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Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi

\gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi

Xcmg - 3

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi Njtrfbu`tnfj fe tdg Xrfog`t Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi? Rdg "Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi" dcs lggj bgvgafpgb tf fvgrrnbg tdg prflagis prgvcnanjm nj tdg prc`tn`njm icjuca systgi. Rdns sfetwcrg ns suppfrtgb tf ganinjctg cjb nj sfig `csgs rgbu`g tdg dcrbsdnps ec`gb ly tdns gxnstnjm systgi. Ifrgfvgr tdns systgi ns bgsnmjgb efr tdg pcrtnùacr jggb fe tdg `fipcjy tf `crry fut fpgrctnfjs nj c sifftd cjb geeg`tnvg icjjgr. Rdg cppan`ctnfj ns rgbu`gb cs iu`d cs pfssnlag tf cvfnb grrfrs wdnag gjtgrnjm tdg bctc. Nt casf prfvnbgs grrfr igsscmg wdnag gjtgrnjm njvcanb bctc. Jf efrica kjfwagbmg ns jggbgb efr tdg usgr tf usg tdns systgi. Rdus ly tdns caa nt prfvgs nt ns usgr-erngjbay. Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi , cs bgs`rnlgb clfvg, `cj agcb tf grrfr ergg, sgùrg, rganclag cjb ecst icjcmgigjt systgi. Nt `cj cssnst tdg usgr tf `fj`gjtrctg fj tdgnr ftdgr c`tnvntngs rctdgr tf `fj`gjtrctg fj tdg rg`frb kggpnjm. Rdus nt wnaa dgap frmcjnzctnfj nj lgttgr utnanzctnfj fe rgsfur`gs. Gvgry frmcjnzctnfj, wdgtdgr lnm fr sicaa, dcs `dcaagjmgs tf fvgr`fig cjb icjcmnjm tdg njefrictnfj fe Rdgig, Gvgjt, Xc`kcmg, Xcyigjt, Ec`nanty. Gvgry Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi dcs bneegrgjt Gvgjt jggbs, tdgrgefrg wg bgsnmj gxàusnvg gipafygg icjcmgigjt systgis tdct crg cbcptgb tf yfur icjcmgrnca rgqunrgigjts. Rdns ns bgsnmjgb tf cssnst nj strctgmn` pacjjnjm, cjb wnaa dgap yfu gjsurg tdct yfur frmcjnzctnfj ns gqunppgb wntd tdg rnmdt agvga fe njefrictnfj cjb bgtcnas efr yfur euturg mfcas. Casf, efr tdfsg lusy gxgùtnvg wdf crg cawcys fj tdg mf, fur systgis `fig wntd rgiftg c``gss egcturgs, wdn`d wnaa caafw yfu tf icjcmg yfur wfrkefr`g wfrkefr`g cjytnig, ct caa tnigs. Rdgsg systgis wnaa uatnictgay caafw yfu tf lgttgr icjcmg rgsfur`gs.

Xcmg - <

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi Clstrc`t fe tdg Xrfog`t Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi? Rdg purpfsg fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi ns tf cutfictg tdg gxnstnjm icjuca systgi ly tdg dgap fe `fiputgrnzgb gqunpigjts cjb euaa-eagbmgb `fiputgr sfetwcrg, euaenaanjm tdgnr rgqunrgigjts, sf tdct tdgnr vcauclag bctc/njefrictnfj `cj lg stfrgb efr c afjmgr pgrnfb wntd gcsy c``gssnjm cjb icjnpuactnfj fe tdg scig. Rdg rgqunrgb sfetwcrg cjb dcrbwcrg crg gcsnay cvcnaclag cjb gcsy tf wfrk wntd.

Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi, cs bgs`rnlgb clfvg, `cj agcb tf grrfr ergg, sgùrg, rganclag cjb ecst icjcmgigjt systgi. Nt `cj cssnst tdg usgr tf `fj`gjtrctg fj tdgnr ftdgr c`tnvntngs rctdgr tf `fj`gjtrctg fj tdg rg`frb kggpnjm. Rdus nt wnaa dgap frmcjnzctnfj nj lgttgr utnanzctnfj fe rgsfur`gs. Rdg frmcjnzctnfj `cj icnjtcnj `fiputgrnzgb rg`frbs wntdfut rgbujbcjt gjtrngs. Rdct igcjs tdct fjg jggb jft lg bnstrc`tgb ly njefrictnfj tdct ns jft rgagvcjt, wdnag lgnjm clag tf rgc`d tdg njefrictnfj. Rdg cni ns tf cutfictg nts gxnstnjm icjuca systgi ly tdg dgap fe `fiputgrnzgb gqunpigjts cjb euaa-eagbmgb `fiputgr sfetwcrg, euaenaanjm tdgnr rgqunrgigjts, sf tdct tdgnr vcauclag bctc/njefrictnfj `cj lg stfrgb efr c afjmgr pgrnfb wntd gcsy c``gssnjm cjb icjnpuactnfj fe tdg scig. Lcsn`caay tdg prfog`t bgs`rnlgs dfw tf icjcmg efr mffb pgrefricj`g cjb lgttgr sgrvn`gs efr tdg àngjts.

Xcmg - 0

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi Flog`tnvg fe Xrfog`t fj Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi? Rdg icnj flog`tnvg fe tdg Xrfog`t fj Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi ns tf icjcmg tdg bgtcnas fe Gvgjt, Rdgig, \gmnstrctnfj, Xc`kcmg, Ec`nanty. Nt icjcmgs caa tdg njefrictnfj clfut Gvgjt, Xcyigjt, Ec`nanty, Gvgjt. Rdg prfog`t ns tftcaay lunat ct cbinjnstrctnvg gjb cjb tdus fjay tdg cbinjnstrctfr ns mucrcjtggb tdg c``gss. Rdg purpfsg fe tdg prfog`t ns tf lunab cj cppan`ctnfj prfmrci tf rgbu`g tdg icjuca wfrk efr icjcmnjm tdg Gvgjt, Rdgig, Xcyigjt, \gmnstrctnfj. Nt trc`ks caa tdg bgtcnas clfut tdg \gmnstrctnfj, Xc`kcmg, Ec`nanty. Euj`tnfjcantngs prfvnbgb ly Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi crg cs efaafws?

Xrfvnbgs tdg sgcr`dnjm ec`nantngs lcsgb fj vcrnfus ec`tfrs. Pu`d cs Gvgjt, \gmnstrctnfj, Xc`kcmg, Ec`nanty Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi casf icjcmg tdg Xcyigjt bgtcnas fjanjg efr Xc`kcmg bgtcnas, Ec`nanty bgtcnas, Gvgjt. Nt trc`ks caa tdg njefrictnfj fe Rdgig, Xcyigjt, Xc`kcmg gt` Icjcmg tdg njefrictnfj fe Rdgig Pdfws tdg njefrictnfj cjb bgs`rnptnfj fe tdg Gvgjt, \gmnstrctnfj Rf nj`rgcsg geen`ngj`y fe icjcmnjm tdg Gvgjt, Rdgig Nt bgcas wntd ifjntfrnjm tdg njefrictnfj cjb trcjsc`tnfjs fe Xc`kcmg. Icjcmg tdg njefrictnfj fe Gvgjt Gbntnjm, cbbnjm cjb upbctnjm fe \g`frbs ns niprfvgb wdn`d rgsuats nj prfpgr rgsfur`g icjcmgigjt fe Gvgjt bctc. Icjcmg tdg njefrictnfj fe Xc`kcmg Njtgmrctnfj fe caa rg`frbs fe Ec`nanty.

Xcmg - 2

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi P`fpg fe tdg prfog`t Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi Nt icy dgap `faag`tnjm pgreg`t icjcmgigjt nj bgtcnas. Nj c vgry sdfrt tnig, tdg `faag`tnfj wnaa lg flvnfus, snipag cjb sgjsnlag. Nt wnaa dgap c pgrsfj tf kjfw tdg icjcmgigjt fe pcssgb ygcr pgreg`tay cjb vnvnbay. Nt casf dgaps nj ùrrgjt caa wfrks rgactnvg tf Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi. Nt wnaa lg casf rgbu`gb tdg `fst fe `faag`tnjm tdg icjcmgigjt & `faag`tnfj prf`gburg wnaa mf fj sifftday. Fur prfog`t cnis ct Lusnjgss prf`gss cutfictnfj, n.g. wg dcvg trngb tf `fiputgrnzg vcrnfus prf`gssgs fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi. Nj `fiputgr systgi tdg pgrsfj dcs tf enaa tdg vcrnfus efris & juilgr fe `fpngs fe tdg efris `cj lg gcsnay mgjgrctgb ct c tnig. Nj `fiputgr systgi, nt ns jft jg`gsscry tf `rgctg tdg icjnegst lut wg `cj bnrg`tay prnjt nt, wdn`d scvgs fur tnig. Rf cssnst tdg stcee nj `cpturnjm tdg geefrt spgjt fj tdgnr rgspg`tnvg wfrknjm crgcs. Rf utnanzg rgsfur`gs nj cj geen`ngjt icjjgr ly nj`rgcsnjm tdgnr prfbu`tnvnty tdrfumd cutfictnfj. Rdg systgi mgjgrctgs typgs fe njefrictnfj tdct `cj lg usgb efr vcrnfus purpfsgs. Nt sctnsey tdg usgr rgqunrgigjt Lg gcsy tf ujbgrstcjb ly tdg usgr cjb fpgrctfr Lg gcsy tf fpgrctg Dcvg c mffb usgr njtgrec`g Lg gxpcjbclag Bganvgrgb fj s`dgbuag wntdnj tdg lubmgt.

Xcmg - 7

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi \gpfrts fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi? Nt mgjgrctgs tdg rgpfrt fj Gvgjt, Rdgig, Xcyigjt Xrfvnbg enatgr rgpfrts fj \gmnstrctnfj, Xc`kcmg, Ec`nanty ^fu `cj gcsnay gxpfrt XBE efr tdg Gvgjt,Xcyigjt, Xc`kcmg Cppan`ctnfj Cppan`ctnfj casf prfvnbgs prfvnbgs gx`ga gx`ga gxpfrt gxpfrt efr Rdgig, \gmnstrctnfj, \gmnstrctnfj, Ec`nanty Ec`nanty ^fu `cj casf gxpfrt tdg rgpfrt njtf `sv efrict efr Gvgjt, Rdgig, Ec`nanty

Ifbuags fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi? 

Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Ifbuag? Wsgb efr icjcmnjm tdg Gvgjt bgtcnas.

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Ec`nanty Ifbuag ? Wsgb efr icjcmnjm tdg bgtcnas fe Ec`nanty

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Xcyigjt Ifbuag ? Wsgb efr icjcmnjm tdg bgtcnas fe Xcyigjt

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Rdgig Icjcmgigjt Ifbuag? Wsgb efr icjcmnjm tdg njefrictnfj cjb bgtcnas fe tdg Rdgig.

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\gmnstrctnfj Ifbuag ? Wsgb efr icjcmnjm tdg \gmnstrctnfj bgtcnas

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Xc`kcmg Ifbuag ? Wsgb efr icjcmnjm tdg Xc`kcmg njefrictnfj

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Afmnj Ifbuag? Wsgb efr icjcmnjm tdg afmnj bgtcnas

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Wsgrs Ifbuag ? Wsgb efr icjcmnjm tdg usgrs fe tdg systgi systgi

Xcmg - 5

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi Njput Bctc cjb Ucanbctnfj Ucanbctnfj fe Xrfog`t fj Gvgjt Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi Pystgi Caa tdg engabs su`d cs Gvgjt, \gmnstrctnfj, \gmnstrctnfj, Ec`nanty crg vcanbctgb cjb bfgs jft tckg njvcanb vcaugs Gc`d efri efr Gvgjt, Rdgig, Xcyigjt `cj jft c``gpt lacjk vcaug engabs Cvfnbnjm grrfrs nj bctc @fjtrfaanjm cifujt fe njput Njtgmrctnfj fe caa tdg ifbuags/efris nj tdg systgi. Xrgpcrctnfj fe tdg tgst `csgs. Xrgpcrctnfj fe tdg pfssnlag tgst bctc wntd caa tdg vcanbctnfj `dg`ks. C`tuca tgstnjm tgstnjm bfjg bfjg icjucaay. icjucaay. \g`frbnjm fe caa tdg rgprfbu`gb grrfrs. Ifbnen`ctnfjs bfjg efr tdg grrfrs efujb burnjm tgstnjm. Xrgpcrgb tdg tgst rgsuat s`rnpts cetgr rg`tnen`ctnfj fe tdg grrfrs. Euj`tnfjcanty fe tdg gjtnrg ifbuag/efris. Ucanbctnfjs efr usgr njput. @dg`knjm fe tdg @fbnjm stcjbcrbs tf lg icnjtcnjgb burnjm `fbnjm. Rgstnjm tdg ifbuag wntd caa tdg pfssnlag tgst bctc. Rgstnjm fe tdg euj`tnfjcanty njvfavnjm caa typg fe `caùactnfjs gt`. @fiigjtnjm stcjbcrb nj tdg sfur`g enags. Rdg sfetwcrg qucanty pacj wg wnaa usg tdg efaafwnjm PSC Ptrctgmy? 

Nj tdg enrst stgp, wg wnaa sgag`t tdg tgst ec`tfrs cjb rcjk tdgi. Rdg sgag`tgb tgst ec`tfrs su`d cs rganclnanty, icnjtcnjclnanty, pfrtclnanty fr gt`, wnaa lg pac`gb nj tdg ictrnx c``frbnjm tf tdgnr rcjks.

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Rdg sg`fjb stgp ns efr nbgjtneynjm tdg pdcsgs fe tdg bgvgafpigjt prf`gss. Rdg pdcsg sdfuab lg rg`frbgb nj tdg ictrnx.

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Rdg tdnrb stgp ns tdct nbgjtneynjm tdg lusnjgss rnsks fe tdg sfetwcrg bganvgrclags. Rdg rnsks wnaa lg rcjkgb njtf tdrgg rcjks su`d cs dnmd, igbnui cjb afw.

Xcmg - =

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi Egcturgs fe tdg prfog`t Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi? 

Xrfbu`t cjb @fipfjgjt lcsgb

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@rgctnjm & @dcjmnjm Nssugs ct gcsg

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Sugry Nssug Anst tf cjy bgptd

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\gpfrtnjm & @dcrtnjm nj ifrg `fiprgdgjsnvg wcy

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Wsgr C``fujts tf `fjtrfa tdg c``gss cjb icnjtcnj sgùrnty

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Pnipag Ptctus & \gsfautnfjs

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Iuatn-agvga Xrnfrntngs & Pgvgrntngs.

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Rcrmgts & Inagstfjgs efr munbnjm tdg prfmrciigrs

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Cttc`digjts & Cbbntnfjca @fiigjts efr ifrg njefrictnfj

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\flust bctclcsg lc`k-gjb

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Ucrnfus agvga fe rgpfrts cvcnaclag wntd c aft fe enatgr `rntgrnc„s

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Nt `fjtcnj lgttgr stfrcmg `cpc`nty.

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C`ùrc`y nj wfrk.

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Gcsy & ecst rgtrngvca fe njefrictnfj.

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]gaa bgsnmjgb rgpfrts.

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Bg`rgcsg tdg afcb fe tdg pgrsfj njvfavg njvfavg nj gxnstnjm icjuca systgi.

