65. France supported the Protestant princes of Germany in order to A) spread Protestantism. B) prevent English influence from increasing in Germany. C) contain Protestantism east of the Rhine. D) facilitate the Turkish attack on the Habsburgs. E) keep Germany politically fragmented. Ans: E 66. _________ factors proved decisive in shaping the course of the Reformation in eastern Europe. A) Religious B) Political C) Economic D) Social E) Ethnic Ans: E

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67. The overriding goal of the Catholic religious orders established in the sixteenth century was A) institutional reform. B) reconciliation with Protestantism. C) to combat heresy and Protestantism. D) to uplift the spiritual condition of both clergy and laity. E) conversion of Asians and Africans. Ans: D 68. The new religious order for women that emerged in the sixteenth century was the A) Ursuline Order. B) Society of Jesus. C) Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office. D) Colloquy of Marburg. E) Evangelines. Ans: A 69. The Index was A) a list of official doctrines of the Catholic church. B) a list of individuals condemned by the Roman Inquisition. C) the cardinals who directed the Roman Inquisition. D) a catalog of forbidden reading. E) Luther's commentaries on the Scriptures. Ans: D 70. The victory of the Ottomans over the Hungarians on the plain of __________ led to a great advance of Protestantism in Hungary. A) Budapest B) Mohács C) Suleiman D) the Danube E) Cracow Ans: B 71. Religion played a very important role in defining the political geography of Europe. Which areas of Europe remained predominantly Catholic? Lutheran? Calvinist? Were there any regions in which religious diversity existed and, if so, where? Ans: 72. Emperor Charles V ruled vast territories. What was the extent of the lands ruled by Charles V? What impact did this have on the attempt to maintain the religious unity of Europe? Ans: 73. How did geography affect the Reformation? Ans:

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1. Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis Ans: 2. St. Bartholomew's Day massacre Ans: 3. politiques Ans: 4. Huguenots Ans: 5. Edict of Nantes Ans: 6. astrolabe Ans: 7. Union of Utrecht Ans: 8. Escorial Ans: 9. Spanish Armada Ans: 10. bourse Ans: 11. Protestant Union Ans: 12. Peace of Westphalia Ans: 13. magnetic compass Ans: 14. Golden Century of Spain Ans: 15. General History of the Indies Ans:

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16. price revolution Ans: 17. viceroyalties Ans: 18. quinto Ans: 19. witch Ans: 20. baroque Ans: 21. The period from 1450 to 1650 witnessed a profound extension of European society beyond the borders of the Continent. What were the factors that facilitated this expansion? What was the motivation, both for the individual European explorers and the states that supported them? Ans: This essay should begin with a consideration of the general factors that influenced the exploration and expansion of Europe; this should include such aspects as political centralization, Renaissance curiosity, increasing trade contacts, crusading zeal, religious fervor, technological innovation that enabled the exploration, and the impact of the Ottoman Empire and Ming Dynasty on overland trade routes. For individual explorers, the discussion should set their motives within the general framework mentioned above, and then include an indication of the limited nature of economic and political opportunities in Europe; thus, one should emphasize material profit as the primary motive. To conclude, the essay should assess the role of mercantilistic economic theory and the more general nature of states to attempt to increase their power. 22. The Reformation and wars of religion that wracked Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries began a process of conflict and negotiation that ultimately resulted in the institutionalization of religious toleration in some European societies. Find and describe specific episodes in the text that point toward a developing notion of religious tolerance. Ans: One such episode would be the conclusion of the French civil wars by King Henry IV's Edict of Nantes, which protected Calvinism in areas of France where it was already well established. Similarly, one could argue that the Peace of Westphalia, while it did not establish individual religious freedom in Germany, was an agreement among three sects (Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Catholicism) to coexist peacefully in the Holy Roman Empire. Michel de Montaigne's essays are another indicator that the concept of religious tolerance was spreading in Europe.

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23. In the last third of the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, European diplomacy revolved around the situation in the Low Countries. Why? What was the impact of the revolt of the Netherlands on the Low Countries, Spain, and England? How did the Dutch revolt affect European politics in general? Ans: In general, this essay calls for a thorough discussion of the Dutch revolt. Essays should include the factors that made the revolt an affair of continental importance: the economic situation in the Low Countries, Philip II's role, English anxieties. For the Netherlands, students should certainly discuss the acquisition of independence by the northern provinces (the United Provinces). The political disunion of the northern and southern regions of the Netherlands should also be considered; the social, economic, religious, and geographical differences between the two should be described as well. For Spain, the discussion should center on the disastrous impact of the revolt, including the huge financial drain and the loss of territory, the Armada, and international prestige. Perhaps most important was the resultant malaise of defeatism that infected Spain. For England, students should include a discussion of not only the defeat of the Spanish Armada and its subsequent impact on national pride, but also a consideration of the religious implications of Elizabeth's policy on the struggle between Puritans and Roman Catholics in England. Finally, the essay should include mention of the fact that Spain and the Habsburgs would not be able to reimpose religious unity on Europe; the rise of English power and the decline of Spanish power should be reemphasized. 24. The Thirty Years' War marked a major turning point in European history. What were the political, social, economic, and religious consequences of the conflict? Ans: Although the question is about the consequences of the war, the international nature of the conflict must be mentioned. The discussion of political consequences should include an examination of the Peace of Westphalia and its impact: independent sovereignty of German princes, effective destruction of the Holy Roman Empire, recognition of the United Provinces, increased prestige of France and Sweden, and reduced influence of the papacy. (Brief mention of territorial arrangements could be included.) Next, economic and social consequences should be considered; these two are of course closely connected. The destructive nature of the war should be stressed; this should include demographic impact and damage to trade, especially for southern German cities, while northern cities prospered. Finally, the religious aspect of the settlement, in essence a widening of the Treaty of Augsburg to include Calvinism, should conclude the essay.

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25. The status of women changed dramatically as a result of the Reformation. In what ways were women affected? How can we explain these changes? Ans: This discussion should focus on the changes resulting from the Reformation, especially the contractual nature of marriage and thus availability of divorce for Protestants. Students should also examine the increased emphasis on the household as first priority, the decline of the double standard of morality, and continued deference to husbands and fathers. The continued existence of licensed houses of prostitution should be included. The loss of convents in Protestant countries should be considered for the impact on upper-class women. The example of Elizabeth Hardwick should be included to indicate the possibility of success for individual women in this era. Finally, the role of women from the popular classes, employed in many professions or working with their husbands in the family business, should be discussed. To explain these changes, the essay should reemphasize the Protestant contractual view of marriage; students could also attempt to explain the declining status of women by discussing the witch-hunt phenomenon. 26. The European witch-hunt is one of the most bizarre phenomena of Western history. How do historians explain the witch-hunt? How did this phenomenon reflect European civilization in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? Ans: A brief narrative of the witch-hunt should be presented. Following the narrative, the student should then describe the various theories presented by historians: explaining the unexplainable; elimination of nonconformists; fear of evil power; and witches' sexuality. In general, the misogynistic tradition in Europe and the belief in the concept of women as “weaker vessels” should be discussed. 27. The year 1992 marked the quincentenary of Christopher Columbus's first voyage to the Americas, an event that has caused much debate about the impact of Columbus. What are the facts about the role of Columbus in the European incursion into the Americas? How do historians interpret his role? Was Columbus a typical European explorer? In what ways do his own words, presented in “Listening to the Past,” help us to understand Columbus? Ans: This question asks students to participate in the continuing debate about Columbus and the voyages of discovery. First, the basic facts should be described. Next, the student should indicate the sources, such as the sea logs, on which historians have relied. Next, the poles of the debate, Columbus as great man and Columbus as mass murderer, should be discussed. In the next section of the essay, the student should place Columbus and his actions within his historical milieu by comparing him to other explorers and by analyzing what he wrote.

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28. What was the purpose of Columbus's letter describing his first voyage to the Americas, presented in “Listening to the Past”? How does the letter's content serve its purpose? Ans: In essence, Columbus is advertising for more backing for another voyage to the Caribbean. He attempts to convince Ferdinand and Isabella, and any others who may read the letter, that not only is the land he has discovered fertile and suitable for agriculture, but rich in precious metals, herbs, and spices. He also clearly wishes to present the indigenous people as pliable, peaceable, and easily overawed by European power  in other words, as people who could easily be forced to work by Europeans. 29. European overseas expansion was facilitated by all of the following innovations except the A) use of sail power. D) astrolabe. B) caravel. E) galley. C) mounting of cannon on naval vessels. Ans: E 30. Prince Henry of Portugal is significant for his A) role in subduing the Dutch revolt. B) support of exploration. C) support of the Protestants in the Thirty Years' War. D) opposition to slavery. E) rounding of the Cape of Good Hope in 1498. Ans: B 31. How did medieval Arab chroniclers tend to describe people from sub-Saharan Africa? A) As their equals in intellect and civilization. B) As primitive people who nonetheless had the same intellectual and cultural potential as Arab Muslims. C) As an inferior race. D) As descendants of Cain. E) As physically repulsive, mentally inferior people with few cares and no worries. Ans: E 32. Before the Portuguese gained control of the spice trade in the Indian Ocean, the trade had been controlled by the A) Muslims. B) Venetians. C) Spanish. D) Byzantines. E) Ming Chinese. Ans: A 33. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis between France and _________ was signed in 1559. A) Spain D) Portugal B) the Holy Roman Empire E) the papacy C) England Ans: A

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34. The European kingdom that took the lead in overseas exploration was A) Portugal. B) Spain. C) France. D) England. E) the Netherlands. Ans: A 35. At the end of the sixteenth century, the commercial capital of the European world was A) Lisbon. B) Madrid. C) London. D) Amsterdam. E) Seville. Ans: D 36. In the seventeenth century, the Dutch East India Company A) established outposts in New York (New Amsterdam) and elsewhere in the Americas. B) handled the shipment of gold and silver bullion from Spanish America to Spain. C) took over the Philippines from Spain. D) established bases in the Caribbean. E) took over much of the East Indies from Portugal. Ans: E 37. The primary motivation for European explorers was A) material profit. D) Renaissance curiosity. B) population pressure. E) fear of the Black Death. C) crusading zeal. Ans: A 38. The group of people who benefited the most from large price increases in the sixteenth century was the A) Spanish bureaucracy. D) middle class. B) nobility. E) upper-level clergy. C) urban working class. Ans: D 39. The Concordat of Bologna between France and ___________ helps explain why France did not become a Protestant country. A) Spain D) Portugal B) England E) the papacy C) the Holy Roman Empire. Ans: E 40. The Peace of Westphalia was signed in A) October, 1648. B) January, 1630. C) May, 1668. Ans: A

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D) E)

February, 1652. December, 1627.

41. The quinto was A) the general term for the Spanish colonial administration. B) a Spanish tax on all precious metals mined in its colonies. C) the term for African slaves in Portugal. D) the term used to describe the decimation of the natives of Hispaniola. E) the forced labor duty imposed on all natives in some viceroyalties. Ans: B 42. ___________ published the Edict of Nantes in 1598. A) Francis I B) Henry II C) Henry IV D) Louis XII Ans: C

E) Louis X

43. The population losses caused by the plague and the Hundred Years' War A) greatly benefited the French nobility. B) resulted in the virtual disappearance of serfdom in France. C) led to foreign invasion of France. D) led to the introduction of serfdom in France. E) led to the reimposition of serfdom in eastern Europe. Ans: B 44. The French royal budget in the first half of the sixteenth century was strained by both the HabsburgValois wars and A) loss of feudal dues and rents. B) overseas exploration. C) extravagant promotion of the arts by the monarchs. D) the military defeats of the Thirty Years' War. E) the Price Revolution. Ans: C 45. In order to pay for the HabsburgValois wars, the French monarchs A) instituted taxes on the nobility. D) confiscated monastic lands. B) sold many Renaissance masterpieces. E) imposed a salt tax. C) sold public offices. Ans: C 46. When Charles V abdicated, his son Philip received all of the following except A) the kingdom of Sicily. D) Spain. B) Austria. E) Milan. C) the Low Countries. Ans: B

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47. Philip II shared with Luther and Calvin the belief that A) salvation comes by God's gift of grace. B) church and civil authorities should destroy heresy. C) the state should impose morality on its subjects. D) the pope was not infallible. E) laypeople ought to read the Bible. Ans: B 48. The seven northern provinces of the Netherlands formed the __________ and in 1581 declared their independence from Spain. A) Union of Utrecht D) nation of Holland B) League of Amsterdam E) United Dutch States C) Federation of the North Ans: A 49. The Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre A) was the event that sparked the Dutch revolt. B) resulted in the Concordat of Bologna. C) was caused by the Edict of Nantes. D) exemplified the hatred between French Catholics and Protestants. E) was a mass burning of accused witches. Ans: D 50. The Edict of Nantes A) ended the Thirty Years' War. B) proclaimed religious tolerance for Catholics, Lutherans, and Calvinists throughout the Holy Roman Empire. C) liberated all Christian slaves in France. D) restored Catholicism in England. E) provided conditions for the peaceful coexistence of Calvinism and Catholicism in France. Ans: E 51. The Thirty Years' War began in A) Bohemia. B) Prussia. C) Denmark. Ans: A

D) Sweden.

E) France.

52. Alexander Farnese's strategy against the rebellious Low Countries cities was A) patient siege. D) pitched battles. B) political terrorism. E) buying off wealthy burghers. C) diplomatic negotiation. Ans: A

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53. The fourth, or __________, phase of the Thirty Years' War began in 1635. A) Danish B) Bohemian C) Swedish D) French E) Dutch Ans: D 54. All of the following were factors in Elizabeth I's decision to intervene in the Dutch revolt except A) damage to the English wool industry. B) the assassination of William the Silent. C) the fall of Antwerp to the Spanish. D) the impact of inflation on the Spanish economy. E) fear of a Spanish invasion of England. Ans: D 55. The defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 A) prevented Philip II from reuniting western Europe under Catholic rule. B) impeded the flow of silver from the New World to Spain. C) ended Spanish attempts to subdue the revolt in the Netherlands. D) prevented Spain from protecting its possessions in the New World. E) allowed the English to conquer Ireland. Ans: A 56. Among the hypotheses offered by scholars to explain the great witch-hunts of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries are all of the following except A) socioeconomic factors, which resulted in an atmosphere of instability and uncertainty in values. B) in small, tightly knit communities charges of witchcraft were made against those who did not conform, especially following the fervor of the Reformation. C) pervasive beliefs about women's inherent weakness and sexual insatiability. D) demographic changes, which caused many single women not to be under the control of men, and thus suspect. E) a deliberate papal conspiracy to smear Protestants with charges of witchcraft. Ans: E 57. The most significant changes brought about by the Columbian voyages were A) biosocial in nature. D) social in nature. B) political in nature. E) all of the above. C) economic in nature Ans: A

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58. The Portuguese brought the first African slaves to A) Brazil. B) Cuba, Hispaniola, and the Lesser Antilles. C) Mexico. D) Genoa, Venice, and Modena. E) Actually, the Spanish were the only people to import slaves to work on plantations. Ans: A 59. Amerindians gave the Spanish A) smallpox. B) syphilis. C) typhoid. Ans: B

D) E)

bubonic plague. the common cold.

60. With regard to divorce in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries A) the Catholic church made some provisions for divorce, while Protestant churches generally made none. B) both the Catholics and Protestants categorically rejected divorce. C) both the Catholic church and Protestant churches came to accept divorce for men and women in case of irreconcilable differences or adultery. D) Protestant churches allowed for divorce in case of infertility of either partner. E) the Catholic church did not accept divorce, while Protestant churches tended to accept it in cases of adultery and irreconcilable differences. Ans: E 61. Peter Paul Rubens is best remembered as A) a painter whose work exemplifies the sensuality of Baroque painting. B) the leader of the Dutch revolt against the Spanish. C) a Huguenot leader in France. D) the writer who developed the essay as a literary genre. E) the foremost Baroque composer. Ans: A 62. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, prostitution A) declined dramatically. B) was common. C) catered to men and women. D) was outlawed in Protestant cities. E) was legal provided the prostitutes were not Christian. Ans: B

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63. The caravel was A) the palace of the Spanish king. B) the Catholic festival occurring just before Lent. C) an instrument to measure the elevation of stars or the sun above the horizon. D) a three-masted sailing vessel developed in Portugal. E) a new type of light and mobile field cannon first used by the French in the Thirty Years' War. Ans: D 64. The introduction of slavery into the Americas was conditioned most by the production of  A) cotton. B) spices. C) rice. D) sugar. E) tobacco. Ans: D 65. The European attitude toward blacks derived from Christian theological speculation and A) African attacks on European traders and missionaries. B) Arab ideas about Africans. C) Renaissance racism. D) Greco-Roman attitudes about Africans. E) English racism against the Irish. Ans: B 66. Michel de Montaigne invented the A) one-act play. B) history play. Ans: E

C) sonnet.

D) sonata.

E) essay.

67. Shakespeare's history plays, such as Richard II, A) exalt the English nation. B) glorify the classical ideal. C) were usually set in Italy. D) were very unpopular at the time. E) were probably authored by Christopher Marlowe. Ans: A 68. The Authorized Version of the Bible reflected the efforts of the Anglicans and Puritans to A) stamp out Catholicism. B) unite their churches. C) encourage the laity to read the Bible. D) identify themselves with the English throne. E) spread the gospel to Africa. Ans: C

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69. Baroque art was A) reserved for rich patrons and the educated elite. B) intended to kindle the faith of the common people. C) banned in Protestant countries. D) simple and austere, lacking in emotion. E) first developed in the Netherlands. Ans: B 70. The period ___________ saw witch-hunting on an unprecedented scale. A) 1560 to 1660 D) 1550 to 1580 B) 1500 to 1600 E) 1530 to 1700 C) 1600 to 1700 Ans: A 71. On the blank outline map, identify both the primary sources from which African slaves were acquired and the main areas of importation of these slaves. What does the latter reveal about the economic factors of plantation slavery? Ans: 72. After examining Map 15.2, explain the geopolitical reasons behind French support of the Protestants in the Thirty Years' War. Ans: 73. How did geography affect the economic conditions in the Low Countries? How did geography affect the course of the revolt in the Netherlands, and the ultimate political resolution of the revolt? Ans:

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1. sovereignty Ans: 2. absolutism Ans: 3. totalitarianism Ans: 4. raison d'état Ans: 5. Fronde Ans: 6. mercantilism Ans: 7. French classicism Ans: 8. Peace of Utrecht Ans: 9. Don Quixote Ans: 10. constitutionalism Ans: 11. Puritans Ans: 12. republican government Ans: 13. cabinet system Ans: 14. Second Treatise of Civil Government Ans: 15. States General Ans:

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16. stadholder Ans: 17. Dutch East India Company Ans: 18. Explain what is meant by the term mercantilism and provide historical examples of mercantilist policies based on this chapter. Ans: Mercantilism was based on the belief that a nation's economic well-being and military power rested on the amount of gold and silver it could accumulate. To accumulate these precious metals, mercantilist governments aimed to maximize exports through state subsidies for domestic industry, and minimize imports by setting up high tariffs and aiming for economic self-sufficiency. The prime example of a practitioner of mercantilist theory in this chapter is Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Louis XIV's financial minister. In addition to subsidies and tariffs, Colbert attempted to increase the flow of wealth to France by building a powerful navy and merchant marine, and by sponsoring colonial ventures. The other example of a mercantilist approach to national economy in this chapter is that of the Navigation Acts passed by English Parliament during Oliver Cromwell's rule. 19. In the seventeenth century, the Spanish monarchy crumbled. Why? Ans: The discussion of the collapse of absolutist Spain should include broad social, economic, and political trends as well as specific historical events. The essay should cover the lack of a middle class (resulting from expulsion of the Jews and Muslims), agrarian crisis, population decline, lack of investment, intellectual isolation, and psychological malaise. Philip II's efforts to re-Catholicize Europe and their impact, especially the economic and psychological aspects, should be fully discussed. Cultural antipathy to commerce must also be considered. The agrarian crisis, resulting from the nobles' exploitation of the peasantry, should also be assessed. The genetic degeneracy of the ruling dynasty should also be discussed. The essay should then turn to a consideration of specific events, including the wars against the Dutch and the French, the Thirty Years' War, and revolts in Catalonia and Portugal, as both causative factors in the decline and symptoms of decline. Finally, the good essay will discuss Cervantes's Don Quixote as the ultimate symbol of Spain in decline.

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20. Despite the evolution of a strong, centralized, monarchical system of government, France still experienced periods of civil unrest and war. Describe these periods. How can we explain the discrete occurrences? Is there an overarching reason for why France continued to experience civil unrest? Ans: The essay should first present a brief narrative, including government response, of various examples of civil upheaval: the Huguenot uprising of 1625, the various incidences of serious urban protests, and the Fronde. Next, specific causation should be discussed (or such discussion could be included in the above section of the essay): for the Huguenot uprising, religious factors, coupled with Louis XIII's uneasiness over the “state within a state” created by the Edict of Nantes and the Huguenots' oppression of Catholics; for the various urban protests, the issues of unemployment, bread prices and availability, taxes; for the more complicated Fronde, its provincial beginnings, political and social pretensions of the nobility, unhappiness of the royal bureaucracy, taxation policies. Finally, the essay should assert a general interpretation for the persistence of civil disorder and protest in France; the concept of expanding administrative monarchy evoking a culture of retribution is the obvious response to this aspect of the question. 21. What aspects of royal absolutism do the memoirs of the Duke of St. Simon, excerpted in “Listening to the Past,” describe? What aspects do they miss? Why might St. Simon have overdrawn the power of Louis XIV over the French nobles? Ans: St. Simon seems to be concerned entirely with life at Versailles  indeed, the introduction to the document describes him as a “soldier, courtier, and diplomat.” As such he observes how the king attempts to manipulate the nobles through personal manipulation, spies, court ceremonial, and so on. He does not discuss, in the excerpt at least, the mechanics of taxation or the intendants' relationships with local elites. Perhaps these were outside his range of experience. At any rate, this is where royal power was limited, for Louis XIV was granting tax immunities in exchange for support. The essay ought also to note that as a high-ranking noble, St. Simon probably had an interest in exaggerating the extent of Louis's dominion over his nobles. 22. The seventeenth century is often called “the Golden Age of the Netherlands.” What was the basis of Dutch success in this century? What caused the decline of the Netherlands? Ans: First, the essay should include a brief justification for the sobriquet. Second, the political development of the Dutch Republic should be discussed. The commercial prosperity should be described and strongly emphasized; along with this emphasis, the student should attempt to assess the reasons for this prosperity, including such things as religious toleration, strong industries, commercial instruments, and imperial expansion. The discussion of decline should include the military conflicts with France and England in the 1670s and involvement in the War of the Spanish Succession; weakness of the confederation form of government should also be mentioned in helping to explain the decline.

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23. Seventeenthcentury France has been called the model of royal absolutism. How did the French crown create an absolutist state out of the anarchy of the civilreligious wars of the last half of the sixteenth century? How absolutist was the French monarchy? Ans: This essay essentially asks the student to describe and discuss the French model of absolutism. The roles of Henry IV, Richelieu, and Louis XIV should be described, with an emphasis not just on their actions and policies but also on the underlying premise (supremacy of the monarch) of their political beliefs. The French bureaucracy, administrative divisions, Academy, royal army, and corporations (guilds) should all be mentioned as they relate to absolutist government. The selling of offices, outlawing of dueling, and daily life at Versailles should all be used to enhance the essay; students could also indicate the deleterious long-term impact of such things as selling of offices, courtly extravagance, and tax farming. The use of the middle class and nobles of the robe in the bureaucracy should be emphasized. The opposition of nobles and Huguenots should next be mentioned; the suppression of both groups by Richelieu and Louis XIV should be included. Finally, the ongoing urban protests and the necessity to collaborate with certain elements in France, illustrated by the Languedoc compromise over the Canal des Deux Mers, indicates the limits of monarchical power. The good essay should then include a discussion of the concept of administrative monarchy as an alternative interpretation of the French case. 24. In the seventeenth century England displayed little political stability, yet by the end of the century England had laid the foundations for constitutional monarchy. What were the political, social, economic, and religious factors and events that led ultimately to the Glorious Revolution? Ans: This essay calls for thorough discussion of the history of England in the seventeenth century. A brief narrative could be included to set the analytical sections into the historical context. The student should then examine the political balance among crown, Commons, and Lords prior to the civil war; the economic changes, especially the emergence of rural gentry and urban business class in the political, social, and economic life of the country should be discussed. This discussion should then tie together the major political, social, and economic developments of the era. This should be buttressed with a discussion of the Puritan leanings of many new men, the perception of the Catholic leanings of James I and Charles I, Archbishop Laud, the Scottish rebellion, and the troubles in Ireland. These broader developments then provide the backdrop for the confrontation between Charles I and Parliament. Finally, students should consider the general situation at the time of the Glorious Revolution; that is, the essay should examine the maturation of the upper middle classes and the political ascension of Parliament, and how factors such as these obviated the need for civil war.

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25. A state may be termed __________ when it possesses a monopoly over the instruments of justice and the use of force within clearly defined boundaries. A) sovereign D) a nation B) absolute E) a constitutional nation C) a monarchy Ans: A 26. Among the weaknesses of the French financial system under Louis XIV were all of the following except A) the sale of the job of tax collector to “tax farmers.” B) high military expenditures. C) noble immunity from taxation. D) many middle-class tax exemptions. E) lack of direction in state financial and economic policy under the incompetent Colbert. Ans: E 27. Which of the following was not one of the outcomes of the Peace of Utrecht? A) It gave the Dutch control over the former Spanish Netherlands. B) It completed the decline of Spain as a great power. C) It vastly expanded the British Empire. D) It ended French expansionist policy. E) It gave European powers experience in international cooperation, particularly in the balance-of-power principle. Ans: A 28. The Fronde refers to A) the guerrilla warfare that finally won Lorraine for Louis XIV. B) Louis XIV's secret office for opening private letters in the Paris post office. C) the region of southern France where high-quality linen was produced for export. D) the huge garden Louis XIV had constructed at Versailles. E) a rebellion by aristocrats and others early in the reign of Louis XIV. Ans: E 29. Medieval kings claimed to rule A) by the grace of the church. B) at the pleasure of the people. C) by divine right. Ans: C

D) E)

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through personal merit. by force and force alone.

30. Political power in the Dutch republic was A) held by the central government. B) controlled by an oligarchy of wealthy merchants. C) held by the stadholder and his royal courtiers. D) exercised by a democratically elected States General. E) monopolized by members of the Calvinist Consistory. Ans: B 31. The cause of the War of Spanish Succession was A) the cutting off of an English merchant ship captain's ear by the crew of a Spanish revenue cutter. B) French fear of a political merger between England and the Netherlands. C) English attempts to foment rebellion in Spain's American colonies. D) Louis XIV's revocation of the Edict of Nantes. E) The prospect of Louis XIV controlling both the French and Spanish thrones. Ans: E 32. The decline of Spain in the seventeenth century can be attributed to all of the following causes except A) conflict between the church and the state. B) the incredible wealth of South America destroyed what remained of the middle class. C) involvement in a number of wars. D) a pervasive feeling of pessimism and fatalism among Spanish leaders. E) the concept that moneymaking was vulgar and undignified, which resulted in people entering a number of economically unproductive professions (such as priests, monks, and nuns). Ans: A 33. __________, Henry IV's chief minister, was a devout Protestant. A) Locke B) Colbert C) Richelieu D) Sully E) Marat Ans: D 34. French intendants were almost always recruited from the A) nobles of the sword. D) university professors. B) new, judicial nobility. E) senior clergy. C) commercial elite. Ans: B

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35. Richelieu's constructive genius is best reflected in his A) military victories. B) attacks on French Protestants. C) support of regional nobility. D) unwillingness to use war as an instrument of state power. E) administrative innovations. Ans: E 36. The guiding force behind Cardinal Richelieu's domestic policies was A) reform of the church. B) a belief in decentralization. C) the subordination of all groups and institutions to the monarchy. D) the sovereignty of the people. E) hostility to the Huguenots. Ans: C 37. The English Navigation Act of 1651 A) set high tariffs on imports to England. B) repealed all taxes on wool exported from England. C) provided direct subsidies to the English shipbuilding industry. D) abolished all customs duties and taxes on inland waterways in England. E) required that English goods be transported on English ships. Ans: E 38. Louis XIII's decision to destroy Huguenot independence was based on A) the Huguenots' close relationship with England. B) Huguenot attempts to resume the religious wars of the previous century. C) the king's desire to confiscate Huguenot property. D) the Huguenots' refusal to allow Catholics freedom of worship in Huguenot cities. E) his desire to settle Canada more rapidly. Ans: D 39. The Edict of Nantes was intended to A) establish a permanent policy of toleration. B) diminish the importance of Protestants in France. C) create an absolute separation of church and state. D) raise funds for new wars. E) promote temporary religious and civil concord. Ans: E

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40. The English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes held that A) kings ruled by divine right. B) Parliament ruled by divine right. C) only in England was a limited, constitutional monarchy possible. D) mankind is inherently good and requires no formal government. E) the power of the ruler was absolute but derived from an implicit contract with the governed. Ans: E 41. The decline of the Dutch economy was caused by A) an inflationary spiral created by Spanish gold. B) the wars of the seventeenth century. C) labor unrest and rebellion. D) the collapse of the wool industry. E) deflation of the price of tulip bulbs. Ans: B 42. The center of the struggle between the French crown and the Huguenots in 1627 was A) Paris. B) La Rochelle. C) Nantes. D) Languedoc. E) Amiens. Ans: B 43. Richelieu's notion of ____________ justified actions on behalf of the state that would be condemned if carried out by private individuals. A) raison d'état B) absolutism C) totalitarianism D) sin E) esprit de corps Ans: A 44. Mercantilist theory postulated that A) government should not interfere in the economy. B) imports and exports should be equally balanced. C) government should intervene to secure the largest share of limited resources. D) overseas colonies were an unwanted drain of valuable gold bullion. E) free trade would maximize the wealth of all nations. Ans: B 45. The spark that caused the English Glorious Revolution was the A) conflict over taxation between Charles II and Parliament. B) fear of a Catholic dynasty being established by James II. C) economic dislocation that had resulted from the civil war. D) defeat suffered in the War of the Spanish Succession. E) 1640 uprising in Ireland. Ans: B

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46. Colbert's contributions to the economy of France included all of the following except A) creating a national bank. B) establishing new industries and colonial ventures. C) improving the transportation and communication systems within France. D) creating a powerful merchant marine to transport French goods. E) setting up tariffs to protect French industry. Ans: A 47. Louis XIV installed his royal court at A) Paris. B) Versailles. C) Aix. Ans: B

D) Dijon.

E) Languedoc.

48. In 1685 _____________ was the strongest and most highly centralized state in Europe. A) Spain B) England C) France D) the Netherlands E) Austria Ans: C 49. The primary instrument of Dutch overseas imperialism was the A) Royal Navy. B) Dutch East India Company. C) Bank of Amsterdam. D) Company for Trade and Exploitation of the East. E) States General. Ans: B 50. The state that gained the most from the War of the Spanish Succession was A) Spain. B) France. C) the United Provinces. D) England. E) Prussia. Ans: D 51. Typically, French classicism A) challenged existing concepts concerning art. B) presented subject matter associated with the Greco-Roman past. C) had little support from the royal government. D) emphasized individualistic renderings of society. E) rejected the Baroque. Ans: B 52. Which country had the highest living standards in Europe in the mid-seventeenth century? A) England. B) France. C) Sweden. D) Spain. E) the Netherlands. Ans: E

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53. A significant feature feature of English English society in the sixteenth sixteenth and seventeenth seventeenth centuries centuries was A) growing growing wealth wealth of of the the countr country y gentry gentry and middlecl middleclass ass business businessmen. men. B) resu resurg rgen ence ce of Roma Roman n Cath Cathol olic icis ism. m. C) declin declining ing popul popular arity ity of “refor “reformed med”” relig religion ions. s. D) econ econom omic ic dec decli line ne of of the the busi busine ness ss cla class sses es.. E) incr increa easi sing ng impo import rtan ance ce of mona monast stic icis ism. m. Ans: A 54. Between 1635 and 1659 1659 the French army increased increased by approximately approximately how many times? A) Two. B) Five. C) Ten. D) Twenty. E) One hundred. Ans: C 55. The paulette, paulette, introduced introduced by Henry IV, was was A) an annual annual fee paid paid by by roy royal al officia officials ls to guarant guarantee ee heredit heredity y in their their offices offices.. B) a tax paid on salt. C) a gua guaran rantee tee of relig religiou iouss free freedo dom m for for Hugue Huguenot nots. s. D) a pro proper perty ty tax paid paid by all lando landowne wners rs in Fran France ce.. E) a he head ta tax on on th the pe peasan santry try. Ans: A 56. John Lock Lockee was the grea greatt spokesma spokesman n A) who just justifi ified ed the the execu executio tion n of Charl Charles es I on on charg charges es of tre treaso ason. n. B) of Oli Olive verr Crom Cromwe well ll's 's Pro Prote tect ctor orat ate. e. C) who who def defen ende ded d Jam James es I's I's abs absol olut utis istt cla claim ims. s. D) of the the Glor Glorio ious us Revo Revolu luti tion on of 1688 1688.. E) for the Test Act. Ans: D 57. The final collapse collapse of Spain as a great great military power was symbolized symbolized by the defeat at the Battle of Rocroi, and the resulting Treaty of  A) Utrecht. D) Olivares. B) the White Mountain. E) Westphalia. C) the Pyrenees. Ans: C 58. ___________'s ___________'s plays plays include Tartuffe Tartuffe and Le Bourg Bourgeois eois Gentilhomme. Gentilhomme. A) Racine B) Molière C) Sully D) Charpentier E) Couperin Ans: B

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59. According to the text, what what values consonant consonant with with business business success did did Calvinism promote? A) Self Self--int interes rest and and gree reed. B) Obsession wi with de detail. C) An in inquisitive sp spirit. D) Hard Hard work work,, thrift thrift,, and and postp postpon oneme ement nt of of grati gratific ficat ation ion.. E) Genero Generosit sity, y, openopen-min minde dedne dness, ss, and and socia sociabil bility ity.. Ans: D 60. French foreign foreign policy policy under under Richelieu Richelieu focused prima primarily rily on the the A) preventi prevention on of the Habsb Habsburg urgss from from unify unifying ing the the terr territor itories ies surro surroundi unding ng Franc France. e. B) dest destru ruct ctio ion n of Engl Englis ish h nava navall powe power. r. C) destru destructi ction on of of the the econ economi omicc power power of the the Low Low Coun Countri tries es.. D) pro protec tectio tion of of Bur Burg gundy. E) winn winnin ing g bac back k of of Als Alsac acee-L Lorra orrain ine. e. Ans: A 61. Oliver Cromwell's Cromwell's Protectorate Protectorate is best described as a A) popular democracy. B) cabi cabine nett-st sty yle parl parlia iame ment ntar ary y gove govern rnme ment nt.. C) cons onstitu tituti tion onaal mon monarch rchy. D) Puri Purita tan, n, mil milit itar ary y dict dictat ator orsh ship ip.. E) pro proleta letarrian ian dic dictator atorsship. hip. Ans: D 62. Starvation and and economic crisis crisis in France in 1688–16 1688–1694 94 were caused caused by all of the following except A) pillaging troops. D) cold, wet summers. B) high taxes to support the war effort. E) a slump in exports. C) a typhoid epidemic. Ans: C 63. Charles II II was restored to the English throne in A) 1688. B) 1645. C) 1703. D) 1648. E) 1660. Ans: E 64. On a blank outline map of of Europe, mark the the territories territories added to France France by the the wars of Louis XIV. Based solely on this geographic evidence, how would you assess the military aspect of Louis's reign? Ans: 65. In what ways did geography geography affect the balance balance of power in Europe Europe in the seventeenth century? Ans:

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66. Based on Map Map 16.3, what was was the extent of of Dutch commerce? commerce? What goods goods did the Netherlands import from South America, China, Indonesia, and Africa, respectively? Ans:

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1. serf serfdo dom m Ans: 2. abso absolu luti tism sm Ans: 3. elector elector of Branden Brandenburg burg Ans: 4. Junk Junker erss Ans: 5. Easte Eastern rn Orthod Orthodoxy oxy Ans: 6. boyar boyar nobili nobility ty Ans: 7. auto autocr crac acy y Ans: 8. baro baroqu quee Ans: 9. Mong Mongol ol Yoke Yoke Ans: 10. heredita hereditary ry subjuga subjugation tion Ans: 11. 11. Bohemi Bohemian an Estat Estates es Ans: 12. 12. sult sultan an Ans: 13. 13. Pragma Pragmatic tic Sancti Sanction on Ans: 14. 14. Coss Cossac acks ks Ans: 15. 15. servic servicee nobili nobility ty Ans:

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16. millet system Ans: 17. While the monarchs of central and eastern Europe tried to imitate Louis XIV's absolutism, they were forced to modify the French model. How and why did this modification take place? How successful was this modification? Ans: In this essay, the student should examine the primary differences between the French model of absolutism and the eastern copies, most notably the composition of the bureaucracy and the role of the nobility in local administration and justice. The social structure of eastern Europe should then be considered, emphasizing the lack of an urbanized population and especially a middle class. The importance of large-scale agriculture based on serfdom should also be mentioned, as the source of noble power as well as a severe brake on economic and social development. In considering similarities, the essay should stress the obvious aping of Louis XIV (in terms of palaces, mistresses, war, art) as well as the industrious and ambitious nature of the eastern absolute monarchs; the primacy of the state should be considered in this section as well. Finally, the overall analysis of the success of eastern absolute monarchs should include mention of the effectiveness and necessity of strong government at the time as well as the flexibility of absolutism. 18. Trace the development of absolutism in Austria and Prussia. What factors influenced the development of each state? What were the similarities and differences in the development of absolutism in these two states? Which state created stronger and more efficient absolutism, and why? Ans: Initially, there should be a narrative of the development of absolutism in both states. Stress should be placed on the political, social, and economic impact of the Thirty Years' War; the social structure of eastern Europe, foreign threats, religion, and church-state relations should also be fully discussed. The examination of the influencing factors should reveal some similarities and differences; the ethnic diversity of the Habsburg lands, the Ottoman threat, and the resultant impact must be discussed and compared to the more homogeneous Prussian state. The differences in size, militarism, and religion should be considered. The role of able monarchs should also be discussed. Finally, the student should assess which was the most effective absolutist system, based on such considerations as honesty and efficiency of the bureaucracy, the judicial system, taxation, and standard of living of the subjects.