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C``gss fe cjy njefrictnfj njbnvnbucaay.

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]frk lg`figs vgry spggby.

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Gcsy tf upbctg njefrictnfj

Xcmg - 4

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi Pfetwcrg \gqunrgigjt Ppg`nen`ctnfj Rdg Pfetwcrg \gqunrgigjts Ppg`nen`ctnfj ns prfbu`gb ct tdg ùainjctnfj fe tdg cjcaysns tcsk. Rdg euj`tnfj cjb pgrefricj`g caaf`ctgb tf sfetwcrg cs pcrt fe systgi gjmnjggrnjm crg rgenjgb ly gstclansdnjm c `fipagtg njefrictnfj bgs`rnptnfj, c bgtcnagb euj`tnfjca cjb lgdcvnfrca bgs`rnptnfj, cj njbn`ctnfj fe pgrefricj`g rgqunrgigjts cjb bgsnmj `fjstrcnjts, cpprfprnctg vcanbctnfj `rntgrnc, cjb ftdgr bctc pgrtnjgjt tf rgqunrgigjts.

Rdg prfpfsgb systgi dcs tdg efaafwnjm rgqunrgigjts?

Pystgi jggbs stfrg njefrictnfj clfut jgw gjtry fe Gvgjt. Pystgi jggbs tf dgap tdg njtgrjca stcee tf kggp njefrictnfj fe Rdgig cjb enjb tdgi cs pgr vcrnfus qugrngs. Pystgi jggb tf icnjtcnj qucjtnty rg`frb. Pystgi jggb tf kggp tdg rg`frb fe \gmnstrctnfj. Pystgi jggb tf upbctg cjb bgagtg tdg rg`frb. Pystgi casf jggbs c sgcr`d crgc. Nt casf jggbs c sgùrnty systgi tf prgvgjt bctc.

Xcmg - >

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi Nbgjtnen`ctnfj fe jggb? Rdg fab icjuca systgi wcs sueegrnjm erfi c sgrngs fe brcwlc`ks. Pnj`g wdfag fe tdg systgi wcs tf lg icnjtcnjgb wntd dcjbs tdg prf`gss fe kggpnjm, icnjtcnjnjm cjb rgtrngvnjm tdg njefrictnfj wcs vgry tgbnfus cjb agjmtdy. Rdg rg`frbs wgrg jgvgr usgb tf lg nj c systgictn` frbgr. tdgrg usgb tf lg afts fe bneenùatngs nj cssf`nctnjm cjy pcrtnùacr trcjsc`tnfj wntd c pcrtnùacr `fjtgxt. Ne cjy njefrictnfj wcs tf lg efujb nt wcs rgqunrgb tf mf tdrfumd tdg bneegrgjt rgmnstgrs, bfùigjts tdgrg wfuab jgvgr gxnst cjytdnjm ankg rgpfrt mgjgrctnfj. Rdgrg wfuab cawcys lg ujjg`gsscry `fjsuiptnfj fe tnig wdnag gjtgrnjm rg`frbs cjb rgtrngvnjm rg`frbs. Fjg ifrg prflagi wcs tdct nt wcs vgry bneenùat tf enjb grrfrs wdnag gjtgrnjm tdg rg`frbs. Fj`g tdg rg`frbs wgrg gjtgrgb nt wcs vgry bneenùat tf upbctg tdgsg rg`frbs. Rdg rgcsfj lgdnjb nt ns tdct tdgrg ns aft fe njefrictnfj tf lg icnjtcnjgb cjb dcvg tf lg kgpt nj injb wdnag rujjnjm tdg lusnjgss .Efr tdns rgcsfj wg dcvg prfvnbgb egcturgs Xrgsgjt systgi ns pcrtncaay cutfictgb (`fiputgrnzgb), c`tucaay gxnstnjm systgi ns quntg aclfrnfus cs fjg dcs tf gjtgr scig njefrictnfj ct tdrgg bneegrgjt pac`gs. Efaafwnjm pfnjts sdfuab lg wgaa `fjsnbgrgb? 

Bfùigjts cjb rgpfrts tdct iust lg prfvnbgb ly tdg jgw systgi? tdgrg `cj casf lg egw rgpfrts, wdn`d `cj dgap icjcmgigjt nj bg`nsnfj-icknjm cjb `fst `fjtrfaanjm, lut snj`g tdgsg rgpfrts bf jft mgt rgqunrgb cttgjtnfj, su`d knjb fe rgpfrts cjb njefrictnfj wgrg casf nbgjtnengb cjb mnvgj rgqunrgb cttgjtnfj.

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Bgtcnas fe tdg njefrictnfj jggbgb efr gc`d bfùigjt cjb rgpfrt.

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Rdg rgqunrgb ergqugj`y cjb bnstrnlutnfj efr gc`d bfùigjt.

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Xrflclag sfur`gs fe njefrictnfj efr gc`d bfùigjt cjb rgpfrt.

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]ntd tdg nipagigjtctnfj fe `fiputgrnzgb systgi, tdg tcsk fe kggpnjm rg`frbs nj cj frmcjnzgb icjjgr wnaa lg sfavgb. Rdg mrgctgst fe caa ns tdg rgtrngvca fe njefrictnfj, wdn`d wnaa lg ct tdg àn`k fe tdg ifusg. Pf tdg prfpfsgb systgi dgaps nj scvnjm tdg tnig nj bneegrgjt fpgrctnfjs cjb icknjm njefrictnfj eafw gcsy mnvnjm vcauclag rgpfrts.

Xcmg - 38

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi Egcsnlnanty Ptuby? Cetgr bfnjm tdg prfog`t Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi, stuby cjb cjcayznjm cjcayznjm caa tdg gxnstnjm fr rgqunrgb euj`tnfjcantngs fe tdg systgi, tdg jgxt tcsk ns tf bf tdg egcsnlnanty stuby efr tdg prfog`t. Caa prfog`ts crg egcsnlag - mnvgj ujanintgb rgsfur`gs cjb njenjntg tnig. Egcsnlnanty stuby njàubgs `fjsnbgrctnfj fe caa tdg pfssnlag wcys tf prfvnbg c sfautnfj tf tdg mnvgj prflagi. Rdg prfpfsgb sfautnfj sdfuab sctnsey caa tdg usgr rgqunrgigjts cjb sdfuab lg eagxnlag gjfumd sf tdct euturg `dcjmgs `cj lg gcsnay bfjg lcsgb fj tdg euturg up`finjm rgqunrgigjts. C. G`fjfin`ca Egcsnlnanty

Rdns ns c vgry nipfrtcjt cspg`t tf lg `fjsnbgrgb wdnag bgvgafpnjm c prfog`t. ]g bg`nbgb tdg tg`djfafmy lcsgb fj injniui pfssnlag `fst ec`tfr. 

Caa dcrbwcrg cjb sfetwcrg `fst dcs tf lg lfrjg ly tdg frmcjnzctnfj.

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Fvgrcaa wg dcvg gstnictgb tdct tdg lgjgents tdg frmcjnzctnfj ns mfnjm tf rg`gnvg erfi tdg prfpfsgb systgi wnaa surgay fvgr`fig tdg njntnca `fsts cjb tdg actgr fj rujjnjm `fst efr systgi.

L. Rg`djn`ca Egcsnlnanty

Rdns njàubgb tdg stuby fe euj`tnfj, pgrefricj`g cjb `fjstrcnjts tdct icy ceeg`t tdg clnanty tf c`dngvg cj c``gptclag systgi. Efr tdns egcsnlnanty stuby, wg stubngb `fipagtg euj`tnfjcanty tf lg prfvnbgb nj tdg systgi, cs bgs`rnlgb nj tdg Pystgi \gqunrgigjt Ppg`nen`ctnfj (P\P), cjb `dg`kgb ne gvgrytdnjm wcs pfssnlag usnjm bneegrgjt typg fe erfjtgjb cjb lc`kgjb pacefrist.

@. Fpgrctnfjca Egcsnlnanty

Jf bfult tdg prfpfsgb systgi ns euaay MWN lcsgb tdct ns vgry usgr erngjbay cjb caa njputs tf lg tckgj caa sgae-gxpacjctfry gvgj tf c acyicj. Lgsnbgs, c prfpgr trcnjnjm dcs lggj `fjbu`tgb tf agt kjfw tdg gssgj`g fe tdg systgi tf tdg usgrs sf tdct tdgy egga `fiefrtclag wntd jgw systgi. Cs ecr fur stuby ns `fj`grjgb tdg àngjts crg `fiefrtclag cjb dcppy cs tdg systgi dcs ùt bfwj tdgnr afcbs cjb bfnjm.

Xcmg - 33

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi Pystgi Bgsnmj fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi Nj tdns pdcsg, c afmn`ca systgi ns lunat wdn`d euaenas tdg mnvgj rgqunrgigjts. Bgsnmj pdcsg fe sfetwcrg bgvgafpigjt bgcas wntd trcjsefrinjm tdg àngjts „s rgqunrgigjts njtf c afmn`caay wfrknjm systgi. Jfricaay, bgsnmj ns pgrefrigb nj tdg efaafwnjm nj tdg efaafwnjm twf stgps? 3. Xrnicry Bgsnmj Xdcsg?

Nj tdns pdcsg, tdg systgi ns bgsnmjgb ct laf`k agvga. Rdg laf`ks crg `rgctgb fj tdg lcsns fe cjcaysns bfjg nj tdg prflagi nbgjtnen`ctnfj pdcsg. Bneegrgjt laf`ks crg `rgctgb efr bneegrgjt euj`tnfjs gipdcsns ns put fj injninsnjm tdg njefrictnfj eafw lgtwggj laf`ks. Rdus, caa c`tnvntngs wdn`d rgqunrg ifrg njtgrc`tnfj crg kgpt nj fjg laf`k. <. Pg`fjbcry Bgsnmj Xdcsg?

Nj tdg sg`fjbcry pdcsg tdg bgtcnagb bgsnmj fe gvgry laf`k ns pgrefrigb.

Rdg mgjgrca tcsks njvfavgb nj tdg bgsnmj prf`gss crg tdg efaafwnjm? 3. Bgsnmj vcrnfus laf`ks efr fvgrcaa systgi prf`gssgs. <. Bgsnmj sicaagr, `fipc`t cjb wfrkclag ifbuags nj gc`d laf`k. 0. Bgsnmj vcrnfus bctclcsg stru`turgs. 2. Ppg`ney bgtcnas fe prfmrcis tf c`dngvg bgsnrgb euj`tnfjcanty. 7. Bgsnmj tdg efri fe njputs, cjb futputs fe tdg systgi. 5. Xgrefri bfùigjtctnfj fe tdg bgsnmj. =. Pystgi rgvngws.

Xcmg - 3<

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi Wsgr Njtgrec`g Bgsnmj Wsgr Njtgrec`g Bgsnmj ns `fj`grjgb wntd tdg bncafmug lgtwggj c usgr cjb tdg `fiputgr. Nt ns `fj`grjgb wntd gvgrytdnjm erfi stcrtnjm tdg systgi fr afmmnjm njtf tdg systgi tf tdg gvgjtucaay prgsgjtctnfj fe bgsnrgb njputs cjb futputs. Rdg fvgrcaa eafw fe s`rggjs cjb igsscmgs ns `caagb c bncafmug. Rdg efaafwnjm stgps crg vcrnfus munbganjgs efr Wsgr Njtgrec`g Bgsnmj? 3. Rdg systgi usgr sdfuab cawcys lg cwcrg fe wdct tf bf jgxt. <. Rdg s`rggj sdfuab lg efricttgb sf tdct vcrnfus typgs fe njefrictnfj, njstru`tnfjs

cjb igsscmgs cawcys cppgcr nj tdg scig mgjgrca bnspacy crgc. 0. Igsscmg, njstru`tnfjs fr njefrictnfj sdfuab lg bnspacygb afjm gjfumd tf caafw

tdg systgi usgr tf rgcb tdgi. 2. Wsg bnspacy cttrnlutgs spcrnjmay. 7. Bgecuat vcaugs efr engabs cjb cjswgrs tf lg gjtgrgb ly tdg usgr sdfuab lg

spg`nengb. sdfuab jft jft lg caafwgb caafwgb tf prf`ggb prf`ggb wntdfut wntdfut `frrg`tnjm `frrg`tnjm cj grrfr. 5. C usgr sdfuab =. Rdg systgi usgr sdfuab jgvgr mgt cj fpgrctnjm systgi igsscmg fr ectca grrfr.

Xcmg - 30

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi Xrganinjcry Xrfbu`t Bgs`rnptnfj? Rdg enrst stgp nj tdg systgi bgvgafpigjt aneg `yàg ns tdg prganinjcry njvgstnmctnfj tf bgtgrinjg tdg egcsnlnanty fe tdg systgi. Rdg purpfsg fe tdg prganinjcry njvgstnmctnfj ns tf gvcauctg prfog`t rgqugsts. Nt ns jft c bgsnmj stuby jfr bfgs nt njàubg tdg `faag`tnfj fe bgtcnas tf bgs`rnlg tdg lusnjgss systgi nj caa rgspg`t. \ctdgr, nt ns tdg `faag`tnjm fe njefrictnfj tdct dgaps `fiinttgg igilgrs tf gvcauctg tdg igrnts fe tdg prfog`t rgqugst cjb ickg cj njefrigb oubmigjt clfut tdg egcsnlnanty fe tdg prfpfsgb prfog`t. Cjcaysts wfrknjm fj tdg prganinjcry njvgstnmctnfj sdfuab c``fipansd tdg efaafwnjm flog`tnvgs?

@acrney cjb ujbgrstcjb tdg prfog`t rgqugst Bgtgrinjg tdg snzg fe tdg prfog`t. Cssgss `fsts `fsts cjb lgjgents fe catgrjctnvg catgrjctnvg cpprfc`dgs cpprfc`dgs.. Bgtgrinjg tdg tg`djn`ca cjb fpgrctnfjca egcsnlnanty fe catgrjctnvg cpprfc`dgs. \gpfrt tdg enjbnjms tf icjcmgigjt, wntd rg`fiigjbctnfjs futanjnjm tdg c``gptcj`g fr rgog`tnfj fe tdg prfpfsca.

Lgjgent tf Frmcjnzctnfj

Rdg frmcjnzctnfj wnaa flvnfusay lg clag tf mcnj lgjgents su`d cs scvnjms nj fpgrctnjm `fst, rgbu`tnfj nj pcpgrwfrk, lgttgr utnanzctnfj fe duicj rgsfur`gs cjb ifrg prgsgjtclag nicmg nj`rgcsnjm mffbwnaa.

Rdg Njntnca @fst

Rdg njntnca `fst fe sgttnjm up tdg systgi wnaa njàubg tdg `fst fe dcrbwcrg sfetwcrg (FP, cbb-fj sfetwcrg, utnantngs) & aclfur (sgtup & icnjtgjcj`g). Rdg scig dcs tf lgcr ly tdg frmcjnzctnfj.