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19. Absolutism in eastern Europe was built in large part on the social and economic structures that had emerged by the seventeenth century. What were these structures, and how did their evolution affect the development of absolutism in eastern Europe? Ans: This essay should begin with a description of the reimposition of serfdom in eastern Europe. The shortage of labor and the political weakness of rulers, which enabled the nobles to enserf the peasants, must be thoroughly discussed; the nobles' political power should be considered a very important factor, as was the relative lack of urbanization in the east, depriving the monarchs of middle-class allies utilized by the western kings and peasants as haven from exploitative lords. The commercial relations between lords and foreign traders should be used to indicate the lack of a middle class. Next, the impact on absolutism must be considered, focusing on the necessity to use nobles at all levels of government, which reinforced their power over the peasants and further entrenched serfdom. In general, serfdom's negative impact on economic and social development should be discussed, emphasizing the continuing bipolar nature of the social structure and the monopolization of political, social, and economic power by the nobility. 20. “Art was used by the monarchs of eastern Europe to support absolutism.” How accurate is this assertion? Ans: In this essay the student should consider Baroque art and its use by absolute monarchs to inspire and overawe both subjects and rivals. Its roots can be traced to the influence of Louis XIV and the need to emulate and compete with him. The essay should stress the architectural accomplishments, such as Schönbrunn, that aped Versailles and were the physical manifestation of the power of great and minor princes. Students should then consider the palace-building mania as leading to the ultimate representation of the relationship between absolutism and art, the building of entire cities, such as St. Petersburg and Karlsruhe, to showcase a monarch's power. 21. “War  whether civil, international, or both  or the threat of war is critical to the emergence and development of absolutism.” Assess the validity of this quotation in relationship to the history of absolutism in Austria, Prussia, and Russia. Ans: In this essay, the student should use pertinent examples to illustrate the impact of war on absolutism. On one hand, the role of invasion by hostile forces (such as the Ottoman Turks), which was a factor in the cession of legislative power to the monarch (in return for protection from invaders), should be considered, as should the governmental reforms necessary to support large standing armies (exemplified by the Russian experience under Peter the Great). In addition to foreign invasion, civil war as a destabilizing factor should also be considered; the Thirty Years' War, the Time of Troubles, and Stenka Razin's uprising are all good examples.

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22. In Olearius's account of seventeenth-century Russia (“Listening to the Past”), try to separate the generalizations (“each all, they are slaves and serfs….”) from what Olearius claims to have seen and experienced personally. Do Olearius's general statements necessarily follow from his observations? What biases does this analysis reveal? Ans: Olearius seems to have actually observed widespread drunkenness, the meager possessions of the peasantry, the Russian tradition of taking hot steam baths (he has also heard about widespread wife-beating, if he has not actually witnessed it). From these observations he concludes that Russians “are justly to be counted among the barbarians,” and that “each and all, they are slaves...” The conclusions obviously do not follow from his evidence. The essayist might also wonder whether drunkenness and wife-beating were not also common in much of western Europe at this time. 23. “Peter the Great's reforms were driven primarily by military exigencies, not by any special attachment to the culture of western Europe.” Make an argument for this statement based on evidence provided in the text. Ans: The essayist might note the huge proportion of government revenue devoted to the military in Peter's time, the enlargement and modernization of the Russian army, the many wars in which Peter engaged, and his overwhelming interest in the military and technological aspects of Western power. 24. According to the text, the reason that labor shortages led to freedom for peasants in western Europe and bondage for peasants in eastern Europe was A) the labor shortage was worse in western Europe. B) the monarchs in eastern Europe were weaker before the seventeenth century and could not restrain the nobles from oppressing the peasants. C) eastern Orthodoxy provided strong theological support for serfdom. D) eastern European lords needed to export grain to western Europe. E) the Germanic heritage of western Europe. Ans: B 25. In response to the problems of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the landlords of eastern Europe A) offered better economic terms to their peasants. B) used political power to gain control of the peasants. C) renounced their traditional control of local justice. D) imported labor from western Europe. E) imported Turkic slaves. Ans: B

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26. The first tactic employed by the landlords to cope with labor shortages was to A) destroy town liberties. B) employ women and children. C) encourage the emergence of small-scale farming. D) restrict peasant freedom of movement. E) offer peasants lower rents. Ans: D 27. The administration of justice in eastern Europe generally was A) in the hands of trained jurists working for the monarch. B) controlled by local landlords. C) the basis of the monarch's reforms. D) relegated to the local clergy. E) the business of village headmen. Ans: B 28. The importance and liberty of eastern European towns were undermined, in large part, by A) nobles selling agricultural commodities directly to foreign capitalists. B) the enserfment of the peasants. C) the creation of royal monopolies on trade. D) the depopulation resulting from the Black Death. E) the arrival of German migrants who took over commerce. Ans: A 29. As a result of the revolt by the Bohemian nobility in 1618, A) Bohemia gained independence from the Habsburgs. B) the Habsburgs allowed Protestants to worship. C) much of the native Bohemian nobility was replaced with nobles loyal to the Habsburgs. D) the Bohemian parliament gained power over taxation. E) Germans were driven from Bohemia. Ans: C 30. Serfdom was established in eastern Europe between A) 1000 and 1350. D) 1550 and 1750. B) 800 and 1150. E) 1400 and 1650. C) 500 and 1200. Ans: E

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31. In the aftermath of the siege of Vienna in 1683, the Habsburgs A) were forced to relinquish Bohemia. B) reestablished the parliaments of Bohemia and Styria. C) pursued a peaceful relationship with the Ottoman Empire. D) conquered most of Hungary and Transylvania. E) fortified Prague. Ans: D 32. What was the impact of the Thirty Years' War on Brandenburg-Prussia? A) These areas were alternately ravaged by Swedish and Habsburg armies. B) There was very little impact. C) Merchants from Brandenburg-Prussia grew wealthy manufacturing and exporting arms. D) Prussian military victories during the war enabled the Elector of Brandenburg to crush the noble assembly. E) Sweden absorbed Brandenburg-Prussia. Ans: A 33. All of the following contributed to the Great Elector Frederick William's political victory over the Brandenburg Estates except A) a huge raid on Prussia by the Crimean Tatars. B) the failure of the nobles to make common cause with the towns against the Elector. C) subsidies of the Great Elector by France. D) the realization of the need for a strong military following the devastation of the Thirty Years' War. E) Frederick William's readiness to use force against the towns. Ans: C 34. At the Battle of White Mountain (1620) A) Peter the Great finally defeated Charles XII of Sweden. B) the Habsburgs repelled an Ottoman attempt to capture Vienna. C) Gustav Adolphus defeated Wallenberg's Imperial Army. D) the Russian tsar defeated and captured the Cossack rebel Stenka Razin. E) the Habsburgs crushed a rebellion of the Bohemian noble Estates in defense of Protestant rights. Ans: E 35. Each nation, or ________, in the Ottoman Empire enjoyed autonomous self-government under its religious leaders. A) janissary B) millet C) sultan D) harem E) stan Ans: B

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36. In the Ottoman Empire A) the hereditary nobility monopolized political and social power. B) Christians were systematically converted to Islam. C) there was virtually no such thing as private landed property. D) there was strict separation of church and state. E) the sultan had strictly limited powers. Ans: C 37. The Pragmatic Sanction issued by Charles VI in 1713 A) granted religious rights to nonCatholics. B) undermined papal influence in the Habsburg lands. C) stated that Habsburg lands were never to be divided. D) revoked the feudal rights of the Austrian nobility. E) established an alliance with Russia. Ans: C 38. All of the following were factors in the Hungarians' fight against Habsburg absolutism except A) the strength of the Protestant faith in Hungary. B) an alliance with the Turks. C) the commercial and industrial strength of Hungary. D) early adherence to a national ideal. E) the determination of the Hungarian nobility to maintain their independence. Ans: C 39. The accomplishments of Frederick William the Great Elector include all of the following except A) curtailing the power of the nobility. B) establishment of a standing army. C) introduction of permanent taxation without consent. D) reduction of the power and independence of towns and cities. E) the abolition of serfdom. Ans: E 40. Charles XII of Sweden scored a major victory over Peter the Great at the Battle of  A) Poltava. B) Narva. C) St. Petersburg. D) Karlsruhe. E) Fontenoy. Ans: B 41. According to the text, which power had the most efficient military in Europe, man for man, in the early 1700s? A) Russia. B) Prussia. C) France. D) The Ottoman Empire. E) Britain. Ans: B

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42. The Sultan of the Ottoman Empire filled the top ranks of his bureaucracy with A) close family members. B) Persians, including many Zoroastrians. C) slaves, many of them taken from the Christian Balkans as boys and converted to Islam. D) top-ranking Ottoman generals. E) Muslim clerics. Ans: C 43. After the death of ____________ in 1566, Ottoman monarchial absolutism gave way to palace intrigue. A) Suhas the Great D) Suleiman the Magnificent B) Saladin the Wise E) Attaturk II C) Shajaran the Unready Ans: D 44. The policies and actions of Frederick William I were based on his belief that the welfare of the king and state depended on the A) army. B) agrarian economy. C) bureaucracy. D) nobility. E) peasants. Ans: A 45. The most enduring legacy of Frederick William I was A) the establishment of a first-rate bureaucracy. B) the abolition of the Brandenburg Estates. C) his decision to transform the peasants into serfs. D) the acquisition of the royal title. E) molding the most militaristic country of modern times. Ans: E 46. Prussia's landowning classes were known as the A) Electors. B) Junkers. C) Kaisers. D) Burghers. Ans: B

E) Tartars.

47. The _________ sacked Kiev in 1242. A) Austrians B) Turks C) Mongols Ans: C

E) Bohemians

D) Byzantines

48. One important factor in the rise of princes of Moscow to domination over other Slavic cities in the area was A) Moscow's greater antiquity. B) military aid from Byzantium. C) the fertility of the land around Moscow and the wealth of mineral resources. D) Moscow's stand against the Patriarch of Constantinople. E) cooperation with the Mongols. Ans: E

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49. Alexander Nevsky, prince of __________, was adept at serving the Mongols. A) Kiev B) Cracow C) Moscow D) the Urals E) the Rus Ans: C 50. How was the emergence of large Cossack bands in the Ukraine in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries related to political and economic developments to the north in Russia? A) Many Cossacks were peasants fleeing enserfment in Russia. B) Many Cossacks were religious dissenters who left the official Orthodox church following the schism. C) Cossacks were gentry dispossessed by Ivan the Terrible who sought new lands. D) Cossacks were Turkic tribesmen who persistently raided the north. E) Cossacks were an elite military force created by the newly powerful tsars. Ans: A 51. During the reigns of Ivan III and Ivan IV, Muscovite society A) was dominated by the landed nobility, the boyars. B) was strongly influenced by the West. C) featured relative equality between men and women. D) converted to Orthodox Christianity. E) saw the rise of the service nobility. Ans: E 52. After the Time of Troubles, the Romanov tsars A) increased the obligations of the nobility. B) relaxed the obligations of the serfs. C) relaxed the obligations of the nobility. D) fostered the growth of an urban middle class. E) liquidated the Cossacks. Ans: C 53. Following the late seventeenth century schism in the Russian Orthodox church, dissenters from the official church became known as A) boyars. B) kholops. C) Old Believers. D) Cossacks. E) starozhiltsy. Ans: C 54. Peter's involvement in the Great Northern War was a consequence of  A) the aggression of the Swedes. B) his adherence to an aggressive alliance against Sweden. C) Russia's losses in the previous war with the Ottoman Empire. D) his attempt to westernize Russia. E) closer trade ties with Britain. Ans: B

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55. The reign of Peter the Great was characterized by A) noble rebellion. D) economic and social transformation. B) relative peace. E) a decrease in taxes. C) incessant warfare. Ans: C 56. Ivan IV carried out a reign of terror against the Muscovite A) boyars. B) peasants. C) merchants. D) Muslims. Ans: A

E) Jews.

57. Led by Stenka Razin, the ____________ revolted in 1670–1671. A) Cossacks D) Russian army B) boyars E) Russian Protestants C) peasants Ans: A 58. During the Time of Troubles (1598–1613) Russia faced all of the following troubles except A) Cossack rebellion. B) bitter infighting among close relatives of the recently deceased Tsar Theodore. C) Swedish invasion. D) religious schism. E) Polish invasion. Ans: D 59. The Baroque palaces of central and eastern European princes were modeled on A) Notre Dame de Paris. D) the Kremlin. B) the Louvre. E) the Winter Palace. C) Versailles. Ans: C 60. The consolidation of ___________ in eastern Europe was accompanied by the rise of estate agriculture. A) monarchial authority D) urban authority B) serfdom E) church power C) peasant rights Ans: B

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61. How did Peter the Great approach the problem of finding labor to build his new capital of St. Petersburg? A) He paid peasants high wages to lure them from the countryside. B) He brought in Muslim slaves captured in wars with the Ottoman Empire. C) He conscripted tens of thousands of Russian peasants to work each summer. D) He hired Swedish workers who knew how to build in Western style. E) He used the army. Ans: C 62. The population of St. Petersburg was A) largely Finnish. B) drawn to the new capital by its beauty. C) composed almost exclusively of government officials. D) composed of mostly foreigners who had built the city. E) compelled by Peter to reside there. Ans: E 63. The ___________ state was composed of three separate and distinct territories. A) Habsburg B) Russian C) Prussian D) Ottoman E) Polish Ans: A 64. The Ottoman Empire was considered a major threat to Europe. Based on Map 17.1, describe the expansion of the Ottoman state into Europe. Ans: 65. What were the three territorial parts of the Habsburg state? How did they come to be united? Ans: 66. After studying Map 17.3, describe the growth of Muscovy. How did Peter the Great add to the Muscovite base? Do his territorial acquisitions support the notion of Peter the Great as a “westernizer”? Why, or why not? Ans:

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1. world-view Ans: 2. Copernican hypothesis Ans: 3. experimental method Ans: 4. empiricism Ans: 5. rationalism Ans: 6. law of universal gravitation Ans: 7. progress Ans: 8. skepticism Ans: 9. tabula rasa Ans: 10. the public Ans: 11. philosophes Ans: 12. separation of powers Ans: 13. salons Ans: 14. Enlightenment Ans: 15. general will Ans:

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16. enlightened absolutism Ans: 17. Cartesian dualism Ans: 18. law of inertia Ans: 19. The Scientific Revolution transformed the way Europeans perceived the world around them. Discuss this change in detail. How did this new way of thinking spread? Ans: This essay asks the student to examine the Scientific Revolution rather closely. There should be a narrative tracing developments from its pre-Copernican roots through the publication of Newton's synthesis. Focus should be placed on the heliocentric view of the universe, the belief in general theories of physics, attack on authority and use of reason, and the evolution of the scientific method; the fundamental shift from a preoccupation with the metaphysical universe to the physical universe must be fully covered. The discussion of the spread of this intellectual revolution should include both the exchange of ideas and inventions exemplified by Galileo's acquisition of a Dutch telescope, and the role of the Enlightenment (especially the early figures such as Fontenelle) in disseminating the new worldview. 20. Some monarchs of the eighteenth century have been called enlightened despots. Who were these rulers? What did their contemporaries mean when they called them enlightened? How have historians treated these rulers and their policies? Were they really enlightened? Explain your answer. Ans: The essay should begin with a traditional definition of an enlightened monarch; following the definition, the careers of the various rulers (Frederick II, Catherine II, Maria Theresa, Joseph II) presented in this chapter should be considered, along with the basis for the perception of the rulers' enlightened nature or lack thereof. In this section, reform efforts should be emphasized, as should the impact of one's reputation for espousing Enlightenment ideals. Next, the historical interpretations of the concept should be considered, beginning with those of the nationalistic German historians of the nineteenth century and continuing to the current interpretation; stress must be placed on the role of the international system. Finally, the student is asked to assess the monarchs' enlightened nature; in this respect, emphasis should be placed on the lack of attention given to reform of the social structure and the reasons for this inaction.

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21. The Enlightenment had a profound effect on politics in France and in the rest of Europe. Compare the impact of the Enlightenment on French absolutism with its impact on the eastern absolute monarchies. How can we account for the differences? Ans: Students should begin with a brief description of the eastern monarchs' use of Enlightenment concepts while shielding their societies from the more dangerous aspects, such as questioning authority, of the Enlightenment; this should be compared to the emergence of a political culture in France that incorporated a much broader spectrum of the population and had as a central element resistance to absolutism. This discussion of political culture should include “public opinion,” the “reading revolution,” and the salons; the role of the Parlement of Paris in its active resistance to royal reform efforts is a critical aspect as well. Thus, in eastern Europe the monarchs were strengthened, while in France the opposite occurred. In the assessment of why this happened, the personalities of the monarchs should be considered as well as the differences in social and economic development between France and eastern Europe. 22. Read “Voltaire on Religion” in “Listening to the Past.” How does Voltaire use Newton's model of the universe to justify his belief in a Supreme Being? What is Voltaire's view of Christ? Does it make him a Christian? Ans: The essayist might note how Voltaire uses the great size and the uniform laws of Newton's universe to argue for the existence of a Supreme Being. One argument with regard to Voltaire's attitude toward Christ is that he isn't a Christian at all, because he views Jesus as a great sage, but apparently not as the son of God. 23. The text maintains that international competition was the primary motivation behind the reforms of monarchs such as Frederick II and Catherine II. Is this an accurate assessment? How do the careers of the Austrian rulers Maria Theresa and Joseph II support or refute this assertion? Ans: In this essay, the nature of international competition must first be described, being sure to include the wars at midcentury as well as the territorial aggrandizement that continued up to the end of the century. The reforms of Frederick II and Catherine II should be included. Next, students should include a thorough description of the various reforms initiated by Maria Theresa and her son, being sure to indicate the timing and motivation of these efforts. Although it is obvious that Maria Theresa's reforms were certainly motivated by the desire to improve the state in order to exact revenge on Frederick II, Joseph II's reforming efforts are rather harder to characterize in the same manner. Moreover, the reforms of both addressed the major issue, serfdom; this aspect should be assessed.

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24. The scientists of the seventeenth century constructed a new world-view; the philosophes of the eighteenth century popularized it. How? Why did the philosophes pursue this effort? Ans: This answer must focus on the spread of the new world-view. Include a thorough discussion of the efforts of Bayle, Fontenelle, Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Diderot to popularize the Scientific Revolution through their writings. In addition, the impact of learned societies, literary clubs, and especially salons should be discussed; the concept of “public opinion” should be included, as should the “reading revolution.” In this discussion, indicate the types of people involved (representatives from virtually all layers of the educated classes). 25. “Although the most well-known Enlightenment thinkers today are the French philosophes, the roots of the Enlightenment were in England as much as in France.” Make an argument to support this proposition. Ans: The student will probably want to discuss the influence of Francis Bacon's idea of empiricism, Newton's “clockwork” model of the universe, and John Locke's political and psychological theories on the philosophes. Mention might also be made of Montesquieu and Voltaire's Anglophilia. 26. Enlightenment political thought was clustered into two distinct schools, epitomized by the beliefs of Montesquieu and Voltaire. What were those beliefs? What impact did their thinking have on the governments of western and eastern Europe? Ans: Initially, describe the political thought of Montesquieu and Voltaire, emphasizing the constitutional restraint urged by one and the reliance on benevolent reform supported by the other. There should certainly be mention of the role of the nobility in Montesquieu's political system. The influence of Montesquieu and his school of thought in France should then be discussed; its rejection in the east should also be examined and explained. Next, the influence of Voltaire's ideas in the east should be brought out. A discussion of the role of social and economic development on the relative influence of each school of thought should conclude the essay. 27. The illegal book trade in France featured all of the following types of literature except A) works by famous philosophes. B) scandal-mongering denunciations of important political figures. C) technical journals on agriculture and industry. D) pornography. E) rumors about the nobility and royal family. Ans: C

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28. Which powers participated in the partitioning of Poland in the late eighteenth century? A) Prussia, Russia, and Austria. B) The Ottoman Empire, Russia, and Prussia. C) Italy, Austria, and Russia. D) Sweden, Prussia, and Russia. E) Sweden, Saxony, and Austria. Ans: A 29. Galileo's greatest achievement was his A) synthesis of the new scientific discoveries. B) elaboration and consolidation of the experimental method. C) invention of the telescope. D) postulation of a heliocentric universe. E) discovery of Uranus. Ans: B 30. All of the following played a role in the erosion of French absolutism except the A) political resurgence of the nobility. B) inattentiveness of Louis XV. C) the assertion of the Parlement of Paris that the king needed consent of the Parlement to levy taxes. D) reinstatement of the parlement's right to review royal decrees. E) theories of Charles Montesquieu. Ans: E 31. The accomplishments of Frederick II included all of the following except A) territorial expansion. B) judicial and bureaucratic reform. C) the reconstruction of agriculture and industry. D) restructuring the Prussian social system. E) promotion of education. Ans: D 32. Before the Scientific Revolution, Europeans' view of the universe was based on the ideas of  A) Plato. D) Isaac Newton. B) medieval scholastics. E) Aristotle. C) Aristarchus. Ans: E 33. Before 1500, science was primarily a branch of  A) theology. B) rhetoric. C) law. D) medicine. Ans: A

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E) astronomy.

34. Which of the following was published first? A) The Social Contract B) On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres C) Encyclopedia D) Essay Concerning Human Understanding E) Principia Ans: B 35. All of the following were important trends of Enlightenment thought except A) methods of natural science should be used to examine and understand all aspects of life. B) everything was to be submitted to rational and critical thinking. C) the scientific method could be used to study the laws of human society as well as the laws of nature. D) religion too could be analyzed using Enlightenment theories, and eventually religious truth could be known. E) is was possible for humans to create better societies and better people. Ans: D 36. All of the following astronomers contributed to the destruction of the Aristotelian view of the universe except A) Nicolaus Copernicus. D) Bernard de Fontenelle. B) Galileo Galilei. E) Tycho Brahe. C) Johannes Kepler. Ans: D 37. Copernicus's theory of the universe A) destroyed the distinction between earthly and heavenly worlds. B) was endorsed by John Calvin. C) postulated an sun-centered view of the universe. D) strengthened the Ptolemaic theory of the universe. E) used epicycles to explain planetary motion. Ans: C 38. According to ________'s theory of inertia, rest is not the natural state of objects. A) Bacon B) Copernicus C) Brahe D) Newton E) Galileo Ans: E 39. The key feature of Newton's system was the law of  A) planetary motion. D) constant acceleration. B) universal gravitation. E) equivalence of mass and energy. C) reciprocity. Ans: B

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40. One of the few attempts to link theoretical science with applied science took place at A) the French Academy. D) the University of Berlin. B) the Sorbonne. E) University of Bologna. C) Gresham College. Ans: C 41. Empiricism emphasized A) the use of deductive reasoning. B) reliance on the authority of other scientists. C) the use of scientific instruments. D) greater reliance on mathematical equations. E) the actual observation of phenomena. Ans: E 42. The two men generally given credit for creating the modern scientific method were Francis Bacon and A) Johannes Kepler. D) René Descartes. B) Nicolaus Copernicus. E) Isaac Newton. C) John Locke. Ans: D 43. The primary purpose of Fontenelle's Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686) was to A) advocate religious tolerance. B) attack French absolutism. C) adapt scientific thought to Christian doctrine. D) counteract the influence of the Enlightenment. E) popularize the findings of the Scientific Revolution. Ans: E 44. The Enlightenment reached its highest development in France for all the following reasons except A) French was the international language of the educated classes. B) French scientists and universities were the most preeminent in the Scientific Revolution. C) the level of censorship and repression was somewhat less than that in most of Europe. D) French philosophes asked fundamental questions about the meaning of life, God, human nature, good and evil, and cause and effect. E) French philosophes sought actively to influence the educated public. Ans: B

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45. All of the following were causes of the Scientific Revolution except A) the active support of the papacy. B) the contributions of medieval universities. C) the recovery of classical scholarship during the Renaissance. D) the challenges of navigation during long sea voyages. E) improvements in scientific instruments. Ans: A 46. In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed that A) sovereign authority rests in the hands of the people. B) all people are born with certain ideas and ways of thinking. C) human development is determined by education and society. D) people are born corrupt and society must reeducate them. E) governments are formed by contracts among free individuals. Ans: C 47. The concept of the “reading revolution” refers to A) the masses' acquisition of literacy. B) the spread of literacy among women. C) the invention of the printing press. D) the spread of pornography and scandalmongering broadsheets in Europe. E) the shift from reading out loud texts perceived as authoritative to reading many different texts rapidly, silently, and individually. Ans: E 48. __________ reduced all substances to “matter” and “mind.” A) René Descartes D) Marquis de Condorcet B) Madame du Châtelet E) Jean-Jacques Rousseau C) David Hume Ans: A 49. In his Spirit of Laws, Montesquieu argued for A) direct democracy. B) enlightened absolutism. C) popular sovereignty. D) the separation of governmental powers. E) cultural relativism. Ans: D

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50. In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government? A) He believed in democracy, like most philosophes. B) He believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for. C) He saw the despot or autocrat as designated by God. D) He believed in enlightened despotism as long as he could be the despot. E) He believed in Enlightened Theocracy. Ans: B 51. D'Holbach's System of Nature presented A) a democratic basis for political organization. B) a mechanistic, atheistic philosophy. C) a popular account of the Scientific Revolution. D) a pornographic attack on the French nobility. E) an argument for the existence of natural rights. Ans: B 52. According to its editor, the fundamental goal of the Encyclopedia was to A) popularize the Scientific Revolution. B) improve the material life of Europeans. C) change the general way of thinking. D) undermine French absolutism. E) overthrow the king. Ans: C 53. Madame du Châtelet A) believed women's limited contribution to science was the result of unequal education. B) was the first woman admitted into the Royal Academy of Sciences. C) was the powerful mistress of Louis XV. D) inspired Jean-Jacques Rousseau's ideas on education and emotion. E) invented a steam engine. Ans: A 54. Rousseau's concept of the “general will” asserts that A) enlightened monarchs protect the interests of the entire society and should be relied on for reform. B) only by direct democracy can the people's political wishes be conveyed. C) authentic, long-term needs of the people can be correctly interpreted by a farseeing minority. D) sovereignty resides in the people. E) public opinion polling can be a valuable support to democracy. Ans: C

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55. _________'s Historical and Critical Dictionary displayed his skepticism. A) Voltaire B) Locke C) Descartes D) Fontenelle E) Bayle Ans: E 56. A striking feature of the salons was that A) clerics were banned. B) philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled. C) they were often sponsored by the government. D) members of the working classes often attended. E) their main purpose was making marriage matches between poor nobles and wealthy commoners. Ans: B 57. ____________'s Persian Letters satirized French society. A) Voltaire B) Bayle C) Montesquieu D) Locke E) Descartes Ans: C 58. Habsburg Emperor Joseph II abolished serfdom in the Austrian Empire in 1781. What was the outcome of this reform? A) After Joseph II's death in 1790 serfdom was more or less reinstated. B) Some peasants accumulated wealth rapidly and entered the elite of the Empire. C) Many serfs from the Russian empire began fleeing to Austria. D) High-ranking Austrian nobles assassinated Joseph II. E) Serfdom was abolished in Poland at the time of the Third Partition. Ans: A 59. The Parlement of Paris was A) the national representative assembly of France. B) a council of high nobles appointed by the king to advise him. C) a high court. D) The salon established by Julie de Lespinasse. E) the city government. Ans: C 60. ____________'s Progress of the Human Mind tracked nine stages of human development. A) D'Holbach B) Condorcet C) Rousseau D) Hume E) Bacon Ans: B

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61. The “enlightened” policies of Frederick II of Prussia included all of the following except A) freeing the Prussian serfs. B) abolition of the torture of prisoners. C) permitting scholars wide latitude to publish what they wished. D) promoting schools. E) religious toleration. Ans: A 62. Catherine the Great of Russia came to power in 1762 through A) inheritance of the throne from her mother Elizabeth. B) an invitation from the Russian Senate to rule. C) Frederick II of Prussia's invasion of Russia. D) a military coup. E) election by the boyars. Ans: D 63. After the death of Louis XIV, the French parlements A) typically supported the reform efforts of the monarchy. B) were undermined by the appointment of conservative nobles. C) effectively challenged royal absolutism. D) attempted to quash the Enlightenment. E) were disbanded. Ans: C 64. In 1748, following the War of the Austrian Succession, Louis XV's finance minister created an outcry among French nobles, clergy, and wealthy town dwellers by A) suspending the right of habeus corpus. B) imposing a 5 percent income tax on all Frenchmen. C) jailing the members of the Parlement of Paris. D) establishing new taxes on commerce. E) repudiating the government's debt. Ans: B 65. Immanuel Kant argued for A) freedom of the press. B) sexual freedom. C) equality of men and women. Ans: A

D) E)

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the morality of slavery. the viability of direct democracy.

66. To improve the rural economy and lives of the peasants, Empress Maria Theresa A) regulated the church more closely. B) ordered the adoption of scientific farming techniques. C) abolished serfdom. D) reduced nobles' power over their serfs. E) established a bank to make loans to peasants on easy terms. Ans: D 67. Joseph II's conversion of labor obligations to cash payments A) had the support of the nobles. B) transformed a barter economy into a cash one. C) was opposed by both nobles and peasants. D) was the basis for the future evolution of Austrian society. E) followed Russian precedent. Ans: C 68. Mendelssohn argued that A) religion and reason were enemies. B) the soul did not exist. C) religion was the primary cause of man's misery. D) the social order was divinely ordained. E) reason could complement and strengthen religion. Ans: E 69. Where is Silesia, and why did Frederick II want to seize it from Maria Theresa of Austria? Ans: 70. On a blank outline map of Europe, mark the three partitions of Poland. What does the experience of Poland reveal about the nature of the international system at the time? Ans: 71. Describe the imperial expansion of Russia under Catherine II. Where were the greatest gains made? Ans:

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1. open-field systems Ans: 2. agricultural revolution Ans: 3. common lands Ans: 4. enclosure Ans: 5. mercantilism Ans: 6. cottage industry Ans: 7. crop rotation Ans: 8. Creoles Ans: 9. Atlantic slave trade Ans: 10. putting-out system Ans: 11. debt peonage Ans: 12. mestizos Ans: 13. economic liberalism Ans: 14. famine foods Ans: 15. Navigation Acts Ans:

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16. proletarianization Ans: 17. During the eighteenth century, the population of Europe underwent a sharp increase. What factors influenced that growth? What were the social consequences of population expansion? Ans: This essay should begin with a brief mention of population growth before the eighteenth century. For the growth during the eighteenth century, some statistical evidence should be included. Next, the factors that caused this change must be considered, including natural factors as well as political, economic, and military changes. Finally, the impact of population growth should be discussed, as it related to agriculture, cottage industry, and the Atlantic economy. 18. What were the most important elements of the agricultural revolution in Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? What factors explain the Dutch leadership in this revolution? Why and how did it spread to England? Ans: This essay should begin with a consideration of why agricultural change was necessary. Next, the advent of scientific farming (including mention of such aspects as new crops, crop rotations, and animal husbandry) should be discussed; enclosure should be examined fully. Third, the push/pull factors of the Dutch economy, emphasizing urbanization, should be discussed. Finally, English emulation should be described and analyzed: the obvious similarities to Dutch society and economy must be mentioned; the role of English commercial competition with the Dutch republic is another aspect that should be discussed. 19. Read “The Decline of the Guilds” in “Listening to the Past.” How does French finance minister Turgot justify his abolition of the guilds (1776)? How do Turgot's arguments parallel those of Adam Smith as presented in the textbook? How do they seem to differ? (One might also ask students to read an excerpt from Smith's Wealth of Nations and compare Smith's thinking in more detail to Turgot's.) Ans: Turgot clearly sees the guilds' privileges as economically inefficient and detrimental to innovation, just as Smith might have. He spells out in some detail the negative economic consequences of the guild monopolies   poor men who might otherwise find work are barred from doing so, there is no incentive for technological innovation, and men with aptitudes for particular trades are prevented from practicing. He also makes an argument based on natural rights   in this case, the right to work   which is not mentioned in the textbook's coverage of Smith. Finally, Turgot also argues that guild monopolies directly undermine state interests—for example, by preventing France from attracting able foreign practitioners of particular crafts. This argument is not presented in the textbook's account of Smith.