Xcmg - 32

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi \ujjnjm @fst

Lgsnbgs, tdg njntnca `fst tdg afjm tgri `fst wnaa njàubg tdg rujjnjm `fst efr tdg systgi njàubnjm tdg CI@, stctnfjcry `dcrmgs, `fst efr duicj rgsfur`gs, `fst efr upbctg/rgjgwca fe vcrnfus rgactgb sfetwcrg. Jggb efr Rrcnjnjm

Rdg usgrs cafjm wntd tdg cbinjnstrctfr jggb tf lg trcnjgb ct tdg tnig fe nipagigjtctnfj fe tdg systgi efr sifftd rujjnjm fe tdg systgi. Rdg àngjt wnaa prfvnbg tdg trcnjnjm sntg. ]g tcakgb tf tdg icjcmgigjt pgfpag wdf wgrg icjcmnjm c tdg enjcj`nca nssugs fe tdg `gjtgr, tdg stcee wdf wgrg kggpnjm tdg rg`frbs nj afts fe rgmnstgrs cjb tdg rgpfrtnjm icjcmgr rgmcrbnjm tdgnr gxnstnjm systgi, tdgnr rgqunrgigjts cjb tdgnr gxpg`tctnfjs erfi tdg jgw prfpfsgb systgi. Rdgj, wg bnb tdg systgi stuby fe tdg gjtnrg systgi lcsgb fj tdgnr rgqunrgigjts cjb tdg cbbntnfjca egcturgs tdgy wcjtgb tf nj`frpfrctg nj tdns systgi. \ganclag, c`ùrctg cjb sgùrg bctc wcs casf `fjsnbgrgb tf lg c `fipagx tcsk wntdfut tdns prfpfsgb systgi. Lg`cusg tdgrg wcs jf su`d rg`frb efr kggpnjm trc`k fe caa tdg c`tnvntngs, wdn`d wcs bfjg ly tdg Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi fj tdg bcnay lcsns. Rdg jgw systgi prfpfsgb cjb tdgj bgvgafpgb ly ig wnaa gcsg tdg tcsk fe tdg frmcjnzctnfj nj `fjsnbgrctnfj. Nt wnaa lg dgapeua nj mgjgrctnjm tdg rgqunrgb rgpfrts ly tdg stcee, wdn`d wnaa dgap tdgi tf trc`k tdgnr prfmrgss cjb sgrvn`gs. Rdus, nt wnaa gcsg tdg tcsk fe Icjcmgigjt tf c mrgct gxtgjt cs caa tdg icofr c`tnvntngs tf lg pgrefrigb, crg `fiputgrnzgb tdrfumd tdns systgi.

Xcmg - 37

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi Xrfog`t @ctgmfry \gactnfjca Bctclcsg Icjcmgigjt Pystgi (\BLIP) ? Rdns ns cj \BLIP lcsgb prfog`t wdn`d ns ùrrgjtay usnjm IyPSA efr caa tdg trcjsc`tnfj stctgigjts. IyPSA ns cj fpgjsfur`g \BLIP Pystgi. Lrnge Njtrfbu`tnfj clfut \BLPI ?

C rgactnfjca rgactnfjca bctclcsg icjcmgigjt icjcmgigjt systgi (\BLIP) (\BLIP) ns c bctclcsg icjcmgigjt icjcmgigjt systgi (BLIP) tdct ns lcsgb fj tdg rgactnfjca ifbga cs njvgjtgb ly G. E. @fbb, fe NLI's Pcj Ofsg \gsgcr`d Aclfrctfry. Icjy pfpuacr bctclcsgs ùrrgjtay nj usg crg lcsgb fj tdg rgactnfjca bctclcsg ifbga. \BLIPs dcvg lg`fig c prgbfinjcjt `dfn`g efr tdg stfrcmg fe njefrictnfj nj jgw bctclcsgs usgb efr enjcj`nca rg`frbs, icjuec`turnjm cjb afmnstn`ca njefrictnfj, pgrsfjjga bctc, cjb iu`d ifrg snj`g tdg 3>48s. \gactnfjca bctclcsgs dcvg fetgj rgpac`gb agmc`y dngrcr`dn`ca bctclcsgs cjb jgtwfrk bctclcsgs lg`cusg tdgy crg gcsngr tf ujbgrstcjb cjb usg. Dfwgvgr, rgactnfjca bctclcsgs dcvg lggj `dcaagjmgb ly flog`t bctclcsgs, wdn`d wgrg njtrfbu`gb nj cj cttgipt tf cbbrgss tdg flog`t-rgactnfjca nipgbcj`g insict`d nj rgactnfjca bctclcsg, cjb TIA bctclcsgs.

Xcmg - 35

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi Nipagigjtctnfj Igtdfbfafmy? Ifbga Ungw @fjtrfaagr fr IU@ cs nt ns pfpuacray `caagb, ns c sfetwcrg bgsnmj pcttgrj efr bgvgafpnjm wgl cppan`ctnfjs. C Ifbga Ungw @fjtrfaagr pcttgrj ns icbg up fe tdg efaafwnjm tdrgg pcrts? 

Ifbga - Rdg afwgst agvga fe tdg pcttgrj wdn`d ns rgspfjsnlag efr icnjtcnjnjm bctc.



Ungw - Rdns ns rgspfjsnlag efr bnspacynjm caa fr c pfrtnfj fe tdg bctc tf tdg usgr.



- Pfetwcrg @fbg tdct `fjtrfas tdg njtgrc`tnfjs lgtwggj tdg Ifbga cjb @fjtrfaagr Ungw.

IU@ ns pfpuacr cs nt nsfactgs tdg cppan`ctnfj afmn` erfi tdg usgr njtgrec`g acygr cjb suppfrts sgpcrctnfj fe `fj`grjs. Dgrg tdg @fjtrfaagr @fjtrfaagr rg`gnvgs caa rgqugsts efr tdg cppan`ctnfj cjb tdgj wfrks wntd tdg Ifbga tf prgpcrg cjy bctc jggbgb ly tdg Ungw. Rdg Ungw tdgj usgs tdg bctc prgpcrgb ly tdg @fjtrfaagr tf mgjgrctg c enjca prgsgjtclag rgspfjsg. Rdg IU@ clstrc`tnfj `cj lg mrcpdn`caay rgprgsgjtgb cs efaafws. IU@ (Ifbga Ungw @fjtrfaagr Eafw) Bncmrci BCRC EAF] BNCM\CIP

Xcmg - 3=

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi Xrfog`t Xacjjnjm? Pfetwcrg prfog`t pacj `cj lg vngwgb cs tdg efaafwnjm? 3) ]ntdnj tdg frmcjnzctnfj? Dfw tdg prfog`t ns tf lg nipagigjtgb6 ]dct crg

vcrnfus `fjstrcnjts (tnig, `fst, stcee)6 ]dct ns icrkgt strctgmy6 <) ]ntd rgspg`t tf tdg ùstfigr? ]ggkay fr tnigay iggtnjms wntd tdg ùstfigr

wntd prgsgjtctnfj fj stctus rgpfrts. @ustfigrs eggblc`k ns casf tckgj cjb eurtdgr ifbnen`ctnfj cjb bgvgafpigjts crg bfjg. Xrfog`t inagstfjgs cjb bganvgrclags crg casf prgsgjtgb tf tdg ùstfigr. Efr c su``gsseua sfetwcrg prfog`t, tdg efaafwnjm stgps `cj lg efaafwgb? 

Pgag`t c prfog`t f

Nbgjtneynjm prfog`t„s cnis cjb flog`tnvgs

f

Wjbgrstcjbnjm rgqunrgigjts cjb spg`nen`ctnfj

f

Igtdfbs fe cjcaysns, bgsnmj cjb nipagigjtctnfj

f

Rgstnjm tg`djnqugs

Bfùigjtctnfj

f



Xrfog`t inagstfjgs cjb bganvgrclags



Lubmgt caaf`ctnfj f



Gx`ggbnjm anints wntdnj `fjtrfa

Xrfog`t Gstnictgs @fst

f

Rnig

f

f

Pnzg fe `fbg

Xcmg - 34

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi Burctnfj

f



\gsfur`g Caaf`ctnfj Dcrbwcrg

f

Pfetwcrg

f



f

Xrgvnfus rgagvcjt prfog`t njefrictnfj

f

Bnmntca Anlrcry

\nsk Icjcmgigjt f

\nsk cvfnbcj`g

f

\nsk bgtg`tnfj

Xcmg - 3>

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi Xrfog`t P`dgbuanjm?

Cj gagigjtcry Mcjtt `dcrt fr Rniganjg `dcrt efr tdg bgvgafpigjt bgvgafpigjt pacj ns mnvgj lgafw. Rdg pacj gxpacnjs tdg tcsks vgrsus tdg tnig (nj wggks) tdgy wnaa tckg tf `fipagtg.

Ocjucry

Eglrucry

Icr`d

\gqunrgigjt Mctdgrnjm Cjcaysns Bgsnmj @fbnjm Rgstnjm Nipagigjt ]3 ]< ]0 ]2 ]3 ]< ]0 ]2 ]3 ]< ]0 ]2

]n— s crg wggks fe tdg ifjtds, efr n 93, <, 0, 2

Xcmg - <8

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi @fst gstnictnfj fe tdg prfog`t?

Pfetwcrg `fst `fiprnsgs c sicaa pgr`gjtcmg fe fvgrcaa `fiputgr-lcsgb systgi `fst. Rdgrg crg c juilgr fe ec`tfrs, wdn`d crg `fjsnbgrgb, tdct `cj ceeg`t tdg uatnictg `fst fe tdg sfetwcrg su`d cs - duicj, tg`djn`ca, Dcrbwcrg cjb Pfetwcrg cvcnaclnanty gt`. Rdg icnj pfnjt tdct wcs `fjsnbgrgb burnjm tdg `fst gstnictnfj fe prfog`t wcs nts snznjm. Nj spntg fe `fipagtg sfetwcrg snznjm, euj`tnfj pfnjt cjb cpprfxnictg anjgs fe `fbg wgrg casf usgb tf "snzg" gc`d gagigjt fe tdg Pfetwcrg cjb tdgnr `fstnjm. Rdg `fst gstnictnfj bfjg ly ig efr Xrfog`t casf bgpgjb upfj tdg lcsganjg igtrn`s `faag`tgb erfi pcst prfog`ts cjb tdgsg wgrg usgb nj `fjouj`tnfj wntd gstnictnfj vcrnclags tf bgvgafp `fst cjb geefrt prfog`tnfjs. ]g dcvg lcsn`caay gstnictgb tdns prfog`t icnjay fj twf lcsgs 3) Geefrt Gstnictnfj - Rdns rgegrs tf tdg tftca icj-dfurs rgqunrgb efr tdg bgvgafpigjt

fe tdg prfog`t. Nt gvgj njàubgs tdg tnig rgqunrgb efr bfnjm bfùigjtctnfj cjb usgr icjuca. <) Dcrbwcrg \gqunrgb Gstnictnfj - Rdns njàubgs tdg `fst fe tdg X@s cjb tdg

dcrbwcrg `fst rgqunrgb efr bgvgafpigjt fe tdns prfog`t.

Xcmg - <3

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi Rffas/Xactefri, Dcrbwcrg cjb Pfetwcrg \gqunrgigjt spg`nen`ctnfjs?

Pfetwcrg \gqunrgigjts? Jcig fe `fipfjgjt

Ppg`nen`ctnfj

Fpgrctnjm Pystgi

]njbfws >4, ]njbfws TX, ]njbfws=, Anjux

Acjmucmg

XDX \ujtnig Gjvnrfjigjt

Bctclcsg

IyPSA Pgrvgr

Lrfwsgr

Cjy fe Ifznaac, Ifznaac, Fpgrc, Fpgrc, @drfig gt`

]gl Pgrvgr

Cpc`dg

Pfetwcrg Bgvgafpigjt Knt

XDX

P`rnptnjm Acjmucmg Gjclag

Ocvcs`rnpt

Bctclcsg OBL@ Brnvgr

IyPSA O`fjjg`tfr

Dcrbwcrg \gqunrgigjts? Jcig fe `fipfjgjt

Ppg`nen`ctnfj

Xrf`gssfr

Xgjtnui NNN 508IDz

\CI

3<4 IL

Dcrb bnsk

<8 ML

Ifjntfr

37’ `fafr ifjntfr

Kgylfcrb

3<< kgys

Xcmg - <<

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi Xrfog`t Xrfenag

Rdgrg dcs lggj `fjtnjufus geefrt tf bgvgafp tffas, wdn`d `cj gcsg tdg prf`gss fe sfetwcrg bgvgafpigjt. Lut, wntd tdg gvfavnjm trgjb fe bneegrgjt prfmrciinjm pcrcbnmis tfbcy„s sfetwcrg bgvgafpgrs crg rgcaay `dcaagjmgb tf bgca wntd tdg `dcjmnjm tg`djfafmy. Cifjm ftdgr nssugs, nssugs, sfetwcrg sfetwcrg rg-gjmnjggrnjm rg-gjmnjggrnjm ns ns lgnjm rgmcrbgb rgmcrbgb cs cj nipfrtcjt nipfrtcjt prf`gss prf`gss nj tdg sfetwcrg bgvgafpigjt njbustry. Fjg fe tdg icofr tcsks dgrg ns tf ujbgrstcjb sfetwcrg systgis tdct crg cargcby bgvgafpgb cjb tf trcjsefri tdgi tf c bneegrgjt sfetwcrg gjvnrfjigjt. Mgjgrcaay, tdns rgqunrgs c aft fe icjuca geefrt nj mfnjm tdrfumd c prfmrci tdct inmdt dcvg lggj bgvgafpgb ly cjftdgr prfmrciigr. Rdns prfog`t ickgs c jfvga cttgipt tf cbbrgss tdg nssugb fe prfmrci cjcaysns cjb mgjgrctnfj fe bncmrcis, wdn`d `cj bgpn`t tdg stru`turg fe c prfmrci nj c lgttgr wcy. Rfbcy, WIA ns lgnjm `fjsnbgrgb cs cj njbustrnca stcjbcrb efr sfetwcrg gjmnjggrnjm bgsnmj prf`gss.

Nt

gssgjtnca prfvnbgs sgvgrca bncmrciinjm tffas tdct `cj gxprgss bneegrgjt cspg`ts/ `dcrc`tgrnstn`s fe prfmrci su`d cs Wsg `csgs? Gan`nt rgqunrgigjt erfi usgrs nj igcjnjmeua `dujks. @fjstru`tnfj pacjjnjm

ns lunat crfujb bganvgrnjm sfig usg `csgs j gc`d njtgrc`tnfj lcsns efr systgi tgstnjm. @acss bncmrcis ? sdfws stctn` stru`turg fe `fj`gpts, typgs cjb àcss. @fj`gpts dfw

usgrs tdnjk clfut tdg wfrab; typg sdfws njtgrec`gs fe sfetwcrg `fipfjgjts; àcssgs sdfws nipagigjtctnfj fe sfetwcrg `fipfjgjts. Njtgrc`tnfj bncmrcis? sdfws dfw sgvgrca flog`ts `faaclfrctg nj snjmag usg `csg. Xc`kcmg bncmrci? sdfw mrfup fe àcssgs cjb bgpgjbgj`ngs cifjm tdgi. Ptctg bncmrci? sdfw dfw snjmag flog`t lgdcvgs c`rfss icjy usg `csgs. C`tnvnty bncmrci? sdfws lgdcvnfr wntd `fjtrfa stru`turg. @cj sdfw icjy flog`ts fvgr

icjy usgs, icjy flog`t nj snjmag usg `csg, fr nipagigjtctnfjs igtdfbs gj`furcmg pcrcaaga lgdcvnfr, gt`.

Xcmg - <0

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi Rdg gjb-prfbu`t fe tdns prfog`t ns c `fiprgdgjsnvg tffa tdct `cj pcrsg cjy vl.jgt prfmrci cjb gxtrc`t ifst fe tdg flog`t frngjtgb egcturgs njdgrgjt nj tdg prfmrci su`d cs pfayifrpdnsi, njdgrntcj`g, gj`cpsuactnfj cjb clstrc`tnfj. ]dct ns WIA6

WIA stcjbs efr Wjnengb Ifbganjm Acjmucmg ns tdg su``gssfr tf tdg wcvg fe Flog`t Frngjtgb Cjcaysns cjb Bgsnmj (FFC&B) igtdfbs tdct cppgcrgb nj tdg actg 48„s. Nt ifst bnrg`tay ujnengs tdg igtdfbs fe Lff`d, \uilcumd (FIR) cjb Oc`flsfj. Rdg WIA ns `caagb c ifbganjm acjmucmg, jft c igtdfb. Ifst igtdfbs `fjsnst ct agcst nj prnj`npag, fe lftd c ifbganjm acjmucmg cjb c prf`gss. Rdg Ifbganjm acjmucmg ns tdct jftctnfj tdct igtdfbs usgb tf gxprgss bgsnmj. Jftctnfjs cjb igtc-ifbgas ?

Rdg jftctnfj ns tdg mrcpdn`ca stuee; nt ns tdg syjtcx fe tdg ifbganjm acjmucmg. Efr njstcj`g, àcss bncmrci jftctnfj bgenjgs dfw ntgis crg `fj`gpts su`d cs àcss, cssf`nctnfj, cjb iuatnpan`nty ns rgprgsgjtgb. Rdgsg crg? @acss Bncmrci? Rdg àcss bncmrci tg`djnqug dcs lg`fig truay `gjtrca wntdnj flog`t-

frngjtgb igtdfbs. Unrtucaay gvgry igtdfb dcs njàubgb sfig vcrnctnfj fj tdns tg`djnqug. @acss bncmrci ns casf sulog`t tf tdg mrgctgst rcjmg fe ifbganjm `fj`gpt. Catdfumd tdg lcsn` gagigjts crg jggbgb ly gvgryfjg, cbvcj`gb `fj`gpts crg usgb agss fetgj. C àcss bncmrci bgs`rnlgs tdg typgs fe flog`ts nj tdg systgi cjb tdg vcrnfus knjbs fe stctn` rgactnfjsdnp tdct gxnst cifjm tdgi.

Rdgrg crg twf prnj`npca knjbs fe stctn`

rgactnfjsdnp? Cssf`nctnfj



Pultypg



@acss bncmrci casf sdfw tdg cttrnlutgs cjb fpgrctnfjs fe c àcss cjb tdg `fjstrcnjts tdct cppay tf tdg wcy flog`ts crg `fjjg`tgb.

Xcmg - <2

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi Cssf`nctnfj? Cssf`nctnfj rgprgsgjt lgtwggj njstcj`gs fe àcss. Erfi tdg `fj`gptuca

pgrspg`tnvg, cssf`nctnfj rgprgsgjts `fj`gptuca rgactnfjs lgtwggj àcssgs. Gc`d cssf`nctnfj dcs twf rfags. Gc`d rfag ns c bnrg`tnfj fj tdg cssf`nctnfj. C rfag casf dcs iuatnpan`nty, wdn`d ns c njbn`ctnfj fe dfw icjy flog`t icy pcrtn`npctg nj tdg mnvgj rgactnfjsdnp. Mgjgrcanzctnfj ? C typn`ca gxcipag fe mgjgrcanzctnfj gvfavgs tdg pgrsfjca cjb `frpfrctg

ùstfigr fe c lusnjgss. Rdgy dcvg bneegrgj`gs lut casf icjy sninacrnty. Rdg sninacrntngs `cj lg pac`gb nj mgjgrcanzctnfj wntd pgrsfjca ùstfigr cjb `frpfrctg ùstfigr sul typg. Cmmrgmctnfj? cmmrgmctnfj ns tdg pcrt fe rgactnfjsdnp. Nt ns ankg scynjm c `cr dcs gjmnjg

cjb wdggas cs nts pcrts. Rdns sfujbs mffb, lut bneenùat tdnjm ns `fjsnbgrnjm, wdct ns tdg bneegrgj`g ns cmmrgmctnfj cjb cssf`nctnfj. Njtgrc`tnfj? njtgrc`tnfj bncmrcis crg ifbgas tdct bgs`rnlgs dfw mrfups fe flog`ts

`faaclfrctnfj nj sfig lgdcvnfr. Rypn`caay, cj njtgrc`tnfj bncmrci `cpturgs tdg lgdcvnfr c snjmag usg `csgs. Rdg bncmrci sdfws c juilgr fe gxcipag flog`ts cjb tdg igsscmgs tdct crg pcssgb lgtwggj tdgsg flog`ts nj usg `csgs. Rdgsg crg efaafwnjm cpprfc`dgs wntd snipag usg `csg tdct gxdnlnts tdg efaafwnjm lgdcvnfr. Flog`ts `cj sgjb c igsscmg tf cjftdgr. Gc`d igsscmg ns `dg`ks wntd mnvgj stf`k ntgi. Rdgrg crg twf bncmrcis? Pgqugj`g cjb @faaclfrctnfj bncmrci. Xc`kcmg Bncmrci? Fjg fe tdg fabgst qugstnfjs nj sfetwcrg igtdfbs ns? dfw bf yfu

lrgck bfwj c acrmg systgi njtf sicaagr systgis6 Nt lg`figs bneenùat tf ujbgrstcjb cjb tdg `dcjmgs wg ickg tf tdgi. Ptru`turgb igtdfbs usgb euj`tnfjca bg`fipfsntnfj nj wdn`d tdg fvgrcaa systgi wcs icppgb cs c euj`tnfj lrfkgj bfwj njtf sul euj`tnfj, wdn`d ns eurtdgr lrfkgj bfwj njtf sul euj`tnfj cjb sf efrtd. Rdg sgpcrctnfj fe prf`gss bctc ns mfjg, euj`tnfjca bg`fipfsntnfj ns mfjg, lut tdg fab qugstnfj ns stnaa rgicnjs. Fjg nbgc ns tf mrfup tdg àcssgs tfmgtdgr njtf dnmdgr-agvga ujnt. Rdns nbgc, cppangb vgry affsgay, cppgcrs nj icjy

Xcmg - <7

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi flog`ts. Nj WIA, tdns mrfupnjm ig`dcjnsi ns pc`kcmg. Rdg tgri pc`kcmg bncmrci efr c bncmrci tdct sdfws pc`kcmgs fe àcssgs cjb tdg bgpgjbgj`ngs cifjm tdgi. C bgpgjbgj`y bgpgjbgj`y gxnsts lgtwggj twf gagigjts ne `dcjmgs tf tdg bgenjntnfj bgenjntnfj fe fjg gagigjt icy `cusg tf ftdgr. ]ntd àcssgs, bgpgjbgj`ngs gxnst efr vcrnfus rgcsfjs? fjg àcss sgjbs c igsscmg tf cjftdgr; fjg àcss dcs cjftdgr cs pcrt fe nts bctc; fjg àcss igjtnfjs cjftdgr cs c pcrcigtgr tf cj fpgrctnfj. C bgpgjbgj`y lgtwggj twf pc`kcmgs gxnsts; cjb cjy bgpgjbgj`ngs gxnst lgtwggj cjy twf àcssgs nj tdg pc`kcmg. Ptctg bncmrci? Ptctg bncmrci crg c ecinancr tg`djnqug tf bgs`rnlg tdg lgdcvnfr fe c

systgi. Rdgy bgs`rnlg caa tdg pfssnlag stctgs c pcrtnùacr flog`t `cj mgt njtf cjb dfw tdg flog`ts stctg `dcjmgs cs c rgsuat fe gvgjts tdct rgc`d tdg flog`ts. Nj ifst FF tg`djnqug, stctg bncmrcis crg brcwj efr c snjmag àcss tf sdfw tdg anegtnig lgdcvnfr fe c snjmg flog`t. Rdgrg crg icjy efri fe stctg bncmrci, gc`d wntd sanmdtay bneegrgjt sgicjtn`s. Rdg ifst pfpuacr fjg usgb nj FF tg`djnqug ns lcsgb fj Bcvnb Dcrga„s stctg `dcrt.

Xcmg - <5

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi XG\R @DC\R (Xrfmrci Gvcauctnfj \gvngw Rg`djnqug) XG\R `dcrt ns frmcjnzgb efr gvgjts, c`tnvntngs fr tcsks. Nt ns c s`dgbuanjm bgvn`g tdct sdfws mrcpdn`caay tdg frbgr fe tdg tcsks tf lg pgrefrigb. Nt gjclags tdg `caùactnfj fe tdg `rntn`ca pctd. Rdg tnig cjb `fst cssf`nctgb cafjm c pctd ns `caùactgb cjb tdg pctd rgqunrgs tdg mrgctgst cifujt fe gacpsgb tnig nj `rntn`ca pctd.

Bgsnmj

@fbg

Bctclcsg

bctclcsg Njtgmrctg cjb Rgst

Ppg`nen`ctnfj

Bgsnmj MWN

@fbg MWN

crt

Xcrt

Nipagigjtctnfj ]rntg Wsgr Icjuca

XG\R @dcrt rgprgsgjtctnfj

Xcmg - <=

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi MCJRR @DC\R

Nt ns casf kjfwj cs Lcr `dcrt ns usgb gxàusnvgay efr s`dgbuanjm purpfsg. Nt ns c prfog`t `fjtrfaanjm tg`djnqug. Nt ns usgb efr s`dgbuanjm. Lubmgtnjm cjb rgsfur`njm pacjjnjm. C Mcjtt ns c lcr `dcrt wntd gc`d lcr rgprgsgjtnjm c`tnvnty. Rdg lcrs crg brcwj cmcnjst c tnig anjg. Rdg agjmtd fe tnig pacjjgb efr tdg c`tnvnty. Rdg Mcjtt `dcrt nj tdg enmurg sdfws tdg Mrcy pcrts ns sac`k tnig tdct ns tdg actgst ly wdn`d c tcsk dcs lggj enjnsdgb.

3-3> IC^ 38 <8-0 OWJG 38 5-<7 OWJG 38 <5-37 OWA^ 38 OWA^ 35 CWM 03 Ppg`nen`ctnfj

Bgsnmj Bctclcsg Xcrt

Bgsnmj MWN

Ifbuactnfj

@FBG BCRCLCPG XC\R

@FBG MWN

LAC@K LFT RGPRNJM

NJRGM\CRG CJB RGPR

NIXAGIGJRCRNFJ

]\NRG WPG\ ICJWCA

MCJRR @DC\R \GX\GPGJRCRNFJ

Xcmg - <4

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi Wsg @csg Ifbga fe tdg Xrfog`t?

Rdg usg `csg ifbga efr cjy systgi `fjsnsts fe ‑usg `csgs’. Wsg `csgs rgprgsgjt bneegrgjt wcys nj wdn`d tdg systgi `cj lg usgb ly tdg usgr. C snipag wcy tf enjb caa tdg usg `csg fe c systgi ns tf csk tdg qugstnfjs ‑]dct tdg usgr `cj bf usnjm tdg systgi6’ Rdg usg `csgs pcrtntnfj tdg systgi lgdcvnfr njtf trcjsc`tnfjs su`d tdct gc`d trcjsc`tnfj pgrefris sfig usgeua c`tnfj erfi tdg usgrs„ pfnjt fe vngw. Rdg purpfsg fe tdg usg `csg tf bgenjg c png`g fe `fdgrgjt lgdcvnfr wntdfut rgvganjm tdg njtgrjca stru`turg fe tdg systgi. Cj usg `csg typn`caay rgprgsgjts c sgqugj`g fe njtgrc`tnfj lgtwggj tdg usgr cjb tdg systgi. Rdgsg njtgrc`tnfjs `fjsnsts fe fjg icnj anjg sgqugj`g ns rgprgsgjt tdg jfrica njtgrc`tnfj lgtwggj tdg usgr cjb tdg systgi. Rdg usg `csg ifbga ns cj nipfrtcjt cjcaysns cjb bgsnmj crtnec`t (tcsk).Wsg `csgs `cj lg rgprgsgjtgb ly brcwnjm c usg `csg bncmrci cjb wrntnjm cj c``fipcjy tgxt gaclfrctnjm tdg brcwnjm. Nj tdg usg `csg bncmrci gc`d usg `csg ns rgprgsgjtgb ly cj gaanpsg wntd tdg jcig fe usg `csg wrnttgj njsnbg tdg gaanpsg. Caa tdg gaanpsgs fe tdg systgi crg gjàfsgb wntd nj c rg`tcjmag wdn`d rgprgsgjts tdg systgi lfujbcry. Rdg jcig fe tdg systgi lgnjm ifbuagb cppgcrs njsnbg tdg rg`tcjmag. Rdg bneegrgjt usgrs fe tdg systgi crg rgprgsgjtgb ly usnjm stn`k pgrsfj n`fj. Rdg stn`k pgrsfj n`fj ns jfricaay rgegrrgb tf cs cj C`tfr. Rdg anjg `fjjg`tnjm tdg c`tfr cjb tdg usg `csgs ns `caagb tdg `fiiujn`ctnfj rgactnfjsdnp. ]dgj c stn`k pgrsfj n`fj rgprgsgjts cj gxtgrjca systgi nt ns cjjftctgb ly tdg stgrgf typg11gxtgrjca systgi::.

Xcmg - <>

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi Bctceafw Bncmrci?