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20. While England was building the preeminent world empire and greatest economic power base in Europe, its society was undergoing profound changes. Describe these changes, being sure to identify their causes and consequences. Ans: Students' descriptions should include the impact of the agricultural revolution on the rural population, including peasants, tenant farmers, and landowners. The creation of a landless rural proletariat is a key component. Scientific farming and destruction of the commons are major causes of these changes. The population explosion of the eighteenth century should also be discussed, with its impact on rural population and the inability to employ the new population. Rise of the putting-out system, arising from agricultural changes, should be discussed, with the role of family-based employment being a key component; introduction to production techniques, wage labor, and so on, are all worthy of mention. The negative aspects of the system (labor relations, drunkenness and other social problems, quality control, and production bottlenecks) should be included. The longer-term impact on the Industrial Revolution would provide a solid conclusion. 21. Despite the success of English mercantilist policies, many chafed under this regulatory system. What were the criticisms of mercantilism? What was Adam Smith's answer to mercantilism? Would the application of Smith's theories result in English domination of the Atlantic economy? Why, or why not? Ans: This essay should begin with a brief description of mercantilism, followed by criticisms of the system, especially the artificial restrictions imposed by governmental regulation. Next, Smith's economic theories should be thoroughly discussed. Finally, to analyze the effectiveness of Smith's theories for enabling English domination of the Atlantic economy, one must consider those policies, such as the Navigation Acts, which helped assure English ascendancy, and the capitalist spirit so evident in English commercial activities. The role of continental mercantilistic policies might also be mentioned. 22. Throughout most of the nineteenth century Great Britain dominated the world economy, both as the number one industrial power and as the greatest world empire. Ans: Explain the origins of British economic power in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Obviously this question calls for a broad-ranging essay. Important topics that the student might introduce include the English agricultural revolution, the Navigation Acts of the mid-1600s and English mercantilism, the acquisition of colonies in North America and India, and protoindustrialization in England. 23. Before 1700, the total European population A) followed an irregular cycle of slow growth. B) always grew too fast. C) grew steadily and moderately. D) followed a cyclical pattern of steady decline. E) had been constant for centuries. Ans: A

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24. The agricultural revolution was first manifested in A) England. D) North America. B) the Low Countries. E) France. C) Sweden. Ans: B 25. The expansion of Europe in the eighteenth century featured all of the following except A) growing population. B) increased world trade. C) disappearance of the bubonic plague. D) relatively peaceful international relations. E) the continuation of mercantilist policies begun in the seventeenth century. Ans: D 26. The most prevalent system of land usage in Europe from the mid-seventeenth century onward was known as the A) estate system. D) crop rotation. B) tenant system. E) two-field system. C) fallow-rotational system. Ans: D 27. The English Navigation Acts not only mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships, they also A) restricted English banks from making foreign loans. B) initiated English involvement in the transatlantic slave trade. C) gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies. D) created an alliance with the Dutch against the French. E) prevented the American colonists from building ships. Ans: C 28. At the end of the seventeenth century, at least __________ percent of western Europeans were involved in agriculture. A) 80 B) 70 C) 60 D) 50 E) 90 Ans: A 29. “Gleaning” of grain refers to A) separation of the wheat from the chaff. B) selection of seed grain. C) grinding of the grain into flour. D) collection of single grains that fall to the ground during the harvest. E) sowing of the grain. Ans: D

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30. Which of these events happened first? A) Passage of British Navigation Acts B) War of the Spanish Succession C) British slave trade abolished Ans: A

D) E)

Seven Years' War Publication of Wealth of Nations

31. Cornelius Vermuyden directed large drainage projects in A) Germany. B) Sweden. C) France. D) Spain. E) England. Ans: E 32. All of the following contributed to increased agricultural production in western Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries except A) increased use of animal fertilizers B) the elimination of the “fallow.” C) programs to distribute land to the people who farmed it. D) drainage of marshlands. E) the introduction of new crops to rotate, such as turnips, potatoes, and clover Ans: C 33. The leadership of the Dutch people in farming can be attributed primarily to A) the exceptional fertility of their lands. B) the necessity to provide for a large densely populated country. C) the leadership of the Dutch scientific community. D) their strong nobility. E) their Calvinism. Ans: B 34. Between 1000 and 1800, the most dramatic downturn in European population occurred in the A) fourteenth century. D) sixteenth century. B) eleventh century. E) twelfth century. C) seventeenth century. Ans: A 35. The increase in fertilizer supplies during the agricultural revolution of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was due in part to A) the import of guano from Pacific islands. B) systematic collection and sale of human waste. C) increased fruit consumption in European diets. D) discovery of the effectiveness of rotten fish as fertilizer. E) increased numbers of livestock, which provided more manure. Ans: E

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36. Jethro Tull's contributions to English agriculture were the product of  A) good luck. D) speculative reasoning. B) empirical research. E) university study. C) deductive reasoning. Ans: B 37. The social group on which the success of the English agricultural revolution depended was the A) landowning aristocracy. D) independent peasant farmers. B) landless peasants. E) Dutch agronomists. C) tenant farmers. Ans: C 38. The major reason for the disappearance of the bubonic plague from western and central Europe after the early 1700s was probably A) the discovery of an effective vaccine against the disease. B) the breakdown in trade between Europe and India, where the plague was endemic. C) the brown rat's displacement of the black rat from ecological niches in Europe. D) rat extermination campaigns by urban governments. E) widespread quarantining of plague victims. Ans: C 39. By 1800, __________ had the largest population in Europe. A) Spain B) Italy C) France D) England E) Russia Ans: E 40. In 1790 blacks made up about __________ percent of the U.S. population. A) 20 B) 35 C) 5 D) 10 E) 2 Ans: A 41. According to the text, the French government tried to improve living standards for the rural poor by A) paying a stipend to poor families. B) encouraging cheap English imports. C) hiring the poor on major public works projects. D) establishing a national network of free public elementary schools. E) encouraging the growth of cottage manufacturing. Ans: E

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42. All of the following were shortcomings of the putting-out system from the capitalists' point of view except A) inability to enforce quotas. B) rigid production techniques. C) poor quality control. D) disputes with workers over weights of materials delivered. E) difficulty making workers produce steadily. Ans: B 43. The term spinster referred to A) a widowed or unmarried woman who spun cloth for a living. B) the puttingout merchant. C) the wife of a weaver. D) a female member of a textile guild. E) a female textile factory operative. Ans: A 44. Plantations in the Virginia lowlands, by 1730, were worked entirely by A) indentured servants. D) tenant farmers. B) Native Americans. E) hired white labor. C) African slaves. Ans: C 45. Typically, the puttingout industry employed A) only women. D) B) rural families. E) C) urban workers. Ans: B

men and older boys. older women in the countryside.

46. __________ led the revitalization of Spain in the eighteenth century. A) Philip V B) Louis X C) Charles II D) Ernesto V E) Juan VI Ans: A 47. For cottage workers, “holy Monday” was A) payday. B) the delivery day for raw materials. C) a day spent in church. D) the due date for the previous week's work. E) a day of relaxation. Ans: E 48. The Navigation Acts were a form of economic warfare that initially targeted the A) Dutch. B) French. C) Spanish. D) American colonists. E) Swedes. Ans: A

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49. Early public health measures that may have helped reduce death rates in eighteenth century Europe included all of the following except A) drainage of swamps. B) inoculation against smallpox in England. C) discovery of an effective vaccine against the bubonic plague. D) improved urban sewage systems. E) cleaner water supplies. Ans: C 50. ____________ were the offspring of Spanish men and Indian women. A) Creoles B) Peons C) Medios D) Callas E) Mestizos Ans: E 51. Olaudah Equiano was A) a freed slave from Nigeria who settled in London. B) viceroy of New Spain during the War of the Spanish Succession. C) the king of Nigeria. D) an African missionary who introduced Christianity into the African interior. E) a Quaker of African descent who produced Philadelphia's first daily newspaper. Ans: A 52. The decisive round in the colonial conflict between England and France was the A) Seven Years' War. D) War of the Spanish Succession. B) Thirty Years' War. E) American War of Independence. C) War of the Austrian Succession. Ans: A 53. The British won the American component of the Seven Years' War because A) the French military leadership was ineffective. B) their Prussian ally won the European component. C) the French did not have an adequate navy. D) they diverted men and money from Europe to the American theater. E) they won the support of Native American tribes. Ans: D 54. After 1700, Spain A) began losing chunks of her American empire to Britain. B) recovered from the late seventeenth-century crisis and held on to her American empire. C) acquired Brazil from Portugal. D) abandoned California. E) withdrew from the slave trade. Ans: B

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55. ___________'s Wealth of Nations argued for the value of free markets. A) Jethro Tull D) Olaudah Equiano B) Lord Townsend E) David Ricardo C) Adam Smith Ans: C 56. By the 1770s, the biggest increase in British foreign trade was with A) France. D) the European continent. B) the British colonial empire. E) China. C) Africa and the Middle East. Ans: B 57. According to Adam Smith, government should limit itself to all of the following except A) defense against foreign invasion. B) maintenance of civil order with police protection. C) sponsoring of indispensable public works and institutions. D) providing a court system. E) regulation of trade. Ans: E 58. In Spanish-American society Creoles were A) persons of mixed European and Native American ancestry. B) persons of mixed Native American and African ancestry. C) persons of European ancestry born in the Americas. D) persons of mixed European and African ancestry. E) non-Catholics. Ans: C 59. From 1600 on, the typical system of labor control in Spanish America was A) race-based slavery. D) indentured servitude. B) sharecropping. E) debt peonage. C) forced labor. Ans: E 60. A broad-based campaign to abolish slavery began in Britain after A) 1775. B) 1815. C) 1835. D) 1862. E) 1882. Ans: A 61. Describe the physical layout of a typical, traditional farming community, based on the description in the text of the open-field system. How would an enclosure act change the description? Ans:

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62. According to the text and Map 19.3, describe the impact of the Seven Years' War on the British Empire. Ans: 63. Chart the Atlantic economy. What products composed the various legs of this so-called triangular trade? Ans:

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1. extended family Ans: 2. community controls Ans: 3. wet-nursing Ans: 4. killing nurses Ans: 5. Methodists Ans: 6. purging Ans: 7. just price Ans: 8. smallpox inoculation Ans: 9. Jesuits Ans: 10. Pietism Ans: 11. Carnival Ans: 12. blood sports Ans: 13. illegitimacy explosion Ans: 14. infanticide Ans:

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15. In recent years, scholars have successfully challenged many of the old generalizations made about the past. What were those generalizations, and how have recent studies modified our views of the family in preindustrial Europe? How and why did the European family begin to change in this period? Ans: The essay should identify the generalizations, such as large families, early marriage, and extended family structure. Next, the manner by which recent historical studies have come to challenge these generalizations, including the sources utilized (parish records), should be examined; this section should include a full discussion of our understanding of the European family in the early modern period: nuclear family, number of children, late marriage for both men and women. Finally, the impact of economic and societal change on such things as family size, age of marriage, and choice of spouse should conclude the essay. 16. Read the excerpt from Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Emile in “Listening to the Past.” Although Rousseau's ideas on the different roles of the sexes may seem patriarchal today, it is possible to argue that his prescriptions for the education of girls were advanced for his time. Compare Rousseau's prescriptions to the realities of eighteenthcentury child rearing described in this chapter. In what ways were Rousseau's ideas revolutionary? Ans: Most important, Rousseau's suggestion that parents should pay close attention to the education of children is itself revolutionary. As this chapter points out, neglect was the norm in eighteenth-century European child raising. It is also worth noting that in arguing that girls should learn to read and calculate, and in asserting the equality of women's intelligence to men, Rousseau was in opposition to conventional wisdom of his day. 17. One of the most neglected groups in historical study has been children. Correct this oversight by writing a brief history of children during the eighteenth century. What was their life like? Be sure to consider educational opportunities, health, medical care, and diet. What was the attitude of their parents toward them? How would Jean-Jacques Rousseau's ideas on child rearing and education have affected them? What would they have done for entertainment and courtship as they approached adulthood? Finally, what changes had they experienced in these areas? Ans: This essay should provide a thorough description of childhood in early modern Europe, following the outline in the question; sensitivity to class differences will greatly enhance the effectiveness of the essay. Rousseau's ideas on more affectionate child rearing, breast-feeding, experiential education, and separate spheres should also be discussed. One can examine the transition from childhood to adulthood by considering courtship practices of the time. The essay should conclude by placing emphasis on the changes, such as greater educational opportunities, experienced.

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18. While the Enlightenment was spreading among the educated elites, religion remained a strong force in the lives of the common people. What were the patterns of popular religion for both Catholics and Protestants in the late eighteenth century? How did the church leaders, Protestant and Catholic, respond to popular religion? Ans: Begin by stressing the fact that religion not only offered answers but was deeply embedded in local traditions, experiences, and culture. Next, the pattern should be described; this section should include a discussion of the institutional church, focusing on the role of the parish church. In Catholic regions, the local cults of the saints and other such practices should be discussed. The examination of the Protestant revival should include the central concerns and beliefs of the revivalists, such as Wesley. The Catholic leadership's attempts to purify Catholicism of the many dubious, pagan practices should then be discussed, as should the “smug complacency” of the Protestant establishment; indicate the class basis of this dichotomy between the official theology and popular practices and how this is evidence of the distance between the elite and the common people of Europe. 19. The eighteenth century was an era of improving health and increased life expectancy. Why? What impact did improving health and longevity have on European society? Ans: A thorough discussion of diet and nutrition should be included in this essay. The role of medical science, limited though it was, should also be included; mention of the improving abilities of surgeons and midwives (using Martha Ballard as an example) would be helpful. A brief discussion of the role of Mary Montague and Edward Jenner in the control of smallpox should also be included. In discussing its impact, population growth is an obvious factor; more complicated is the impact on land tenure and inheritance, age of marriage and choice of partner, illegitimacy, and relationship to one's children. 20. Can you trace through this chapter the growing intervention of the state in ordinary people's lives in eighteenth-century Europe? Ans: The essayist might cite early state support for mass education, French government sponsorship of Madame du Coudray's efforts to train midwives, English government prizes awarded to Edward Jenner for his discovery that cowpox could be used to vaccinate against smallpox, and the growing power of secular rulers over churches in both Protestant and Catholic Europe. 21. The first European state to mandate compulsory elementary education was A) Prussia. B) the Netherlands. C) England. D) France. E) Sweden. Ans: A

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22. Which of the following events occurred last? A) Attendance in elementary schools made mandatory in Prussia. B) Louis XV orders Jesuits out of France. C) Edward Jenner performs first smallpox vaccine. D) John Wesley begins preaching. E) Maria Theresa ascends Austrian throne. Ans: C 23. By the end of the eighteenth century, foundling hospitals were admitting about ____________ abandoned children annually. A) 100,000 B) 2 million C) 5 million D) 25,000 E) 10,000 Ans: A 24. In seventeenth- and early eighteenthcentury Europe, most couples A) married in their teens. B) lived together before marriage. C) included an older husband and young wife. D) married in their late twenties. E) had three or fewer children. Ans: D 25. Most girls who sought work outside their families found jobs as A) workers in textile factories. D) shop clerks. B) teachers. E) secretaries. C) domestic servants. Ans: C 26. The pattern of late marriage in early modern Europe resulted primarily from the A) puritanism of rural society. B) prevalence of the extended family structure. C) fear of overpopulation. D) availability of premarital sex. E) necessary precondition of economic independence. Ans: E 27. Prior to 1750, premarital sex A) was nonexistent. B) occurred only among the upper classes. C) was commonplace. D) resulted in a high percentage of illegitimate children. E) was punishable by a prison term. Ans: C

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28. Violations of social norms of traditional lower-class communities were punished by A) banishment. D) fines and imprisonment. B) exile. E) public humiliation. C) public corporal punishment. Ans: E 29. According to the text, one reason for the abusive treatment of young children working in early English factories was probably A) the lack of laws against corporal punishment of children. B) the fact that this was normal treatment for children of the time. C) the absence of children's mothers from the factory shop floor. D) the Anglican clergy's endorsement of such treatment. E) the great stress that their foremen experienced. Ans: B 30. Which of the following played a role in the care of the sick in the eighteenth century? A) Faith healers D) Surgeons B) Apothecaries E) All of the above C) Midwives Ans: E 31. Underlying the “illegitimacy explosion” of 1750–1850 the authors see A) the growth of cottage industry and peasant migration to the cities. B) the decline of traditional moral standards due to the Enlightenment. C) decreasing availability of birth control in the countryside. D) Protestantism's stress on women's equality. E) the sexual exploitation of poor girls by wealthy men. Ans: A 32. The almanacs popular among European peasants were A) pamphlets that made weather predictions for the coming year. B) calendars. C) pamphlets advertising local businesses and services. D) compendiums of astrology, jokes, weird facts, and calendars of religious, astronomical, and agricultural events. E) agronomical texts. Ans: D

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33. The neglectful attitudes toward children in preindustrial Europe were conditioned mostly by A) high infant mortality rates. B) church doctrine. C) Enlightenment philosophy. D) the children's low economic value. E) economic pressure on new migrants to the cities. Ans: A 34. In the eighteenth century, the basic religious unit in Europe was A) the nation. D) the episcopate. B) the individual believer. E) the parish church. C) the archdiocese. Ans: E 35. In foundling homes, babies A) had a better chance of survival on average than in a family setting. B) died at the rate of 50 to 90 percent per year. C) were safer from infectious diseases than outside. D) were deliberately starved in large numbers. E) were prepared for careers in the clergy. Ans: B 36. St. Vincent de Paul is most famous for his A) efforts to outlaw the Society of Jesus. B) perfection of the smallpox vaccination. C) establishment of foundling homes. D) establishment of churches in new, working-class neighborhoods in cities. E) creation of hospitals for lepers. Ans: C 37. The ___________ order was dissolved by the Pope in 1773. A) Jesuit B) Dominican C) Franciscan D) Benedictine Ans: A

E) Ursuline

38. According to the text, one danger that threatened young girls living away from home in domestic service was A) increased risk of contracting infectious diseases. B) reduced chances of marriage on returning home. C) risk of sexual attack by males in the household she served. D) malnutrition due to subsisting on a city diet. E) higher risk of death or injury in street or kitchen accidents. Ans: C

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39. All of the following help explain the appeal of pietism except A) its call for a warm, emotional religion. B) its stress on the priesthood of all believers. C) its belief in the practical power of Christianity. D) its insistence on the authority of the pope. E) its enthusiasm in prayer, worship, preaching, and life itself. Ans: D 40. According to the text, the diet of wealthy Europeans in the eighteenth century A) was much more healthy than that of common folk. B) included large amounts of meat and sweets. C) was far better than that of the rich today. D) was high in vitamins A and C. E) was mostly “pasta et fromage.” Ans: B 41. The diet of the poorer classes consisted largely of bread and A) meat and eggs. D) wild game. B) dairy products. E) mead. C) vegetables. Ans: C 42. A severe deficiency in vitamin C results in the disease known as A) anemia. B) gout. C) dysentery. D) scurvy. E) beri beri. Ans: D 43. The American crop that became an important dietary supplement by the end of the century was A) winter wheat. B) rye. C) rice. D) potatoes. E) lima beans. Ans: D 44. In addition to supervising labor and birth, midwives generally A) practiced witchcraft. B) treated mental patients. C) treated female medical difficulties such as irregular menstrual cycles, venereal diseases, and breast-feeding problems. D) assisted physicians. E) sold contraceptives. Ans: C

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45. In the eighteenth century, faith healers A) had disappeared. B) usually prescribed herbal remedies. C) believed disease was caused by imbalance in the humors. D) used exorcism to treat illness. E) specialized in psychological illnesses. Ans: D 46. Changes in the food consumption habits of Europeans in the eighteenth century included all of the following except A) declining consumption of alcoholic beverages. B) the replacement of coarse whole-wheat bread with white bread. C) greater variety and availability of vegetables. D) increased consumption of sugar. E) the appearance of semitropical fruits such as oranges. Ans: A 47. Many surgeons gained anatomical knowledge and practical experience A) on the many battlefields of Europe. B) by apprenticing themselves to physicians. C) as a result of the legalization of dissection. D) from the rediscovery of Greek and Roman medical writings. E) as barbers. Ans: A 48. John Wesley founded the movement known as ___________. A) Pietism. B) Methodism. C) Reformism. D) Deism. Ans: B

E) Anglicanism.

49. The term lunatic refers to A) someone who drank too much. B) traditional village punishments for those who violated local customs. C) the popular belief that mental illness was caused by moonlight. D) German Protestants who joined the Pietist movement. E) the brown rat, bearer of the bubonic plague. Ans: C 50. The greatest achievement of eighteenthcentury medical science was the A) control of venereal disease. B) elimination of the bubonic plague. C) rise of the animistic school of medicine. D) conquest of smallpox. E) invention of anesthesia for surgery. Ans: D

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51. About __________ __________ percent percent of European European Catholics attended attended church church for Easter Easter Communion. A) 95 B) 65 C) 50 D) 40 E) 75 Ans: A 52. Edward Jenner Jenner received received financial financial prizes from from the British British government government for A) discove discovering ring the first first effect effective ive method method of inoc inocula ulation tion against against smallpox. smallpox. B) discover discovering ing that cowpox cowpox could could be be used used to vaccinat vaccinatee again against st smallpox. smallpox. C) introd introduc ucing ing inocu inoculat lation ion again against st small smallpo pox x to weste western rn Asia Asia.. D) propou propound nding ing the micro microbia biall theor theory y of disea disease. se. E) inve invent ntin ing g impr improv oved ed sewa sewage ge syst system ems. s. Ans: B 53. The term term territoria territoriall churches churches refers refers to A) Cathol Catholic ic churc churche hess stil stilll cont contro rolle lled d by by the pope. pope. B) larg largee pari parish sh chu churc rche hess of any any deno denomi mina nati tion on.. C) chur church ches es outs outsid idee the the cont contro roll of of the the sta state te.. D) chur church ches es cont contro roll lled ed by the the stat state. e. E) churc churches hes on the Americ American an and Austra Australia lian n fron frontie tiers rs.. Ans: D 54. The dissolution dissolution of the Jesuit Jesuit order in 1773 is a striking indication indication of the the A) declin declinee of reli religio gious us fee feelin ling g in the the eig eighte hteen enth th ce century ntury.. B) resu resurg rgen entt pow power er of the the pap papac acy y. C) powe powerr of of the the stat statee ove overr the the chur church ch.. D) vita vitali lity ty of the the Pro Prote test stan antt rev reviv ival al.. E) obsc obscur uran anti tism sm of the the Bour Bourbo bon n mona monarc rchs hs.. Ans: C 55. The popular popular strength strength of religion religion in Catholic countr countries ies reflected reflected A) the the desi desire ress of secu secula larr auth author orit itie ies. s. B) its its imp impor orta tanc ncee in in com commu muni nity ty life life.. C) the the dec decli line ne of papa papall and and cler cleric ical al abus abuses es.. D) the role role of the the pari parish sh cler clergy gy in the the state state bur bureau eaucra cracy cy.. E) wide widesp spre read ad fear fear of the the out outsi side de worl world. d. Ans: B 56. Which of of the followin following g occurred occurred first? first? A) Frede Frederic rick k the the Great Great ascen ascends ds throne throne of Prussi Prussia. a. B) Amer Americ ican an Revo Revolu luti tion on begi begins ns.. C) French nch Re Revolu voluti tion on begins ins. D) Publ Public icat atio ion n of Rou Rouss ssea eau' u'ss Emil Emile. e. E) Loui Louiss XV orde orders rs Jesu Jesuit itss out out of of Fran France ce.. Ans: A

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57. All of the following following were aspects aspects of the the celebration celebration of Carnival Carnival except A) drin drink king ing and dan dancing ing. B) the cha chanc ncee to relea release se pentpent-up up frus frustra tratio tions ns and and aggr aggres essio sions ns.. C) begg beggin ing g forg forgiv iven enes esss for for one' one'ss sin sins. s. D) masquerading. E) inve invers rsio ion n of of the the soc socia iall hier hierar arch chy y. Ans: C 58. All of the following were were aspects of the Protest Protestant ant revival in Germany Germany except except A) rationalism. B) religious ent enthusiasm. C) stre stress ss on the the pri pries esth thoo ood d of of all all bel belie ieve vers rs.. D) the pra practi ctica call power power of Chris Christia tian n rebirt rebirth h in every everyday day affair affairs. s. E) Bib Bible reading ding and study tudy.. Ans: A 59. John Wesley's Wesley's “Methodism” “Methodism” was particularly particularly appealing appealing because because A) he favor favored ed overth overthrow rowing ing abusiv abusivee gov govern ernmen ments. ts. B) he adv advoc ocat ated ed ten tende derr lovi loving ng car caree for for chil childr dren en.. C) he refute refuted d the doctrine doctrine of predes predestina tination tion,, insist insisting ing that that any anyone one who earn earnestl estly y sought salvation could gain it. D) he dec decor orat ated ed his his chu churc rche hess with with Bar Baroq oque ue art art.. E) he allo allowe wed d alco alcoho holl cons consump umptio tion, n, whic which h othe otherr sect sect did not. not. Ans: C 60. Madame Madame du Coudray Coudray's 's best-kno best-known wn work is A) Emile. B) Manu Manual al on the the Art Art of Chil Childb dbir irth th.. C) Thou Though ghts ts on the the Edu Educa cati tion on of Wome Women. n. D) First irst Treatis tise on on Pie Pieti tism sm.. E) Anna Anna Jenn Jennet ette te:: a Nove Novell of of Rust Rustic ic Life. ife. Ans: B 61. How did landowning landowning patterns and and inheritance inheritance practices practices affect marriage marriage and population population growth in the eighteenth century? How did the urban migration and new employment opportunities in the countryside affect marriage practices and relations between men and women generally? Ans: 62. What were the most important important food crops crops introduced introduced into Europe Europe from the Americas? Ans:

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1. sove sovere reig ignt nty y Ans: 2. classi classica call libera liberalis lism m Ans: 3. bour bourge geoi oisi siee Ans: 4. liberty liberty and equality equality Ans: 5. represe representat ntative ive governm government ent Ans: 6. check checkss and balan balance cess Ans: 7. manor manorial ial rights rights Ans: 8. esta estate tess Ans: 9. sans-c sans-culo ulotte ttess Ans: 10. constitu constitution tional al monar monarchy chy Ans: 11. 11. Grea Greatt Fea Fearr Ans: 12. 12. Giro Girond ndis ists ts Ans: 13. 13. Jaco Jacobi bins ns Ans: 14. 14. plann planned ed econ economy omy Ans: 15. 15. Reign Reign of Ter Terror ror Ans:

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16. the second second revolutio revolution n Ans: 17. 17. nati nation onal alis ism m Ans: 18. 18. family family mona monarc rchy hy Ans: 19. Thermido Thermidorean rean reaction reaction Ans: 20. 20. the the Mount Mountai ain n Ans: 21. Liberalism Liberalism inspired the political political revolutionarie revolutionariess in both North America and and France. France. How can we define this political philosophy? How was it manifested in the American and French Revolutions? Ans: First, there should be a definition of of liberalism, liberalism, stressing individual individual political rights rights and private property. Then, the student should indicate the liberalism of each revolution, manifested in the beliefs of the leadership of each and certain fundamental documents such as the American Declaration of Independence, Constitution, and Bill of Rights, and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man, Constitution of 1791, and the Civil Code of Napoleon. 22. Compare the origins origins of the American American and French Revolutions Revolutions.. In what ways ways do the factors behind each revolution reflect the situation in each country? How did these factors influence the course of each revolution? Ans: In this comparative comparative essay, essay, the the student should should describe describe the the origins of of each revolution; one should be certain to include factors (especially the Enlightenment) common to both revolutions as well as the unique aspects of each. For the American Revolution, the role of political control should be addressed; the lack of any serious economic and social problems ought to be considered. For the French Revolution, students should certainly discuss the political conflict among the various rival elites, but also should examine the economic problems, the archaic social structure, and the resultant social conflict. The role of economic and social relations is critical to the explanation of why the French Revolution was so much more violent than the American. A crucial point of similarity is that both revolutions were related to the financial pressures of the Seven Years' War (and, in the French case, the American War of Independence).

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23. The era of the French Revolution also witnessed the birth of the modern feminist movement. Who were the leaders in this movement? What were their beliefs? What was the role of average women? How did the men of the Revolution react to these women? Ans: The essay should begin with a description of Mary Wollstonecraft's positions, outlined in her Vindication of the Rights of Woman; students should be sure to stress the logical implications of natural-law philosophy. Then, the essay should refer to Olympe de Gouges's “Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen”; this more detailed presentation should be discussed fully as it relates to women's position in society. Here again one should be sure to consider the connection to natural-law philosophy. The role of women in important revolutionary events should be noted, as should women's participation in political clubs. Next, students should present the record of both revolutionary governments and Napoleon in terms of women's rights; essays should provide specific examples of the expected role of women as the various constitutions and governments defined it, ranging from the greater protection of property rights granted by the National Assembly through the institutionalization of women's secondary status in the Civil Code. Finally, the arguments of both Wollstonecraft and de Gouges should be assessed as logical extensions of the natural-law philosophy of all men enjoying inalienable rights. 24. “The primary impetus for action during the Revolution came from the common people of France, both rural and urban.” Assess the role of sans-culottes and peasants in the French Revolution. What impact did popular participation have on the success (or failure) of the Revolution? Ans: To begin, this essay should fully discuss the storming of the Bastille as the event that turned a competition among elites for political power into a revolution. Second, the Great Fear and its impact should be described, and analyzed for its impact on the role of the peasantry during the subsequent course of the Revolution. Next, such events as the Women's March on Versailles should be covered. The storming of the Tuileries on August 10, 1792, is another such moment that should be included. The September Massacres should be stressed. With the onset of the Reign of Terror, the role of the population in Paris (and elsewhere) in influencing the revolutionary tribunals should be stressed. The ongoing influence of the Parisian population on the successive legislative bodies until 1795 should also be described. The quiescence of the Parisians following the overthrow of Robespierre is yet another matter that bears discussion. The support of peasants for counterrevolutionary insurgencies in various regions should also be discussed. In terms of motivation, students should certainly emphasize the role of economic collapse on the events of 1789 and the continuing role of the economy in subsequent years; essays should also discuss the creation of political parties and how these parties' competition helped to politicize and radicalize the Parisians to such an extent that the Parisians became aware of their political power. Finally, students should provide an opinion as to the impact of the people on the Revolution; the discussion of the role of the people on the course of the Revolution should reveal their crucial role.

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25. In 1799, when Napoleon seized power, France had been in political turmoil for a decade, with mass violence, coup d'états, and multiple constitutions. How did Napoleon stabilize French politics? What were the specifics of the “Napoleonic Settlement”? Ans: This essay could note the continuation of republic forms even as Napoleon solidified his dictatorship. It ought to explain how Napoleon's Civil Code of 1804 guaranteed protection of property and so won the support of the middle classes, the wealthy, and peasants who had gained land from the Revolution. Napoleon's expansion of the bureaucracy enabled him to recruit new political clients, and his amnesty to the old nobility in exile reconciled many of them to his rule. Finally, the writer might discuss the Concordat of 1801, in which Napoleon allowed French Catholics to practice their religion freely but gained from the Pope recognition of his power to nominate bishops and pay the clergy. 26. What seem to have been the greatest effects of the French Revolution on the life of ordinary people all over Europe? Ans: The rise of nationalism both inside and outside France was certainly one very important result of the Revolution and the Napoleonic wars. The abolition of feudal dues and the introduction of the Napoleonic Civil Code in many areas under French control (and in France itself, of course) was another important consequence. The essayist could also describe how the Civil Code itself reduced women's legal rights, including property rights. He or she might also discuss the Jacobin Terror and Napoleon's police state as precedents for police terror in later European regimes. 27. It has been argued that the financial problems of the royal government were a major cause of the French Revolution. What were these problems? How did Louis XVI's government attempt to deal with the financial crisis? How did these problems precipitate the Revolution? Ans: This question demands a rather thorough examination of the financial problems of the French government during the eighteenth century; although the question specifies governmental problems, a good essay will relate governmental financial difficulties to the general economic problems of France. In the enumeration of these problems, students should emphasize the long-term nature of this issue; emphasis should be placed on the burgeoning royal debt (the various sources of this debt should be noted) and the shrinking tax base, the difficulty of acquiring new sources of credit, and the limited options available to Louis XVI. The king's efforts to reform the tax system (mention could be made of the efforts of Louis XV in this regard) and resistance of the Parlement of Paris must next be considered. Ultimately, students should conclude the essay with the calling of the Assembly of Notables, and the resultant attempt by the nobles to destroy the remnants of absolutist monarchy in France; the economic distress of the people of Paris and many in the countryside would push the French into revolution.

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28. The French Revolution and the Napoleonic era produced profound change in Europe. What were the gains and losses of the various social groupings—nobility, bourgeoisie, workers, peasants, women—in this era? Who gained the most? Who benefited the least? Ans: This essay should describe and analyze the impact of the revolutionary and Napoleonic eras on the social groupings enumerated in the question. Students should be sensitive to changes in political power, economic well-being, educational opportunity, and social status; the essay should indicate whether groups experienced consistent improvement or decline—that is, it should discuss the ebb and flow of events as they affected each social grouping. Finally, the winners and losers must be identified; for example, the gains of the peasantry resulting from abolition of feudalism and the protection of these gains by the Civil Code identify this group as a winner but, on the other hand, recruitment into the army and civil war were both negative factors for the peasants. 29. In 1792 the revolutionary government of France executed the former king, Louis XVI. Upon Napoleon's abdication in April 1814, another Bourbon monarch, Louis XVIII, took the French throne. Did the French Revolution effect long-term changes in French politics and society? If so, what were they? Ans: This question requires the student to think through the text's narrative of the French Revolution and sift out just how France in 1815 was different from France in 1789. He or she might come up with the abolition of feudal dues and noble privileges, the establishment of legal equality of all adult males, the administrative and legal homogenization of France, the nationalist mobilization of the whole society, the restriction of the king by constitutional limitations on his power, and the reduced legal status of women. 30. The group that met in 1787 to discuss tax reform was the A) Estates General. D) National Convention. B) Assembly of Notables. E) Parlement of Paris C) National Assembly. Ans: B 31. During the Reign of Terror, the dominant person on the Committee of Public Safety was A) Abbé Sieyès. D) Charles Fourier. B) Napoleon Bonaparte. E) Maximilien Robespierre. C) Georges Danton. Ans: E 32. During the Hundred Days, A) the sans-culottes committed the September Massacres. B) Napoleon was driven from Russia. C) Napoleon returned from exile to rule France briefly. D) the Reign of Terror executed 30,000 people. E) the National Assembly wrote France's first constitution. Ans: C

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33. Napoleon seized power in A) 1799. B) 1802. C) 1789. Ans: A

D) 1812.

E) 1793.

34. The Declaration of Pillnitz A) was issued by Austria and Prussia to intimidate French revolutionaries. B) abolished the Holy Roman Empire. C) affirmed the rights of French men and women. D) insured the continuation of slavery in French colonies. E) declared war on the French revolutionary government. Ans: A 35. All of the following were aspects of the influence of the American Revolution on the French Revolution except A) providing young men with a taste of revolutionary action and ideals. B) providing a revolutionary role model. C) increasing the class conflict between nobility and bourgeoisie. D) increasing the financial burdens of the state. E) providing the example of a revolutionary government producing a written constitution. Ans: C 36. The Stamp Act of 1765 A) required residents of the British colonies in North America to pay a tax on a long list of legal documents, publications, dice, playing cards, and so on. B) required residents of the British colonies to pay for a special “colonial” stamp in their passports. C) established the first nationwide postal service in Great Britain. D) placed high taxes on tea imported to the Americas. E) allowed the king to rule the colonies by decree, bypassing Parliament. Ans: A 37. Mary Wollstonecraft argued that A) women were naturally inferior to men. B) thorough reform in France would lead to anarchy. C) women's place in society was in the private sphere. D) men and women would benefit from sexual equality. E) children under the age of seventeen ought not to be employed in factories. Ans: D

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38. Which of the following occurred first? A) Napoleon founds the Bank of France. B) Napoleon overthrows the Directory. C) France signs the Treaty of Amiens with Britain. D) Britain defeats France at the Battle of Trafalgar. E) Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Britain form the Quadruple Alliance. Ans: B 39. Which of the following occurred last? A) Napoleon founds the Bank of France. B) Napoleon invades Russia. C) Napoleon crowns himself emperor. D) France signs the Treaty of Amiens with Britain. E) Britain defeats France at the Battle of Trafalgar. Ans: B 40. In 1801 Napoleon signed a Concordat with A) King George III. D) B) Alexander II. E) C) King Emanuel III. Ans: D

Pope Pius VII. the National Assembly.

41. According to the text, the Directory continued French wars of conquest begun by early revolutionary governments A) out of an ideological commitment to liberate all of Europe from aristocratic domination. B) out of fear that without French intervention Russia would dominate the continent. C) because big, victorious armies kept men employed and could draw sustenance from the conquered areas. D) because the nationalistic populace demanded this. E) to prevent the French people from asking questions about the Terror of 1793 to 1794. Ans: C 42. The National Assembly that ruled France from 1789–1791 passed laws that A) eliminated women's right to hold property. B) made divorce more difficult. C) banned Catholic priests from marrying couples. D) broadened women's rights to seek divorce and inherit property. E) made men and women equal. Ans: D

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43. The Treaty of ___________ (1802) left France in control of Holland and the Austrian Netherlands. A) Amiens B) Munich C) Amsterdam D) Antwerp E) Brussels Ans: A 44. ___________, Russia, and Sweden joined with Britain to form the Third Coalition against France. A) Spain B) Portugal C) Prussia D) Italy E) Austria Ans: E 45. Eighteenthcentury liberalism called for all of the following except A) individual human rights. D) equality of opportunity. B) economic equality. E) religious tolerance. C) the people's sovereignty. Ans: B 46. Abbé Sieyès's answer to the question “What is the Third Estate?” was that it was A) a bunch of rabble-rousers. B) the true strength of the French nation. C) those who adhered to liberalism. D) the business and professional elite. E) a parasitic class that robbed the peasantry and artisans of the just fruits of their labor. Ans: B 47. Napoleon defeated Austria and Russia at the Battle of ___________ in 1805. A) Bordeno B) Westphalia C) Berlin D) Austerlitz E) Jena Ans: D 48. During the early years of the French Revolution A) peasant women were among the most radical revolutionaries. B) common Parisian women played key roles in a number of Revolution events. C) some French women were elected to posts in the Estates General, the National Assembly, and the Legislative Assembly. D) women all over France were politically passive. E) Marie Antoinette, wife of King Louis XVI, came out in support of the revolutionaries. Ans: B 49. The first great revolt against the Grand Empire occurred in ___________ in 1808. A) Spain B) Italy C) Holland D) Portugal E) the Rhineland Ans: A

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50. The distinctiveness distinctiveness of North American American society included included all of the following following except A) grea greatt politi politica call equal equality ity compa compared red to to Europ Europea ean n societ societies ies.. B) probab probably ly the highe highest st livi living ng stand standard ardss in the world world.. C) pers person onal al fre freed edom om in in ques questi tion onss of reli religi gion on.. D) a trad tradit itio ion n of of self self-g -gov over ernm nmen ent. t. E) a high high deg degre reee of soci social al and and eco econo nomi micc equa equali lity ty.. Ans: B 51. Between 1778 1778 and 1780, 1780, the former British colonies colonies in North North America were were joined in in their war against Britain by A) France. B) France and Spain. C) Fran France ce,, Spai Spain, n, and and the the Neth Nether erla land nds. s. D) Fran France ce,, Spai Spain, n, the the Net Nethe herl rlan ands ds,, and and Swed Sweden en.. E) Russia. Ans: A 52. Opponen Opponents ts of the U.S. Constituti Constitution on were called called A) Loyalists. D) B) Federalists. E) C) AntiFederalists. Ans: C

Liberals. Republicans.