Bctc eafw bncmrci ns tdg stcrtnjm pfnjt fe tdg bgsnmj pdcsg tdct euj`tnfjcaay bg`fipfsgs tdg rgqunrgigjts spg`nen`ctnfj. C BEB `fjsnsts fe c sgrngs fe lullags ofnjgb ly anjgs. Rdg lullags rgprgsgjt rgprgsgjt bctc trcjsefrictnfj trcjsefrictnfj cjb tdg anjgs rgprgsgjt rgprgsgjt bctc eafws nj tdg systgi. C BEB bgs`rnlgs wdct bctc eafw rctdgr tdcj dfw tdgy crg prf`gssgb, sf nt bfgs jft dcrbwcrg, sfetwcrg cjb bctc stru`turg. C bctc-eafw bncmrci ( BEB) ns c mrcpdn`ca rgprgsgjtctnfj fe tdg "eafw" fe bctc tdrfumd cj njefrictnfj systgi. systgi . BEBs `cj casf lg usgb efr tdg vnsucanzctnfj fe bctc prf`gssnjm (stru`turgb bgsnmj). C bctc eafw bncmrci (BEB) ns c snmjnen`cjt ifbganjm tg`djnqug efr cjcayznjm cjb `fjstru`tnjm njefrictnfj prf`gssgs. BEB antgrcaay igcjs cj naaustrctnfj tdct gxpacnjs tdg `fursg fr ifvgigjt fe njefrictnfj nj c prf`gss. BEB naaustrctgs tdns eafw fe njefrictnfj nj c prf`gss lcsgb fj tdg njputs cjb futputs. C BEB `cj lg rgegrrgb tf cs c Xrf`gss Ifbga. Rdg bctc eafw bncmrci ns c mrcpdn`ca bgs`rnptnfj fe c systgi„s bctc cjb dfw tf Xrf`gss trcjsefri tdg bctc ns kjfwj cs Bctc Eafw Bncmrci (BEB). Wjankg bgtcnas eafw `dcrt, BEBs bfj„t suppay bgtcna bgs`rnptnfjs fe ifbuags tdct mrcpdn`caay bgs`rnlg c systgi„s bctc cjb dfw tdg bctc njtgrc`t wntd tdg systgi. Bctc eafw bncmrci juilgr fe syilfas cjb tdg efaafwnjm syilfas crg fe ly BgIcr`f.

prf`gss

Bctc stfrg

Pfur`g/snjk

Bctc Eafw BgIcr`f & ^furbfj syilfas

Mcjg & Pcrsfj syilfas

Xcmg - 08

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi Rdgrg crg sgvgj ruags efr `fjstru`t c bctc eafw bncmrci.

jft `rfss gc`d gc`d ftdgr. ftdgr. n) Crrfws sdfuab jft nn) Pqucrgs, `nràgs cjb enags iust wgcrs jcigs. nnn) Bg`fipfsgb bctc eafws iust lg lcacj`gb. nv) Jf twf bctc eafws, squcrgs fr `nràgs `cj lg tdg scig jcigs. v) Brcw caa bctc eafws crfujb tdg futsnbg fe tdg bncmrci. vn) @dffsg igcjnjmeua jcigs efr bctc eafws, prf`gssgs & bctc stfrgs. vnn) @fjtrfa

njefrictnfj

su`d

cs

rg`frb

ujnts,

pcsswfrb

cjb

vcanbctnfj

rgqunrgigjts crg jft pgjntgjt tf c bctc eafw bncmrci. Cbbntnfjcaay, Cbbntnfjcaay, c BEB `cj lg utnanzgb tf vnsucanzg bctc prf`gssnjm fr c stru`turgb bgsnmj. Rdns lcsn` BEB `cj lg tdgj bnsnjtgmrctgb tf c afwgr agvga bncmrci bgifjstrctnjm sicaagr stgps gxdnlntnjm bgtcnas fe tdg systgi tdct ns lgnjm ifbgagb. Fj c BEB, bctc ntgis eafw erfi cj gxtgrjca bctc sfur`g fr cj njtgrjca bctc stfrg tf cj njtgrjca bctc stfrg fr cj gxtgrjca bctc snjk, vnc cj njtgrjca prf`gss. Nt ns `fiifj prc`tn`g tf brcw c `fjtgxt-agvga bctc eafw bncmrci enrst, wdn`d sdfws tdg njtgrc`tnfj lgtwggj tdg systgi cjb gxtgrjca cmgjts, wdn`d c`t cs bctc sfur`gs cjb bctc snjks. Fj tdg `fjtgxt bncmrci (casf kjfwj cs tdg Agvga 8 BEB„), tdg systgi's njtgrc`tnfjs wntd tdg futsnbg wfrab crg ifbgagb purgay nj tgris fe bctc eafws c`rfss tdg systgi lfujbcry. Rdg `fjtgxt bncmrci sdfws tdg gjtnrg systgi cs c snjmag prf`gss, cjb mnvgs jf àugs cs tf nts njtgrjca frmcjnzctnfj. Rdns `fjtgxt-agvga BEB ns jgxt "gxpafbgb", tf prfbu`g c Agvga 3 BEB tdct sdfws sfig fe tdg bgtcna fe tdg systgi lgnjm ifbgagb. Rdg Agvga 3 BEB sdfws dfw tdg systgi ns bnvnbgb njtf sul-systgis (prf`gssgs), gc`d fe wdn`d bgcas wntd fjg fr ifrg fe tdg bctc eafws tf fr erfi cj gxtgrjca cmgjt, cjb wdn`d tfmgtdgr prfvnbg caa fe tdg euj`tnfjcanty fe tdg systgi cs c wdfag. Rdg agvga 3 BEB ns eurtdgr sprgcbgb cjb spant njtf ifrg bgs`rnptnvg cjb bgtcnagb bgs`rnptnfj clfut tdg prfog`t cs agvga < BEB.Rdg agvga < BEB `cj lg c juilgr fe bctc eafws wdn`d wnaa enjcaay sdfw tdg gjtnrg bgs`rnptnfj fe tdg sfetwcrg prfog`t.

Xcmg - 03

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi Clfut G\ Bncmrci? Gjtnty \gactnfjsdnp Bncmrci

G-\ Ifbga ns c pfpuacr dnmd agvga `fj`gptuca bctc ifbga. Rdns ifbga cjb nts vcrnctnfjs crg ergqugjtay usgb efr tdg `fj`gptuca bgsnmj fe bctclcsg cppan`ctnfj cjb icjy bctclcsg bgsnmj tffas gipafy nts `fj`gpt. C bctclcsg bctclcsg tdct `fjenris `fjenris tf cj G-\ bncmrci bncmrci `cj lg lg rgprgsgjtgb rgprgsgjtgb ly c `faag`tfj `faag`tfj fe tclags tclags nj tdg rgactnfjca systgi. Rdg icppnjm fe G-\ bncmrci tf tdg gjtntngs crg? Cttrnlutgs



\gactnfjs



Icjy-tf-icjy

f

Icjy-tf-fjg

f

Fjg-tf-icjy

f

Fjg-tf-fjg

f



]gck gjtntngs



Pul-typg cjb supgr-typg

Rdg gjtntngs cjb tdgnr rgactnfjsdfps lgtwggj tdgi crg sdfwj usnjm tdg efaafwnjm `fjvgjtnfjs. 

Cj gjtnty ns sdfwj nj rg`tcjmag.



C bncifjb rgprgsgjt tdg rgactnfjsdnp cifjm juilgr fe gjtntngs.



Rdg cttrnlutgs sdfwj cs fvcas crg `fjjg`tgb tf tdg gjtntngs fr rgactnfjsdnp ly anjgs.



Bncifjb,fvca cjb rgactnfjsdnps crg aclgagb.

Xcmg - 0<




Ifbga ns cj clstrc`tnfj prf`gss tdct dnbgs supgr bgtcnas wdnag dnmdanmdtnjm bgtcnas rgactnfj tf cppan`ctnfj ct gjb.



C bctc ifbga ns c ig`dcjnsi tdct prfvnbgs tdns clstrc`tnfj efr bctclcsg cppan`ctnfj.



Bctc ifbganjm ns usgb efr rgprgsgjtnjm gjtntngs cjb tdgnr rgactnfjsdnp nj tdg bctclcsg.



Gjtntngs crg tdg lcsn` ujnts usgb nj ifbganjm bctclcsg gjtntngs `cj dcvg `fj`rgtg gxnstgj`g fr `fjstntutg nbgcs fr `fj`gpts.



Gjtnty typg fr gjtnty sgt ns c mrfup fe sninacr flog`ts `fj`grj tf cj frmcjnzctnfj efr wdn`d nt icnjtcnj bctc,



Xrfpgrtngs crg `dcrc`tgrnstn`s fe cj gjtnty casf `caagb cs cttrnlutgs. cttrnlutgs.



C kgy ns c snjmag cttrnlutg fr `filnjctnfj fe < fr ifrg cttrnlutgs fe cj gjtnty sgt ns usgb tf nbgjtney fjg fr ifrg njstcj`gs fe tdg sgt.



Nj rgactnfjca ifbga wg rgprgsgjt tdg gjtnty ly c rgactnfj cjb usg tupags tf rgprgsgjt cj njstcj`g fe tdg gjtnty.



\gactnfjsdnp ns usgb nj bctc ifbganjm tf rgprgsgjt nj cssf`nctnfj lgtwggj cj gjtnty sgt.



Cj cssf`nctnfj lgtwggj twf cttrnlutgs njbn`ctgs tdct tdg tdg vcaugs fe tdg cssf`nctgb cttrnlutgs crg njbgpgjbgjt.

Xcmg - 00

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi Pgùrnty Rgstnjm fe tdg Xrfog`t Rgstnjm ns vntca efr tdg su``gss fe cjy sfetwcrg. jf systgi bgsnmj ns gvgr pgreg`t. Rgstnjm ns casf `crrngb nj twf pdcsgs. enrst pdcsg ns burnjm tdg sfetwcrg gjmnjggrnjm tdct ns burnjm tdg ifbuag `rgctnfj. sg`fjb pdcsg ns cetgr tdg `fipagtnfj fe sfetwcrg. tdns ns systgi tgstnjm wdn`d vgrnengs tdct tdg wdfag sgt fe prfmrcis dcjmgb tfmgtdgr. ]dntg Lfx Rgstnjm? Nj tdns tg`djnqug, tdg àfsg gxcinjctnfj fe tdg afmn`ca pcrts tdrfumd tdg sfetwcrg crg tgstgb ly `csgs tdct gxgr`nsg spg`ngs sgts fe `fjbntnfjs fr affps. caa afmn`ca pcrts fe tdg sfetwcrg `dg`kgb fj`g. grrfrs tdct `cj lg `frrg`tgb usnjm tdns tg`djnqug crg typfmrcpdn`ca grrfrs, afmn`ca gxprgssnfjs wdn`d sdfuab lg gxgùtgb fj`g icy lg mgttnjm gxgùtgb ifrg tdcj fj`g cjb grrfr rgsuatnjm ly usnjm wrfjm `fjtrfas cjb affps. ]dgj tdg lfx tgstnjm tgsts caa tdg njbgpgjbgjt pcrt wntdnj c ifbuag c afmn`ca bg`nsnfjs fj tdgnr trug cjb tdg ecasg snbg crg gxgr`nsgb , caa affps cjb lfujbs wntdnj tdgnr fpgrctnfjca lfujbs wgrg gxgr`nsgb cjb njtgrjca bctc stru`turg tf gjsurg tdgnr vcanbnty wgrg gxgr`nsgb fj`g. Lac`k Lfx Rgstnjm? Rdns igtdfb gjclags tdg sfetwcrg gjmnjggr tf bgvn`g sgts fe njput tg`djnqugs tdct euaay gxgr`nsg caa euj`tnfjca rgqunrgigjts efr c prfmrci. lac`k lfx tgstnjm tgsts tdg njput, tdg futput cjb tdg gxtgrjca bctc. nt `dg`ks wdgtdgr tdg njput bctc ns `frrg`t cjb wdgtdgr wg crg mgttnjm tdg bgsnrgb futput. Capdc Rgstnjm? C``gptcj`g tgstnjm tgstnjm ns casf sfigtnigs sfigtnigs `caagb capdc tgstnjm. tgstnjm. Lg spfkg systgis systgis crg bgvgafpgb bgvgafpgb efr c snjmag ùstfigr. Rdg capdc tgstnjm prf`ggbs ujtna tdg systgi bgvgafpgr cjb tdg ùstfigr cmrgg tdct tdg prfvnbgb systgi ns cj c``gptclag nipagigjtctnfj fe tdg systgi rgqunrgigjts. Lgtc Rgstnjm? Fj tdg ftdgr dcjb, wdgj c systgi nstf lg icrkgb cs c sfetwcrg prfbu`t, cjftdgr prf`gss `caagb lgtc tgstnjm ns fetgj `fjbu`tgb. Burnjm lgtc tgstnjm, c systgi ns bganvgrgb cifjm c juilgr fe pftgjtnca usgrs wdf cmrgg tf usg nt. Rdg ùstfigrs tdgj rgpfrt prflagis tf tdg

Xcmg - 02

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi bgvgafpgrs. Rdns prfvnbgs tdg prfbu`t efr rgca usg cjb bgtg`ts grrfrs wdn`d icy jft dcvg lggj cjtn`npctgb ly tdg systgi bgvgafpgrs. Wjnt Rgstnjm? Gc`d ifbuag ns `fjsnbgrgb njbgpgjbgjtay. nt efùsgs fj gc`d ujnt fe sfetwcrg cs nipagigjtgb nj tdg sfur`g `fbg. nt ns wdntg lfx tgstnjm. Njtgmrctnfj Rgstnjm? Njtgmrctnfj tgstnjm cnis ct `fjstru`tnjm tdg prfmrci stru`turg wdnag ct tdg scig `fjstru`tnjm tgsts tf uj`fvgr grrfrs cssf`nctgb wntd njtgrec`njm tdg ifbuags. ifbuags crg njtgmrctgb ly usnjm tdg tfp bfwj cpprfc`d. Ucanbctnfj Rgstnjm? Ucanbctnfj tgstnjm wcs pgrefrigb tf gjsurg tdct caa tdg euj`tnfjca cjb pgrefricj`g rgqunrgigjts crg igt. Pystgi Rgstnjm? Nt ns gxgùtnjm prfmrcis tf `dg`k afmn`ca `dcjmgs icbg nj nt wntd njtgjtnfj fe enjbnjm grrfrs. c systgi ns tgstgb efr fjanjg rgspfjsg, vfauig fe trcjsc`tnfj, rg`fvgry erfi ecnaurg gt`. Pystgi tgstnjm ns bfjg tf gjsurg tdct tdg systgi sctnsengs caa tdg usgr rgqunrgigjts.

Xcmg - 07

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi Nipagigjtctnfj cjb Pfetwcrg Ppg`nen`ctnfj Rgstnjms Bgtcnagb Bgsnmj fe Nipagigjtctnfj Rdns pdcsg fe tdg systgis bgvgafpigjt aneg `yàg rgenjgs dcrbwcrg cjb sfetwcrg spg`nen`ctnfjs, gstclansdgs prfmrciinjm pacjs, trcnjs usgrs cjb nipagigjts gxtgjsnvg tgstnjm prf`gburgs, tf gvcauctg bgsnmj cjb fpgrctnjm spg`nen`ctnfjs cjb/fr prfvnbg tdg lcsns efr eurtdgr ifbnen`ctnfj. Rg`djn`ca Bgsnmj Rdns c`tnvnty lunabs upfj spg`nen`ctnfjs prfbu`gb burnjm jgw systgi bgsnmj, cbbnjm bgtcnagb tg`djn`ca spg`nen`ctnfjs cjb bfùigjtctnfj. Rgst Ppg`nen`ctnfjs cjb Xacjjnjm Rdns c`tnvnty prgpcrgs bgtcnagb tgst spg`nen`ctnfjs efr njbnvnbuca ifbuags cjb prfmrcis, ofl strgcis, sulsystgis, cjb efr tdg systgi cs c wdfag. Xrfmrciinjm cjb Rgstnjm Rdns c`tnvnty gj`fipcssgs c`tuca bgvgafpigjt, wrntnjm, cjb tgstnjm fe prfmrci ujnts fr ifbuags. Wsgr Rrcnjnjm Rdns c`tnvnty gj`fipcssgs wrntnjm usgr prf`gburg icjucas, prgpcrctnfj fe usgr trcnjnjm ictgrncas, `fjbu`tnjm trcnjnjm prfmrcis, cjb tgstnjm prf`gburgs. C``gptcj`g Rgst C enjca prf`gburca rgvngw tf bgifjstrctg c systgi cjb sgùrg usgr cpprfvca cpprfvca lgefrg c systgi lg`figs fpgrctnfjca.

Njstcaactnfj Xdcsg Nj tdns pdcsg tdg jgw @fiputgrnzgb systgi ns njstcaagb, tdg `fjvgrsnfj tf jgw prf`gburgs ns euaay nipagigjtgb, cjb tdg pftgjtnca fe tdg jgw systgi ns gxpafrgb.

Xcmg - 05

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi Pystgi Njstcaactnfj Rdg prf`gss fe stcrtnjm tdg c`tuca usg fe c systgi cjb trcnjnjm usgr pgrsfjjga nj nts fpgrctnfj. \gvngw Xdcsg Rdns pdcsg gvcauctgs tdg su``gssgs cjb ecnaurgs burnjm c systgis bgvgafpigjt prfog`t, cjb tf igcsurg tdg rgsuats fe c jgw @fiputgrnzgb Rrcjsystgi nj tgris fe lgjgents cjb scvnjms prfog`tgb ct tdg stcrt fe tdg prfog`t. Bgvgafpigjt \g`cp C rgvngw r gvngw fe c prfog`t niigbnctgay cetgr `fipagtnfj tf enjb su``gssgs cjb pftgjtnca pftgjtnca prflagis nj euturg wfrk. Xfst-Nipagigjtctnfj \gvngw C rgvngw, `fjbu`tgb `fjbu`tgb cetgr cetgr c jgw systgi dcs lggj lggj nj fpgrctnfj fpgrctnfj efr sfig tnig, tnig, tf gvcauctg gvcauctg c`tuca systgi

pgrefricj`g

cmcnjst

frnmnjca

gxpg`tctnfjs

cjb

prfog`tnfjs

efr

`fst-lgjgent

niprfvgigjts. Casf nbgjtnengs icnjtgjcj`g prfog`ts tf gjdcj`g fr niprfvg tdg systgi. RDG PRGXP NJ RDG PFER]C\G RGPRNJM Rdg stgps njvfavgb burnjm Wjnt tgstnjm crg cs efaafws? c. Xrgpcrctnfj fe tdg tgst `csgs. l. Xrgpcrctnfj fe tdg pfssnlag tgst bctc wntd caa tdg vcanbctnfj `dg`ks. `. @fipagtg `fbg rgvngw fe tdg ifbuag. b. C`tuca tgstnjm bfjg icjucaay. g. Ifbnen`ctnfjs Ifbnen`ctn fjs bfjg efr tdg grrfrs efujb burnjm tgstnjm. e.

Xrgpcrgb tdg tgst rgsuat s`rnpts.

Rdg ujnt tgstnjm bfjg njàubgb tdg tgstnjm fe tdg efaafwnjm e faafwnjm ntgis? 3. Euj`tnfjcanty fe tdg gjtnrg ifbuag/efris. <. Ucanbctnfjs efr usgr njput. 0. @dg`knjm fe tdg @fbnjm stcjbcrbs tf lg icnjtcnjgb burnjm `fbnjm.

Xcmg - 0=

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi 2.

Rgstnjm tdg ifbuag wntd caa tdg pfssnlag tgst bctc.

7.

Rgstnjm fe tdg euj`tnfjcanty euj`tnfjcant y njvfavnjm caa typg fe `caùactnfjs gt`.

5. @fiigjtnjm stcjbcrb nj tdg sfur`g enags. Cetgr `fipagtnjm `fipagtnjm tdg Wjnt tgstnjm fe caa tdg ifbuags, i fbuags, tdg wdfag systgi ns njtgmrctgb wntd caa nts bgpgjbgj`ngs nj tdct ifbuag. ]dnag Pystgi Njtgmrctnfj, ]g njtgmrctgb tdg ifbuags fjg ly fjg cjb tgstgb tdg systgi ct gc`d stgp. Rdns dgapgb nj rgbu`tnfj fe grrfrs ct tdg tnig fe tdg systgi tgstnjm. Rdg stgps njvfavgb burnjm Pystgi tgstnjm crg cs efaafws? 

Njtgmrctnfj fe caa tdg ifbuags/efris nj tdg systgi.



Xrgpcrctnfj fe tdg tgst `csgs.



Xrgpcrctnfj fe tdg pfssnlag tgst bctc wntd caa tdg vcanbctnfj `dg`ks.



C`tuca tgstnjm tgstnjm bfjg icjucaay.



\g`frbnjm fe caa tdg rgprfbu`gb grrfrs.



Ifbnen`ctnfjs bfjg efr tdg grrfrs efujb burnjm tgstnjm.



Xrgpcrgb tdg tgst rgsuat s`rnpts cetgr rg`tnen`ctnfj fe tdg grrfrs.

Rdg Pystgi Rgstnjm bfjg njàubgb tdg tgstnjm fe tdg efaafwnjm ntgis? 3. Euj`tnfjcanty fe tdg gjtnrg gjtnrg systgi cs c wdfag. <. Wsgr Njtgrec`g fe tdg systgi. 0. Rgstnjm tdg bgpgjbgjt ifbuags tfmgtdgr wntd caa tdg pfssnlag tgst bctc s`rnpts. 2. Ugrnen`ctnfj Ugrnen`ctn fj cjb Ucanbctnfj tgstnjm. 7. Rgstnjm tdg rgpfrts wntd wntd caa nts euj`tnfjcanty. euj`tnfjcant y. Cetgr tdg `fipagtnfj fe systgi tgstnjm, tdg jgxt efaafwnjm pdcsg wcs tdg C``gptcj`g C``gptcj`g Rgstnjm. @angjts ct tdgnr gjb bnb tdns cjb c``gptgb tdg systgi wntd cpprg`nctnfj. Rdus, wg rgc`dgb tdg enjca pdcsg fe tdg prfog`t bganvgry. Rdgrg crg ftdgr snx tgsts, wdn`d ecaa ujbgr spg`nca `ctgmfry. Rdgy crg bgs`rnlgb lgafw? 

Xgck Afcb Rgst? Nt bgtgrinjgs wdgtdgr tdg systgi wnaa dcjbag tdg vfauig fe c`tnvntngs tdct f`ùr wdgj tdg systgi ns ct tdg pgck fe nts prf`gssnjm bgicjb. Efr gxcipag, tgst tdg systgi ly c`tnvctnjm caa tgrinjcas ct tdg scig tnig.

Xcmg - 04

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi 

Ptfrcmg Rgstnjm? Nt bgtgrinjgs tdg `cpc`nty fe tdg systgi tf stfrg trcjsc`tnfj bctc fj c bnsk fr nj ftdgr enags.



Xgrefricj`g Rnig Rgstnjm? nt bgtgrinjgs tdg agjmtd fe tnig systgi usgb ly tdg systgi tf prf`gss trcjsc`tnfj bctc. Rdns tgst ns `fjbu`tgb prnfr tf nipagigjtctnfj tf bgtgrinjg dfw afjm nt tckgs tf mgt c rgspfjsg tf cj njqunry, ickg c lc`kup `fpy fe c enag, fr sgjb c trcjsinssnfj cjb mgt c rgspfjsg.



\g`fvgry Rgstnjm? Rgstn jm? Rdns tgstnjm bgtgrinjgs bgtgri njgs tdg clnanty fe usgr tf rg`fvgr bctc fr rg-stcrt r g-stcrt systgi cetgr ecnaurg. Efr gxcipag, afcb lc`kup `fpy fe bctc cjb rgsuig prf`gssnjm wntdfut bctc fr njtgmrnty afss.



Xrf`gburg Rgstnjm? Rgstn jm? Nt bgtgrinjgs tdg td g àcrnty fe bfùigjtctnfj bfùigjt ctnfj fj fpgrctnfj cjb usgs fe systgi ly dcvnjm usgrs bf gxc`tay wdct icjucas rgqugst. Efr gxcipag, pfwgrnjm bfwj systgi ct tdg gjb fe wggk fr rgspfjbnjm tf pcpgr-fut anmdt fj prnjtgr.



Duicj Ec`tfrs Rgstnjm? Nt bgtgrinjgs dfw usgrs wnaa usg tdg systgi wdgj prf`gssnjm bctc fr prgpcrnjm rgpfrts.

Xcmg - 0>

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi Pystgi Cjcaysns?

Pystgi cjcaysns ns c prf`gss fe mctdgrnjm cjb njtgrprgtnjm ec`ts, bncmjfsnjm prflagis cjb tdg njefrictnfj clfut tdg Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi tf rg`fiigjb niprfvgigjts fj tdg systgi. Nt ns c prflagi sfavnjm c`tnvnty tdct rgqunrgs njtgjsnvg `fiiujn`ctnfj lgtwggj tdg systgi usgrs cjb systgi bgvgafpgrs. Pystgi cjcaysns fr stuby ns cj nipfrtcjt pdcsg fe cjy systgi bgvgafpigjt prf`gss. Rdg systgi ns stubngb tf tdg injutgst bgtcna cjb cjcayzgb. Rdg systgi cjcayst pacys tdg rfag fe tdg njtgrrfmctfr cjb bwgaas bggp njtf tdg wfrknjm fe tdg prgsgjt systgi. Rdg systgi ns vngwgb cs c wdfag cjb tdg njput tf tdg systgi crg nbgjtnengb. Rdg futputs erfi tdg frmcjnzctnfjs crg trc`gb tf tdg vcrnfus prf`gssgs. Pystgi cjcaysns ns `fj`grjgb wntd lg`finjm cwcrg fe tdg prflagi, nbgjtneynjm tdg rgagvcjt cjb bg`nsnfjca vcrnclags, cjcayznjm cjb syjtdgsnznjm tdg vcrnfus ec`tfrs cjb bgtgrinjnjm cj fptnica fr ct agcst c sctnsec`tfry sfautnfj fr prfmrci fe c`tnfj. C bgtcnagb stuby fe tdg prf`gss iust lg icbg ly vcrnfus tg`djnqugs ankg njtgrvngws, qugstnfjjcnrgs gt`. Rdg bctc `faag`tgb ly tdgsg sfur`gs iust lg s`rutnjnzgb tf crrnvg tf c `fjàusnfj. Rdg `fjàusnfj ns cj ujbgrstcjbnjm fe dfw tdg systgi euj`tnfjs. Rdns systgi ns `caagb tdg gxnstnjm systgi. Jfw tdg gxnstnjm systgi ns sulog`tgb tf àfsg stuby cjb prflagi crgcs crg nbgjtnengb. Rdg bgsnmjgr jfw euj`tnfjs cs c prflagi sfavgr cjb trngs tf sfrt fut tdg bneenùatngs tdct tdg gjtgrprnsg ec`gs. Rdg sfautnfjs crg mnvgj cs prfpfscas. Rdg prfpfsca ns tdgj wgnmdgb wntd tdg gxnstnjm systgi cjcaytn`caay cjb tdg lgst fjg ns sgag`tgb. Rdg prfpfsca ns prgsgjtgb tf tdg usgr efr cj gjbfrsgigjt ly tdg usgr. Rdg prfpfsca ns rgvngwgb fj usgr rgqugst cjb suntclag `dcjmgs crg icbg. Rdns ns affp tdct gjbs cs sffj cs tdg usgr ns sctnsengb wntd prfpfsca. Xrganinjcry stuby ns tdg prf`gss fe mctdgrnjm cjb njtgrprgtnjm ec`ts, usnjm tdg njefrictnfj efr eurtdgr stubngs fj tdg systgi. Xrganinjcry stuby ns prflagi sfavnjm c`tnvnty tdct rgqunrgs njtgjsnvg `fiiujn`ctnfj lgtwggj tdg systgi usgrs cjb systgi bgvgafpgrs. Nt bfgs vcrnfus egcsnlnanty stubngs. Nj tdgsg stubngs c rfumd enmurg fe tdg systgi c`tnvntngs `cj lg fltcnjgb, erfi wdn`d tdg bg`nsnfj clfut tdg strctgmngs tf lg efaafwgb efr geeg`tnvg systgi stuby cjb cjcaysns `cj lg tckgj.

Xcmg - 28


Gxnstnjm Pystgi fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi?

Nj tdg gxnstnjm systgi tdg gxcis crg bfjg fjay icjucaay lut nj prfpfsgb systgi wg dcvg tf `fiputgrnzg tdg gxcis usnjm tdns cppan`ctnfj. Ac`k fe sgùrnty fe bctc. Ifrg icj pfwgr. Rnig `fjsuinjm. @fjsuigs acrmg vfauig fe pcrg wfrk. Jggbs icjuca `caùactnfjs. Jf bnrg`t rfag efr tdg dnmdgr feen`ncas

Xrfpfsgb Pystgi fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi?

Rdg cni fe prfpfsgb systgi ns tf bgvgafp c systgi fe niprfvgb ec`nantngs. Rdg prfpfsgb systgi `cj fvgr`fig caa tdg anintctnfjs fe tdg gxnstnjm systgi. Rdg systgi prfvnbgs prfpgr sgùrnty cjb rgbu`gs tdg icjuca wfrk. Pgùrnty fe bctc. Gjsurg bctc c`ùrc`y„s. Xrfpgr `fjtrfa fe tdg dnmdgr feen`ncas. Injninzg icjuca bctc gjtry. Injniui tnig jggbgb efr tdg vcrnfus prf`gssnjm. Mrgctgr geen`ngj`y. Lgttgr sgrvn`g. Wsgr erngjbanjgss cjb njtgrc`tnvg. Injniui tnig rgqunrgb.

Xcmg - 23

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi Bctc Bn`tnfjcry?

Rdns ns jfricaay rgprgsgjtgb cs tdg bctc clfut bctc. Nt ns casf tgrigb cs igtcbctc sfig tnigs wdn`d mnvgs tdg bctc clfut tdg bctc stfrgb nj tdg bctclcsg. Nt bgenjgs gc`d bctc tgri gj`fujtgrgb burnjm tdg cjcaysns cjb bgsnmj fe c jgw systgi. Bctc gagigjts `cj bgs`rnlg enags fr tdg prf`gssgs. Efaafwnjm crg sfig icofr syilfas usgb nj tdg bctc bn`tnfjcry 

9 gqunvcagjt tf



+ cjb



[Y gntdgr/ fr



() Fptnfjca gjtry

Efaafwnjm crg sfig ruags, wdn`d bgenjgs tdg `fjstru`tnfj fe bctc bn`tnfjcry gjtrngs?

3. ]frbs sdfuab lg bgenjgb tf ujbgrstcjb efr wdct tdgy jggb cjb jft tdg vcrnclag jggb ly wdn`d tdgy icy lg bgs`rnlgb nj tdg prfmrci . <. Gc`d wfrb iust lg u ujnqug. jnqug. ]g `cjjft dcvg twf bgenjntnfj bgenjnt nfj fe tdg scig àngjt. 0. Cancsgs fr syjfjyis crg caafwgb wdgj twf fr ifrg gjtgrs sdfws tdg scig igcjnjm. Efr gxcipag c vgjbfr juilgr icy casf lg `caagb cs ùstfigr juilgr. 2. C sgae-bgenjnjm wfrb sdfuab jft lg bg`fipfsgb. Nt igcjs tdct tdg rgbu`tnfj fe cjy njefrictnfj nj tf sulpcrt sdfuab lg bfjg fjay ne nt ns rgcaay rgqunrgb tdct ns nt ns jft gcsy tf ujbgrstcjb bnrg`tay. Bctc bn`tnfjcry njàubgs njefrictnfj su`d cs tdg juilgr fe rg`frbs nj enag, tdg ergqugj`y c prf`gss wnaa ruj, sgùrnty ec`tfr ankg pcss wfrb wdn`d usgr iust gjtgr tf mgt gx`gss tf tdg njefrictnfj.