53. In the 1780s, 1780s, over 50 percent percent of France's France's annual budget was expended expended on A) the military. D) interest payments on the debt. B) the royal court. E) bread subsidies for the poor. C) admin dminis istr traativ tive fun functio tions. Ans: D 54. The legal definition definition of the composition composition of the prerevolu prerevolutionary tionary Third Estate included included A) every everyon onee who who was was not not a nob noble le or or membe memberr of the clerg clergy. y. B) the clergy. C) the peasantry. D) the nobility. E) bus busine inessme ssmen n an and art artiisan sans. Ans: A 55. Revisionist historians historians of the the French Revolution stress all of the following except the A) fluidi fluidity ty and and rela relativ tivee open openne ness ss of the nobili nobility ty.. B) adop adopti tion on of libe libera rali lism sm by many many nobl nobles es.. C) common common econo economic mic goals goals of the the nob nobili ility ty and the middle middle class. class. D) confli conflict ct betw betwee een n the the nobil nobility ity and and the the bou bourg rgeoi eoisie sie.. E) idea that the Old Regi Regime me had had ceased ceased to corre correspon spond d with the socia sociall reality reality of the the 1780s. Ans: D

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56. The men elected elected to represent represent the Third Estate at the Estates General General were primarily primarily A) provincial nobles. D) sansculottes. B) businessmen. E) wealthy peasants. C) lawy lawyer erss and and gove govern rnme ment nt offi offici cial als. s. Ans: C 57. The grievance grievance petitions petitions from all three estates estates called called for all of the following following except A) an Amer Americ ican an-s -sty tyle le repu republ blic ic.. B) a cons consti titu tuti tion onal al mona monarc rchy hy.. C) the the guar guaran ante teee by law law of ind indiv ivid idua uall libe libert rtie ies. s. D) economic re reforms. E) improv improveme ement nt in the livi living ng cond conditi itions ons of prov provinc incia iall clerg clergy. y. Ans: A 58. The Tennis Tennis Court Court Oath was A) swor sworn n by Maxi Maximi mili lien en Rob Robes espi pier erre re.. B) swo sworn by King ing Louis uis XVI XVI. C) swor sworn n by by memb member erss of of the the Pari Pariss par parle leme ment nt.. D) sworn sworn by all deleg delegate atess of of the the Estate Estatess Gen Genera eral. l. E) sworn sworn by renegad renegadee deleg delegates ates from the Estates Estates Gene General, ral, most of them them from from the the Third Estate. Ans: E 59. The term term “Great “Great Fear” Fear” refers refers to the the A) Reig Reign n of Terr Terror or (179 (1793– 3–94 94). ). B) murde murderr of thous thousand andss of detai detaine nees es in Par Paris is priso prisons ns in in the fall fall of of 1792. 1792. C) fear of vaga vagabond bondss and and outlaws outlaws in the the countr countrys yside ide that fanned fanned the the flame flamess of rebellion in the summer of 1789. D) horrif horrific ic retr retreat eat of the the Grea Greatt Army Army from from Russia Russia in 1812. 1812. E) panic panic at the invasion invasion of Fran France ce by by Austr Austria ia and and Pru Prussia ssia in the the summer summer of 1792. 1792. Ans: C 60. The Declaration Declaration of the Rights of Man and and Citizen guarantee guaranteed d all of the following except except A) equa qualit lity befor fore the the law law. B) economic equality. C) repr repres esen enta tati tive ve gove govern rnme ment nt.. D) individual fr freedom. E) the presum presumpti ption on of of inno innocen cence ce in in crimi crimina nall inves investig tigat ation ions. s. Ans: B

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61. The accomplishments accomplishments of the National National Assembly included included all of the following following except the A) admini administr strati ative ve reorg reorgan aniza izatio tion n of of the the provi provinc nces. es. B) intr introd oduc ucti tion on of the the metr metric ic syst system em.. C) introd introduc uctio tion n of of univ univers ersal al compu compulso lsory ry educ educati ation. on. D) abolit abolition ion of mono monopo polie lies, s, guil guilds, ds, and and inter interna nall tari tariffs ffs.. E) abol abolit itio ion n of of the the nobi nobili lity ty as a leg legal al orde order. r. Ans: C 62. According to the the text the string of French French military military victories victories after the winter winter of 1793–1974 was largely due to A) sup superio rior general ralship ship.. B) patrio patriotis tism m and and the super superior ior numb numbers ers suppli supplied ed by by the the dra draft. ft. C) supe superi rior or Fre Frenc nch h tech techno nolo logy gy and and tact tactic ics. s. D) Austri Austria' a'ss with withdra drawal wal from from the First First Coalit Coalition ion.. E) Frenc ench con contr tro ol of of the the seas. as. Ans: B 63. During During the Septem September ber Massac Massacres, res, A) Robesp Robespier ierre re crush crushed ed the Conspi Conspira racy cy of Equa Equals. ls. B) the the Dire Direct ctor ory y sup suppr pres esse sed d popu popula larr revo revolt lts. s. C) the king fled France. D) the Aust Austria rian n army army slau slaugh ghter tered ed civil civilian ianss in easte easterrn Franc France. e. E) Pari Parisi sian an cro crowd wdss slau slaugh ghte tere red d pris prison on inm inmat ates es.. Ans: E 64. The life-and-death life-and-death political political struggle struggle between the the Girondins and the the Mountain resulted resulted mainly from A) profou profound nd diffe differen rence cess on on questi question onss of of poli policy cy.. B) the the Gir Giron ondi dins ns'' rej rejec ecti tion on of war. war. C) the Girond Girondins ins'' radic radical al econ economi omicc and and soci social al poli polici cies. es. D) pers person onal al hatr hatred ed and and jea jealo lous usy y. E) reli relig giou ious diffe ifferrences. es. Ans: D 65. According to the the text, in the summer of 1789 the the National National Assembly was was driven toward more radical action by A) Maximi Maximilie lien n Robesp Robespier ierre re's 's brill brillian iantt rheto rhetoric ric.. B) fear fear of atta attack ck by Aust Austri riaa and and Prus Prussi sia. a. C) King King Louis Louis XVI's XVI's attem attempte pted d flig flight ht from from Fran France ce.. D) revolutio revolutionary nary actions actions by French French peas peasants ants and the common common people people of Paris Paris.. E) the the comp comple leti tion on of of the the Amer Americ ican an cons consti titu tuti tion on.. Ans: D

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66. The Reign Reign of of Terror Terror ende ended d when A) the the Fir First st Coa Coali liti tion on armi armies es ent enter ered ed Pari Paris. s. B) the Pope Pope threa threaten tened ed to excomm excommuni unica cate te Robesp Robespier ierre. re. C) members members of the the Convent Convention, ion, afraid afraid Robesp Robespierr ierree woul would d turn turn the the Terror Terror on them, them, had him arrested and executed. D) crowds crowds of Parisian Parisianss storm stormed ed the jails jails and and release released d the the prisoner prisoners. s. E) the the Fren rench army rmy muti mutini nieed. Ans: C 67. The Reign Reign of Terror was directed directed primarily primarily at A) the aristocracy. D) B) monarchists and Girondins. C) memb membeers of the the mid midd dle cla class. ss. Ans: D

E)

any and all enemies of the Revolution. the clergy.

68. The __________ __________ system system was meant to exclude exclude British goods goods from the continent. continent. A) continental B) blockade C) exculsion D) French E) imperial Ans: A 69. The Committ Committee ee of Public Public Safety Safety was A) Nap Napole oleon' on's sec secret ret poli policce. B) the the Pari Pariss poli police ce depa depart rtme ment nt.. C) King King Lou Louis is XVI XVI's 's sec secret retar ariat iat for for roads roads and publi publicc wor works. ks. D) an emergen emergency cy executiv executivee commit committee tee appointe appointed d by by the Conventi Convention. on. E) the Parlia Parliamen mentar tary y comm committ ittee ee cha chaire ired d by Sir Edmun Edmund d Burk Burke. e. Ans: D 70. Napoleon's Napoleon's invasion of __________ __________ began began in June 1812. 1812. A) Russia B) Prussia C) Italy D) Britain E) Sweden Ans: A 71. Accordin According g to Olympe Olympe de Gouge Gouges, s, A) women women shou should ld enjo enjoy y spec special ial rights rights and and privi privileg leges. es. B) men and and wome women n shou should ld be equal equal in the eyes eyes of the law. law. C) monar monarch chy y was was the the mos mostt oppr oppress essive ive form form of of gov govern ernme ment. nt. D) it was was natur natural al to exclud excludee women women from from the politi politica call proce process. ss. E) the gover governme nment nt oug ought ht to to spons sponsor or free free publi publicc day day care care.. Ans: B 72. What were the three basic components components of the Napoleon Napoleonic ic empire? How did did this imperial imperial organization affect the future course of European history? Ans:

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73. What were the geographic and climatological factors that helped transform Napoleon's 1812 campaign into a complete disaster? Ans: 74. On a blank outline map of Europe, mark the boundaries of France in 1789 and 1814. What does this reveal about both the power unleashed by the Revolution and the conciliatory gestures of the victorious Quadruple Alliance? Ans:

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1. Industrial Revolution Ans: 2. spinning jenny Ans: 3. water frame Ans: 4. body linen Ans: 5. steam engine Ans: 6. coke Ans: 7. Rocket Ans: 8. Crystal Palace Ans: 9. iron law of wages Ans: 10. economic nationalism Ans: 11. tariff protection Ans: 12. class-consciousness Ans: 13. Luddites Ans: 14. Factory Act of 1833 Ans: 15. Mines Act of 1842 Ans:

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16. Combination Acts Ans: 17. Grand National Consolidated Trades Union Ans: 18. Technological innovation played a critical role in the industrial development of Britain. Assess the impact of technology on the British economy by examining innovations in textile production. Ans: Essays should begin by identifying the need for technological innovation: the production bottlenecks in the cottage system and the inability to keep up with rising demand, for example. Following this, there should be a narrative of the technological innovations, with references to the specific inventions and their practical applications: Hargreaves, Arkwright, and Crompton should all be included, as should Watt. Next, students should assess the impact of this technology on the productivity of the British textile industry and what this meant for subsequent growth (in textiles and other industries) and competition with other economies. Then, the impact on the workforce should be fully assessed; this assessment should be sure to address the proletarianization of artisanal workers and the urbanization of rural workers. There should also be a discussion of the increased role of factory discipline. Finally, students should attempt to generalize about the British economy, based on the assessment of the textile industry. 19. Britain was the first industrial nation. Why? Ans: The essay should begin with a thorough description of contributing factors, including the physical environment (the importance of water transport should be stressed), the impact of the Agricultural Revolution (which should be emphasized), the Atlantic economy, cottage industry, government stability and positive attitude toward commercial and industrial expansion, unified national market, capitalistic spirit, human capital in terms of labor and technological innovators, and credit facilities and instruments (such as the Bank of England and limited liability). Following this descriptive section, the student should identify those factors unique to Britain. Finally, students should decide which factor was most important, and justify this decision.

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20. The Industrial Revolution profoundly affected the British working classes. Describe the impact of the Industrial Revolution on working-class men, women, and children. What is meant by the concept of class-consciousness, and how did this reflect the reality of the situation in Britain during this period? Overall, was the Industrial Revolution beneficial or harmful for the working class? Ans: This essay should describe the lives of the working class in terms of such matters as employment opportunities, working and living conditions, sexual division of labor, education, and political rights; students should be sure to discuss the psychological transvaluations resulting from changes in the work process and the new urban environment. Reference to the testimony of the Ashley Mines Commission would reinforce students' arguments. The changing patterns of employment in the factory system, from pauper apprentices to family units to the male-dominated workforce, and the role of kinship networks in the labor market should be addressed. Next, there should be a discussion of class-consciousness, including a definition of the term and scholarly understanding of how it developed. In this section, students should compare the concept of classconsciousness to the very stratified society created by the Industrial Revolution. Finally, the student should provide an informed opinion on the optimist/pessimist debate on the benefits of the Industrial Revolution for the working people of Britain. 21. Explain how available forms of credit catalyzed or inhibited the Industrial Revolution in different countries. Ans: This essay might begin with a comparison of mid-eighteenth-century England with mid-eighteenth-century France. Britain had an effective central bank, the Bank of England, while France did not. The essayist ought to explain how state guarantees of debt and private bonds facilitated the construction of railroads in Prussia and France. Also important is the creation of limited liability corporate banks, first in Belgium in the 1830s and later in France and Germany.

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22. What was the impact of industrialization on the women of Britain? How does the evidence of the Ashley Mines Commission (in “Listening to the Past”) broaden our understanding of this process? How have historians interpreted these changes? Were these changes positive or negative? Why? Ans: In this essay students should describe the employment opportunities and working conditions for working-class women at the outset of the Industrial Revolution. Reference should be made to the early employment of women in textile factories and the tendency to hire family units. Next, students should describe the changes, resulting from both parliamentary legislation and labor leaders' efforts, in the employment opportunities available to women; the changes in family and marriages that affected women should also be acknowledged. Ashley Commission evidence should be referenced to support the generalizations made in the essay. Following this, the student should describe the various historical interpretations, from patriarchal-dominated labor movements to the requirements of running an urban household. To conclude, students should take and defend a position regarding the positive or negative nature of these changes. 23. Britain was the “workshop of the world,” but soon after the fall of Napoleon in 1815, industrialization began to spread to the European continent. Trace the course of industrial development on the continent. What were the key features of this development? What were the positive and negative aspects of being a “follower” nation? Ans: After the narrative description of industrial development on the continent, being sure to emphasize the key features (emigration of British experts, importance of government policy, use of foreign specialists, spread of industrial technology, expense of newest technology, and so on), students should discuss the unique aspects of continental industrialization and why changes took place. In this section, the role of the state must be stressed, in light of the greater expense associated with railroad construction on the continent and the generally higher cost of later industrialization and the more powerfully entrenched nobility; that is, students should emphasize the generally greater role of the state in the industrial development of the xontinent than that of Britain. Finally, essays should conclude with the beneficial and detrimental aspects of being a “follower” economy: include strong, stable governments, artisanal laboring tradition, wealth, natural resources, blueprint to follow for avoiding the problems of early British industrialization, and access to the latest technology; negative aspects include such matters as greater costs, resistance of entrenched nobility, and fear of the social problems evident in Britain. 24. How did the Industrial Revolution impact political and economic thought in eighteenthand early nineteenth-century Europe? Ans: This essay should draw on the text's discussion of Thomas Malthus, David Ricardo, Friedrich List, Friedrich Engels, and Robert Owen. It should also address the emergence of the ideology of “separate spheres” for men and women in the context of the Industrial Revolution.

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25. The Industrial Revolution not only transformed British industry and society, it also called forth a multifaceted reform effort to cope with the societal problems created by industrialization. What were the goals and motivations of both the parliamentary reform movement and the labor movement in nineteenthcentury Britain? What were their successes and failures? Ans: This essay should begin with a brief description of the problems: working conditions, living conditions, class conflict, exploitation. Next, students should discuss the parliamentary reform effort, including leadership, goals, and motivations, information gathering, and relevant legislation; students should be sure to discuss the role of upper-middle-class women as well as the role of party politics in the efforts of the reformers. Then, essays should turn to the labor movement; this section should discuss the efforts of such reformers as Owen as well as the efforts of the working class itself to organize politically, to improve working and living conditions, and to insure higher wages, job security, and the like. The rise of class-consciousness, the Combination Acts, and the emergence of the “new model unions” should be discussed. Students should be sure to include the political balance between Whigs and Tories that often enabled the working classes to make gains. Successes would include such things as the Factory Act and Mines Act, repeal of the Corn Laws, and formation of the labor movement in general; failures would include, of course, Owen's grandiose schemes of societal reform and the primary aim of the Chartist movement—the right to vote. An astute essay will conclude by assessing the impact of these early efforts on subsequent developments in labor relations. 26. The railroad has been called the “crowning glory” of the Industrial Revolution. Describe the impact of the railroad on the development of industry in Britain and on the continent. Ans: This essay calls for a discussion of the railroads as a leading sector of a developing economy. Students should begin with a definition of what a leading sector does, in terms of creating demand across a broad spectrum of the economy. Next, students should look at the specific impact of the railroads in Europe at the time. There should certainly be mention of the ravenous appetite of the railroad industry for steel, wood products, coal, machined parts, capital, and labor. Next, students should emphasize the role of the railroad in nation building; in this respect essays should focus on such aspects as the railroads' creation of nationally unified markets and the decline of regional particularism, and the increased pace of rural to urban migration; on the continent the central position of the national capital in the rail network should be indicated, leading to a discussion of the role of the railroad in extending the power of the central government. Finally, the conquest of distance and its practical and psychological impact should be examined.

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27. Which of the following events occurred first? A) Watt invented modern steam engine. B) Combination Acts passed. C) Mines Act passed. D) Great exposition held at Crystal Palace. E) Malthus published Essay on the Principle of Population. Ans: A 28. British economist Thomas Malthus argued that A) population pressure would always force wages down to subsistence levels. B) using young children in factories was immoral. C) population always grew faster than the food supply. D) the standard of living was a reflection of industrial capacity. E) Methodism was a key factor in keeping the working class from revolting. Ans: C 29. Richard Arkwright is best known for his invention of  A) the flying shuttle. D) the water frame. B) the first modern railroad engine. E) the spinning jenny. C) an improved steam engine. Ans: D 30. In the eighteenth century, a shortage of __________ held British industry back. A) coal B) water C) wood D) iron E) steel Ans: C 31. The trains of the 1830s traveled at about ________ miles per hour. A) sixteen B) twenty-two C) thirty-five D) fifty E) sixty Ans: A 32. The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was A) originally a government-sponsored response to urbanization. B) usually a response to the wishes of the families. C) replaced by the system of pauper apprenticeship. D) outlawed by the Combination Acts. E) highly inefficient. Ans: B 33. Early textile factories in Britain worked with A) cotton. B) flax. C) silk. D) hemp. Ans: A

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E) wool.

34. The first modern factories arose in the A) furnituremaking industry. B) steel industry. C) textile industry. Ans: C

D) E)

railroad industry. chemical industry.

35. All of the following were consequences of revolutionary changes in the textile industry except A) cheaper cotton goods. B) a dramatic increase in weavers' wages. C) the movement of large numbers of agricultural workers into the industry. D) a reduction in child labor. E) easier access to yarn for handloom weavers. Ans: D 36. All of the following facilitated the Industrial Revolution in eighteenth-century Britain except A) the existence of extensive colonial markets for manufactured goods. B) extensive investment of foreign capital in Britain. C) the network of canals constructed from the 1770s. D) large deposits of iron and coal in England and Wales. E) a prosperous and efficient agriculture. Ans: B 37. The earliest steam engines were A) used to pump water out of coal mines. B) developed by James Watt. C) those used to propel locomotives. D) used as central power sources for the new factories. E) used to run mechanical spinning jennies. Ans: A 38. The difficulties faced by the continental economies in their efforts to compete with the British included all of the following except the A) low prices of British mass-produced goods. B) complexity and expense of the new technology. C) resistance of landowning elites. D) scarcity of human capital. E) devastation left by the Napoleonic wars. Ans: D

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39. Because working conditions were poor in early textile factories A) factory owners paid people well to work in them. B) factory owners turned to orphaned children as an important part of their workforce. C) factory owners turned to African slaves as an important part their workforce. D) factory owners turned to Irish immigrants as an important part their workforce. E) factory owners turned to peasant women as an important part their workforce. Ans: B 40. The major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the Industrial Revolution was A) Thomas Newcomen's 1705 steam engine. B) The development of the internal combustion engine. C) The use of running water to power cotton-spinning machinery. D) James Watt's steam engine, developed and marketed between the 1760s and the 1780s. E) Sir Isaac Newton's discovery of the law of action and reaction. Ans: D 41. James Watt solved the inefficiency problems of early steam engines by A) increasing the size of the engines. B) adding a separate condenser. C) using a better grade of coal for fuel. D) using accurate, precision parts. E) uniting the combustion chamber with the piston cylinder. Ans: B 42. According to the text, the world's first important railroad, completed in 1830, ran between A) Baltimore and Washington, D.C. D) Liverpool and Manchester. B) London and Edinburgh. E) Paris and Bordeaux. C) Moscow and St. Petersburg. Ans: D 43. By reducing the cost of overland freight, the railroad A) created national markets. B) reduced the volume of world trade. C) strengthened regional economies. D) strengthened rural cottage industry. E) drove the British merchant marine out of business. Ans: A

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44. The men who built the European railroads were typically A) slaves imported from Africa. D) urban factory workers. B) army soldiers. E) Slavs hired from eastern Europe. C) rural laborers and peasants. Ans: C 45. The Crystal Palace exhibition of 1851 commemorated the A) industrial dominance of Britain. B) half-century of labor reforms in Britain. C) creation of the German Zollverein. D) Battle of Waterloo. E) launching of the Great Eastern. Ans: A 46. According to the table “Per Capita Levels of Industrialization,” which countries were closest behind Britain in industrialization in the first half of the nineteenth century? A) Germany and the United States. D) France and Germany. B) France and the United States. E) Belgium and the United States. C) Germany and Russia. Ans: E 47. William Cockerill was A) the inventor of the spinning jenny. B) the chief financial backer of the first commercial railway in England. C) an English carpenter who built cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium. D) the prime minister of Britain who opposed the Factory Act of 1833. E) the British general at Waterloo. Ans: C 48. David Ricardo formulated the A) wage-price index. B) population-poverty index. C) theory of positive checks. Ans: E 49. Friedrich List was an early proponent of  A) economic liberalism. B) working-class unions. C) factory regulation and reform. Ans: D

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D) E)

principle of population. iron law of wages.

D) E)

economic nationalism. state ownership of the economy.

50. The key development that allowed continental banks to shed their earlier conservative nature was the A) industrialization of the continent. B) establishment of limited liability investment. C) replacement of the old managers with young, aggressive investment bankers. D) recruitment of bank deposits from the landed aristocracy. E) influx of British investment. Ans: B 51. ______________ managed to raise per capita industrial levels in the nineteenth century. A) Only Britain D) Only Britain and Germany B) Only Britain, France, and Germany E) All European states C) Only Britain, Germany, and Belgium Ans: E 52. In The Condition of the Working Class in England, Friedrich Engels stated that A) the social problems in Britain were not a product of the Industrial Revolution. B) the British middle classes were guilty of “mass murder” and “wholesale robbery.” C) in general, the living conditions of the working class were slowly improving. D) the class consciousness of the working class would lead to social revolution. E) the working class was itself responsible for most of the problems its members faced. Ans: B 53. The greatest change workers faced with the shift from cottage industry to factory work was A) lower wages. D) a new tempo and discipline. B) harder work. E) repetitive work. C) the destruction of familyunit labor. Ans: D 54. Scholarly statistical studies of the condition of members of the British working class indicate that A) their standard of living improved steadily from the beginning of industrialization. B) improvement did not come until the period after 1820. C) the standard of living for British workers deteriorated throughout the nineteenth century. D) only skilled workers enjoyed improvements in their standard of living. E) the Industrial Revolution made little difference in the living standards of the working class. Ans: B

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55. Most early industrialists drew on ____________ for labor and capital. A) family and friends D) the investing public B) national banks E) government investment C) government loans Ans: A 56. The Factory Act of 1833 A) outlawed employment of children under thirteen. B) limited the workday for children between six and nine to four hours a day. C) limited the workday for children between nine and thirteen to eight hours a day. D) limited the workday for children under sixteen to eight hours a day. E) established lower pay scales for children under sixteen. Ans: C 57. Scholarly debate about the origins of the sexual division of labor during the Industrial Revolution revolves around A) arguments ascribing the division to ingrained patriarchal traditions versus those ascribing it to economic and biological factors. B) arguments ascribing the division to traditional religious mores versus those ascribing it to owners' desire to hire adult males. C) arguments ascribing the division to the Factory Act of 1833 versus those ascribing it to the Combinations Act of 1799. D) arguments ascribing the division to the return of soldiers to Britain at the end of the Napoleonic wars versus those ascribing it to women's desire to be at home rearing their children. E) arguments ascribing the division to early socialist ideas versus arguments ascribing it to traditional religious mores. Ans: A 58. The law which outlawed labor unions and strikes in Britain was the A) Factory Act of 1833. D) Combination Acts of 1799. B) Mines Act of 1842. E) Reform Law of 1848. C) Coercive Acts of 1766. Ans: D 59. The key demand of the Chartist movement was A) that all men have the right to vote. B) an eighthour workday and a minimum wage. C) a ban on women and children working in the factories. D) repeal of the Combination Acts. E) freedom of religion. Ans: A

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60. The Mines Act of 1842 A) prohibited underground work for women. B) prohibited underground work for women as well as boys under ten. C) prohibited underground work for boys under ten. D) prohibited underground work for boys under sixteen. E) established new safety rules for underground work. Ans: B 61. Railroad construction on the continent A) was much cheaper than it had been in Britain. B) featured varying degrees of government involvement. C) was generally the work of private entrepreneurs. D) generally followed the British pattern. E) was actually ahead of British railroad construction. Ans: B 62. The Amalgamated Society of Engineers represented A) all factory workers. D) construction specialists. B) railway operators. E) factory owners. C) skilled machinists. Ans: C 63. In the 1760s, Monday was popularly known as ___________ because so many workers took the day off. A) holi-day. D) Saint Monday B) Idle Monday E) Rest Day C) Lazy Monday Ans: D 64. Compare the population and industrial distribution of Britain in 1750 and in 1850, presented in Maps 22.1 and 22.2. How can we explain the changes in this distribution? Ans: 65. What factors affected the location of the first railroads on the continent? Ans: 66. How does geography help explain Britain's early industrial development? Ans:

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1. Congress of Vienna Ans: 2. liberalism Ans: 3. laissez faire Ans: 4. nationalism Ans: 5. socialism Ans: 6. romanticism Ans: 7. Sturm und Drang Ans: 8. Corn Laws Ans: 9. Great Famine Ans: 10. Holy Alliance Ans: 11. Carlsbad Decrees Ans: 12. parasites Ans: 13. doers Ans: 14. bourgeoisie Ans: 15. proletariat Ans:

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16. Battle of Peterloo Ans: 17. dual revolution Ans: 18. “The Congress of Vienna represented the highest achievements of European balance-ofpower politics: faced with the task of creating a lasting peace following the generation of warfare, the statesmen at Vienna succeeded admirably.” Assess the validity of this quotation. Who were the leaders at the Congress? What principles guided their actions? What were the primary elements of the peace settlement? How successful was the Congress at creating a stable Europe? Ans: Students should begin the essay by identifying the chief players: Metternich, Castlereagh, Talleyrand, and Alexander I. Next, there should be a brief narrative of the problems: control of France, Russian ambitions, redrawing the map of central Europe, preventing further wars. Then, students should discuss fully the underlying principles; simply mentioning balance of power is not enough. Included should be a discussion of legitimacy, equilibrium, compensation, and conservatism. Following this theoretical discussion, essays should describe how these theories were followed or ignored in practice by considering how the balance was restored to Europe and future security insured; this section should include a consideration of the treatment of France, security measures instituted, and compensation made to restore the balance of power. Finally, an assessment of the effectiveness of the Congress should be made, based on the goals of the diplomats, their effectiveness in achieving the goals, and generally whether Europe enjoyed an era of peace; the astute essay will not only mention the decades without a general European war, but will also discuss the role of intervention in internal affairs to forestall or put down revolution as examples of an era that was not really politically or socially stable. 19. The years 1815 to 1848 witnessed the rise and evolution of the ideology of socialism. Describe this evolution, being sure to emphasize the principal components. How did socialism reflect the attitudes and aspirations of working people of the time? How did the Revolution of 1848 reflect the impact of socialist ideals? Ans: Essays should describe the various beliefs of the leading utopians (Saint-Simon, Fourier, Owen, Cabet), Louis Blanc, and Karl Marx, being sure to indicate the connections among and modifications made by these thinkers. A consideration of what prompted the emergence of this ideology and why it took hold in France should be included. Next, there should be a discussion of how adequately the movement related to working-class existence in terms of accurately describing working-class life, addressing the needs of the working class, and the level of support among the working class. Finally, discuss socialism's influence in the Revolutions of 1848, based on the role of the workers, the socialists, and the middle classes.

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20. Although the Revolutions of 1848 took place at roughly the same time and in reasonable proximity to one another, in certain ways they were very different from each other. Compare the 1848 uprisings in France and Austria, in terms of causation, participants, goals, and outcomes of each revolution. What were the key differences? In what ways were they similar? Ans: Initially, students should identify the causes of revolution in each state, being sure to stress the role of nationalism, socialism, liberalism, economics, and level of repression in each. Next, essays should identify the components of the revolutionary coalition, and their respective goals, in both states. A brief narrative, indicating successes and failures in each state, should follow, including the overall reasons for the failure. In the assessment of similarities and differences, there should be a discussion of coalition composition, reactionary responses, and the impact of historically conditioned economic and social structures. 21. How does Joseph Mazzini define a “country” in his “Duties towards your Country” (“Listening to the Past”)? Is there a difference between his use of the term country and of the term nation? According to Mazzini, what is the ultimate origin of nations/countries? Ans: In the excerpt from “Duties towards your Country” Mazzini uses the terms nation and country interchangeably. His definition of nation/country includes natural (“clearly marked out”) geographical boundaries, such as rivers and mountains. It also includes common language and common historic traditions. These are all ostensibly descriptive criteria, but Mazzini also includes prescriptive criteria  commentary on what ought to define a nation/country. Among these criteria are a uniform law, equality of all classes before that law, representative democracy, and a kind of mystic sense of fellowship binding all the citizens together. Finally, and very important, Mazzini claims divine origin for nations. The division of humanity into nations is part of the divine plan, which has been distorted by “evil governments” that rule multinational empires. An advanced essay might examine some of the contradictions inherent in Mazzini's definitions and prescriptions. For example, do linguistic boundaries always correspond to geographical ones?

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22. Austrian chancellor Metternich and other conservatives fought a tenacious battle to resurrect and maintain the prerevolutionary Old Regime. What were the motivations, methods, successes, and failures of Metternich and the conservatives? Ans: Students should begin with a description of the components of the ideology, stressing the rejection of modern political and social movements and the embrace of the past. The second section should identify the motivations, especially the disruptive impact that such movements as nationalism could have on multinational states (such as Metternich's Austria), threats to the balance of power, social upheaval, and revolution. Next, essays should describe the efforts made in international and domestic politics to preserve the old order; the Holy Alliance, armed intervention in Italy and Spain, the Carlsbad Decrees, and repressive police measures are all good examples. Finally, a substantiated assessment of the success of the conservative effort should be made, emphasizing the generally unsuccessful efforts of conservatives to hold back the dual revolution. 23. The uprisings of 1848 enjoyed early success, only to see their gains destroyed by counterrevolution. How do we account for the early success and later collapse of the revolutionary movements of 1848? Ans: The essay should begin with a narrative of the course of the Revolutions of 1848 from their origins to their eventual collapse. Next, in the explanation of the early success, emphasis should be placed on the problems of the existing governments and the vitality of the revolutionary coalitions. In assessing the collapse, the problems of building new governments, rival goals of coalition members, and resurgence of the forces of order should be stressed. 24. Nineteenth-century nationalists generally argued that “nations” were preexisting entities based on natural geographic boundaries, common language, and cultural unity. Yet in reality things were far more complex. Geographic boundaries did not necessarily correspond to linguistic boundaries, and many areas of Europe were not culturally or linguistically homogeneous. Students should explain how nationalist thinkers and politicians set out to “invent” nations. To what does the term imagined communities refer? If possible, students should use Joseph Mazzini's “Duties towards your Country,” excerpted in “Listening to the Past,” to show how nationalists defined “nations” as natural or divinely ordained, but then prescribed how to create nations. Ans: Nationalist politicians set out by means of war and diplomacy to make state boundaries correspond to putative cultural and linguistic boundaries. They also used ceremonies and symbols, such as independence day celebrations, parades, and flags to inculcate in all members of the imagined “nation” a sense of unity and hallowed tradition. Industrialization and urbanization facilitated these efforts, because factory workers and other new urban residents with disparate cultural backgrounds needed a common culture and a common language to communicate and share experiences. An advanced essayist should be able to demonstrate the tension in Mazzini's “Duties towards your Country” between the description of nations as divinely ordained and prescriptions of how to make a nation through the establishment of representative democracy and uniform laws for all.

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25. Early socialists often drew inspiration from A) the emergency measures of 1793 and 1794. B) Oliver Cromwell's rule of England as Lord Protector. C) Thomas Malthus's diagnosis of the problems of population growth. D) Joseph Mazzini's Duties of Man. E) the writings of Karl Marx. Ans: A 26. At the Congress of Vienna, the victorious allies A) were guided by the principle of the balance of power. B) resurrected the Holy Roman Empire. C) treated France very harshly. D) established constitutional monarchies in the areas conquered by Napoleon. E) sought to reduce armaments. Ans: A 27. The peace settlement arranged at Vienna in 1815 included all of the following except A) Prussia was given extensive territories in the Rhineland. B) acceptance of an enlarged France. C) national self-determination. D) numerous territorial exchanges to maintain equilibrium. E) unification of Belgium and Holland under a single monarchy. Ans: C 28. The Holy Alliance included A) France and Britain. B) Russia, Greece, and Serbia. C) Mexico, Spain, and Austria. Ans: E

D) E)

Spain, Austria, and Prussia. Austria, Russia, and Prussia.

29. Austria and France intervened in Italy and Spain, respectively, in order to A) prevent foreign conquest of these countries. B) suppress liberal and nationalistic revolutions in both areas. C) enforce the compensation agreements agreed to at Vienna. D) divert attention from economic problems in Vienna and Paris. E) establish constitutional monarchies. Ans: B 30. The Carlsbad Decrees A) sparked the Revolutions of 1848. B) instituted repressive measures in the German Confederation. C) were the artistic manifesto of the Romantic movement. D) established a constitutional monarchy in France. E) established the Holy Alliance. Ans: B

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31. Why did Klemens von Metternich, as Austrian foreign minister, have to oppose the spread of nationalism in Europe? A) As a classical liberal, he feared that it would lead to intolerance and violence. B) Austria's rulers feared the power of a resurgent nationalist Ottoman Empire. C) Austria pursued a policy of free trade, which was incompatible with economic nationalism. D) Austria was a multiethnic empire, and the spread of nationalism among its different ethnic groups threatened to dissolve the empire. E) Above all, Metternich feared French nationalism. Ans: D 32. The demands of liberalism included all of the following except A) social welfare reform. B) representative government. C) individual freedoms, such as freedom of speech, press, and assembly. D) minimal government interference in the economy. E) equality before the law. Ans: A 33. The success of the Revolution of 1830 was due primarily to A) the shrewd political genius of Louis Philippe. B) Lafayette's unwavering leadership. C) the revolutionary actions and leadership of the upper-middle-class liberals and nationalists. D) revolutionary actions of the artisans, shopkeepers, and workers of Paris. E) the rebellion in the French countryside. Ans: D 34. In 1815 Napoleon escaped from the island of  A) Saint Helen. B) Elba. C) Sardinia. D) Corsica. Ans: B

E) Malta.

35. According to the text, industrialization facilitated the spread of nationalism because A) prominent industrialists financed many nationalist movements. B) newly arrived workers in cities required a common national language with which to communicate. C) nationalists and industrialists both had an interest in promoting increased military spending. D) factory workers supported economic nationalism as a way to protect their jobs. E) it led to the development of larger armies. Ans: B

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36. Metternich was Austrian foreign minister from A) 1809 to 1848. D) B) 1789 to 1815. E) C) 1830 to 1848. Ans: A

1848 to 1870. 1812 to 1830.

37. In their war of independence against the Ottoman Empire, the Greeks ultimately won the support of  A) Austria, Prussia, and Russia. D) Great Britain, France, and Russia. B) Austria. E) Great Britain. C) the Netherlands and Great Britain. Ans: D 38. Early French socialists believed in all of the following except A) economic planning. B) helping and protecting the poor. C) state ownership of property. D) violent class warfare. E) the disruptive nature of free market competition. Ans: D 39. Which French socialist participated in the provisional government formed in Paris after the February 1848 abdication of King Louis Philippe? A) Henri de Saint-Simon. D) Charles Fourier. B) Joseph Proudhon. E) Karl Marx. C) Louis Blanc. Ans: C 40. According to the text, one of Karl Marx's most important criticisms of the French utopian socialists was A) that several of them were of noble birth. B) that they were wrong to believe that a socialist society could be built without industrialization. C) that they underestimated the intelligence of the working classes. D) that central economic planning was inefficient. E) that their appeals to the wealthy to help the poor were naive. Ans: E 41. Karl Marx argued that socialism would be established A) through electoral victories and control of legislatures. B) by violent revolution. C) by the cooperation of all classes to alleviate poverty and exploitation. D) through the efforts of enlightened rulers. E) by a gradual process of concentration of ownership of economic enterprises. Ans: B

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42. The doctrine of laissez faire holds that there should be A) government intervention in all aspects of the economy. B) government intervention in industry, but not in agriculture. C) as little government intervention in the economy as possible. D) government intervention in agriculture, but not in industry. E) state planning of the economy. Ans: C 43. According to Joseph Proudhon, property was A) a natural right. B) profit stolen from workers. C) derived from labor invested in land and products. D) a gift from God. E) a sign of the owner's virtue and conscientiousness.. Ans: B 44. Germaine de Staël's On Germany A) urged French artists and writers to embrace German Romanticism. B) warned of the danger of the “sentinel on the Rhine.” C) called for the unification of Germany. D) denounced the conservative repression led by Metternich. E) urged French conquest of Germany. Ans: A 45. Count Henri de Saint-Simon believed that A) the key to progress was proper social organization. B) sexual freedom was a necessary component of political freedom. C) society should return to seventeenth-century norms. D) nature should be worshipped as a god. E) ownership of private property was a crime. Ans: A 46. George Sand's novel Lélia explored A) the world of urban working women. B) her life as a prostitute in Paris. C) the role of a provincial wife and mother. D) her own quest for sexual and personal freedom. E) the difficulties of establishing oneself as a professional writer. Ans: D

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47. Eugène Delacroix's greatest masterpiece celebrated the A) nobility of popular revolution. B) sensuality of women. C) transforming power of industrialization. D) exoticism of the Romantic movement. E) glory of Napoleon. Ans: A 48. Romanticism was, in part, a rejection of  A) realism. B) nationalism. C) naturalism. Ans: E

D) humanism.

E) classicism.

49. The revisions to the Corn Law in 1815 were intended to A) ease the economic problems of the working classes. B) promote free trade. C) make England agriculturally selfsufficient. D) protect the economic interests of the aristocracy. E) drive French manufactured products off the English market. Ans: D 50. The beliefs and aspirations of the Romantics included all of the following except A) a rejection of materialism. B) emotional exuberance. C) that personal fulfillment was the supreme purpose in life. D) a spontaneity in life and art. E) a rejection of nature. Ans: E 51. As a result of the English Reform Bill of 1832, A) the Commons became the most important legislative body. B) all males gained the right to vote. C) the Tories emerged as the dominant political party. D) the role of the monarch was reduced. E) the Corn Laws were repealed. Ans: A 52. The Battle of Peterloo refers to the A) last-gasp attempt of Napoleon I to retain his empire. B) workingclass demonstration that was broken up by cavalry charges. C) bloody repression of the Parisian workers during the Revolution of 1848. D) victory of the Anti-Corn Law League. E) parliamentary debates over laws to limit child labor. Ans: B

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53. The repeal of the Corn Laws ushered in an era of  A) agricultural depression. B) famine and economic depression. C) free trade. D) remarkable expansion of British agriculture. E) unparalleled repression. Ans: C 54. The most important factor influencing the peaceful midcentury reforms in Great Britain was A) the fear of workingclass revolution. B) the ideas of Karl Marx. C) the outbreak of revolution on the continent. D) the moderating influence of the monarch. E) political competition between the aristocracy and the middle class. Ans: E 55. Marx's theory of historical evolution was built on the philosophy of  A) Hegel. B) Kant. C) Locke. D) Blanc. E) Proudhon. Ans: A 56. The “winners” of the Revolution of 1830 in France were the A) peasants. D) notables. B) urban laboring poor. E) Protestants. C) shopkeepers. Ans: D 57. All of the following were causative factors of the Revolution of 1848 in Paris except A) rising grain prices. B) high unemployment. C) government refusal to consider electoral reform. D) the closing of the national workshops. E) corruption in King Louis Philippe's government. Ans: D 58. The act that precipitated the Revolution of 1830 in Paris was A) Charles X's withdrawal of grain price controls. B) Charles X's refusal to extend the vote to all adult males. C) Louis XVIII's massing of troops outside Paris. D) Charles X's massing of troops outside Paris. E) Charles X's repudiation of the Constitutional Charter. Ans: E

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59. In 1848, revolution in the Austrian Empire began in A) Hungary. B) Vienna. C) Serbia. D) Bohemia. Ans: A

E) Bucharest.

60. The Habsburg monarchy exploited _________ divisions to defeat the revolutionary coalition. A) class B) ethnic C) ideological D) personal E) economic Ans: B 61. After Austria, _________ was the most important German state. A) Bohemia B) Prussia C) the Rhineland D) Saxony E) Alsace Ans: B 62. The National Assembly that met in Frankfurt in 1848 was made up of all of the following except A) labor union leaders. D) government officials. B) lawyers. E) business leaders. C) doctors. Ans: A 63. Describe the geopolitical factors that affected the German Confederation. What were the two leading powers? Ans: 64. What impact would nationalism have on the political boundaries in Italy, central Europe, and the Balkans? Ans: 65. Describe briefly the territorial changes resulting from the Congress of Vienna. What were the most significant changes, and why? Ans:

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1. Benthamite Ans: 2. miasmatic theory Ans: 3. germ theory Ans: 4. pasteurization Ans: 5. labor aristocracy Ans: 6. illegitimacy explosion Ans: 7. defense mechanisms Ans: 8. thermodynamics Ans: 9. organic chemistry Ans: 10. positivist method Ans: 11. Social Darwinists Ans: 12. realism Ans: 13. antiseptic principle Ans: 14. separate spheres Ans: 15. evolution Ans:

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16. What were the major problems facing nineteenthcentury European cities? How and with what degree of success were these problems addressed? Ans: Essays should begin with a thorough description of the urban problems: overcrowding and housing shortages, transportation, pollution, disease, and crime. Next, students should identify the specific remedies applied to each major problem area: sewage systems, urban renewal and housing projects, zoning laws, public health and scientific research, improved lighting, urban mass transit. Haussmann's Paris should be used as the prime example of rebuilt cities. Finally, the assessment should indicate the advances of science and role of government in these improvements. 17. One of the most fundamental changes in the second half of the nineteenth century in Europe was the decline in birthrates. Explain some of the reasons for this decline and discuss its consequences. Ans: The root reason for the decline in birthrates, according to the text, was the fact that in big European cities children were no longer economic assets (extra hands to work the land or earn money on the side). By having fewer children, parents could provide their offspring with more opportunities (education, for example). The essayist might also cite the availability of birth control devices, particularly in the cities. Another point mentioned by the text is that because more children survived to adulthood in the second half of the nineteenth century, there was less incentive for parents to have a lot of children as “insurance.” 18. Marx had predicted in 1848 that European society would be increasingly polarized into two classes: bourgeoisie and proletariat. What was the reality of the European social structure in the second half of the nineteenth century? Ans: Initially, essays should describe Marx's prediction—that is, how this polarization would come about, and the composition and characteristics of the two classes. Next, students should carefully examine the actual stratification of the European social structure, based on employment, education, standard of living, and attitudes of the various strata. Finally, students should assess the role of industrialization on the creation of this class structure; a consideration of the creation and destruction of employment opportunities would help explain this process. 19. The place for women in the latter half of the nineteenth century seemed to be the home. Why? What other options did European women have? How did economic considerations affect women's career decisions? Ans: To begin, essays should assess the general accuracy of the statement, being sensitive to how applicable it is to women in different levels of society and at different stages of life. Next, students should discuss thoroughly the concept of “separate spheres” as it was applied at the time. The next section should describe the employment opportunities available to European women, taking into account differences resulting from social status. Finally, essays should assess the impact of economic necessities on women's career and life choices.

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20. How did European states' intervention in the daily lives of ordinary people increase during the nineteenth century? Can you connect this intervention with trends in European thought? Ans: The essayist might discuss the various aspects of state intervention to solve urban problems, such as the public health movement (England's first public health law in 1848), the reconstruction of cities such as Paris, and state sponsorship of public transportation systems. He or she could also go into governments' collection of data, which were then utilized by so-called “social scientists” to test, or at least back up, their theories. In addition to facilitating the invention of the social sciences, governments also promoted new professions, such as urban planning, simply by hiring specialists to undertake their projects. 21. Family life in the second half of the nineteenth century was profoundly different from that of preindustrial Europe. Describe the changes  including attitudes toward sexuality, illegitimacy, kinship ties, parenting, and standards of living  along class lines. In what ways does Stephan Zweig's The World of Yesterday, excerpted in “Listening to the Past,” illuminate attitudes toward sexual morality and gender? How does the history of the family in the nineteenth century exemplify the gap between elites and common people? Ans: Following the directions in the question, describe the various aspects of family life among the classes in European society, being sure to note how life had changed for each class; this should especially include marriage and reproduction patterns, relationships with relatives and neighbors, and standards of living. Indicate instances in which a social grouping did not experience change in a particular area. Zweig should be used to provide substantiation. This essay should be concluded by addressing the gap between elites and common people, and comparing the family life of each and how it changed. 22. Much of the change in urban life in the 1800s was the result of scientific advances. What were the contributions of science to the improved urban environment and the economic and social structure of Europe? Ans: In this essay, students should describe the role of science in the transformation of the urban environment and the ongoing economic transformation of Europe. The narrative should include the impact of scientific discoveries (for example, those of Pasteur, Lister, and Faraday) and the application of new technologies to the urban environment, including such things as sewer systems, street lighting, public health, and urban rail networks. Next, essays should discuss the growth of industrial sectors, such as the chemical and electrical industry, resulting from scientific discoveries. Finally, the impact of these two  applications of scientific discoveries to the improvement of the urban environment and the emergence of new industries  on the social structure of Europe should be assessed.

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23. The second half of the nineteenth century has been called the Golden Age of Science. How was this reflected in the literature and philosophy of the time? Ans: This essay should begin with a description of the scientific discoveries, in many fields, that revolutionized not only European lifestyles and economies but also European thought in general. The rise of science to near-religious status should then be assessed; mention of the Enlightenment concept of Progress can be used as a beginning point. In the discussion of the predominant position enjoyed by science, describe such aspects as positivist philosophy, evolutionary theory, and realism in literature. The careers of such individuals as Comte, Zola, Darwin, and Freud should then be used to substantiate the generalizations made in the previous section of the essay. 24. In 1900, __________ Europe was the most urbanized area. A) southern D) northeastern B) southeastern E) northwestern C) southwestern Ans: D 25. The term labor aristocracy in this text refers to A) trade union leadership. B) highly skilled workers and foremen. C) Karl Marx's concept of the dictatorship of the proletariat. D) wealthy industrialists. E) nobles who became involved in the socialist movement. Ans: B 26. Georges Haussmann is remembered for A) developing the antiseptic method. B) rebuilding Paris. C) his realistic novels of lower-class life. D) enunciation of the positivist philosophy. E) pioneering the use of anesthesia. Ans: B 27. Improved economic conditions in the nineteenth century led to A) more job opportunities for women outside the home. B) more women remaining single. C) the expectation that married women would not work outside the home. D) a mass exodus of women from domestic service. E) extension of the vote to women in much of Europe. Ans: C

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28. Honoré de Balzac's The Human Comedy A) was a best-selling marriage manual. B) described the role of religion in everyday life. C) was a Romantic history of the Napoleonic era. D) was a hundredvolume masterpiece of realism. E) was an epic poem describing the life of King Louis XVI. Ans: D 29. According to the text, working-class leisure typically included all of the following except A) drinking in taverns. D) hosting dinner parties. B) watching spectator sports. E) gambling. C) attending music hall performances. Ans: D 30. Joseph Lister is responsible for the A) development of the germ theory. B) popularization of the miasmatic theory. C) practice of antiseptic sterilization. D) theory of genetics. E) theory of the separation of powers. Ans: C 31. The common aspects that united the middle classes included all of the following except A) keeping servants. D) a strict code of behavior. B) commitment to frugal living. E) commitment to hard work. C) belief in education. Ans: B 32. The decline in working-class church attendance has been attributed to all of the following except A) the influence of Auguste Comte's writings. B) a decline in religious belief and faith. C) the growth of secularism and the vibrant, materialist urban environment. D) the identification of organized religion with the ruling elites. E) the fact that construction of churches in cities failed to keep up with growing populations. Ans: A

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33. Edwin Chadwick believed that A) poverty was the result of lower-class immorality. B) individuals were responsible for their economic success. C) death and disease caused poverty. D) Christian morals should be the basis of urban reform. E) regulating the food-processing industry would rapidly reduce urban mortality rates. Ans: C 34. The flaw in Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's theory of evolution was A) his assertion that characteristics parents acquired in the course of their lives could be passed on to their offspring by heredity. B) his denial that human beings had evolved from other primates. C) his claim that genetic mutations were random. D) his assertion that all forms of life had arisen through a long process of continuous adjustment to the environment. E) his assertion that God intervened to push evolution in the direction of greater complexity. Ans: A 35. The breakthrough development of germ theory was the work of  A) Georges Haussmann. D) Robert Koch. B) Louis Pasteur. E) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. C) Joseph Lister. Ans: B 36. Napoleon III believed that rebuilding Paris would lead to all of the following except A) increased employment. B) a more equitable division of wealth. C) glorification of his empire. D) improved living conditions. E) greater control over revolutionary crowds. Ans: B 37. As the nineteenth century progressed, the upper middle class A) tended to merge with the old aristocracy. B) formed tighter bonds with the rest of the middle class. C) expressed a high degree of social conscience. D) retained its frugal attitudes. E) increasingly turned toward socialism. Ans: A

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38. Which of these events occurred last? A) Italy is unified. B) France and Prussia fight the Franco-Prussian War. C) Austria and Prussia fight the Austro-Prussian War. D) Dostoevski publishes The Brothers Karamazov. E) Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species. Ans: D 39. The white-collar employees identified with the A) clergy. D) B) union movement. E) C) working class. Ans: E

aristocracy. middle class.

40. According to the text, one of the social functions of the “labor aristocracy's” strict moral code was A) to convince the middle classes that they “belonged.” B) to create a strong barrier against socialist influences. C) to maintain their unstable social and economic position. D) to prevent their children from joining the supposedly morally corrupt middle classes. E) to serve as an example to lower-paid unskilled workers. Ans: C 41. In the Balkans, white-collar workers (clerks, store managers, and so on) grew their fingernails very long because A) they were imitating fashion in the Ottoman capital of Istanbul. B) they wished to separate themselves from those who worked with their hands. C) long fingernails were thought to be a mark of good hygiene. D) they could not afford nail clippers. E) they viewed long nails as a sign of asceticism and hence saintliness. Ans: B 42. Ignorance and ______________ were most responsible for the poor conditions in early industrial cities. A) government indifference D) air pollution B) poor hygiene E) the legacy of rural housing conditions C) an unhealthy water supply Ans: E

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43. The decline in illegitimacy rates after 1850 was probably the result of  A) higher incidence of marriage for expectant mothers. B) decreased premarital sexual activity. C) urban renewal. D) increased availability of contraception and abortion. E) the increased influence of religion among the lower classes. Ans: A 44. My Secret Life describes A) the harsh world of sweated industries. B) the search for scientific discoveries. C) the seamy, underground sex life of a Victorian rake. D) the psychological stress created by the new, stifling family structure. E) a bourgeois factory owner who worked as a common factory operative for a year. Ans: C 45. After 1850, husbands and wives, in the cities, were able to work together only in A) factories. D) small-scale retail trade. B) sweated industries. E) mines. C) whitecollar jobs. Ans: D 46. According to the ____________ theory of disease, people contract disease when they breathe the bad odors of decay. A) miasmatic B) putrification C) degeneration D) effluvial E) Lister Ans: A 47. One positive aspect of the rigid separation of men and women was A) that women were no longer exploited in sweated industries. B) a decline in the rape and abuse of young women. C) a larger role for women in managing the household. D) the relative decline of prostitution. E) the appearance of women doctors to care for women patients. Ans: C 48. Gustave Droz is cited for his A) discoveries in the fields of biology. B) Mr., Mrs., and Baby, a family manual. C) leadership of the realist movement. D) rebuilding of Paris. E) advocacy of women's rights. Ans: B

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49. The revolutionary reduction in the size of European families was in large part caused by A) the family's desire to improve its economic and social position. B) the effectiveness and availability of birth control. C) women wanting to pursue careers outside the home. D) oppressive Victorian morality. E) an epidemic of infertility related to environmental contamination. Ans: A 50. Working-class children probably were under less parental control than middle-class children in the later nineteenth century because A) socialist thinkers believed in allowing children more freedom. B) rates of illegitimacy continued to rise among the working classes. C) members of the working class attended church less often than members of the middle class. D) working-class children went to work and became independent earners earlier. E) working-class women had to work outside the home. Ans: D 51. Generally, Freud postulated that A) people were motivated by reason. B) sexual desires are a minor component in people's behavior. C) human behavior is motivated by unconscious emotional needs. D) heredity was the key factor in explaining incidences of mental illness. E) human behavior had its origin in natural selection. Ans: C 52. In 1900, in almost every advanced country the richest 5 percent of the population received about _________ percent of all national income. A) 66 B) 25 C) 10 D) 50 E) 33 Ans: E 53. Industrial and urban development made nineteenth-century society A) less diverse and less unified. D) less diverse and more unified. B) more diverse and less unified. E) more rigid and less open. C) more diverse, but more unified. Ans: B 54. Comte believed that application of the positivist method would result in A) discovery of the eternal laws of human behavior. B) social revolution. C) economic growth. D) the establishment of socialism. E) travel to other planets. Ans: A

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55. The trait shared by Charles Lyell, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, and Auguste Comte was A) the evolutionary aspect of their theories. B) that they were all French social reformers. C) their rejection of positivist science. D) their role in the biological revolution. E) their faith in a divine purpose in history. Ans: A 56. The program followed by many middle-class feminists followed in the footsteps of  A) Laura Cereta. D) Franziska Tiburtius. B) Christine de Pisan. E) Gustava Droz. C) Mary Wollstonecraft. Ans: C 57. In the late nineteenth century, masturbation was A) viewed with horror. B) seen as a normal part of adolescence. C) considered unhealthy for women, but normal for men. D) considered unhealthy for men, but normal for women. E) promoted as an alternative to premarital sex. Ans: A 58. According to the text, realist writers fit within the late-nineteenth-century glorification of science because they A) generally made the heroes of their novels scientists. B) turned toward science fiction. C) denied the importance of emotion in determining human action. D) were generally optimistic. E) attempted to observe and record life in an “objective” manner. Ans: E 59. America also produced realist writers, including the author of Sister Carrie, A) George Eliot. D) Theodore Dreiser. B) Leo Tolstoy. E) Thomas Pynchon. C) Gustave Droz. Ans: D 60. The discoveries of Michael Faraday in ___________ led to the development of a host of important inventions. A) electromagnetism D) inorganic chemistry B) organic chemistry E) genetics C) thermodynamics Ans: A

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61. __________'s sympathy with socialism is evident in the novel Germinal. A) Tolstoy B) Zola C) Dreiser D) Flaubert E) Eliot Ans: B 62. What was the most significant geographic/demographic development of this period? What proof can you offer for your answer? What regions of Europe were most affected? Ans:

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1. Red Shirts Ans: 2. Zollverein Ans: 3. Homestead Act Ans: 4. modernization Ans: 5. zemstvo Ans: 6. Bloody Sunday Ans: 7. October Manifesto Ans: 8. Duma Ans: 9. Reichstag Ans: 10. Kulturkampf Ans: 11. Dreyfus affair Ans: 12. People's Budget Ans: 13. Zionism Ans: 14. revisionism Ans: 15. revolution of 1905 Ans:

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16. The two dominant ideologies of the second half of the nineteenth century were nationalism and socialism. What were the key tenets of each ideology, and who were its leading thinkers or leaders? How did each of these ideologies change over the course of the second half of the nineteenth century? Which of these movements seems to have been stronger? Ans: The essay should begin with a description of the basic tenets: for nationalism, this should include the establishment of a nation-state reflecting historical, cultural, and linguistic affinities; there should also be a clear indication of the we/they dichotomy in nationalism. For socialism, the concepts of bourgeois domination, proletarianization/pauperization, role of class struggle, state ownership of property, and necessity for political revolution should be discussed. Leaders of nationalism include Mazzini, Gioberti, Garibaldi, Herzl; Napoleon III, Cavour, and even Bismarck can be included as representatives of later development of authoritarian nationalism. For socialism, Marx and Engels, Lenin, Bernstein, and Jaurès can be included as revisionist leaders. The essay should next trace the evolution of each ideology from its early nineteenth-century roots through the 1890s. Emphasize the changes: for nationalism, the emergence of authoritarian nationalism exemplified by Napoleon III and the shading into social Darwinism, with Lueger being a prime example; for socialism, revisionism exemplified by both the labor union movement and Bernstein. Finally, the essay should indicate which movement was stronger; the successes of authoritarian nationalism (unification of Germany, Italy, Second Empire) should be stressed. The best essay will also indicate problems: militarism, xenophobia (Dreyfus affair), and radicalism (Lueger). For socialism, the essay should indicate the emergence of socialist parties throughout Europe and their size; the creation of the first and second Internationals, the Paris Commune, rise of labor unionism, and revisionism should be mentioned as examples of weaknesses in socialism.

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17. The decade of the 1860s saw the success of the nationbuilding efforts of Bismarck and Cavour in Germany and Italy, respectively. Choose either case and describe the process by which unification was achieved, assess the reasons for success, and indicate the consequences. Ans: For Germany, the essay should discuss the constitutional struggle between Bismarck and the parliament over taxation and sovereignty; the previous efforts of German liberals at unification should then provide a transition to Bismarck's efforts  the Danish War, Austro-Prussian War, and Franco-Prussian War. Success stemmed from earlier efforts at unity (for example, Zollverein), which laid a foundation for Prussian leadership, Bismarck's diplomacy, and Prussian military reforms and expertise. Consequences include the German Empire becoming the most powerful state in Europe, upsetting the balance of power; intoxication of nationalistic pride in Germany; the destruction of German liberalism as a political opposition force in the new German Empire; and Prussian domination of Germany. For Italy, students should discuss the failures of 1848 and emergence of Sardinia-Piedmont, Cavour's diplomacy, warfare, urban uprisings, and Garibaldi. Consequences include Italian unification, impact on German desires, weakening of France, and “colonial” subjugation of southern Italy by the north. 18. Read Adelheid Popp's autobiographical excerpt in “Listening to the Past.” What early experiences “politicized” Popp? How did she become a person who was informed about politics and was determined to take political action? In particular, how did conservative propaganda ironically help turn Popp into a socialist? Ans: The essay might note the effects of urban life and factory work on Popp. Interaction with a large number of other workers and with different workplaces led Popp to compare her living standards with those of others, and brought her into contact with a wide variety of mass literature. Popp's autobiography also shows how even conservative propaganda, in the form of Catholic newspapers and antiSemitic broadsheets, informed her of and developed her curiosity about the wider world of politics. By developing such curiosity in her, conservative literature for the masses seems to have made Popp more receptive to socialist literature. 19. For both the United States and Russia, the evolution toward a modern nation-state was conditioned by the response to the systems of unfree labor found in both states. How did each state come to grips with this issue? How successful was each? Ans: This essay should begin with a brief description of slavery and serfdom in the two states. Next, there should be a description of the manner in which these two forms of unfree labor were transformed, through civil war on the one hand and government-imposed reform on the other; for the Russian example, the Crimean War and the concept of modernization should also be discussed. Next, the shortcomings of both Reconstruction in the American South and the Great Reforms should be examined.

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20. Explain the origins of modern anti-Semitism in Europe. Ans: The essayist should place the origins in the context of the spread of nationalism and the emancipation of the Jews under the influence of nineteenth-century liberal ideas. She or he ought to note how financially insecure gentiles scapegoated Jews for economic distress (the stock market crash of 1873 would make a good example here). He or she should also note how conservative and nationalist politicians used anti-Semitism to mobilize their supporters. The examples of Tsarist Russia and of Viennese mayor Karl Lueger could serve to illustrate this point. 21. Discuss the changing face of socialism in Europe. What factors influenced these changes? What was the role of Karl Marx, labor unions, Edward Bernstein, the First International, the Paris Commune, and the Second International in the evolution of socialism? What was the impact of economic expansion and the aggressive nationstate? How does the experience of Adelheid Popp, presented in “Listening to the Past,” illuminate the personal reasons for becoming a socialist? Ans: The essay should begin by tracing the evolution of socialism from its utopian roots through the split between evolutionary and revolutionary socialists in the last decades of the century. One must accurately identify those factors that influenced change; one way to identify these is to discuss the roles of the individuals and events listed in the question, paying special attention to the impact on the development of socialism. One must also consider the interplay among socialism, economic transformation, and the nation-state as a transforming agent. Finally, in order to put a human face on the essay, students should explain why a person might choose to become a socialist, using the evidence provided in the text and in Popp's testimony. 22. The first state to enact social welfare legislation was A) England. D) the United States. B) Germany. E) Austria-Hungary. C) France. Ans: B 23. Which statement below best characterizes Napoleon III's economic policies? A) They were mercantilist. B) They were laissez-faire. C) They aimed at nationalization of major industries. D) They favored the interests of landed aristocrats. E) They used government action to stimulate railroad building and investment. Ans: E

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24. The first and most important of the Great Reforms in Russia was the A) abolition of serfdom. B) creation of the zemstvos, the local, elected governmental councils. C) granting of a constitution. D) nationalization of church property. E) modernization of the legal system. Ans: A 25. The Russian Revolution of 1905 resulted from all of the following causes except A) business and professional classes' desire for political modernization. B) the Russian defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905. C) a radicalized and unhappy working class. D) growing nationalism among subject peoples of the empire. E) the assassination of Alexander III. Ans: E 26. Which of the following events occurred first? A) “Bloody Sunday” rocked Russia. B) Bismarck launched his Kulturkampf. C) The U.S. Civil War began. D) Napoleon III claimed the throne in France. E) The first social security laws were passed in Germany. Ans: D 27. The Russian zemstvo was the A) peasant commune that owned the land distributed by the Great Reforms. B) new Russian parliament established after the Revolution of 1905. C) institution for local government established by the Great Reforms. D) name of the currency issued when Russia adopted the gold standard. E) state-run investment bank set up to promote railroad construction. Ans: C 28. In the decades before 1848, ____________ pushed for a centralized democratic Italian republic. A) Mazzini B) Garibaldi C) Cavour D) Bismarck E) Victor Emmanuel Ans: A 29. Karl Lueger, the popular mayor of Vienna, espoused A) Hungarian nationalism. D) parliamentary democracy. B) evolutionary socialism. E) anti-Semitism. C) revolutionary Marxism. Ans: E

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30. Bismarck's Kulturkampf refers to A) his drive to make German workers more “cultured.” B) his attack on the Catholic church in the German Empire. C) his attempt to stamp out anti-German attitudes in France following the FrancoPrussian War. D) his 1864 war against Denmark. E) his promotion of the German Empire's new National Theater. Ans: B 31. Which of the following events prompted liberals in the Prussian parliament to reconcile with Bismarck? A) The 1864 war against Denmark. B) The 1866 defeat of Austria and formation of the North German Confederation. C) The 1870 defeat of France and formation of the German Empire. D) The Kulturkampf of 1870–1878. E) The passage of social security laws in 1883–1884. Ans: B 32. In which episode in the unification of Italy did Guiseppe Garibaldi play a key role? A) Austria's defeat of Mazzini's republicanism in 1848. B) The defeat of Austria at Solferino in 1859. C) The peace negotiations at Villafranca in 1859. D) The conquest and annexation of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. E) The annexation of Rome in 1870. Ans: D 33. Louis Napoleon's election as president of the Second Republic and then hereditary emperor was a product of all of the following except his A) famous name. B) protection of property. C) antiCatholic beliefs. D) positive program. E) image as a strong leader who would override special interests. Ans: C 34. The event that directly prompted the Great Reforms in Russia, including the emancipation of the serfs, was A) defeat in the Crimean War of 1853–1856. B) the Revolution of 1905. C) the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905. D) the assassination of Alexander II in 1881. E) The Lena Goldfields Massacre of 1912. Ans: A

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35. The success of Napoleon III's system was based on all of the following except A) his recruitment of local notables to stand as government candidates in elections. B) economic intervention. C) close attention to electoral politics. D) sensitivity to public opinion. E) a successful foreign policy. Ans: E 36. Garibaldi was the leader of the A) Black Shirts. B) Red Shirts. C) White Shirts. Ans: B

D) E)

Green Shirts. Black Shorts.

37. Sardinia-Piedmont became the leader of the Italian unification as a result of all of the following factors except A) the failure of Mazzini's style of democratic nationalism in 1848. B) Pope Pius IX's rejection of Italian unification. C) Austrian support. D) Victor Emmanuel's granting of a liberal constitution. E) the able leadership of Count Camillo Benso di Cavour. Ans: C 38. In order to force Austria to give up its territory in Italy, Cavour secured an alliance with A) the pope. B) Prussia. C) the Hungarians. D) France. E) Russia. Ans: D 39. All of the following were part of Prussia before 1866 except A) Schleswig-Holstein. D) Brandenburg. B) Westphalia. E) Silesia. C) Pomerania. Ans: A 40. The long-established customs union among the German states was known as the A) Zemstvo. D) North German Confederation. B) Zollverein. E) Sadowa. C) Reichstag. Ans: B 41. The cash crop that revitalized the slave economy of the southern United States in the nineteenth century was A) tobacco. B) sugar cane. C) cotton. D) rice. E) potatoes. Ans: C

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42. Bismarck's constitution for the North German Confederation featured all of the following except A) a lower house elected by universal, male suffrage. B) local control of local affairs. C) Prussian control of the federal government, army, and foreign affairs. D) an elected president. E) an upper house of delegates appointed by different German states. Ans: D 43. Theodore Herzl was A) the anti-Semitic mayor of Vienna. B) speaker of the Reichstag during much of Bismarck's tenure. C) the creator of modern psychoanalysis. D) the founder of the Zionist Jewish national movement. E) a German socialist and author of Evolutionary Socialism. Ans: D 44. After the Franco-Prussian War, Prussia A) imposed a harsh peace on France. B) imposed a generous peace on France. C) asked for international participation in the formation of the peace treaty. D) acknowledged its own role in starting the war. E) made the status quo before the war the basis of the peace treaty. Ans: A 45. All of the following are consequences of the FrancoPrussian War except A) the completion of German unification. B) the collapse of the French Second Empire. C) an upsurge of German nationalistic pride. D) a wave of social reform in Germany. E) French patriots in Paris declared another republic. Ans: D 46. The Great Reforms in Russia included all of the following except A) a national parliament. B) the abolition of serfdom. C) establishment of a new institution of local government. D) reform of the legal system. E) relaxation of censorship. Ans: A

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47. The greatest impediment to nation building in the United States was A) its weak “colonial” economy. B) regional differences exacerbated by slavery. C) the lack of common ancestry among its citizens. D) the intellectual legacy of the American Revolution. E) religious conflict. Ans: B 48. The Mexican War of 1848 A) reduced tensions between the North and South by generating an atmosphere of renewed patriotic unity. B) exacerbated tensions between the North and South as debate erupted over the extension of slavery into territory acquired from Mexico. C) provided a crucial stimulus to the development of cotton culture in the Southwest. D) led to a “national” policy toward African Americans. E) left the South devastated and weakened. Ans: B 49. The consequences of the U.S. Civil War included all of the following except A) the emergence of powerful business corporations. B) reinforcement of the concept of free labor. C) equality for its black citizens. D) the confirmation of the concept of “manifest destiny.” E) economic prosperity for the North. Ans: C 50. Sergei Witte was A) the Minister of Finance who led Russian industrialization in the 1890s. B) the assassin of Alexander II. C) the founder of Russian Marxism. D) the architect of Russia's Great Reforms in the 1860s and early 1870s. E) Nicholas II's chief minister who passed laws encouraging individual ownership of land. Ans: A 51. Witte's approach to industrialization was inspired by A) the German socialist Karl Marx. B) the classical economist David Ricardo. C) the French emperor Napoleon III. D) the English industrialist Robert Owen. E) the German economist Friedrich List. Ans: E

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52. In 1881, __________ was assassinated by a small group of terrorists. A) Alexander III D) Nicholas I B) Alexander II E) Alexander I C) Nicholas II Ans: B 53. Bismarck's social reforms were motivated primarily by A) the Long Depression. B) his goal of stimulating the economy. C) humanitarian concern for the suffering of the urban poor. D) the failure of his Kulturkampf against German Catholics. E) his fear and distrust of socialism. Ans: E 54. According to the text, German Social Democrats recovered their losses of the 1907 election and became the largest party in the Reichstag in 1912 in part because A) they endorsed Marx's call for a violent revolution. B) they accepted trade unions' call for evolutionary rather than revolutionary socialism. C) they took on a more patriotic tone and broadened their base. D) they began courting Catholics in south Germany. E) they merged with the German Liberal Party. Ans: C 55. The Dreyfus Affair A) revived the prestige of the French army. B) drove a wedge between Catholics and anti-Semites. C) revived republican distrust of Catholicism. D) fanned the flames of French imperialism. E) created a witch-hunt for German spies in the French army and intelligence services. Ans: C 56. Between 1906 and 1914, the Liberal party in Britain was able to accomplish all of the following except A) eliminate the House of Lords as a real power in British politics. B) substantially increase taxes on the rich. C) pass a national health-insurance program. D) resolve the violent problems of Ireland. E) pass a program of old-age pensions. Ans: D

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57. According to the text, which of the following major powers was unable to harness the strength of modern nationalism? A) Great Britain. B) France. C) Germany. D) Italy. E) Austria-Hungary. Ans: E 58. In 1912, the ____________ party was the largest party in the Reichstag. A) German Social Democratic D) National Socialist B) German Christian E) Liberal C) Blood and Iron Ans: A 59. In 1846, Marx played a key role in establishing the A) Russian Communist party. D) British Communist party. B) the First International of socialists. E) the Second International of socialists. C) German Communist party. Ans: B 60. The Second International declared ___________ an annual international one-day strike. A) December 10 B) June 1 C) May 1 D) January 1 E) March 15 Ans: C 61. In his Evolutionary Socialism, ____________ suggested that socialists should reform their doctrines and tactics. A) Wilfred Smith D) Jean Jaurès B) Robert Owen E) Edward Bernstein C) Karl Marx Ans: E 62. On a blank outline map of Europe, mark the boundaries of the new Germany of 1871. How did this affect the European balance of power? Ans: 63. Cavour originally was only interested in uniting northern Italy. Why? Ans:

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1. Third World Ans: 2. opium trade Ans: 3. khedive Ans: 4. swallows Ans: 5. great migration Ans: 6. new imperialism Ans: 7. great white walls Ans: 8. Afrikaners Ans: 9. Berlin conference Ans: 10. white man's burden Ans: 11. Great Rebellion Ans: 12. shogun Ans: 13. samurai Ans: 14. hundred days of reform Ans:

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15. Historians have called the extension of European hegemony after 1882 the new imperialism. What were the key components of the new imperialism? How does the case of Egypt exemplify the transition from the old to the new form of imperialism? Ans: This essay should begin with a definition of the new imperialism, indicating that which differentiates it from the older version; students can argue that the newer version is not fundamentally different, but should indicate the variations nonetheless. Essays should be sure to stress the role of political and military power, and the nature of the societies brought under European control at the end of the nineteenth century. Egypt should be used as a case study to underscore the key components of the new imperialism, such as formal political control, military force, and self-justifying ideology. 16. Both Egypt and Japan, to different degrees and at different times, attempted to modernize their states. Describe these attempts. How can we account for the failure of one and the success of the other? Ans: The essay should begin with a brief narrative of the modernizing efforts in both states: for Egypt, essays should discuss the efforts of Mohammed Ali and the failures of Ismail Ali; for Japan, the Meiji Restoration should be the focus. Second, the different outcomes should be explained; attention should be given to the role of native elites and the actions of the European (as well as the United States) powers. A consideration of geography, economics (especially Japanese industrializing efforts), and social structure of the two states will help explain the different outcomes. 17. How did Asians and Africans respond to the establishment of European imperialism? Using specific examples, describe these responses. What factors seem to have influenced the choice of a particular response? Ans: The essay should begin with a brief description of the various responses along the spectrum from armed resistance to complete collaboration. Next, specific examples should be provided: the Sudanese efforts under the Mahdi are an excellent example of armed resistance, as is the opium war, the Great Mutiny, and Arabi's uprising. Indian service in the army and as civil servants is a good example of cooperation; Japan represents the most successful “westernization” response. Finally, the essay should assess the factors  such as proximity to Europe, level of European penetration, native leadership, and economic and social development  that affected the choice of a response.