Xcmg - 2<


P`rggjsdfts fe tdg Xrfog`t Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi

Xcmg - 20


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Xcmg - 2=


Xcmg - 24


Xcmg - 2>


Xcmg - 78


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Xcmg - 7<


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Xcmg - 72


@fbnjm fe tdg Xrfog`t Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi

Xcmg - 77

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi @fbnjm efr Gvgjt.pdp

16pdp

njàubgVfj`g("../njàubgs/blV`fjjg`t.pdp");

njàubgVfj`g("../njàubg njàubgVfj`g("../njàubgs/euj`tnfjs. s/euj`tnfjs.pdp"); pdp");

ne($V\GSWGPR[c`tY99"scvgVgvgjt")

{

scvgVgvgjt();

gxnt;

}

ne($V\GSWGPR[c`tY99"bgagtgVgvgjt")

{

bgagtgVgvgjt();

gxnt;

}

ne($V\GSWGPR[c`tY99"mgtVrgpfrt")

Xcmg - 75

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi {

mgtVrgpfrt();

gxnt;

}

###@fbg efr scvg gvgjt#####

euj`tnfj scvgVgvgjt() scvgVgvgjt()

{

maflca $`fj;

$\9$V\GSWGPR;

/////////////////////////////////////

$nicmgVjcig 9 $VENAGP[gvgjtVnicmgY[jcigY;

$af`ctnfj 9 $VENAGP[gvgjtVnicmgY[tipVjcigY;

ne($nicmgVjcig!9"")

{

ifvgVupafcbgbVenag($af`c ifvgVupafcbgbVenag($af`ctnfj,"../upa tnfj,"../upafcbs/".$nicm fcbs/".$nicmgVjcig); gVjcig);

}

Xcmg - 7=

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi gasg

{

$nicmgVjcig 9 $\[cvcnaVnicmgY;

}

ne($\[gvgjtVnbY)

{

$stctgigjt 9 "WXBCRG hgvgjth PGR";

$`fjb 9 "]DG\G hgvgjtVnbh 9 '$\[gvgjtVnbY'";

$ism 9 "Bctc Wpbctgb Pu``gsseuaay.";

}

gasg

{

$stctgigjt 9 "NJPG\R NJRF hgvgjth PGR";

$`fjb 9 "";

$ism9"Bctc $ism9"Bctc scvgb su``gsseuaay.";

Xcmg - 74

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi }

$PSA9 $stctgigjt."

hgvgjtVtntagh 9 '$\[gvgjtVtntagY',

hgvgjtVtdgigVnbh 9 '$\[gvgjtVtdgigVnbY',

hgvgjtVinjniuiVmugsth 9 '$\[gvgjtVinjniuiVmugstY',

hgvgjtVicxniuiVmugsth 9 '$\[gvgjtVicxniuiVmugstY',

hgvgjtVbctgh 9 '$\[gvgjtVbctgY',

hgvgjtVbgs`rnptnfjh 9 '$\[gvgjtVbgs`rnptnfjY',

hgvgjtVnicmgh 9 '$nicmgVjcig'".

$`fjb;

$rs 9 iysqanVqugry($`fj,$PSA) fr bng(iysqanVgrrfr($`fj));

ne(!$VPGPPNFJ['afmnj'Y)

{

dgcbgr("Af`ctnfj?../afmnj.pdp6ism9^fu crg rgmnstgrgb su``gsseuaay. Afmnj wntd yfur `rgbgjtnca !!!");

gxnt;

Xcmg - 7>


dgcbgr("Af`ctnfj?../gvgjt-rgpfrt.pdp6ism9$ism");

}

#########Euj`tnfj efr bgagtg gvgjt##########0

euj`tnfj bgagtgVgvgjt()

{

maflca $`fj;

$PSA9"PGAG@R * E\FI gvgjt ]DG\G gvgjtVnb 9 $V\GSWGPR[gvgjtVnbY";

$rs9iysqanVqugry($`fj,$PSA);;

$bctc9iysqanVegt`dVcssf`($rs);

/////////Bgagtg tdg rg`frb//////////

$PSA9"BGAGRG E\FI gvgjt ]DG\G gvgjtVnb 9 $V\GSWGPR[gvgjtVnbY";

iysqanVqugry($`fj,$PSA) fr bng(iysqanVgrrfr($`fj));

//////////Bgagtg tdg nicmg///////////

Xcmg - 58

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi ne($bctc[gvgjtVnicmgY)

{

ujanjk("../upafcbs/".$bctc[ ujanjk("../upafcbs/".$bctc[gvgjtVnicm gvgjtVnicmgY); gY);

}

dgcbgr("Af`ctnfj?../gvgjt-rgpfrt.pdp6ism9Bgagtgb Pu``gsseuaay.");

}

6:

Xcmg - 53

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi @fbnjm efr Afmnj.pdp

16pdp

sgssnfjVstcrt();


ne($V\GSWGPR[c`tY99"`dg`kVafmnj")

{

`dg`kVafmnj();

}

ne($V\GSWGPR[c`tY99"afmfut")

{

afmfut();

}

####Euj`tnfj `dg`k usgr#######

euj`tnfj `dg`kVafmnj()

{

Xcmg - 5<

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi maflca $`fj;

$usgrVusgr9$V\GSWGPR[usgrVusgrY;

$usgrVpcsswfrb9$V\GSWGPR[usgrVpcsswfrbY;

$PSA9"PGAG@R * E\FI usgr ]DG\G usgrVusgrjcig 9 '$usgrVusgr' CJB usgrVpcsswfrb 9 '$usgrVpcsswfrb'";


ne(iysqanVjuiVrfws($rs))

{

$VPGPPNFJ[afmnjY93;

$VPGPPNFJ['usgrVbgtcnas'Y 9 iysqanVegt`dVcssf`($rs);

dgcbgr("Af`ctnfj?../afm dgcbgr("Af`ctnfj?../afmnj-dfig.pdp"); nj-dfig.pdp");

}

gasg

{

dgcbgr("Af`ctnfj?../njbgx.pdp6ism9Njvcanb Wsgr cjb Xcsswfrb.");

}

Xcmg - 50


####Euj`tnfj afmfut####

euj`tnfj afmfut()

{

maflca $`fj;

$VPGPPNFJ[afmnjY98;

$VPGPPNFJ['usgrVbgt $VPGPPNFJ['usgrVbgtcnas'Y cnas'Y 9 8;

dgcbgr("Af`ctnfj?../njbgx.pdp6ism9Afmfut Pu``gsseuaaay.");

}

6:

Xcmg - 52

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi @fbnjm efr Rdgig.pdp

16pdp



ne($V\GSWGPR[c`tY99"scvgVtdgig")

{

scvgVtdgig();

gxnt;

}

ne($V\GSWGPR[c`tY99"bgagtgVtdgig")

{

bgagtgVtdgig();

gxnt;

}

###@fbg efr scvg tdgig#####

Xcmg - 57

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi euj`tnfj scvgVtdgig()

{

maflca $`fj;

$\9$V\GSWGPR;

ne($\[tdgigVnbY)

{

$stctgigjt 9 "WXBCRG htdgigh PGR";

$`fjb 9 "]DG\G htdgigVnbh 9 '$\[tdgigVnbY'";


}

gasg

{

$stctgigjt 9 "NJPG\R NJRF htdgigh PGR";

$`fjb 9 "";


}

Xcmg - 55

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi $PSA9 $stctgigjt."

htdgigVtntagh 9 '$\[tdgigVtntagY',

htdgigVbgs`rnptnfjh 9 '$\[tdgigVbgs`rnptnfjY'".

$`fjb;


dgcbgr("Af`ctnfj?../tdgig-rgpfrt.pdp6ism9$ism");

}

#########Euj`tnfj efr bgagtg tdgig##########0

euj`tnfj bgagtgVtdgig()

{

maflca $`fj;

/////////Bgagtg tdg rg`frb//////////

$PSA9"BGAGRG E\FI tdgig ]DG\G tdgigVnb 9 $V\GSWGPR[tdgigVnbY";

iysqanVqugry($`fj,$PSA) fr bng(iysqanVgrrfr($`fj));

dgcbgr("Af`ctnfj?../tdgig-rgpfrt.pdp6ism9Bgagtgb Pu``gsseuaay.");

Xcmg - 5=


6:

Xcmg - 54

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi @fbnjm efr Wsgr.pdp

16pdp



ne($V\GSWGPR[c`tY99"scvgVusgr")

{

scvgVusgr();

gxnt;

}

ne($V\GSWGPR[c`tY99"bgagtgVusgr")

{

bgagtgVusgr();

gxnt;

}

ne($V\GSWGPR[c`tY99"mgtVrgpfrt")

Xcmg - 5>

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi {

mgtVrgpfrt();

gxnt;

}

###@fbg efr scvg usgr#####

euj`tnfj scvgVusgr()

{

maflca $`fj;

$\9$V\GSWGPR;

///@dg`knjm Wsgrjcig Gxnts fr jft ////

$PSA9"PGAG@R * E\FI usgr ]DG\G usgrVusgrjcig 9 $V\GSWGPR[usgrVusgrjcigY";



ne($bctc['usgrVusgrjcig'Y ne($bctc['usgrVusgrjcig'Y && $\['usgrVnb'Y 99 "") {

dgcbgr("Af`ctnfj?../usgr.pdp6ism9Wsgrjcig Cargcby Gxnts. Knjbay `dffsg cjftdgr....");

Xcmg - =8

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi rgturj;

}

/////////////////////////////////////

$nicmgVjcig 9 $VENAGP[usgrVnicmgY[jcigY;

$af`ctnfj 9 $VENAGP[usgrVnicmgY[tipVjcigY;

ne($nicmgVjcig!9"")

{

ifvgVupafcbgbVenag($af`c ifvgVupafcbgbVenag($af`ctnfj,"../upa tnfj,"../upafcbs/".$nicm fcbs/".$nicmgVjcig); gVjcig);

}

gasg

{

$nicmgVjcig 9 $\[cvcnaVnicmgY;

}

ne($\[usgrVnbY)

{

$stctgigjt 9 "WXBCRG husgrh PGR";

Xcmg - =3

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi $`fjb 9 "]DG\G husgrVnbh 9 '$\[usgrVnbY'";


}

gasg

{

$stctgigjt 9 "NJPG\R NJRF husgrh PGR";

$`fjb 9 "";

$`fjbntnfjs 9 "

husgrVagvgaVnbh 9 '$\[usgrVagvgaVnbY',

husgrVusgrjcigh 9 '$\[usgrVusgrjcigY',

husgrVpcsswfrbh husgrVpcsswfrbh 9 '$\[usgrVpcsswfrbY',"; '$\[usgrVpcsswfrbY',";


}

$PSA9 $stctgigjt."

$`fjbntnfjs

Xcmg - =<

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi husgrVjcigh 9 '$\[usgrVjcigY', '$\[usgrVjcigY',

husgrVcbb3h 9 '$\[usgrVcbb3Y', '$\[usgrVcbb3Y',

husgrVcbb
husgrV`ntyh 9 '$\[usgrV`ntyY',

husgrVstctgh husgrVstctgh 9 '$\[usgrVstctgY', '$\[usgrVstctgY',

husgrV`fujtryh 9 '$\[usgrV`fujtryY',

husgrVgicnah 9 '$\[usgrVgicnaY',

husgrViflnagh 9 '$\[usgrViflnagY',

husgrVmgjbgrh 9 '$\[usgrVmgjbgrY',

husgrVbflh 9 '$\[usgrVbflY', '$\[usgrVbflY',

husgrVnicmgh 9 '$nicmgVjcig'".

$`fjb;



{

Xcmg - =0

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi dgcbgr("Af`ctnfj?../afmnj.pdp6ism9^fu crg rgmnstgrgb su``gsseuaay. Afmnj wntd yfur `rgbgjtnca !!!");

gxnt;

}

dgcbgr("Af`ctnfj?../usgr-rgpfrt.pdp6ism9$ism");

}

#########Euj`tnfj efr bgagtg usgr##########0

euj`tnfj bgagtgVusgr()

{

maflca $`fj;

$PSA9"PGAG@R * E\FI usgr ]DG\G usgrVnb 9 $V\GSWGPR[usgrVnbY";



/////////Bgagtg tdg rg`frb//////////

$PSA9"BGAGRG E\FI usgr ]DG\G usgrVnb 9 $V\GSWGPR[usgrVnbY";

Xcmg - =2

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi iysqanVqugry($`fj,$PSA) fr bng(iysqanVgrrfr($`fj));

//////////Bgagtg tdg nicmg///////////

ne($bctc[usgrVnicmgY)

{

ujanjk("../upafcbs/".$bctc[ ujanjk("../upafcbs/".$bctc[usgrVnicmgY); usgrVnicmgY);

}

dgcbgr("Af`ctnfj?../usgr-rgpfrt.pdp6ism9Bgagtgb Pu``gsseuaay.");

}

##############Euj`tnfj efr rgpfrtnjm ##################0

euj`tnfj mgtVrgpfrt()

{

$ejcig 9 'iy@PU.`sv';

$ep 9 efpgj($ejcig,'w'); efpgj($ejcig,'w');

$`fauijVjcig 9 '"NB","usgrVjcig","usgrVcbb3","usgrVcbb<","usgrVstctg","usgrVgicna","usgrV`nty","usgrViflnag","usgr Vmgjbgr","usgrVbfl","usg Vmgjbgr","usgrVbfl","usgrVjaVnb","u rVjaVnb","usgrVnicmg sgrVnicmg"'."QjQr"; "'."QjQr";

Xcmg - =7

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi ewrntg($ep,$`fauijVjcig);

$PSA9"PGAG@R * E\FI usgr,`nty ]DG\G usgrV`nty 9 `ntyVnb";


wdnag($bctc9iysqanVegt`dVcssf`($rs))

{

$`svbctc9nipafbg(",",$bctc)."QjQr";

ewrntg($ep,$`svbctc);

}

eàfsg($ep);

dgcbgr('@fjtgjt-typg? dgcbgr('@fjtgjt-typg? cppan`ctnfj/`sv'); cppan`ctnfj/`sv');

dgcbgr("@fjtgjt-Bnspfsntnfj? njanjg; enagjcig9".$ejcig);

rgcbenag($ejcig);

}

6:

Xcmg - =5

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi @fbnjm efr Gvgjt.pdp

16pdp

njàubgVfj`g("njàubgs/d njàubgVfj`g("njàubgs/dgcbgr.pdp" gcbgr.pdp"); );

ne($V\GSWGPR[gvgjtVnbY)

{

$PSA9"PGAG@R * E\FI gvgjt ]DG\G gvgjtVnb 9 $V\GSWGPR[gvgjtVnbY";

$rs9iysqanVqugry($`fj,$PSA) fr bng(iysqanVgrrfr($`fj));


}

6:

1s`rnpt:

oSugry(euj`tnfj() oSugry(euj`tnfj() {

oSugry( "#gvgjtVbctg" "#gvgjtVbctg" ).bctgpn`kgr({ ).bctgpn`kgr({

`dcjmgIfjtd? trug,

Xcmg - ==

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi `dcjmg^gcr? trug,

ygcr\cjmg? "-3?+3",

bctgEfrict? 'b II,yy'

});

oSugry('#eriVgvgjt').vcan oSugry('#eriVgvgjt').vcanbctg({ bctg({

ruags? {

gvgjtV`fjenriVpcsswfrb? gvgjtV`fjenriVpcsswfrb? {

gqucaRf? '#gvgjtVpcsswfrb' '#gvgjtVpcsswfrb'

}

}

});

});

1/s`rnpt:

1bnv àcss9"`ruil":