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18. The Great Migration of the second half of the nineteenth century was one of the most dramatic events in human history. How extensive was this movement of people? Where did they come from and where did they go? What were the social origins of the various groups of migrants? What were the motivations of the migrants? Finally, what impact did this movement of people have on imperialist expansion? Ans: The essay should begin with an overall description, which should include the extent of the Great Migration in general terms. Then, the destinations should be identified: North and South America, Australia, parts of Africa. The next section should describe these migrants fully, considering their social status (being sure to focus on the industrious nature of most groups of immigrants) and geographic origins. In considering motivation, the essay should indicate the various reasons for migration, ranging from economic dislocation to political/racial oppression, and how different motivations affected the permanence of migration, a point which can be illustrated by indicating those emigrants that rarely returned to their original homes and why (availability of land, political and racial oppression). Finally, the essay should assess the role of migration on imperial expansion and the economic development of the destination countries. 19. How can we explain the historical phenomenon of the new imperialism? What were the causes? Which seems to have been the most significant? Ans: This essay should outline the various causes thoroughly: economic competition among the European powers and especially British adherence to the policy of free trade; the search for new markets, raw materials, and outlets for excess capital; European governments using imperial triumphs to divert attention from domestic problems; the primacy of international politics and need to retain one's relative position, a cause to which strategic needs are connected; the weakness of nonEuropean states; cultural and religious zeal. After this description, the essay should assess the relative strength of each factor, being sure to stress the interconnections among various causes, and then indicate the most significant factor. 20. The “Scramble for Africa” is the most striking example of the European rush for empire. Trace the history of imperialism in Africa, being sure to identify the key developments and events. How did it epitomize the new imperialism? Ans: The narrative of events should include the occupation of Egypt, the establishment of Leopold II's claims on the Congo, the Berlin Conference, the Boer War, and the Fashoda crisis. The essay should then explain how the Scramble epitomized the new imperialism; a brief listing of the characteristics of the new imperialism should be included, with the various aspects of the “Scramble for Africa” used as examples of those characteristics.

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21. At the beginning of Chapter 26 the authors describe the immense gap in per capita income between “the West” and the rest of the world that developed between 1750 and today. Use material from this chapter to trace the origins of that gap. Ans: The essayist should discuss industrialization in Europe, North America, and eventually Japan. Outside Britain, most industrializing nations used trade barriers to protect “infant industries.” Trade barriers in the industrializing world motivated European powers to seek colonies as new markets for their industrial goods. Generally, European powers saw colonies as markets for their own manufactured goods and as sources of agricultural products and raw materials. They did not promote industrialization in their colonies. Colonial powers could keep labor costs low in the colonies by direct coercion or by relying on the political passivity of the indigenous populations. At the same time, the restriction of nonwhite immigration into North America and Australia kept labor costs relatively high and prevented Asian settlers from benefiting from economic growth in these areas. 22. Ahmed Arabi exemplifies A) collaborationist response to Western imperialism. B) armed resistance to Western imperialism. C) cooperative, but uncommitted, response to Western imperialism. D) westernization as a response to Western imperialism. E) nonviolent resistance to Western imperialism. Ans: B 23. The most striking difference between the new imperialism of 1880–1914 and European expansion earlier in the 1800s was the new imperialism's A) violence. D) efforts to “civilize” native peoples. B) economic domination. E) capitalism. C) formal political control. Ans: C 24. In 1750 the average standard of living in Europe as a whole was A) no higher than the rest of the world. B) twice as high as the rest of the world. C) 25 percent higher than the rest of the world. D) 25 percent lower than the rest of the world. E) 50 percent lower than the rest of the world. Ans: A 25. Which of the following societies responded most successfully to Western imperialism before World War I? A) China. B) Japan. C) Egypt. D) Sudan. E) India. Ans: B

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26. The typical European immigrant was often A) a middle-class professional. B) an urban factory worker. C) a small farmer or rural craftsperson. Ans: C

D) E)

a landless peasant. an aristocrat.

27. The largest share of European foreign investment went to A) sub-Saharan Africa. D) the Third World. B) Asia. E) Latin America. C) European states and North America. Ans: C 28. The SinoJapanese War led to A) the collapse of Japanese imperial designs. B) a fresh round of imperialistic activity in China. C) a brief naval war between Japan and England. D) a successful program of modernization in China. E) the immediate collapse of the Qing Dynasty. Ans: B 29. According to the text, the British intervention in Egypt that began in 1876 and culminated with a military takeover in 1882 was a dramatic break with earlier nineteenth-century European expansion because A) the British forced Egypt to open its ports to European trade. B) the British intervened as part of a humanitarian effort to aid flood victims. C) the British aimed to offer the Egyptians full citizenship. D) the British hoped to convert the Egyptians to Christianity. E) the British took direct political control of Egypt. Ans: E 30. Jews made up the immigrant group least likely to return to their native land, primarily because of  A) the violent anti-Semitism in eastern Europe. B) the success they enjoyed in their new homes. C) laws against such repatriation. D) the high cost of travel back to Europe. E) the strength of Jewish traditional culture. Ans: A 31. The large new colony acquired by the U.S. in Asia in the Spanish-American War of 1898 was A) Thailand. B) Vietnam. C) Taiwan. D) Burma. E) the Philippines. Ans: E

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32. Rudyard Kipling's “white man's burden” referred to A) the social costs of industrialization. B) the difficulties of reaching consensus in a democratic society. C) the supposed innate inferiority of the white race. D) the white race's supposed duty to “civilize” inferior, nonwhite races. E) the high costs of maintaining colonial rule. Ans: D 33. The Berlin Conference of 1884–1885 A) set the terms for the division of China into economic zones of influence. B) declared Africa off-limits to colonization. C) determined peace terms that ended the Sino-Japanese War. D) set up the terms for the division of most of Africa among European colonial powers. E) established high tariffs to protect German industry. Ans: D 34. The Boxer Rebellion was A) a revolt of Chinese military officers who supported westernization against the Qing Empress Dowager. B) a rebellion of traditionalist Chinese patriots who wished to expel all Westerners from China. C) a mutiny in the British Mediterranean fleet. D) an uprising of militant Muslims against British rule in Sudan. E) a revolution made by patriotic samurai who overthrew the Japanese shogun. Ans: B 35. While Europeans migrated for a variety of reasons, most did so A) for economic reasons. D) for personal reasons. B) for political reasons. E) to avoid the draft. C) for religious reasons. Ans: A 36. The Sino-British war, which ended with the Treaty of Nanking in 1842, was caused by A) British attempts to break the Chinese monopoly on the tea trade. B) the brutal massacre of Christian missionaries by the Chinese army units. C) British attempts to intimidate the Manchu emperor. D) the Chinese seizure of Hong Kong. E) Chinese attempts to stop the British-controlled opium trade. Ans: E

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37. Between 1750 and 1913, average income in the Third World A) was stagnant. D) fell by 50 percent. B) doubled. E) increased threefold. C) increased by 50 percent. Ans: A 38. German chancellor Otto von Bismarck  A) at first disdained the acquisition of colonies as a waste of effort and funds, but later took several African colonies for Germany. B) rejected the acquisition of colonies as a waste of effort and funds. C) consistently advocated German acquisition of a global empire. D) criticized the British and French colonial empires on humanitarian grounds. E) sought to establish German colonies in Latin America. Ans: A 39. Which of the following events occurred first? A) Perry “opens” Japan. B) United States takes over the Philippines. C) Suez Canal is completed. D) Conrad publishes Heart of Darkness. E) Meiji Restoration establishes new government in Japan. Ans: A 40. Which of the following events occurred last? A) Perry “opens” Japan. B) United States takes over the Philippines. C) Suez Canal is completed. D) Conrad publishes Heart of Darkness. E) Meiji Restoration establishes new government in Japan. Ans: D 41. The writings of Heinrich von Treitschke reflected the A) anti-imperialist critique. B) nationalist drive for colonies. C) economic interpretation of imperialism. D) missionary aspect of imperialism. E) socialist view of imperialism. Ans: B 42. The principle by which the European powers established their claim to an African territory was known as A) extraterritoriality. D) military subjugation. B) annexation. E) the “white man's burden.” C) effective occupation. Ans: C

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43. The primary factor that influenced whether European immigrants returned to their native lands was A) their degree of success in the New World. B) family connections in Europe. C) the strength of their new nationalism. D) the possibility of buying land in the home country. E) the strength of their traditional culture. Ans: D 44. China's __________ government's efforts to stamp out the opium trade were opposed by the British. A) Qing B) Ming C) Yuan D) Song E) Tang Ans: A 45. In his book Imperalism, J. A. Hobson maintained all of the following except that A) imperialism was justified by Darwin's theory of natural selection. B) imperialism diverted attention from much-needed domestic reform. C) imperialism resulted from capitalists' search for profitable investments. D) imperialism benefited only a small number of private interests. E) imperial possessions did not pay off for the imperial country as a whole. Ans: A 46. Japan opened its shores to Western trade A) because it wanted to enter the world economy. B) in response to U.S. military pressure. C) as a result of the Meiji Restoration. D) under the influence of Dutch missionaries there. E) to reduce its dependence on China. Ans: B 47. In the Treaty of ___________, China was forced to cede Hong Kong to the British. A) Edo B) Shanghai C) Canton D) Nanking E) Beijing Ans: D 48. According to the text, which Indian social group had the greatest opportunities under British colonial rule? A) The untouchables. D) The Sikhs. B) The Muslim elite. E) The peasants. C) Upper-caste Hindus. Ans: C

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49. All of the following were European critics of imperialism except A) Henry Labouchére. D) Joseph Conrad. B) V. I. Lenin. E) Jules Ferry. C) J. A. Hobson. Ans: E 50. The Meiji Restoration featured all of the following except A) a military modeled along European lines. B) borrowing of Western science and technology. C) overthrow of the emperor. D) a free, competitive, government-stimulated economy. E) the hiring of Western technological specialists. Ans: C 51. In 1910 Korea became a colony of  A) China. B) Russia. C) France. Ans: D

D) Japan.

E) Germany.

52. Sun Yat-sen A) led the traditionalist “Boxers” in their rebellion against the Western presence in China. B) was the most reformist adviser to the Qing government. C) advocated overthrow of the Qing dynasty and the establishment of a Chinese republic. D) was a Chinese general who led an attempted coup against the Qing government. E) advocated the quiet cultivation of traditional Chinese virtues as a response to the West. Ans: C 53. After shattering military defeat, one reason for the initial acceptance of European imperial rule by the great majority of Asians and Africans was A) that political participation in Asia and Africa had generally been limited to small elites. B) the masses hoped that European liberalism and capitalism would bring them more opportunity. C) the prior success of Christian missionary efforts. D) widespread land redistribution programs implemented by new European rulers. E) that many native peoples perceived the Europeans to be gods. Ans: A 54. ___________ led the United States' effort to gain access to Japanese markets. A) Theodore Roosevelt D) Edward Johnson B) William Bryan E) Matthew Perry C) President McKinley Ans: E

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55. By 1913, world trade had A) increased by 25 percent over the 1800 level. B) almost tripled that of 1800. C) more than doubled that of 1800. D) grown twenty-five times that of 1800. E) remained stagnant for more than two generations. Ans: D 56. Ismail Ali ruled for sixteen years as Egypt's ___________, or prince A) khedive B) shah C) caliph D) imam E) pharaoh Ans: A 57. In the Battle of Omdurman, the British lost twentyeight troops, while Sudanese forces lost A) 1,000. B) 600. C) 100. D) 11,000. E) 100,000. Ans: D 58. Thirty-four percent of European emigrants between 1851 and 1960 came from A) Germany. B) Italy. C) Great Britain and Ireland. D) Russia. E) Poland. Ans: C 59. On the blank outline map of Africa, indicate those areas that were brought under British control. How does this support the military-strategic interpretation of imperialism? Ans: 60. Trace the general migration patterns of most European emigrants. What are the implications of these patterns? Ans:

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1. Three Emperors' League Ans: 2. Black Hand Ans: 3. Triple Entente Ans: 4. trench warfare Ans: 5. Lusitania Ans: 6. total war Ans: 7. War Raw Materials Board Ans: 8. League of Nations Ans: 9. Petrograd Soviet Ans: 10. Army Order No. 1 Ans: 11. Bolsheviks Ans: 12. Constituent Assembly Ans: 13. war communism Ans: 14. Cheka Ans: 15. Treaty of Versailles Ans:

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16. Balfour Declaration Ans: 17. Explain the importance of Bismarck's dismissal (1890) in the total course of events that led to the outbreak of World War I. Ans: The essayist should discuss Bismarck's foreign policy goals after 1871, in particular his successful efforts to conciliate Russia and isolate France. The student might also mention Bismarck's repeated insistence that Germany was a “satisfied power” that did not covet further territory in Europe. He or she should also explain that with Bismarck's dismissal and Emperor William II's refusal to sign the Reinsurance Treaty, Russia sought a military ally in France. This FrancoRussian alliance, directed against Germany, became the core of the alliance system centered on hostility between the Entente and Central Powers that led to World War I. 18. The end of World War I was accompanied by revolutions and revolutionary activity throughout Europe. Describe this activity and identify its causes. How can we explain the failure of more radical revolutionary actions, such as occurred in Russia? Ans: The essay should describe the socialist revolution in Germany and the nationalist revolutions in Poland, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the Ottoman Empire; an astute essay will also mention the mutinies in French army units and the uneasiness in Italy. Causation is, of course, the war; in all cases, war-weariness is prime factor, and for Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman state, defeat added to the social unrest. To explain why a Bolshevik-style revolution did not occur, the essay should identify the revisionist nature of the German Social Democratic party and its alliance with right-wing elements against communist uprising; it should also indicate the greater degree of economic development in Germany. For the nationalist uprisings, the generally more limited desires of nationalist movements should be indicated. 19. Discuss the phenomenon of “total war” and its impact on the social, political, and economic structure of Europe during and after the war. Ans: First, the essay should define what is meant by the term total war: full mobilization of society—including the industrial and agricultural sectors of the economy, finances, and especially the population (both soldiers and civilians to make supreme sacrifices to win the war)—an effort to which all else was subordinated. The carnage of the western front, with its insatiable demand for men and supplies, should also be mentioned. Next, using the British and German experiences, the essay should describe how society was mobilized in terms of psychology, economy, labor, and politics; the efforts of Walter Rathenau in Germany and David Lloyd George should be emphasized. Finally, the essay should assess the impact of total war mobilization on labor unions and labor leaders, class distinctions, women, and large- and small-scale businesses. Finally, students should indicate the lessons that the total war experience provided for subsequent European governments.

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20. The textbook asserts that World War I represented the triumph of nationalism. In what ways did nationalism contribute to the origins of the war, its outbreak, and the course of the war? How did nationalism affect the Versailles settlement? Ans: First, a brief definition of nationalism as it existed on the eve of the war is necessary. Second, the essay should describe and assess the impact of nationalism on both the long-term tensions in Europe and the fateful events of the summer of 1914. Third, the essay should describe how nationalism was used by governments to prosecute the war and its role on individuals' beliefs and actions. Finally, the impact of nationalism at the Versailles Conference as it related to French security concerns and the creation of successor states, both through nationalist revolution and Versailles diplomacy, in central and eastern Europe should be considered. 21. In January 1917, Russia was an autocratic empire; by the end of 1920, it was a socialist state. Trace the course of the Russian Revolution from March 1917 through 1920. How can we explain the ultimate victory of Lenin's Bolsheviks? Ans: In tracing the events of the Russian Revolution, the essay should first identify its main causes and events. Causation includes exigencies of the war effort, incompetent leadership, social and economic conditions; events include popular uprising in Petrograd and elsewhere in February (March) 1917, establishment of the Provisional Government and Petrograd Soviet, the arrival of Lenin, Bolshevik's June Days, Kornilov's attempted coup, Bolshevik seizure of power in October (November), the Treaty of Brest Litovsk, and civil war. In assessing the success of the Bolsheviks, the essay should indicate the mistakes of the Provisional Government  especially continuing the war effort and failing to crush opposition parties, the anarchic situation in Russia, and the inspired leadership of Lenin and Trotsky; Trotsky's Red Army and Lenin's War Communism and revolutionary terror should be emphasized. The weakness of the White Army and the feeble, halfhearted interventions of Western allies should also be mentioned. 22. Use the texts excerpted in “Listening to the Past” (“The Experience of War”) to discuss the impact of World War I on soldier and civilian populations. How were these impacts similar, and how were they different? Ans: Both the accounts (of a German soldier and a Viennese housewife) demonstrate the increased intervention of the state in daily life on the home front—the German soldier's by its reference to newspaper censorship and the Viennese housewife's by its description of the entire process of obtaining state-rationed goods. Both accounts also show that the war eventually made both soldiers and civilians more skeptical of the claims of authority. The German soldier implicitly mocks the newspapers' poems about heroism and “heroes' graves,” while the housewife expresses her anger at police intervention against restless women standing in line waiting for rations. One major difference between the accounts is that the soldier was subjected to a dehumanizing violence that has undermined his confidence in the sacred rituals of his society and created an incipient hostility to the civilian world and its platitudes about the heroism and glory of war.

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23. “In spite of high-flown phrases about the right of national self-determination, the Treaty of Versailles perpetuated the imperialist world system established in the second half of the nineteenth century.” Explain and justify this statement. Ans: This should be a straightforward essay. The student need only enumerate the terms of the Treaty of Versailles that perpetuated European or Japanese imperialist rule over other peoples. These included the handover of the spoils of the Ottoman Empire to France and Britain; the cession of Germany's Chinese holdings to Japan; and the French, British, and Japanese seizure of German colonies for themselves. 24. According to the text, the single most “fatal decision” made by Tsar Nicholas II in the time before the Russian Revolution was A) his decision to free Rasputin from house arrest. B) his decision to allow Lenin to return home to Russia. C) his decision to mobilize the home front. D) his decision to build a large modern navy. E) his decision to travel to the front and take personal command of the Russian army. Ans: E 25. Grigori Rasputin was assassinated by A) Bolshevik revolutionaries. B) agents of the tsarist police force. C) German mercenaries. Ans: D

D) E)

nationalistic aristocrats. Japanese spies.

26. The chief cause of growing tension between Britain and Germany in the first decade of the twentieth century was A) the British naval blockade of German colonies in South Africa. B) the British fear that German economic domination of Russia would exclude British investment. C) German support for Russia during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905. D) increasing German immigration to Great Britain. E) intense commercial rivalry and the German decision to construct a large worldclass navy. Ans: E 27. The ______________ linked Austria, Germany, and Russia. A) Three Emperors' League D) Central Alliance B) Triple Alliance E) Conservative League C) Triple Entente Ans: A

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28. The spark that ignited the Balkan “powder keg” in 1914 was the assassination of  A) Archduke Francis Ferdinand. D) Tsar Nicholas II. B) Emperor Francis Joseph. E) General Erich Ludendorf. C) Chancellor BethmannHollweg. Ans: A 29. Germany's initial offensive was stopped on the outskirts of Paris at the Battle of  A) Verdun. B) the Somme. C) the Marne. D) Ypres. E) Tannenberg. Ans: C 30. The immediate cause of British entry into the First World War was A) the sinking of the Lusitania. B) German invasion of neutral Belgium. C) the Austrian ultimatum to Serbia. D) the Algeciras Conference. E) German mobilization following the Austrian ultimatum to Serbia. Ans: B 31. Which of the following events occurred first? A) First Balkan War begins. B) Archduke Francis Ferdinand is assassinated. C) Rasputin is murdered. D) Ministry of Munitions established in Britain. E) Russian Revolution topples Nicholas II. Ans: A 32. All of the following nations joined the war on the side of the Central Powers except A) Bulgaria. D) Austria-Hungary. B) Germany. E) Italy. C) the Ottoman Empire. Ans: E 33. The Petrograd Soviet's Army Order No. 1 A) launched the disastrous July offensive. B) led to a total collapse of discipline in the Russian army. C) resulted in a counterrevolutionary attack on Petrograd. D) reinvigorated morale in the Russian army. E) ordered the execution of all officers above the level of sergeant. Ans: B

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34. What was the overall effect of World War I on the lives of European women? A) The war brought many more women into work in industry, transportation, and offices. B) Wartime legislation substantially reduced women's rights. C) Many European women served in combat. D) The war raised divorce rates as women separated from husbands absent at the front. E) European women gained full equality under the law. Ans: A 35. Walter Rathenau is remembered for his A) May Day rally in opposition to the German war effort. B) assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. C) role in Germany's total war mobilization. D) antiwar novels, which he wrote after the war. E) advocacy of violent revolution against the German government. Ans: C 36. Which of the following events occurred last? A) First Balkan War begins. B) Archduke Francis Ferdinand is assassinated. C) Rasputin is murdered. D) Ministry of Munitions established in Britain. E) Russian Revolution topples Nicholas II. Ans: E 37. In the years before 1900, __________ pursued a policy of “splendid isolation.” A) Britain B) Germany C) Austria D) Russia E) France Ans: A 38. Lenin's contribution to Marxist theory included all of the following except the A) importance of violent revolution. B) possibility of social revolution in a backward country. C) necessity of a disciplined workers' party. D) historically determined nature of revolution. E) importance of human action in bringing about revolution. Ans: D 39. In the First Balkan War, ___________ joined Greece and Bulgaria to attack the Ottoman Empire. A) Romania B) Albania C) Serbia D) Russia E) Austria Ans: C

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40. Bismarck's alliance system was designed to isolate France and A) expand German territory eastward. B) challenge Britain's dominant world position. C) create rival diplomatic blocs in Europe. D) maintain peace between Russia and Austria-Hungary. E) control the Balkans. Ans: D 41. All of the following were activities of the War Raw Materials Board in Germany except A) inventory and rationing of useful raw materials. B) sponsoring research that led to the production of synthetic rubber. C) food rationing. D) sponsoring research that led to the production of synthetic nitrates for explosives. E) arrest and imprisonment of “shirkers” at factories producing for the war effort. Ans: E 42. After defeats at the Battles of ___________ and Masurian Lakes, Russia never posed a real threat to Germany. A) the Urals D) the Danube B) Tannenberg E) the Volga C) the Black Sea. Ans: B 43. During World War I, the Balkans, with the exception of __________, were occupied by the Central Powers. A) Greece B) Serbia C) Bulgaria D) Albania E) Bosnia Ans: A 44. The efforts of wartime governments to wage total war resulted in all of the following except A) a shortening of the war. B) an effective and destructive war effort on both sides. C) a blurring of the distinction between soldiers and civilians. D) the emergence of socialism as a realistic economic blueprint. E) widespread censorship of the press. Ans: A 45. Austria-Hungary deliberately chose war in July 1914 A) to annex Serbia. B) against the desires of their German allies. C) because it believed Russia would not intervene. D) to stem the tide of hostile nationalism within its borders. E) to seize Italian territory. Ans: D

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46. The social impact of total war included all of the following except A) greater power and prestige for labor unions. B) greater acceptance of ethnic minorities. C) dramatic changes in the role of women. D) greater social equality. E) full employment. Ans: B 47. The African colonial subjects of Britain and France A) used the war as an opportunity to revolt. B) played no part in the war. C) opposed the war as irrelevant to their interests. D) lent clandestine support to Germany. E) generally supported their foreign masters. Ans: E 48. Generally, the offensives on the western front A) made significant territorial gains. B) relied heavily on flanking movements of cavalry units. C) were depressingly similar slaughters of massed infantry units. D) were won by the army on the offensive. E) were launched by the Germans. Ans: C 49. Germany's Auxiliary Service Law A) mobilized local police for service with the German army at the front. B) created an organization of female nurses attached to the German army. C) banned the conscription of skilled industrial workers. D) mandated the forced conscription of Belgian subjects for labor service in Germany. E) required all males between the ages of 17 and 60 to work only at jobs considered crucial for the war effort. Ans: E 50. At the Paris Peace Conference, French premier Georges Clemenceau A) strongly supported the creation of a League of Nations. B) advocated lenient treatment of Germany. C) agreed to renounce France's claim to Alsace and Lorraine. D) wanted to create a buffer state between Germany and France. E) objected to the breakup of the Austrian Empire. Ans: D

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51. At the Paris Peace Conference Iraq, Palestine, Transjordan, and Syria A) remained part of the Turkish empire. B) gained independence from the Turkish empire. C) were placed under British and French colonial rule. D) were placed under Italian colonial rule. E) were placed together under direct rule by the League of Nations. Ans: C 52. According to the text, the harshest clause of the Treaty of Versailles with regard to Germany was A) the establishment of a separate state along the Rhine River. B) territorial transfers from Germany to France and Poland. C) the limitation of the German army to 100,000 men. D) the transfer of Germany's colonies to France, Britain, and Japan. E) the mandating of huge war reparations payments. Ans: E 53. British Prime Minister Lloyd George's smashing electoral victory of December 1918 came largely out of his promise A) of “peace for our time.” B) to make Germany pay for the war. C) to enact wide-ranging welfare programs. D) to dismantle the government's apparatus for control of the economy. E) not to form any future military alliance with France. Ans: B 54. Nicholas II failed, in part, because he did not work with the __________, Russia's lower house. A) Duma B) Reichstag C) Bund D) Kremlin E) Soviet Ans: A 55. Agrarian socialist _____________ led the provisional government that formed after the fall of Nicholas II. A) Sergei Witte D) Leon Trotsky B) Nicholas Cheka E) Alexander Kerensky C) Leon Blum Ans: E 56. Lenin's faction was known as the Bolsheviks, or “____________.” A) minority group D) revolutionary group B) majority group E) fighting group C) radical group Ans: B

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57. During the war, social distinctions were blurred by all of the following except A) death at the front. D) government decrees. B) rationing of scarce goods. E) full employment. C) shared hardships. Ans: D 58. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk  A) established an independent Serbian state. B) was generous to a fault. C) ended the war between Russia and Germany. D) was supported by France, Britain, and the United States. E) brought the United States into World War I. Ans: C 59. In Austria-Hungary the revolution after World War I was primarily A) a Bolshevik movement. B) a conservative and aristocratic movement. C) a revisionist socialist revolution. D) a nationalist revolution. E) the work of the Ottoman secret service. Ans: D 60. The Bolsheviks used the Cheka, their version of the tsarist _____________, to solidify their grip on power. A) secret police B) legal code C) palace guard D) press E) military Ans: A 61. According to the text, Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War A) helped the Bolsheviks, who could appeal to patriotic nationalism against the Allies. B) helped the Whites with a massive infusion of military aid. C) blocked the German advance into Ukraine. D) caused the Bolsheviks to initiate their policy of terror. E) helped the Finns to gain their independence. Ans: A 62. The key issue in the U.S. rejection of the Treaty of Versailles was A) American indignation at the amount of German reparations. B) fear of the Bolshevik Revolution. C) the Senate's fear of losing control of the right to declare war. D) Wilson's conflict with Clemenceau over Germany's borders. E) American anger at the Treaty's extension of European colonialism. Ans: C

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63. The Versailles settlement included all of the following except A) the imposition of huge reparations on Germany. B) generalized arms control in Europe. C) the creation of the League of Nations. D) a clause placing blame for the war on Germany. E) limitations on the size of the German military. Ans: B 64. In World War I, the western front became an immovable mass of heavily armed, defensive trenches, while in the east the front remained very fluid. What geographical factors helped foster these developments? Ans: 65. The Wilsonian concept of national self-determination was applied, to a considerable extent, in the Versailles settlement regarding eastern Europe. Identify the states created on the basis of national self-determination and explain the limitations of the concept in establishing stable, democratic states in eastern Europe. Ans: 66. Many influential Germans believed that Germany was surrounded by hostile states that were preventing the Germans from achieving their destiny as a world power. Indicate the geographical and diplomatic basis of this belief. How was the Schlieffen Plan to resolve the apparent “encirclement”? Ans:

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1. logical empiricism Ans: 2. existentialism Ans: 3. neutron Ans: 4. id, ego, and superego Ans: 5. functionalism Ans: 6. stream-of-consciousness technique Ans: 7. dadaism Ans: 8. Bauhaus Ans: 9. Dawes Plan Ans: 10. Mein Kampf Ans: 11. Great Depression Ans: 12. New Deal Ans: 13. WPA Ans: 14. Social Democrats Ans: 15. Popular Front Ans:

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16. How did the Age of Anxiety manifest itself in the artistic style called modernism? What were the new schools of artistic interpretation, and who were the leading artists? What were their artistic principles? How did they express these principles in their respective media? What factors influenced the emergence and development of modernism? Ans: First, the essay should define modernism, with its rejection of past artistic rules and conventions. Next, the essay should describe the various schools of artistic expression (including painting, music, literature, and architecture): functionalism, expressionism, cubism, dadaism, surrealism, and “stream of consciousness” literature. The essay should make reference to artists such as van Gogh, Gauguin, Cézanne, Matisse, Picasso, and Kandinsky; writers such as Proust, Woolf, Faulkner, and Joyce; architects such as Le Corbusier, Frank Lloyd Wright, Gropius, and Mies van der Rohe; and musicians such as Stravinsky, Berg, and Schönberg. The essay should then turn to an analysis based on the rejection of nineteenth-century bourgeois society to explain the emergence of these new styles in art. 17. The Age of Anxiety was, in many ways, ushered in by developments in the fields of physics, philosophy, and psychology. How did these developments contribute to the Age of Anxiety? Ans: First, the essay should describe the various discoveries and developments in these three fields. In physics, the work of Curie, Planck, and Einstein in subatomic and astronomic physics effectively destroyed the certainties of the Newtonian synthesis; the work of Rutherford and Heisenberg completed the destruction. In philosophy, the rise of both logical empiricism in the Anglo-Saxon world, led by Wittgenstein, and of existentialism on the continent shook people's belief in the hope of finding answers to the fundamental questions of human existence. In psychology, Freud's theories on the basic irrationality of humankind destroyed the belief, dating from the Enlightenment, that humans are reasoning creatures. Taken together, developments in these three fields destroyed the Age of Reason's certainties concerning the physical, mental, and metaphysical universe. The good essay will indicate how World War I underscored these developments, making uncertainty a reality. 18. Although anxiety seems to have affected everyone in the 1920s, upper and lower classes retained a sharp division between high and popular culture. Which aspects of the developments in arts, literature, entertainment, and philosophy had an impact on the common person? Ans: The essay should describe and assess the developments that affected popular culture and its lower-class audience; radio and motion pictures should especially be stressed. The essay should discuss the religious revival of the era as well.

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19. In the late twenties and early thirties, the world suffered through the Great Depression. What were the causes of the economic collapse? How did the United States and the European states respond to this crisis? How effective were their responses? What were the consequences of the Great Depression? Ans: The essay should discuss the causes, both long-term and immediate, of the Great Depression; this discussion should include reference to the circular flow of money created by the Dawes Plan, the basic fragility of the postwar economic boom, and the speculative fever that gripped investors in the American stock market and ultimately caused the crash. The spread of the Depression, resulting from nationalistic economic policy, should also be described. Next, the essay should discuss fully Roosevelt's New Deal, including the NRA, WPA, and the Agricultural Adjustment Act; British focus on the home market should also be considered, as should the Scandinavian “middle way.” Finally, the impact of the Great Depression should be assessed, including the psychological trauma, the ruined bank accounts of many middle-class families, endemic unemployment, and the rise of radical movements with new solutions to the problem. 20. Read George Orwell's Road to Wigan Pier, excerpted in “Listening to the Past.” According to Orwell, how is the English working class responding to the Great Depression? Does Orwell see government aid to unemployed workers (“the dole”) as useful? Ans: Orwell pays a great deal of attention to the informal coping mechanisms of the workers  their reliance on their families and longstanding neighborhood networks for help and housing, their enjoyment of the most inexpensive leisure opportunities. He does seem to believe that the dole is useful in that it prevents starvation. 21. How did radio and movies allow propagandists and political leaders to reconstruct orderly and reassuring images of the world for ordinary people even as “high culture” artists, composers, and writers continued to dismantle traditional cultural norms and express the anxiety and fear arising out of World War I and its aftermath? Ans: The student can cite the escapism of big Hollywood films in the 1930s, Sergei Eisenstein's film presentation of the communist view of Soviet history, and Leni Riefenstahl's propaganda films for the Nazis, in particular The Triumph of the Will. In the field of radio, he or she could mention radio's use both by Hitler and Mussolini and by democratic politicians Franklin D. Roosevelt and Stanley Baldwin. The essayist should recognize that powerful new media of popular culture provided leaders with the ability to counteract some of the anxiety and sense of displacement of the 1920s and 1930s. “High culture” art and music, in contrast, never reached a very large audience.

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22. “In many ways this chapter is about World War I.” Discuss this statement critically, being sure to address the impact of the Great War on European society, politics, economy, and culture as well as the prewar origins of postwar developments in science, art, and philosophy. Do you agree with this assertion? Why, or why not? Ans: To answer this question, the essay should indicate the consequences of the carnage of the war and the flawed Versailles settlement on Europe in the 1920s and early 1930s. The essay should address the role of massive death and total war mobilization on social structures, the political instability and weakness of newly created representative governments, the continued tension among the European states, and the economic problems associated with wartime destruction and postwar reparations. The irrationality of the Great War, which seemed to provide validity to the developments in physics, philosophy, and psychology, should be included. Finally, the rejection of the bourgeois certainties concerning politics, economics, and science, and the representation of these consequences in the artistic movements of the era should be fully discussed. Finally, the essay should take a position on the validity of the statement. 23. Between 1935 and 1940, union membership in the United States A) doubled. D) fell by 40 percent. B) tripled. E) increased by 50 percent. C) fell by 25 percent. Ans: A 24. To resolve the economic problems of Germany and international tensions in Europe, the U.S. developed the A) Agricultural Adjustment Act. D) New Deal. B) Dawes Plan. E) Locarno Pact. C) League of Nations. Ans: B 25. The parliamentary governments of Germany in the mid- to late 1920s were dominated by A) Social Democrats. D) conservative aristocrats. B) right-wing nationalists. E) Christian Democrats. C) moderate businessmen. Ans: C 26. Because France was ________________, the Great Depression hit France late. A) well integrated into the world economy B) highly industrialized C) less industrialized, but well integrated into the world economy D) the beneficiary of war reparations from Germany E) less industrialized and more isolated from the world economy Ans: E

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27. The “middle way” refers to the A) Scandinavian response to the Great Depression. B) design philosophy of the Bauhaus. C) reform of German reparations payments. D) new literary efforts of writers such as Joyce and Faulkner. E) British Liberal Party. Ans: A 28. The composer Arnold Schönberg is known for A) his creation of “twelve-tone” music that abandoned traditional harmony and tonality. B) his composition of nationalistic German operas. C) his symphonies composed for broadcast to popular audiences on the German Deutsche Welle radio network. D) his use of pulsing dissonant rhythms in the ballet Rites of Spring. E) his composition of musical background for the first “talkies.” Ans: A 29. At its height during the Great Depression, unemployment in the United States reached A) 10 percent. D) 50 percent. B) 25 percent. E) 75 percent. C) 33 percent. Ans: C 30. According to the text, Britain was more ready to conciliate Germany than France following the Versailles peace settlement because A) the British and Germans shared a common cultural heritage. B) the British feared the growth of French military power. C) the British wanted a strong Germany as a bulwark against Bolshevism. D) the British hoped to purchase new ships for their battle fleet in Germany. E) the British had depended heavily on the German market for their exports before World War I. Ans: E 31. All of the following artistic styles emerged in the Age of Anxiety except A) surrealism. D) impressionism. B) cubism. E) extreme expressionism. C) dadaism. Ans: D

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32. The British political party that emerged during the 1920s as the champion of the working class and the main opposition to the Conservative party was the A) Liberal party. D) Communist party. B) Labour party. E) Christian Democratic party. C) Social Democratic party. Ans: B 33. All of the following statements about the Bauhaus movement are accurate except that it A) combined fine and applied arts. B) stressed functional design. C) combined expressionism and cubism to form surrealism. D) was led by Walter Gropius. E) had a great and continuing impact. Ans: C 34. Authors such as Marcel Proust, James Joyce, and William Faulkner wrote about A) societal problems. B) utopian escapist themes. C) romantic themes of love and personal fulfillment. D) the complexity and irrationality of the human mind. E) Christian salvation. Ans: D 35. One of the earliest full-length feature films produced in the United States was A) The Great Train Robbery. D) What the Butler Saw. B) Gone with the Wind. E) Metropolitan. C) Birth of a Nation. Ans: C 36. The logical empiricism espoused by Ludwig Wittgenstein argued that A) philosophy is only the logical clarification of thoughts. B) individuals must become “engaged” in modern life. C) one must search for moral values and then act on those values. D) the concept of God could be adapted to fit within the Einsteinian universe. E) angst zeit was the fundamental reality of the modern age. Ans: A 37. Challenges to the centrality of rational thought to understand the human condition came from all of the following philosophers except A) Ludwig Wittgenstein. D) Friedrich Nietzsche. B) Henri Bergson. E) Søren Kierkegaard. C) Georges Sorel. Ans: A

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38. JeanPaul Sartre stressed A) the role of emotion in understanding reality. B) the remoteness of God. C) the role of religion in human behavior. D) that philosophy is only the study of language. E) that individuals must give meaning to life through actions. Ans: E 39. Friedrich Nietzsche maintained all of the following except that A) religious belief provided stability in an absurd world. B) conventional morality was suffocating self-realization and excellence. C) rationality had been overemphasized. D) a few superior beings could rise above the masses to become heroes. E) Christianity was a “slave morality.” Ans: A 40. The Christian revival after World War I depended heavily on which of the following earlier philosophers and theologians? A) Friedrich Nietzsche. D) Søren Kierkegaard. B) Gabriel Marcel. E) Ignatius Loyola. C) Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Ans: D 41. Albert Einstein's greatest contribution to the destruction of the Newtonian universe was his A) discovery of quanta. B) principle of uncertainty. C) discovery of the radioactive properties of radium. D) theory of special relativity. E) deconstruction of atomic theory. Ans: D 42. In The Decline of the West, Oswald Spengler argued that A) rampant homosexuality was destroying Western culture. B) the West would soon be conquered by “the yellow race.” C) decolonization was a moral imperative for Europe. D) traditional Christian morality was weakening the West. E) only socialism could save the West. Ans: B 43. The first major public broadcasts of special events by radio were made in A) 1938. B) 1933. C) 1920. D) 1912. E) 1901. Ans: C

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44. The British Broadcasting Corporation is representative of  A) a middle path between private networks in the U.S. and direct control on the continent. B) the role of private corporations in the development of radio entertainment. C) propaganda value of radio broadcasts. D) Britain's direct control of the airwaves. E) the failure of publicly owned radio to reach the masses. Ans: A 45. With Russia hostile and communist, France turned to a defensive alliance with A) the United States. D) the “little Entente.” B) Italy and Austria. E) Spain. C) the Soviet Union. Ans: D 46. With the U.S. failure to ratify the Versailles Treaty, many French leaders placed their hopes for future security on A) strict implementation of the treaty. D) a closer relationship with Germany. B) the alliance with Great Britain. E) Bolshevik pressure on Germany. C) the League of Nations. Ans: A 47. When Germany refused to make its second reparations payment, France and Belgium A) declared war. B) established a naval blockade of German ports. C) appealed to the League of Nations. D) declared the Versailles Treaty null and void. E) occupied the Ruhr district. Ans: E 48. German government printing of money to pay unemployment benefits to workers striking in the Ruhr against the Franco-Belgian occupation of 1923 led to A) hyperinflation. B) French withdrawal from the Ruhr. C) a rise in the Ruhr workers' standard of living. D) the crash of the U.S. stock market. E) buying up of German currency by French speculators. Ans: A

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49. The slide into depression from 1929 to 1933 is best explained by the lack of leadership in the international economy and A) poor national economic policy in Britain. B) poor national economic policy in Germany. C) poor national economic policy in the United States. D) poor national economic policy in almost every country. E) poor national economic policy in the Soviet Union. Ans: D 50. In the 1920s support for Adolf Hitler's National Socialist party A) was strongest among wealthy businessmen and aristocrats. B) was broad throughout the German population. C) was stronger than that for any political party other than the Social Democrats. D) declined until the party had no seats in the Reichstag. E) was weak and confined to a few anti-Semites, ultranationalists, and angry veterans. Ans: E 51. Buying stocks “on margin” refers to the practice of  A) buying stocks and selling them as soon as any gain is realized. B) buying stocks in high-risk businesses. C) buying stocks with loans secured against high-risk bonds. D) buying stocks with loans from stockbrokers. E) buying stocks with retirement funds. Ans: D 52. According to the text, the American stock market crash of October 1929 was primarily the result of  A) nationalist economic policies in Europe. B) too much overseas investment. C) an imbalance between real investment and speculation. D) the government's Keynesian economic policies. E) failure of Germany to keep up reparations payments. Ans: C 53. President Franklin Roosevelt's Works Progress Administration attempted to A) plan and control the U.S. economy. B) solve the problem of unemployment. C) establish a social welfare system. D) nationalize banks, railroads, and heavy industry. E) set up a comprehensive program of wage and price controls for the U.S. economy. Ans: A

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54. The Swedish response to the Depression involved A) increasing state spending on public works projects and increasing social welfare benefits. B) increasing military spending. C) balancing the government budget by cutting government programs. D) erecting trade barriers and putting the currency on the gold standard. E) taking out loans from American banks. Ans: A 55. The most fundamental commitment of the New Deal was to A) reform the capitalist system. B) concentrate political power in the federal government. C) resuscitate free trade economics and balanced budgets as soon as possible. D) use the federal government to provide for the welfare of all Americans. E) reduce the United States' international trade deficit. Ans: A 56. According to the text, the Great Depression did not hit Britain as hard as the United States or Germany in part because A) Britain had a tradition of deficit spending by the government. B) the British government followed the recommendations of economist John Maynard Keynes. C) the British economy gradually reoriented away from international markets and toward production of consumer goods for the domestic market. D) the United States provided Britain with substantial economic assistance. E) British colonies served as a constant market for British goods. Ans: C 57. The Popular Front was formed in response to A) the occupation of the Ruhr. B) U.S. isolationism. C) the threat of Soviet intervention in the Spanish Civil War. D) the growth of communism. E) the growth of fascism. Ans: E 58. Which of the following events occurred first? A) French and Belgian armies occupy the Ruhr. B) Kellogg-Briand pact signed. C) Franklin Roosevelt elected U.S. president. D) Popular Front is formed in France. E) Germany joins League of Nations. Ans: A

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59. Which of the following events occurred last? A) French and Belgian armies occupy the Ruhr. B) Kellogg-Briand pact signed. C) Franklin Roosevelt elected U.S. president. D) Popular Front is formed in France. E) Germany joins League of Nations. Ans: D 60. Georges Sorel saw Marxian socialism as A) the science of history. D) B) an inspiring, but unprovable religion. E) C) the enemy of human freedom. Ans: B

a dark and sinister fantasy. the apex of human reason.

61. For ____________, the basic fact about human beings was that they are imperfect. A) Georges Sorel D) Karl Barth B) Max Planck E) Jean-Paul Sartre C) Ludwig Wittgenstein Ans: D 62. According to Freud, ingrained moral values, the ____________, specify what a person should do. A) superego B) ego C) id D) sex drive E) irrational mind Ans: A 63. Ulysses is an example of  A) realism. B) expressionism. C) naturalism. D) post-modernism. E) the stream-of-consciousness technique. Ans: E 64. According to the principle of ____________, buildings should serve the purpose for which they were made. A) post-modernism D) utilitarianism B) modernism E) purposefullism C) functionalism Ans: C 65. Where is the Ruhr Valley, and why would France and Belgium occupy this region when Germany refused to make its second reparations payment? Ans:

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66. Examine Map 28.1. Where was unemployment during the Great Depression the most substantial? Give a brief explanation for the varying levels of unemployment. Ans:

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1. totalitarianism Ans: 2. fascism Ans: 3. five-year plan Ans: 4. New Economic Policy (NEP) Ans: 5. collectivization Ans: 6. kulaks Ans: 7. Führer Ans: 8. Nazism Ans: 9. Enabling Act Ans: 10. appeasement Ans: 11. blitzkrieg Ans: 12. New Order Ans: 13. Black Shirts Ans: 14. Lateran Agreement Ans: 15. Europe First Ans:

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16. Describe Stalin's “revolution from above.” What factors prompted Stalin's actions and what were his goals? How successful was the revolution? Ans: The essay should describe, in significant detail, the main features of Stalin's efforts to transform the Soviet Union: collectivization, centralized planning (especially the five-year plans with their emphasis on heavy industry), and political propaganda and terror, including the purges. Next, the essay should identify and assess the relative importance of causative factors, emphasizing the “cursed problem,” the peasants: ideological hatred of the peasant-friendly NEP; economic power of the peasantry through their control of the grain crop; political rival potential; and tensions with the capitalistic West (political, economic, ideological, and strategic), that led to this effort. From this discussion of causative factors and actual policies, essays should explain Stalin's immediate and longrange goals. Finally, the impact on the Soviet economy, people, and political system should be assessed. 17. This chapter draws an analytic distinction between “conservative authoritarian” regimes and “radical totalitarian” regimes. What might be the historical and social origins of this difference (as opposed to the analytic description of it)? Ans: The experience of the World War I mobilization of the home front is crucial in explaining the differences between the two types of regimes. Before World War II, truly totalitarian regimes arose only in great powers that had been severely disrupted by World War I and which aspired to great military power once again. In states that could not aspire to great-power status, such as Spain, Portugal, Hungary, and Yugoslavia, authoritarianism did not become totalitarianism. The importance of the Catholic church organization in many of the interwar authoritarian states should be noted. The powerful church may have provided a brake on the most extreme ambitions of the state leaders. Ideology also seems to be a key factor. Both the National Socialists and Bolsheviks foresaw a millenial struggle to destroy evil in the world, whereas conservative authoritarian leaders were essentially intent on preserving their power and maintaining order. 18. Some have argued that strong actions by England and France in the mid-1930s would have prevented World War II and that appeasement merely whetted Hitler's appetite. How accurate is this statement? Ans: The essay should provide a brief narrative of the events leading to the outbreak of war; the narrative should include factors other than simply Hitler's appetite for conquest—for example, lingering resentment about the Versailles settlement, and ardent nationalism. The narrative should also discuss those factors that encouraged appeasement in the West: war weariness, pacifism, fear of the Soviet Union, British guilt over the Versailles settlement. Finally, the essay should return to the basically unappeasable nature of Hitler and the weaknesses of the Western states.

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19. “Hitler's diplomatic and military actions—rather than being just irrational acts—seemed to complement the domestic aspects of Nazi totalitarianism.” Analyze this assessment by examining both Hitler's actions and motivation in the diplomatic and military arena. What was the connection between domestic and foreign/military policy? What clues to this connection can be discovered in Mein Kampf? Ans: This question requires an examination not only of Hitler's foreign and military policies and his motivation but also of how these actions were connected to domestic policies. Students should consider both his immediate motivation (that is, what he hoped to gain with each move) as well as his overriding purpose. The essay should identify the impact of domestic needs, before and during the war, on Hitler's decision making in diplomatic and military affairs. Finally, essays should examine the main themes of Hitler's overall political views  including lebensraum, racism, Versailles revisionism, and the revolutionary dynamic of Nazism  on Hitler's foreign and military policies. 20. Compare collectivization in the Soviet Union and the Final Solution in Nazi-occupied Europe. What were the goals of each operation? What do these goals reveal about the larger differences between the Nazi and Soviet regimes? Ans: Collectivization was aimed at controlling the peasants in order to extract their surplus production to finance industrialization. It was also aimed at destroying what the regime leaders saw as incipient small-peasant capitalism. The regime's deeper goals were thus (a) “catching up” with the capitalist West in industrial and military power and (b) building a classless society that would supposedly be free of exploitation. One corollary of (b) was the need to maintain economic equality in the population. The Final Solution killed millions much more systematically than collectivization. Its goal was to exterminate all Jews, who the Nazis believed were both the root of all evil in the world and the most “inferior race.” The regime's deeper purpose, then, was to build a world founded on strict racial hierarchy and to destroy “evil.” The deeper goals of the Nazis were fundamentally different from those of the Soviets. 21. The Grand Alliance was a smashing military success. What were the factors that contributed to this success? What were the turning points in the Allies' march to victory? Ans: The essay should identify the assets of the members of the Grand Alliance: population, productive capacity, natural resources, control of the seas, sound leadership. The inherent weakness of the Axis powers, including unstable leadership and shortages of natural resources, should be described. The essay should then identify the various turning points: Coral Sea, Midway, El Alamein, Stalingrad, Normandy, Hiroshima/Nagasaki. The good essay will indicate how Allied victories in these turning points reflected the strengths of the Allies and the weaknesses of the Axis powers.

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22. What was the impact of industrialization, collectivization, and the purges on the citizens of the Soviet Union? Did the positive aspects justify the suffering brought on by Stalin's revolution? Why, or why not? Ans: The essay should describe the impact of Stalin's revolution from above on the Soviet citizens, rural and urban, of both genders: declining standards of living, increased access to education for men and women, improved employment opportunity for women, a degree of upward mobility based on education, continued pressure on women as both wage earners and primary caregivers and managers of the family economy. The essay should include a discussion of psychological and physical terror in general and its specific impact on societal groups such as the kulaks and the Old Bolsheviks. In light of this discussion, the essay should provide a reasoned conclusion as to whether Stalin's revolution was  justified. 23. The leftist interpretation of totalitarianism argues that despite excesses, there were positive aspects of the Stalinist revolution. To ascertain the validity of this interpretation, compare the experience of women in the Soviet Union, Nazi Germany, and fascist Italy. Based on this comparison, does the leftist interpretation seem valid? Why, or why not? Is this an appropriate and adequate method to assess the validity of this interpretation? Ans: First, the essay should provide a definition of the leftist interpretation of totalitarianism. Next, the essay should describe the experience of women in the three regimes as thoroughly as possible, including such topics as property rights, educational and employment opportunities, reproduction, family roles, and official and societal views of women. Then, based on this description, the essay should assess the validity of the leftist interpretation. Finally, the essay should offer criticisms of this analytical exercise. 24. The most impressive accomplishments of Stalin's five-year plans occurred in A) collectivized agriculture. D) foreign trade. B) heavy industry. E) foreign investment. C) consumer industry. Ans: B 25. The strategic decision that most epitomized Hitler's violent and unlimited ambitions was the A) invasion of the Soviet Union. B) offensive into the eastern Mediterranean. C) declaration of war against the United States. D) bombing of British cities during the Battle of Britain. E) occupation of the Rhineland. Ans: A

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26. Hitler's Mein Kampf included all of the following basic themes except A) living space. B) land reform. C) race. D) the leaderdictator. E) the masses were driven by fanaticism, not by knowledge. Ans: B 27. The Nuremberg Laws A) outlawed private property in the Soviet Union. B) established the parallel government/party structure of Nazi Germany. C) deprived German Jews of their rights of citizenship. D) attempted to implement Hitler's promises of “work and bread.” E) established “reservations” for Jews on German territory. Ans: C 28. The first German act of aggression that could not be justified by selfdetermination was the A) annexation of Austria. B) occupation of the non-ethnically German areas of Czechoslovakia. C) invasion of Poland. D) remilitarization of the Rhineland. E) invasion of Denmark. Ans: A 29. The regimes of Nazi Germany, fascist Italy, and the Stalinist Soviet Union all shared a A) complete rejection of private property. B) violently racist ideology. C) goal of complete economic transformation. D) respect for the independence of established churches. E) profound hatred of Western liberalism. Ans: E 30. How did real wages for workers and peasants in the Soviet Union in 1937 compare with those in the Russian empire in 1913? A) They were far higher. B) They were marginally higher. C) They were lower. D) They were approximately the same. E) Available data do not allow comparison. Ans: C

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31. Mussolini was expelled from the Italian Socialist Party A) for plotting to assassinate its leader. B) for denying the necessity of violent revolution to establish a worker dictatorship. C) for working as a secret government informer. D) for anti-Semitism. E) for urging Italian entry into World War I. Ans: E 32. Which of the following events occurred first? A) Mussolini seizes power in Italy. B) Stalin launches first five-year plan. C) Collectivization starts in the Soviet Union. D) Hitler appointed chancellor in Germany. E) Lateran Agreement signed. Ans: A 33. The newer comparative studies of fascism identify all of the following as shared characteristics except A) alliance with working-class movements. B) extreme, expansionist nationalism. C) a dynamic and violent leader. D) glorification of war and the military. E) alliance with powerful capitalists and landowners. Ans: A 34. The Grand Alliance was cemented by all of the following policies except A) a commitment to unconditional surrender. B) U.S. adoption of the “Europe first” principle. C) postponement of a discussion of the eventual peace settlement. D) the decision to exclude France from the Alliance. E) the promise of huge U.S. aid to Britain and the Soviet Union. Ans: D 35. In the early 1930s German chancellor Bruning tried to cope with the Great Depression by A) spending large amounts on public works projects. B) cutting government spending and squeezing down wages and prices. C) repudiating the Treaty of Versailles and drastic increases in military spending. D) enacting new welfare measures. E) instituting free trade policies to attract foreign investment. Ans: B

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36. Lenin's New Economic Policy was a political compromise with the A) urban workers. D) foreign capitalists. B) Russian peasants. E) Russian intelligentsia. C) White counterrevolutionaries. Ans: B 37. The Lateran Agreement indicated that Mussolini had the support of  A) the pope and the Catholic church. D) fascist Spain. B) Italian labor unions. E) the Greek government. C) Nazi Germany. Ans: A 38. The term Final Solution refers to A) Stalin's industrialization drive. B) the Allies' demand that Germany had to surrender unconditionally. C) Hitler's suicide as Soviet troops stormed Berlin. D) the attempted extermination of European Jews by the Nazis. E) Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union. Ans: D 39. The Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact A) allied Germany and the Soviet Union against Britain and France. B) engaged Germany and the Soviet Union to defend one another should either be attacked. C) stated that Germany and the Soviet Union foreswore any further acts of aggression against sovereign states. D) stated that if either side became involved in war, the other would remain neutral, and included a secret agreement to divide up Yugoslavia. E) stated that if either side became involved in war, the other would remain neutral, and included a secret clause dividing up eastern Europe. Ans: E 40. Hitler's popularity was based on all of the following except A) his establishment of equality for women. B) growing profits for business. C) the perception of greater equality and social mobility for all Germans. D) his successes in foreign policy. E) high employment and rising real wages. Ans: A

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41. In the Battle of Britain (1940) A) the German air force sought to win control of the air over Britain. B) the German army landed troops on the south coast of England. C) the German navy attempted to wrest control of the English Channel from the British. D) Hitler tried to break civilian morale in Britain with radio broadcasts and leaflet drops. E) British labor unions protested continuation of the war. Ans: A 42. Which of the following events occurred last? A) Mussolini seizes power in Italy. B) Stalin launches first five-year plan. C) Collectivization starts in the Soviet Union. D) Hitler appointed chancellor in Germany. E) Lateran Agreement signed. Ans: D 43. In Stalin's Soviet Union, women A) were relegated to agricultural and domestic labor. B) were urged to liberate themselves sexually. C) shared family duties equally with men. D) were able to pursue professional careers. E) lost the right to vote. Ans: D 44. By spring __________, the Bolsheviks had won the civil war. A) 1921 B) 1919 C) 1925 D) 1926 E) 1928 Ans: A 45. Marshal Henri-Philippe Pétain A) commanded the French armies in the spring of 1940. B) commenced French rearmament when he became premier in 1938. C) led the Popular Front government in France in 1937. D) was a French general who deserted to the Nazis during their invasion of France. E) headed the Vichy French government that made peace with the Nazis. Ans: E 46. Early writers on totalitarianism such as Elie Halévy A) asserted that all totalitarian states were closely related. B) stressed the differences between fascism and communism. C) argued that fascism was a tool of powerful capitalists. D) stressed the differences in the historical patterns of fascist states. E) celebrated conservative authoritarianism. Ans: A

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47. According to historian Daniel Goldhagen, most Germans A) detested the anti-Semitic policies of the Nazi party. B) greeted the outbreak of war with resignation. C) were Hitler's willing accomplices in the Final Solution. D) were indifferent to the Holocaust. E) feared Bolshevism above all. Ans: C 48. Stalin's theory of “socialism in one country” A) was originally proposed by Leon Trotsky. B) argued that the Soviet Union could build socialism on its own. C) maintained that the success of socialism depended on world revolution. D) was rejected by the Communist party. E) proposed that the Soviet Union should give up trying to catalyze the world proletarian revolution. Ans: B 49. One example of the successful resistance of Russian peasants to collectivization was A) Stalin's decision to limit the extent of collectivization. B) de-kulakization. C) grudgingly tolerated family plots. D) their control of the Siberian grain and raw materials sectors of the Soviet economy. E) the restoration of their rights to move freely without carrying passports in 1935. Ans: C 50. Among the objectives of Stalin's first Five-Year Plan were all of the following except A) to stamp out the small-scale private enterprise tolerated under the NEP. B) to catch up with the advanced capitalist countries in industrial and military power. C) to squeeze out of the peasants the capital needed for industrialization. D) to Russify the ethnic minority groups in the U.S.S.R. E) to prevent the growth of an independent class of “capitalist” peasants. Ans: D 51. All of the following were factors in the success of Stalin's industrialization drive except A) a sharp decrease in domestic consumption. B) the skill of Soviet economists. C) extensive labor discipline. D) the use of foreign experts. E) the crushing of independent labor unions. Ans: B

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52. The parliamentary government in Italy was breaking down at the time of the Fascist march on Rome in October 1922 largely because A) socialist workers were seizing control of factories. B) of the violence perpetrated by Mussolini's own black-shirted militants. C) of mass unemployment. D) of mutinies in the Italian fleet. E) of the general strike against the government declared by the Catholic church. Ans: B 53. One of the most important consequences of the Great Purges was the A) creation of a new generation of communists loyal to Stalin. B) destruction of the Red Army's ability to fight. C) elimination of foreign spies and saboteurs. D) decline in the international scope of the communist movement. E) rise of significant sympathy for Nazi Germany inside the U.S.S.R. Ans: A 54. Stalin ordered the liquidation of the kulaks, the _____________, in 1929. A) small shopkeepers D) army officers B) descendants of the Cossacks E) better-off peasants C) lower middle class Ans: E 55. Hitler's promise to create “national socialism,” a path between capitalism and communism was directed primarily at A) the army officer corps. D) urban workers. B) the middle and lower-middle classes. E) the intelligentsia. C) big business. Ans: B 56. Hitler acquired absolute dictatorial powers, through the Enabling Act, as a result of  A) the Reichstag fire and dirty politicking. B) a wave of strikes by German labor unions. C) the remilitarization of the Rhineland. D) the assassination of a German diplomat by a Jew. E) the election of 1932. Ans: A 57. Under Stalin, Soviet workers had all of the following except A) free education D) free medical service B) abundant housing E) day-care centers for children C) old-age pensions Ans: B

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58. By 1950, __________ percent of all doctors in the Soviet Union were women. A) 20 B) 10 C) 40 D) 75 E) 90 Ans: D 59. Mussolini's ____________ used street violence as a tool for creating chaos and disorder. A) Black Shirts D) White Shirts B) Brown Shirts E) Black Hats C) Red Shirts Ans: A 60. Britain and France finally confronted Hitler with the threat of war when he A) remilitarized the Rhineland. B) occupied Austria. C) took the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia. D) invaded Norway. E) used the pretext of German minorities in Danzig to threaten Poland. Ans: E 61. According to Hitler's New Order, the European “race” that was next to the Jews on Hitler's scale of subhumans was the A) Latin race. D) Anglo-Saxon race. B) Slavic race. E) Magyar race. C) Nordic race. Ans: B 62. By 1945, Hitler and his Nazis had murdered A) 600,000 Jews. D) B) 1 million Jews. E) C) 2 million Jews. Ans: D

6 million Jews. 20 million Jews.

63. By the end of _____________, Italy was a one-party dictatorship under Mussolini's control. A) 1926 B) 1922 C) 1930 D) 1929 E) 1924 Ans: A 64. In Vienna, Hitler learned important political lessons from the city's mayor, A) Max Luddendorf. D) Rolf Hess. B) Frederick Listoff. E) Otto Presser. C) Karl Lueger. Ans: C 65. Heinrich Himmler was the leader of the A) Luftwaffe. B) Wehrmacht. C) Gestapo. Ans: E

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D) SA.

E) SS.

66. In Mein Kampf, Hitler stressed living space. Where was this living space to be found? Why was Hitler interested in this region, and what would be the consequences of this fixation? Ans: 67. Why was the defeat of Hitler and Nazi Germany virtually assured by the creation of the Grand Alliance? Ans: 68. After the German failure in the Battle of Britain, Hitler chose to attack the Soviet Union. What were the strategic problems with this decision? Suggest a more plausible strategy. Ans:

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1. Big Three Ans: 2. NATO Ans: 3. cold war Ans: 4. Marshall Plan Ans: 5. Christian Democrats Ans: 6. Common Market Ans: 7. decolonization Ans: 8. de-Stalinization Ans: 9. Brezhnev Doctrine Ans: 10. Watergate Ans: 11. détente Ans: 12. OPEC Ans: 13. misery index Ans: 14. Big Science Ans: 15. neocolonialism Ans:

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16. From the early 1970s well into the 1980s, North American and western European economies stagnated. Explain the causes of this stagnation and discuss its consequences for politics in the West. Ans: Based on the discussion in the text, the essayist might cite the U.S. withdrawal from the gold standard (prompted by the deeper problems of foreign debt), the “oil shock” of 1973, and the Iranian Revolution of 1979. The latter two events caused a sharp rise in oil prices and cut off the cheap energy that had helped fuel the postwar boom. In his or her discussion of political consequences, the student ought to mention the growing pessimism and conservatism of university graduates (as contrasted with the romanticism and idealism of the 1960s) and the financial retrenchment of European governments faced with spiraling expenditures on social welfare. 17. How did the women's movement in the 1970s seek to realize Simone de Beauvoir's call for women to “reach out beyond themselves, transcend themselves, toward society in production and action”? Ans: The question is aimed at getting students to connect Beauvoir's philosophical rhetoric with the concrete political goals of the women's movement. By fighting for equal pay for equal work and for an end to discrimination and sexism in the workplace, the women's movement aimed to open up meaningful jobs outside the home for women. In seeking affordable day care, easier terms for divorce, and legalized abortion, the women's movement also aimed to give women more freedom from family restrictions and the ability to limit the number of children they bore. 18. Postwar Europe experienced a trend toward unity. What were the successes and failures of the movement? Who were its leaders? What motivated them? What factors explain the successes and failures of the movement toward European unity? Ans: Initially, a brief narrative of the history of the efforts at unity from the end of the war to 1985 should be presented, indicating the major events of this history, such as the Schumann Plan, the formation of the European Coal and Steel Community, the Treaty of Rome, and the economic unity of the Common Market; the ambivalence of the British and de Gaulle's nationalistic efforts should also be explored. Include in this outline the early leaders (Christian Democrats in general, and specifically Schumann, Monnet, Adenauer, and de Gasperi) and their motivations, which were essentially to prevent future wars in Europe and ultimately attain the political unity of Europe. Finally, assess the factors that contributed to the successes of the movement toward unity (the horrors of the war, commitment of early leaders, hard work of average Europeans, role of the United States, and the cold war) and those factors, such as nationalism, that have deterred the movement.

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19. International affairs in the postwar era were dominated by the cold war. What were the key events in its development? What were the causes and consequences? Which side was responsible? Given the political, military, and ideological situations at the time, was the cold war unavoidable? Support your conclusions. Ans: The essay should begin with a brief narrative, describing the main events of the cold war (wartime conferences, Soviet coups in eastern Europe, Soviet support of liberation movements around the world, the Berlin Wall, the Truman Doctrine, the Korean and Vietnam Wars). Next, describe and assess the causes (political, ideological, strategic) of the cold war. Third, indicate the immediate and longterm consequences, for both world politics and the peoples of the Soviet Union, Europe, the United States, and the Third World. Finally, there should be an assessment of responsibility. 20. “After 1945, western European society became more mobile and more democratic; class barriers relaxed and class distinctions blurred.” Assess the validity of this quotation. What factors accounted for these changes? Ans: There should be a description of the changes in the European class structure in terms of mobility, access to political rights, educational and employment opportunities, consumer consumption, and recreation. Next, these changes should be accounted for by examining the role of economic and technological transformation (such as the rise of scientific management and decline of familyowned firms, and the changing composition of the workforce from manufacturing to service jobs), demographic shifts from countryside to urban areas, increased political participation, and social welfare policies. 21. After the death of Stalin, the Soviet Union underwent a process of “deStalinization.” Describe this process. What impact did de-Stalinization have, domestically and internationally? Why did later Soviet leaders re-Stalinize? Ans: First, the essay should describe the process, beginning with Khrushchev's “secret speech,” the dismantling of the repressive apparatus, openness for artistic expression, greater emphasis on the consumer sector of the Soviet economy, and the thaw in relations with the West. The impact of de-Stalinization on the Soviet Union includes artistic freedom (Solzhenitsyn, Pasternak), rising standard of living, the shake-up in the membership of the Communist party, and relaxation of labor discipline. For the Warsaw Pact countries, the impact included rebelliousness in Poland and Hungary; for the world, it included the normalization of relations with the West and increased Soviet aid to Third World nations. The backlash resulted from the fear that Khrushchev's policies threatened the power of the party and from Khrushchev's erratic policies toward the West (the Berlin crisis and Cuban missile crisis).

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22. The revolutionary surge of the 1960s was primarily a youth movement. Describe this movement. What factors caused it to gain momentum and then explode in the late 1960s and early 1970s? What were the consequences of this movement? Ans: First, the essay should identify and discuss the origins of the movement: the baby boom, mass communications and worldwide travel, postwar prosperity, no punishment for unconventional behavior. Next, there should be a discussion of its general characteristics: sexual experimentation, attraction to romantic alternatives to Western liberalism, rock-and-roll music, fusion with the counterculture movement. The growth of higher education, the civil rights movement, and the Vietnam War should all be discussed as factors that explain its growth and later revolutionary activity. Consequences include a greater degree of political participation in general, but specifically the events of May 1968 in France should be discussed, as should the antiwar rallies of the United States and the role played by young people in the revolutionary upheavals of the late 1960s and early 1970s. 23. Describe Willy Brandt's attempt to answer the “German question.” What role did the United States and NATO play in Brandt's policies? What was the impact of those policies on the cold war? Ans: Initially, the essay should define the “German question” (Germany's role in Europe and the world) and Brandt's overtures to the Soviet Union and East Germany. Second, Brandt's motivation behind his “ostpolitik” should be explained. In the next section, the concerns of the U.S. and the NATO allies about possible German neutrality and the manner in which these fears were allayed by Brandt should be presented. Finally, an assessment of the impact of this diplomatic effort on the emergence of détente, the end of the cold war, and, ultimately, the reunification of Germany should be made. 24. Early in the cold war Americans tended to perceive communism as a unified global conspiracy. Discuss the reasons for that perception. Then, try to analyze just how close to reality it was. Ans: The essayist ought to discuss the aggressiveness (if not aggression) of communist parties and communist states in the five years after the end of World War II. These years saw the Soviet subjugation of eastern Europe, communist victory in the Chinese civil war, the North Korean invasion of South Korea, and coordinated strikes and other actions by the French and Italian communist parties aimed at discrediting liberal parliamentary regimes in western Europe, as well as other activities. The essay should then move on to discuss the degree of unity or disunity within the international communist movement. Much evidence in the text suggests that communism was not a monolith, including Tito's independence from Stalin, the reform efforts in Hungary and Czechoslovakia (1956 and 1968), and the Chinese communist rapprochement with the United States in 1972.

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25. Historians use the term détente to describe relations between the Soviet bloc and the Western democracies in the 1970s. How did the policy evolve? What were the key elements of this diplomatic change? What were the limits of détente? What impact did détente have on the subsequent end of the cold war? Ans: The term should be defined. Then, the essay should trace the course of relations between East and West that led to détente, including Brandt's policies, U.S. foreign policy (including Nixon's overture to China), NATO, and Soviet policy. Next, the essay should describe the changes that took place, such as a reduction of ideological warfare, increased cultural and academic contact, and arms control. The discussion of limits should include the recognition of spheres of influence, espionage, support of various armed conflicts around the world, and the inviolability of domestic affairs. Finally, students should assess the long-range impact and support this assessment. 26. At which conference did U.S. President Harry Truman insist that Stalin immediately allow free elections in the eastern European states under Red Army occupation? A) Munich Conference. D) Helsinki Conference. B) Teheran Conference. E) Potsdam Conference. C) Yalta Conference. Ans: E 27. The goal of the Truman Doctrine was to A) contain communism in areas liberated by the Red Army. B) rebuild the European economies. C) force the communists out of eastern Europe. D) destroy the communist parties in western Europe. E) enable cuts in U.S. military spending. Ans: A 28. In order to foster economic growth, the German Minister of the Economy Ludwig Erhard A) dismantled the extensive social welfare network. B) retained the Nazi-era economic planning machinery. C) emphasized free market capitalism. D) adopted the French model of a mixed economy. E) privatized major state-owned industries. Ans: C 29. After World War II, the Soviet Union A) experienced a period of general freedom. B) underwent a consumer revolution. C) reintroduced Lenin's New Economic Policy. D) returned to the totalitarianism of the 1930s. E) accepted Marshall Plan aid from the United States. Ans: D

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30. In November 1943 the Big Three met in _____________ to discuss the shape of the postwar world. A) Teheran B) Potsdam C) London D) Istanbul E) Helsinki Ans: A 31. Which of the following events occurred first? A) Berlin Wall is built. D) B) Common Market is formed. E) C) NATO is formed. Ans: C

Korean War begins. NOW is formed.

32. French decolonization in sub-Saharan Africa A) broke all ties with the former colonies. B) effectively removed Western influence in Africa. C) resulted from long wars for colonial independence. D) effectively cut France off from African markets. E) enhanced economic and cultural ties with former colonies. Ans: E 33. Which of the following events occurred last? A) Truman Doctrine proclaimed. B) Berlin Wall built. C) Marshall Plan launched. D) De-Stalinization of the Soviet Union begins. E) Korean War begins. Ans: B 34. Conservative party figures ousted Khruschev from the Soviet leadership because of all of the following except A) Stalin's former henchmen feared that Khrushchev's de-Stalinization campaign would ultimately reach them. B) Khrushchev's 1958 failure to force the NATO allies out of West Berlin. C) Khrushchev's humiliation in the Cuban missile crisis of 1962. D) de-Stalinization ultimately threatened the party's monopoly on political power. E) Khrushchev's readiness to let Soviet satellites leave the Warsaw Pact. Ans: E 35. The Manhattan Project was responsible for the development of  A) jet aircraft. D) computers. B) radar. E) code-breaking algorithms. C) the atomic bomb. Ans: C

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36. The ultimate goal of Robert Schuman's plan for an international organization to coordinate coal and steel production in Europe was to A) rebuild the European economy. B) create a single competitive market in Europe. C) reduce the influence of the United States. D) bind the members of the Common Market so closely that war would be impossible. E) facilitate an arms buildup to defend western Europe from the Warsaw Pact. Ans: D 37. Jews in Palestine proclaimed the state of Israel A) when the French gave up their League of Nations mandate over Palestine. B) when Germany surrendered in May 1945. C) when the British withdrew from Palestine in 1948. D) when the United States proclaimed the Truman Doctrine in 1947. E) when the U.S. Congress promised economic assistance in 1949. Ans: C 38. The European Common Market was created by the Treaty of  A) Paris. B) Potsdam. C) Rome. D) Yalta. E) Versailles. Ans: C 39. The youth counterculture of the late 1950s and 1960s was characterized by all of the following except A) experimentation with communal living. B) unconventional sexual behavior. C) new artistic styles. D) anger at the injustices of racism and imperialism. E) the embrace of materialism. Ans: E 40. Following his election to the U.S. presidency in 1968, Richard Nixon A) immediately withdrew American troops from Vietnam. B) gradually reduced American involvement in the Vietnam War. C) increased the number of American troops in Vietnam. D) halted U.S. bombing of Vietnam. E) invaded North Vietnam. Ans: B

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41. Changes in the structure of European society after World War II were primarily the result of  A) economic and technological transformation. B) rising birthrates among the lower classes. C) the slaughter of World War II. D) political and social revolution. E) large-scale emigration. Ans: A 42. The wave of social unrest that almost toppled de Gaulle's Fifth Republic was begun by A) workers. B) peasants. C) students. D) civil servants. E) the army. Ans: C 43. In 1958, General de Gaulle established the ____________ Republic in France. A) Second B) Third C) Fourth D) Fifth E) Sixth Ans: D 44. The growth of the middle class in the postwar era has been attributed primarily to A) increased demand for technologists and managers. B) the strength of family-owned businesses. C) the high birthrate among this class. D) increased opportunities for new businesses. E) high taxes on the wealthy. Ans: A 45. The leveling of European society was a product of all of the following except A) social welfare programs. B) increased immigration resulting from decolonization. C) a rising standard of living and standardized consumer goods. D) higher taxes on the rich. E) high demand by government and corporations for technologists and managers. Ans: B 46. Approximately what percentage of persons in the West educated in science and technology have been involved in weapons production in the postwar era? A) one-twentieth. B) one-tenth. C) one-fifth. D) one-fourth. E) one-half. Ans: D 47. The leaders of the Czechoslovak reform movement of 1968 attempted to A) abolish the Communist party. B) remove Czechoslovakia from the Warsaw Pact. C) reintroduce capitalism and liberalism. D) make communism more humane. E) collectivize agriculture. Ans: D

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48. How was the Tet Offensive launched by the Vietcong in January 1968 perceived in the United States? A) As a decisive American defeat. B) As an American victory. C) As a sign that the North Vietnamese were at the end of their tether. D) As a sign of Soviet direction of the Vietcong and North Vietnamese war effort. E) As a sign that more U.S. troops were needed to crush the communist insurgency. Ans: A 49. In the 1920s and 1930s, ____________ built a mass movement in India preaching nonviolent “noncooperation.” A) Nehru B) Gandhi C) Ashoka D) Jinna E) Das Gupta Ans: B 50. The Helsinki agreement of 1975 called for A) the nonproliferation of nuclear weapons. B) the reunification of eastern and western Europe. C) respect for human rights and the recognition of existing political boundaries. D) American deescalation in Vietnam and Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan. E) Finnish neutrality in the cold war. Ans: C 51. In 1931, with Guomindang armies closing in on him, ___________ led his followers on a 5,000 mile march. A) Mao Zedong D) Gandhi B) Chiang Kai-shek E) Sun Yatsen C) Ho Chi Minh Ans: A 52. In 1954, the ____________ were defeated by the forces of Ho Chi Minh. A) Portuguese B) Dutch C) Italians D) British E) French Ans: E 53. Simone de Beauvoir argued that women could become freer through A) political revolution. B) the abolition of marriage. C) refusal to have children. D) courageous action and self-assertive creativity. E) sexual promiscuity. Ans: D

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54. The misery index is a measurement that A) combines inflation and unemployment rates. B) measures per capita levels of malnutrition and disease. C) combines expenditures for oil and government deficits. D) links per capita income to oil imports. E) combines infant mortality rates and levels of illiteracy. Ans: A 55. In 1956, Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the ____________, provoking a military conflict with France and Britain. A) Egyptian oil industry D) Egyptian energy industry B) Egyptian steel industry E) Egyptian agricultural sector C) Suez Canal Company Ans: C 56. According to the _____________ Doctrine, the Soviet Union had the right to intervene in any socialist country whenever it saw the need. A) Brezhnev B) Gorbachev C) Stalin D) Khrushchev E) Dubèek  Ans: A 57. The founder of the National Organization for Women was A) Simone de Beauvoir. D) Helen Gurley Brown. B) Betty Friedan. E) Janis Joplin. C) Margaret Thatcher. Ans: B 58. Following the failure of his program of nationalization and public investment in the early 1980s, French president François Mitterrand A) resigned. B) failed to win reelection. C) was forced to introduce austerity measures. D) declared that socialism was dead. E) withdrew France from the Common Market. Ans: C 59. Simone de Beauvoir was A) an influential author in the postwar feminist movement. B) minister of culture in Charles de Gaulle's government. C) a French Resistance fighter executed by the Nazis. D) secretary of the French Communist party during the strikes and riots of 1947. E) president of the Sorbonne during the student uprising of 1968. Ans: A

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60. In Great Britain, Margaret Thatcher's efforts to encourage low- and moderate-income renters to buy their apartments A) failed miserably. B) led to destructive debt levels for poorer people. C) was supported by the Labour party. D) created a new class of property owners. E) led to accusations that Thatcher was a socialist. Ans: D 61. Between 1981 and 1989, Ronald Reagan and the U.S. Congress A) increased taxes on the wealthy. B) cut defense spending. C) increased taxes and government-provided social services. D) cut taxes and ballooned the government deficit. E) eliminated the budget deficit by cutting government social services. Ans: D 62. Common goals of the women's movement included all of the following except A) eliminating discrimination in the workplace. B) elimination of male-dominated governments. C) legislation to legalize abortion and divorce. D) support for programs to help single parents. E) support for affordable day care. Ans: B 63. The essence of Willy Brandt's policies toward the Eastern bloc was A) to seek peace and reconciliation. B) the reunification of Germany. C) to reduce the influence of NATO in Germany. D) to establish German neutrality in the cold war. E) to reassert German claims to majority-German areas of eastern Europe. Ans: A 64. Explain why, based on geographic factors, the decision to establish a second front in France rather than invading through central Europe helped create the division between eastern and western Europe. Ans: 65. What factors explain Britain's early reluctance to join the European Economic Community (and its recent ambivalent attitude toward European unity)? Ans: 66. What geographic factors helped influence Willy Brandt's decision to try to reconcile East and West? Ans:

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1. re-Stalinization Ans: 2. Gdansk Agreement Ans: 3. Solidarity Ans: 4. perestroika Ans: 5. glasnost Ans: 6. shock therapy Ans: 7. Velvet Revolution Ans: 8. Alliance for Germany Ans: 9. Paris Accord Ans: 10. “new world order” Ans: 11. European Union Ans: 12. Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) Ans: 13. Maastricht treaty Ans: 14. Great Russians Ans: 15. third way Ans:

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16. baby bust Ans: 17. globalization Ans: 18. The Gorbachev “revolution” in the Soviet Union focused on four main areas. What were these areas and how successful was the reform effort? What forces for change were already present? To what extent were Gorbachev's reforms responsible for the revolutions of 1989 and 1991? Ans: Students should describe and assess the impact of Gorbachev's reform efforts in the four main areas: economic restructuring, political openness, democratization, cooperation with the West, and encouraging reform in the Soviet satellites. Next, the forces for change, such as increased interaction between Soviet and Western scholars and the increasingly urbanized and sophisticated elite, which already existed and were strengthened by Gorbachev's efforts, should be indicated. Finally, essays should assess the impact of his efforts in the collapse of the Warsaw Pact and ultimately the destruction of the Soviet Union. 19. The year 1989 witnessed an almost unbelievable turn of events in the Eastern bloc. Discuss those changes. What were the longterm causes? What new problems were created? Ans: First, essays should describe the collapse of Soviet control of eastern Europe, the rise of new regimes in the former Warsaw Pact countries, German unification, and the overthrow of the Soviet Union itself. Next should be a thorough analysis of the causes, including the long-term political, economic, and social problems and their exacerbation by Gorbachev's reforms and growing nationalism. The efforts of leaders such as Yeltsin to reform Soviet-style economic and political systems should be stressed, being sure to indicate the problems   entrenched elites, cultural reluctance  still facing these areas. The explosive growth of nationalistic conflicts in the region should also be stressed, with emphasis placed on the civil war in the former Yugoslavia.

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20. The recent past has seen a quickening of the pace in the process of European integration and unification. Describe this process since 1985. What are the key issues? How have Europeans reacted to the “new Europe”? Ans: This essay should begin with the Single Europe Act of 1985, and its emphasis on closer economic and political integration. Next, the evolution and signing of the Maastricht treaty, backed heavily by Mitterand of France and Kohl of Germany, should be examined. Then, essays should discuss the efforts made to adhere to the Maastricht criteria for inclusion in the European monetary union. The key issues include the balancing act among nation-state sovereignty, British uneasiness, enlargement, economic growth, and social welfare reform. Reaction should range from the full support of European elites to the less-than-enthusiastic response of average Europeans, evidenced by the close referenda on the new currency proposals, replacement of ruling parties by the voters, and the strike activity to protest austerity measures designed to bring national economies and budgets into line with criteria for inclusion in the “single currency club.” 21. The collapse of the Soviet Union led quickly to the declaration that the cold war was over. What have been the consequences of this historic event? Ans: Consequences include the emergence of the United States as the only remaining superpower, evidenced by the Gulf War; a cessation of the nuclear arms race between the U.S. and Soviet/post-Soviet Russia; the expansion of NATO; the reunification of Germany; resurgence of virulent nationalism and several bloody conflicts in the successor states of the Soviet empire; and the adoption of the neoliberal economic model throughout Europe. 22. The most disturbing consequence of the collapse of the Soviet Union has been the resurgence of ardent nationalism in central and eastern Europe as well as the border states of the former Soviet Union. Trace nationalistic developments in the former Soviet empire. What signs are there of a peaceful resolution of this problem? Ans: This essay should begin with the multifaceted civil war in the former Yugoslavia, stressing the role of Slobodan Milosevic and his Greater Serbia concept; special attention should be paid to the events in Bosnia, including ethnic cleansing. Ethnic/nationalistic civil wars in various successor states of the Soviet Union should also be mentioned, especially Chechnya. Signs of a peaceful resolution include Russia's moderating role in most of the civil wars on its borders, the peaceful “velvet divorce” of Slovakia and the Czech Republic, and the Dayton Accords. 23. In your opinion, does the al-Qaeda attack of September 11, 2001, represent a fundamental turning point in Western history? Why or why not? Ans:

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24. The only Eastern bloc country that responded to the prodemocracy movement of 1989 with bloody repression was A) Poland. D) Romania. B) Czechoslovakia. E) Hungary. C) East Germany. Ans: D 25. In 1991, which autonomous republic in the Russian Federation declared independence, prompting an invasion by the Russian Army and a bloody civil war? A) Tatarstan. B) Karelia. C) Tuvia. D) Daghestan. E) Chechnya. Ans: E 26. The Brezhnev era in the Soviet Union appeared stable for all of the following reasons except A) the coercive apparatus of the state and party. B) the high rate of growth in the consumer sector of the economy. C) the nationalism of ordinary Great Russians. D) a gradually rising standard of living. E) access to special stores, travel abroad, and other privileges for elites. Ans: B 27. The Brezhnev era witnessed all of the following changes except A) the growth of the urban population. B) rapid expansion in the number of highly trained specialists. C) cultural and artistic freedom. D) the growth of Soviet public opinion. E) participation of leading Soviet scientists and professionals in international communities of their disciplines. Ans: C 28. Poland differed from the other Eastern bloc states because A) its economy was managed effectively. B) it retained an independent military. C) of its independent agriculture and vigorous church. D) of its native leadership. E) of its refusal to borrow from the West. Ans: C 29. The workers at the Lenin Shipyards in Gdansk demanded all of the following except A) dissolution of the Communist party. D) freedom of speech. B) the right to form free labor unions. E) the release of political prisoners. C) economic reforms. Ans: A

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30. Gorbachev's reforms included all of the following except A) freer prices. B) more independence for state enterprises. C) the breakup of collective farms. D) the establishment of profitseeking private cooperatives. E) a relaxation of state censorship. Ans: C 31. The earliest part of Gorbachev's reform campaign in the U.S.S.R. featured A) concessions to demands for autonomy from non-Russian ethnic groups. B) a campaign to remove Jews from official positions. C) an attempt to modernize the Soviet nuclear weapons arsenal. D) a call for a multiparty political system. E) antialcoholism and anticorruption drives. Ans: E 32. In the revolutions of 1989, the first state to elect a noncommunist leader was A) Poland. D) Romania. B) East Germany. E) Hungary. C) Czechoslovakia. Ans: A 33. According to the text, European societies in the early twenty-first century face all of the following problems except A) declining birthrates. B) aging of the population. C) a large influx of refugees from civil wars inside Europe. D) illegal immigration. E) rapidly declining living standards. Ans: E 34. Privatized companies in post-Soviet Russia A) are not allowed. B) usually ended up in the hands of former Soviet managers and bureaucrats. C) have attracted a great deal of investment from average Russians. D) have been bought up by foreign investors. E) are largely cooperatives. Ans: B

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35. According to the text, economic “shock therapy” in Russia worked poorly for all of the following reasons except the A) transformation of state-owned monopolies into private monopolies. B) runaway inflation. C) distribution of subsidies by the Yeltsin government. D) tendency of the Russian managerial elite to form close ties with criminal elements to intimidate rivals. E) strength of the ruble on international currency exchanges. Ans: E 36. Vladimir Putin A) was head of the KGB under Gorbachev. B) was leader of the Chechen independence movement. C) was elected president of Russia in 2000. D) was Yeltsin's chief economic adviser. E) headed the coal miner's union in the Russian Far East. Ans: C 37. Terrorism and ____________ have gone hand-in-hand since the beginning of the twentieth century. A) civil war B) fundamentalism C) famine D) epidemic E) religion Ans: A 38. The German Red Army Faction is an example of the A) third wave of terrorism. B) first wave of terrorism. C) subversion of the West by the Soviet Union. D) intersection of religion and terrorism. E) second wave of terrorism. Ans: E 39. The Solidarity movement of the 1980s was led by A) Mikhail Gorbachev. D) Karol Wojtyla. B) Lech Walesa. E) Wojciech Jaruzelski. C) Alexander Dubcek. Ans: B 40. Western nations joined forces with the Afghani _____________ in the 2001 attack on the Taliban and al-Qaeda. A) Mujahideen D) Northern Alliance B) Freedom Fighters E) Pashtun Alliance C) underground Ans: D

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41. The Maastricht treaty of 1991 A) ended the cold war. B) reunited Germany. C) recognized Croatian independence. D) recognized Slovenian independence. E) set up a plan for creating a European monetary union with a single currency. Ans: E 42. The attempted coup by the communist old guard in the Soviet Union in August 1991 failed because of  A) massive popular resistance, rallied around Boris Yeltsin. B) Gorbachev's use of the Red Army to crush the rebels. C) the threat of NATO intervention. D) the inability of the old guard to decide on a new leader. E) the United States' threat to intervene. Ans: A 43. According to the text, many European intellectuals see Europe's mission in the twentyfirst century as A) incorporating Russia into NATO. B) strengthening nationalism in European societies. C) reviving the welfare state. D) promoting human rights, democracy, and prosperity outside Europe. E) developing a joint space program. Ans: D 44. During their struggle against the Soviet Union, bin Laden and like-minded “holy warriors” developed a hatred of all of the following except A) Islamic puritanism. D) most existing Arab governments. B) the Saudi monarchy. E) the government of Egypt. C) the dictatorship of Saddam Hussein. Ans: A 45. The Gulf War clearly revealed A) the disunity among the world community. B) Russia's continued importance in world affairs. C) the lingering resentment of the Arab world against the United States. D) American preeminence as the only remaining superpower. E) U.S. unwillingness to deploy troops in large numbers in the Middle East. Ans: D 46. In __________, President Bush and his advisers began to consider how to overthrow Saddam Hussein. A) 1992 B) 2002 C) 2000 D) 2003 E) 2001 Ans: C

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47. In 2002, the Bush administration ____________ new Security Council resolutions requiring Iraq to accept the return of weapons inspectors. A) eagerly agreed to D) reluctantly agreed to B) rejected E) pushed hard for C) refused to be part of  Ans: D 48. In 1997, which three countries were accepted to membership in NATO? A) Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. B) Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary. C) Austria, Sweden, and Switzerland. D) Croatia, Slovenia, and Bosnia-Herzegovina. E) Greece, Turkey, and Bulgaria. Ans: B 49. The successful reform movements in Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic resulted from all of the following factors except A) state control of strategic industries. B) considerable experience with limited market reforms before 1989. C) flexibility in government policy. D) the enthusiastic embrace of capitalism by a new, rising entrepreneurial class. E) the desire to fulfill the requirements for entering NATO. Ans: A 50. In the days after the collapse of Saddam's dictatorship, British and American troops __________ looting of government buildings and hospitals. A) actively prevented D) used violence to stop the B) encouraged E) turned a blind eye to C) could do nothing to stop Ans: E 51. Slobodan Milosevic's plan, which hastened separatism and civil war in Yugoslavia, was known as A) Greater Serbia. B) the Third Way. C) the League of Communists. D) the Commonwealth of Independent States. E) Titoism. Ans: A

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52. The event which finally galvanized NATO action against the Bosnian Serbs was A) the discovery of ethnic cleansing policies. B) the slaughter of several thousands citizens in Srebrenica. C) the invasion of Bosnia by elements of the regular Serbian army. D) Milosevic's ditching of his Bosnian Serb allies. E) the fear of Russian intervention on the Bosnian Serb side. Ans: B 53. Which of the following events occurred first? A) Solidarity gains power in Poland. B) First War with Iraq begins. C) Glasnost leads to greater freedom of speech in the Soviet Union. D) European Union is created. E) Maastricht treaty sets criteria for European monetary union. Ans: C 54. The text argues that the decline of western European birthrates is due to A) the entrance of married women into careers and the related drive for gender equality. B) increasing rates of homosexuality. C) state policies discouraging childbearing. D) environmental degradation. E) the decline of religious belief. Ans: A 55. It is estimated that between 1993 and 2003, illegal immigration into the European Union A) remained constant at about 50,000 persons annually. B) dropped precipitously from 50,000 to 10,000 persons per year. C) rose from 50,000 to about 500,000 persons per year. D) was nearly eliminated by tighter border security measures. E) rose from 50,000 to perhaps 200,000 per year. Ans: C 56. Gorbachev's encouragement of reform movements in Poland and Hungary was a repudiation of the ____________ doctrine. A) Brezhnev B) Truman C) Stalin D) Glasnost E) Detente Ans: A

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57. Opposition to the Maastricht treaty was based on all of the following considerations except A) resentment against the proliferation of EU regulations and large bureaucracy. B) fear of undermining national sovereignty. C) the belief that ordinary people would pay for monetary union by reduced social services. D) the belief that the new currency would be easily manipulated and controlled by the United States. E) fear of undermining popular control of government through national elections. Ans: D 58. French reaction to the austerity reforms introduced to meet Maastricht criteria featured A) massive protest marches and a national strike. B) grumbling resentment. C) waves of political violence. D) lukewarm acceptance. E) large-scale emigration. Ans: A 59. _____________'s Velvet Revolution ousted the communist government from power. A) Czechoslovakia B) Poland C) Hungary D) Romania E) Lithuania Ans: A 60. When ___________ broke away from the Soviet Union, Alma-Ata became its capital. A) Georgia B) Tajikistan C) Azerbaijan D) Uzbekistan E) Kazakhstan Ans: E 61. The ___________ of 1990 was a general peace treaty that brought an end to World War II and the cold war. A) Helsinki Accord D) Washington Accord B) Dayton Accord E) Berlin Accord C) Paris Accord Ans: C 62. After examining Map 31.2, give a brief explanation, based on geography and ethnicity, for the rapid shattering of the Soviet empire. Ans: 63. After examining Map 31.4, describe Milosevic's plan for a Greater Serbia. Why would this lead to war? Ans: 64. Describe the current thrust of NATO (and future EU) expansion. How will the postSoviet world react to this expansion? Ans:

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1. Describe the interplay among geographical factors and social, economic, intellectual, and political development in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Greece. Was geography the dominant factor in the development of civilization in these areas? What other factors contributed to its development? Ans: 2. Describe the development of religion among the Sumerians, Egyptians, Hebrews, and Persians. What elements were common to all? In what ways were these religions different? How did Greek religion compare to these other religions? Ans: 3. “The exploits of Alexander the Great bridged the classical world and the Roman Empire.” Explain this statement. How did Alexander's empire and the successor kingdoms contribute to the rise of Rome? What features of the preAlexandrian world did not change? Ans: 4. Everyday life changed dramatically over the time described in these chapters. Discuss the evolution of everyday life from the Paleolithic era through the Classical Age of Greece. What were the most significant changes? What factors produced those changes? Ans: 5. Discuss the evolution—political, economic, and social—of the Roman republic. What were the most critical factors influencing change in Rome? How and why did the republic collapse? Ans: 6. Evaluate the success of the Augustan settlement and the pax Romana. What were the Romans' weaknesses? Their strengths? Were the seeds of the collapse of Roman civilization planted by Augustus Caesar? Ans: 7. The rise of Christianity is intimately linked to the fall of Rome and the emergence of medieval Europe. Discuss this historical phenomenon. What was the role of the early Christian church in both the decline of Rome and the development of medieval Europe? Ans: 8. The political and economic organization of European society during the early Middle Ages was based on a rigid hierarchy. Describe the organization of European society at that time. How do we account for this type of organization? Did feudalism and manorialism meet the needs of European society during the early Middle Ages? Explain your answer. Ans:

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9. The textbook states that European civilization stemmed from the fusion of GrecoRoman heritage, Germanic traditions, and the Christian faith. How did these three elements combine to create a distinct European civilization? What other factors influenced the development of civilization in Europe? Ans: 10. The Romans have been described as politically pragmatic. How do the Struggle of the Orders, the Social Wars, the Augustan settlement, and the reforming emperors of the Empire support or detract from this description? Ans: 11. Write a brief history of everyday life from the agricultural revolution through the time of Charlemagne's empire. What were the key events in this history? How did the role of women change? What were the primary agents of change? Ans: 12. Religion and philosophy have been major emphases of the textbook to this point. How did both of these areas change over time? How were both related to their own time and place in history? What was the role of political officials in the development of religion? Philosophy? In what ways did these two areas interact with each other? Ans: 13. “History to 800 a.d. shows the seemingly inexorable urbanization of Western civilization.” Explain this statement, concentrating on the following periods: Mesopotamia to 1200 b.c., Hellenic Greece, the Hellenistic era, the Roman Empire, and the early Middle Ages. Ans: 14. The textbook gives examples of many different forms of government. Compare the governments of Hammurabi, the Persian Empire, Athens, the Roman republic, the Roman Empire, and the Carolingian Empire. What were the most important factors in the development of these governments? What similarities do you find? Ans: 15. Military innovations have greatly influenced the course of Western history. How did military institutions reflect the political, social, and economic institutions of the Persian Empire, Hellenic Greece, the Roman republic, the Roman Empire, and the early Middle Ages? Ans: 16. Describe European society during the High Middle Ages. How was society affected by economic revival, the development of the modern state, and the crises of the later Middle Ages? Ans:

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17. Describe the role of the church and clergy in the political development of England, France, and Germany. Was their role positive or negative? Why? What was the impact of the socalled new monarchies on the church? Ans: 18. The later Middle Ages has been called calamitous. Why? Describe the impact of the Black Death, the Hundred Years' War, and the decline of the church's prestige. Ans: 19. The church between 800 and 1400 underwent periods of revival and decline. Trace the development of the church over this time, and explain the origin and impact of each period of revival and decline. Was the church stronger in 1450 than in 850? Why, or why not? Ans: 20. “Machiavelli's The Prince outlined a political philosophy that echoes the main themes of the Renaissance.” Explain this statement. How were the ideas of Machiavelli exemplified by the policies and actions of the rulers of Spain, France, and England in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries; the political developments in France and Germany during the eras of religious wars; and the development of absolutism in France? Ans: 21. Compare the political evolution of France and England from 1450 to 1715. How do we account for the different paths taken? Ans: 22. From the Renaissance to the Age of Absolutism (ca 1415–1715), society underwent tremendous change. Discuss that change in terms of religion, economics, and social organization. How did these elements interact with one another? Did the status of women and blacks change over this time? If so, in what ways? Ans: 23. Explain the nature of reform and renewal in the Christian church. What were the main goals and tactics of the Protestant and Catholic reformers? What were their successes? Their failures? Why and how did this reforming outburst lead to the religious violence of the sixteenth century? What was the political impact of Luther's movement and the religious civil wars in France? Ans: 24. “The Renaissance was in many ways a product of the economic resurgence of Europe.” Describe this economic resurgence and assess the accuracy of this statement. How did expansion in the New World create economic difficulties? What can be learned from these two examples of expanded economic activity? Ans:

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25. European civilization has been called a combination of GrecoRoman heritage, Christianity, and Germanic traditions. What were the contributions of these three elements to that civilization? Which of these three had the greatest impact? What other influences helped shape the development of civilization in Europe? Ans: 26. The history of Western civilization is closely linked to the phenomenon of urbanization. Discuss the causes and impact of urbanization on the course of Western history to 1715. Ans: 27. The relationship between church and state has been a major theme of the textbook. Describe this relationship in pharaonic Egypt, the Hebrew kingdom, the Roman Empire, Renaissance Europe, and Reformation Europe. What are the common threads of this relationship? How has religion supported or detracted from the power of the state throughout history? Ans: 28. The course of Western history experienced many profound changes between the dawn of time and 1715. How did these changes affect everyday life for the average person? That is, was everyday life appreciably different for an agricultural peasant or artisan in Babylon than it was for a French peasant or artisan in the seventeenth century? Explain your answer. Ans: 29. You have been asked to write a textbook for a history of women from the Neolithic era through the Reformation. Concentrating on the changes, positive and negative, in the status of women, present a brief overview. In your opinion, what caused the secondary status of women throughout this period of history? Ans: 30. Western civilization has witnessed the rise and fall of many empires. Pick four of the empires discussed in the textbook (Hittite, Persian, Athenian, Alexandrine, Roman, and Carolingian) and discuss the reasons behind their successes and failures. What were the common factors in the fall of these empires? Ans: 31. Philosophical inquiry is said to have begun with the Greeks. Is this true? Why, or why not? What is the enduring legacy of Greek philosophy? Ans: 32. Your textbook examines the development of something called Western civilization. What are the key characteristics of Western civilization? Which characteristics do you find admirable? Unadmirable? Explain your answers. Ans:

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33. Absolutism in eastern Europe was inspired by the example of France under Louis XIV, but was modified to fit the situation of the respective monarchies in the east. Trace the development of absolutism in Russia and either Austria or Prussia. In what ways were they similar? Different? How do we account for the differences? How did the eastern absolutists react to the Enlightenment? Ans: 34. Historians have determined that absolutist monarchs needed the help or threat of some outside agent—war, invasion, civil strife—to establish their regimes. Describe the impact of these outside agents in Prussia, Austria, and Russia. How did the example of Poland underscore the necessity of creating a strong, centralized state? Ans: 35. It can be argued that the Scientific Revolution found its practical expression in the agricultural revolution, and that the Enlightenment was expressed in “enlightened government.” Consider this argument. How did each theoretical development influence its application? Does the relationship between the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment reveal anything about the relationship between economic development and the role of government? If so, what? Ans: 36. What effect did economic development (agriculture, cottage industry, and the Atlantic economy) and the population explosion have on everyday life? What was their impact on marriage, the family, women, and children? What about diet, medicine, and religion? Ans: 37. The condition of the peasants in eastern Europe contrasted sharply with that in the west. Describe the differences. What accounts for them? What were the consequences  political, social, and economic  of this social system on eastern Europe? Did the reigns of the enlightened monarchs toward the end of the eighteenth century improve the situation for the enserfed peasants of Austria, Russia, and Prussia? Ans: 38. As absolutism in the east was growing stronger, French absolutism was crumbling. Trace this collapse. What factors—economic, political, and social—brought about the breakdown of the absolutist government in France? Ans: 39. The years from 1775 to 1850 were truly a revolutionary period in European history. How did the political, economic, and social structure of Europe change? Compare the predominant structures of Europe in 1775 to those in 1850. Which of the three areas changed the most? Why? Ans:

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40. The French French Revolution is one of the the most hotly debated debated historical historical events. Much Much of this debate revolves around the causes of the Revolution and the roles of various social groups in French society. What were the causes? What social groups were involved? What role did each group play in the Revolution? How does this help explain the different views of the Revolution? Ans: 41. The Revolutions Revolutions of 1848 were motivated motivated in large part by the “isms” “isms” of the nineteenth nineteenth century. What were these ideologies? To whom did they appeal? Where were they influential? How did the French and Industrial Revolutions influence these ideologies and thus the Revolutions of 1848? How do we account for the early successes and subsequent failures of the revolutions all over Europe? Ans: 42. How did the face of urban urban Europe change change between between 1815 1815 and 1848? What was the impact of the Industrial Revolution? What were the problems brought on by that revolution? How did contemporaries appraise the social costs of the Industrial Revolution? How do modern historians interpret those costs? Ans: 43. European history history from from about 1583 to 1848 1848 was one of profound profound change, change, with revolutions occurring in intellectual, economic, and political systems. Describe these revolutions briefly, and identify the interplay among the three areas. Which of the three do you think has had the greatest impact on the course of European history? Why? Ans: 44. While the Revolutions Revolutions of 1848 were raging raging across continental continental Europe, England England and Russia were islands of calm. How were these two very different states able to avoid revolution? What can we learn from this to broaden our understanding of the revolutions in the rest of Europe? Ans: 45. The eighteenth eighteenth and nineteenth nineteenth centuries centuries witnessed witnessed the birth of new ways ways of looking at the world. Describe the various “isms” that emerged. How do they reflect the impact of the socalled dual revolution in economics and politics? What was their impact on the Revolutions of 1848? Which seems to have been the strongest? Ans: 46. Describe the impact impact of the revolutionary revolutionary changes changes in Europe on women women and the family. family. What were the most striking changes? Ans:

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47. Outline the changes changes experienced experienced by the the laboring classes as a result result of the French and and Industrial Revolutions. Which of the two had greater impact on the workers and peasants of Europe? Ans: 48. How did artistic expression expression reflect reflect the prevailing prevailing trends in European European society society from the Baroque through the Romantic movements? Ans: 49. In 1929, the Great Great Depression Depression began in the United United States and spread spread quickly to Europe. What was the impact of the Depression on the lives of everyday people in the United States and western Europe? How did the Depression affect the lives of Soviet workers? Did the Great Depression and the Soviet experience have an impact on the continued vitality of liberal politics and economics? Explain your answer. Ans: 50. Discuss the course course of international international relations relations between between the end of World War I and and the outbreak of World War II. In light of subsequent developments in the diplomatic history of the interwar years, can we argue that the Versailles settlement “caused” the Second World War? Why, or why not? Ans: 51. Article 231 of the Versailles Versailles Treaty Treaty placed placed full blame blame for World War I on the Germans. Germans. Discuss the long and shortterm causes of the war. In light of that discussion, how accurate was Article 231? Ans: 52. The First World War had had a tremendous tremendous impact on European European civilization. civilization. What were the positive and negative aspects of that impact? Overall, can you argue that World War I was actually a positive experience for European civilization? Explain your answer. Ans: 53. Some historians historians insist that the First World War War killed nineteenth-c nineteenth-century entury liberalism. liberalism. Why? How do the events in Russia, Germany, Spain, and Italy support this contention? Are there any examples of the continued vitality of liberalism? Ans: 54. The post-World post-World War II era saw saw a veritable renaiss renaissance ance in western western Europe. What were were the most striking accomplishments of the postwar recovery? How was this recovery achieved? How and why was the experience of eastern Europe different from that of western Europe? Ans:

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55. Hitler's rise to power power in Germany seems seems to have been one of the most most improbable events events of recorded history. How do we account for it? That is, how did the conditions in Germany, Hitler himself, and the actions of the other European nations all combine to put a madman at the head of one of the most powerful states of all time? How was Hitler able to consolidate and increase his power after 1933? Ans: 56. Artistic expression expression after the First First World War has has been called a rebellion rebellion against against bourgeois culture. What does this mean? Describe revolutionary developments in the visual arts, music, and literature. How did these developments reflect the situation in Europe in general? Ans: 57. The Grand Alliance Alliance against against Nazi Germany was was successful successful militarily but disappointing disappointing diplomatically. What were the reasons behind the success and failure of the Grand Alliance? Ans: 58. The cold war was a tre tremendous mendous disappointment disappointment after after the glorious glorious efforts of the Allies Allies against the Axis powers during the war. Describe the origins of the cold war. Which side  the the United States or the Soviet Union  seems seems most guilty of starting the cold war? Explain your answer. Ans: 59. Perhaps the most most revolutionary revolutionary changes changes of the postwar postwar era have been been those experienced experienced by average people in their daily lives. Describe the ways in which life has changed since World War II. Have these changes been for the better? Ans: 60. The division of Europe Europe essentially essentially began began with the success success of the Bolshevik Bolshevik Revolution Revolution in 1917 and was institutionalized after World War II. Trace the history of this division and explain how this division has, in recent years, been healed. Ans: 61. Between 1989 and and 1991 the Soviet Soviet empire in Europe Europe dissolved. Which Which parts of that empire are integrating most successfully into the economic and political institutions of western Europe? What are some of the tensions associated with the process of integration? Which parts of the former Soviet empire are not integrating with western Europe? What social, economic, and/or historical reasons can you specify for the varying degrees of integration? Ans:

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62. The textbook asserts asserts that Europe Europe began a “dual “dual revolution” revolution” in politics politics and economics economics in the last years of the seventeenth century. Describe this dual revolution. What were its high and low points? Ans: 63. European civilization civilization since since 1583 has been shaped shaped by by the emergence emergence of intellectual intellectual trends and ideologies. Trace the intellectual history of Europe since 1583. What were the most influential ideas and ideologies of the past four hundred years? How have they affected the political, economic, and social history of Europe? Ans: 64. Everyday Everyday life has undergone undergone a radical radical change since since the seventeenth seventeenth century. century. Describe what you think of as the most fundamental of these changes. What factors accounted for these changes? Have they all been beneficial? Explain your answer. Ans: 65. Perhaps the most most radical change change experienced experienced by European European civilization civilization has been been that of the status of women and the family. Compare the situations of women and the family in preindustrial Europe, Europe in the midnineteenth century, in the years between the wars, and in the post-World War II era. What have been the most profound changes? What caused these changes? Ans: 66. There have been been three major peace conferences conferences since since the French Revolution, Revolution, all charged with the task of reconstructing the European international system. Compare the goals, underlying principles, and successes and failures of the Congress of Vienna, the talks at Versailles, and the Grand Alliance conferences. Which of the three was most successful? Why? Ans: 67. Perhaps the most most powerful “ism” of the nineteent nineteenth h century was nationalism. nationalism. Explain the origins and development of this ideology. What impact has nationalism had on the political and diplomatic history of Europe in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries? Ans: 68. One of the themes of the text text has been the growing growing divergenc divergencee between the elites elites and the popular classes, at least since the fifteenth century. On what is this theme based? Be sure to consider politics, economics, culture, and everyday life. Has this pattern changed significantly in the postwar era? Ans:

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