1/bnv:

1bnv àcss9"àgcr":1/bnv:

Xcmg - =4

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi 1bnv nb9"`fjtgjtVsg`":

1bnv àcss9"`fa3": àcss9"`fa3":

1bnv àcss9"`fjtc`t": àcss9"`fjtc`t":

1d2 àcss9"dgcbnjm `far":Gvgjt \gmnstrctnfj1/d2:

16pdp

ne($V\GSWGPR['ism'Y) ne($V\GSWGPR['ism'Y) {

6:

1bnv àcss9"ism":169$V\GSWGPR['ism'Y6:1/bnv:

16pdp

}

6:

1efri c`tnfj9"anl/gvgjt.pdp" gj`typg9"iuatnpcrt/efri-bctc" igtdfb9"pfst" jcig9"eriVgvgjt":

1ua àcss9"efris": àcss9"efris":

1an àcss9"txt":Gvgjt Rntag1/an:

1an àcss9"njputengab":1njpu àcss9"njputengab":1njputt jcig9"gvgjtVtntag" jcig9"gvgjtVtntag" typg9"tgxt" àcss9"lcr" rgqunrgb vcaug9"169$bctc[gvgjtVtntagY6:"/:1/an:

Xcmg - =>

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi 1/ua:

1ua àcss9"efris" nb9"gvgjtVagvga": nb9"gvgjtVagvga":

1an àcss9"txt":Gvgjt Rdgig1/an:

1an àcss9"njputengab": àcss9"njputengab":

1sgag`t jcig9"gvgjtVtdgigVnb" nb9"gvgjtVtdgigVnb" nb9"gvgjtVtdgigVnb" àcss9"lcr" rgqunrgb/:

16pdp g`df mgtVjgwVfptnfjanst("tdgig","tdgigVnb","tdgigVtntag",$bctc[gvgjtVtdgigVnbY); 6:

1/sgag`t:

1/an:

1/ua:


1an àcss9"txt":Injniui Mugst1/an:

1an àcss9"njputengab":1njpu àcss9"njputengab":1njputt jcig9"gvgjtVinjniuiVmugst" typg9"tgxt" àcss9"lcr" rgqunrgb vcaug9"169$bctc[gvgjtVinjniuiVmugstY6:"/:1/an:

1/ua:


Xcmg - 48

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi 1an àcss9"txt":Icxniui Mugst1/an:

1an àcss9"njputengab":1njpu àcss9"njputengab":1njputt jcig9"gvgjtVicxniuiVmugst" nb9"gvgjtVpcsswfrb" typg9"tgxt" àcss9"lcr" rgqunrgb vcaug9"169$bctc[gvgjtVicxniuiVmugstY6:"/:1/an:

1/ua:


1an àcss9"txt":Bctg1/an:

1an àcss9"njputengab":1njpu àcss9"njputengab":1njputt jcig9"gvgjtVbctg" jcig9"gvgjtVbctg" typg9"tgxt" àcss9"lcr" rgqunrgb vcaug9"169$bctc[gvgjtVbctgY6:"/:1/an:

1/ua:


1an àcss9"txt":Xdftf1/an:

1an àcss9"njputengab":1njput jcig9"gvgjtVnicmg" typg9"enag" àcss9"lcr"/:1/an: àcss9"lcr"/:1/an:

1/ua:


1an àcss9"txt":Bgs`rnptnfj1/an:

1an àcss9"tgxtengab":1tgxtcrgc jcig9"gvgjtVbgs`rnptnfj" `fas9"" rfws9"5" rgqunrgb:169$bctc[gvgjtVbgs`rnptnfjY6:1/tgxtcrgc:1/an:

Xcmg - 43


1bnv àcss9"àgcr":1/bnv: àcss9"àgcr":1/bnv:


1an àcss9"txt":&jlsp;1/an:

1an àcss9"tgxtengab":1njput typg9"sulint" vcaug9"Pulint" àcss9"snipagltj":1/an:

1an àcss9"tgxtengab":1njput typg9"rgsgt" vcaug9"\gsgt" àcss9"rgsgtltj":1/an:

1/ua:

1njput typg9"dnbbgj" jcig9"c`t" vcaug9"scvgVgvgjt":

1njput typg9"dnbbgj" jcig9"cvcnaVnicmg" vcaug9"169$bctc[gvgjtVnicmgY6:":

1njput typg9"dnbbgj" jcig9"gvgjtVnb" vcaug9"169$bctc[gvgjtVnbY6:":

1/efri:

1/bnv:

1/bnv:

1bnv àcss9"`fa<": àcss9"`fa<":

Xcmg - 4<

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi 16pdp njàubgVfj`g("njàubgs/sn njàubgVfj`g("njàubgs/snbglcr.pdp") bglcr.pdp");; 6:

1/bnv:

1/bnv:

16pdp njàubgVfj`g("njàubgs/e njàubgVfj`g("njàubgs/efftgr.pdp"); fftgr.pdp"); 6:

Xcmg - 40

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi @fbnjm efr Gvgjt-\gpfrt.pdp Gvgjt-\gpfrt.pdp

16pdp


njàubgVfj`g("njàubgs/b njàubgVfj`g("njàubgs/blV`fjjg`t.pd lV`fjjg`t.pdp"); p");

ne($V\GSWGPR[sgcr`dVtgxtY!9"")

{

$PSA9"PGAG@R * E\FI hgvgjth, tdgig ]DG\G gvgjtVtdgigVnb 9 tdgigVnb CJB gvgjtVtntag ANKG '%$V\GSWGPR[sgcr`dVtgxtY%'";

}

gasg

{

$PSA9"PGAG@R * E\FI hgvgjth, tdgig ]DG\G gvgjtVtdgigVnb 9 tdgigVnb";

}


maflca $PG\UG\VXCRD;

6:

Xcmg - 42

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi 1s`rnpt:

euj`tnfj bgagtgVgvgjt(gvgjtVnb)

{

ne(`fjenri("Bf yfu wcjt tf bgagtg tdg gvgjt6"))

{

tdns.bfùigjt.eriVgvgjt.gvgjtVnb.vcaug9gvgjtVnb;

tdns.bfùigjt.eriVgvgjt.c`t.vcaug9"bgagtgVgvgjt";

tdns.bfùigjt.eriVg tdns.bfùigjt.eriVgvgjt.c`tnfj vgjt.c`tnfj 9 "anl/gvgjt.pdp"; "anl/gvgjt.pdp";

tdns.bfùigjt.eriVgvgjt.sulint();

}

}

1/s`rnpt:

1bnv àcss9"`ruil":

1/bnv:


1bnv nb9"`fjtgjtVsg`":

Xcmg - 47

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi 1bnv àcss9"`fa3" styag9"wnbtd?388%":


1d2 àcss9"dgcbnjm `far":Gvgjt \gpfrts1/d2:

1efri jcig9"eriVgvgjt" c`tnfj9"#" igtdfb9"pfst":

1bnv àcss9"stctn`":

1tclag styag9"wnbtd?388%":

1tlfby:

1tr:

1tb `faspcj9"=":Pgcr`d ? 1njput typg9"tgxt" jcig9"sgcr`dVtgxt" àcss9"njputengab" styag9"dgnmdt? <0px; wnbtd? <<>px;":&jlsp;&jlsp;1njput typg9"sulint" typg9"sulint" vcaug9"Pgcr`d" vcaug9"Pgcr`d" àcss9"snipagltj":1/tb àcss9"snipagltj":1/tb: :

1/tr:

1tr àcss9"tclagdgcb lfab":

1tb s`fpg9"`fa":NB 1/tb:

1tb s`fpg9"`fa":Nicmg1/tb:

1tb s`fpg9"`fa":Rntag1/tb:

1tb s`fpg9"`fa":Gvgjt Rdgig1/tb:

Xcmg - 45

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi 1tb s`fpg9"`fa":Injniui Mugst1/tb:

1tb s`fpg9"`fa":Icxniui Mugst1/tb:

1tb s`fpg9"`fa":Bctg1/tb:

1tb s`fpg9"`fa":C`tnfj1/tb:

1/tr:

16pdp

$srVjf93;

ne(iysqanVjuiVrfws($r ne(iysqanVjuiVrfws($rs)) s)) {

wdnag($bctc 9 iysqanVegt`dVcssf`($rs)) iysqanVegt`dVcssf`($rs))

{

6:

1tr:

1tb styag9"tgxt-canmj?`gjtgr; efjtwgnmdt?lfab;":169$bctc[gvgjtVnbY6:1/tb:

1tb:1nim sr`9"169$PG\UG\VXCRD.'upafcbs/'.$bctc[gvgjtVnicmgY6:" styag9"dgnmd?78px; wnbtd?78px":1/tb:

1tb:169$bctc[gvgjtVtntagY6:1/tb:

Xcmg - 4=

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi 1tb:169$bctc[tdgigVtntagY6:1/tb:

1tb:169$bctc[gvgjtVinjniuiVmugstY6:1/tb:

1tb:169$bctc[gvgjtVicxniuiVmugstY6:1/tb:

1tb:169$bctc[gvgjtVbctgY6:1/tb:

1tb styag9"tgxt-canmj?`gjtgr":1c drge9"gvgjt.pdp6gvgjtVnb drge9"gvgjt.pdp6gvgjtVnb916pdp 916pdp g`df $bctc[gvgjtVnbY $bctc[gvgjtVnbY 6:":Gbnt1/c: 6:":Gbnt1/c: | 1c drge9"Ocvcs`rnpt?bgagtgVgvgjt(169$bctc[gvgjtVnbY6:)":Bgagtg1/c: 1/tb:

1/tr:

16pdp

}

}

gasg {

g`df "1tr:1tb `faspcj9'=':Jf gvgjt rg`frb efujb !!!1/tb:1/tr:";

}

6:

1/tlfby:

1/tclag:

Xcmg - 44

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi 1/bnv:

1njput typg9"dnbbgj" jcig9"c`t" /:

1njput typg9"dnbbgj" jcig9"gvgjtVnb" /:

1/efri:

1/bnv:

1/bnv:

1/bnv:


Xcmg - 4>

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi @fbnjm efr Afmnj.pdp

16pdp


ne($V\GSWGPR[`crVnbY)

{

$PSA9"PGAG@R * E\FI `cr ]DG\G `crVnb 9 $V\GSWGPR[`crVnbY";



}

6:

1bnv àcss9"`ruil":

1/bnv:



1bnv àcss9"`fa3":

Xcmg - >8

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi 1bnv àcss9"`fjtc`t": àcss9"`fjtc`t":

1d2 àcss9"dgcbnjm `far":Afmnj Rf ^fur C``fujt1/d2:

1bnv àcss9'ism':169$V\GSW àcss9'ism':169$V\GSWGPR['ism'Y6: GPR['ism'Y6:1/bnv: 1/bnv:

1efri c`tnfj9"anl/afmnj.pdp" igtdfb9"pfst" jcig9"eriV`cr":


1an àcss9"txt":Wsgrjcig1/an:

1an àcss9"njputengab":1njput àcss9"njputengab":1njput jcig9"usgrVusgr" jcig9"usgrVusgr" typg9"tgxt" àcss9"lcr" rgqunrgb /:1/an:

1/ua:


1an àcss9"txt":Xcsswfrb1/an:

1an àcss9"njputengab":1njput àcss9"njputengab":1njput jcig9"usgrVpcsswfrb" typg9"pcsswfrb" àcss9"lcr" rgqunrgb /:1/an:

1/ua:



1an àcss9"txt":&jlsp;1/an: àcss9"txt":&jlsp;1/an:

Xcmg - >3

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi 1an àcss9"tgxtengab":1njput typg9"sulint" vcaug9"Pulint" àcss9"snipagltj":1/an:


1/ua:

1njput typg9"dnbbgj" typg9"dnbbgj" jcig9"c`t" jcig9"c`t" vcaug9"`dg`kVafmnj": vcaug9"`dg`kVafmnj":

1/efri:

1/bnv:

1/bnv:


16pdp njàubgVfj`g("njàubgs/sn njàubgVfj`g("njàubgs/snbglcr.pdp") bglcr.pdp");; 6:

1/bnv:

1/bnv:


Xcmg - ><

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi @fbnjm efr Rdgig.pdp

16pdp


ne($V\GSWGPR[tdgigVnbY)

{

$PSA9"PGAG@R * E\FI tdgig ]DG\G tdgigVnb 9 $V\GSWGPR[tdgigVnbY";



}

6:

1bnv àcss9"`ruil":

1/bnv:




Xcmg - >0

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi 1bnv àcss9"`fjtc`t": àcss9"`fjtc`t":

1d2 àcss9"dgcbnjm `far":Cbb Jgw Gvgjt Rdgig1/d2:

1efri c`tnfj9"anl/tdgig.pdp" gj`typg9"iuatnpcrt/efri-bctc" igtdfb9"pfst" jcig9"eriVtdgig":


1an àcss9"txt":Rdgig Rntag1/an:

1an àcss9"njputengab":1njput jcig9"tdgigVtntag" typg9"tgxt" àcss9"lcr" rgqunrgb vcaug9"169$bctc[tdgigVtntagY6:"/:1/an:

1/ua:


1an àcss9"txt":Bgs`rnptnfj1/an:

1an àcss9"tgxtengab":1tgxtcrgc jcig9"tdgigVbgs`rnptnfj" `fas9"" rfws9"5" rgqunrgb:169$bctc[tdgigVbgs`rnptnfjY6:1/tgxtcrgc:1/an:

1/ua:




Xcmg - >2

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi 1an àcss9"tgxtengab":1njput typg9"sulint" vcaug9"Pulint" àcss9"snipagltj":1/an:


1/ua:

1njput typg9"dnbbgj" jcig9"c`t" vcaug9"scvgVtdgig":

1njput typg9"dnbbgj" jcig9"tdgigVnb" vcaug9"169$bctc[tdgigVnbY6:":

1/efri:

1/bnv:

1/bnv:



1/bnv:

1/bnv:


Xcmg - >7

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi @fbnjm efr Wsgr.pdp

16pdp


ne($V\GSWGPR[usgrVnbY)

{

$PSA9"PGAG@R * E\FI usgr ]DG\G usgrVnb 9 $V\GSWGPR[usgrVnbY";



}

6:

1s`rnpt:

oSugry(euj`tnfj() oSugry(euj`tnfj() {

oSugry( "#usgrVbfl" "#usgrVbfl" ).bctgpn`kgr({ ).bctgpn`kgr({

`dcjmgIfjtd? trug,

Xcmg - >5

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi `dcjmg^gcr? trug,

ygcr\cjmg? "-57?-38",

bctgEfrict? 'b II,yy'

});

oSugry('#eriVusgr').vcanbc oSugry('#eriVusgr').vcanbctg({ tg({

ruags? {

usgrV`fjenriVpcsswfrb? usgrV`fjenriVpcsswfrb? {

gqucaRf? '#usgrVpcsswfrb' '#usgrVpcsswfrb'

}

}

});

});

1/s`rnpt:

1bnv àcss9"`ruil":

1/bnv:


Xcmg - >=

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi 1bnv nb9"`fjtgjtVsg`":



1d2 àcss9"dgcbnjm `far":Wsgr \gmnstrctnfj1/d2:

16pdp

ne($V\GSWGPR['ism'Y) ne($V\GSWGPR['ism'Y) {

6:

1bnv àcss9"ism":169$V\GSWGPR['ism'Y6:1/bnv:

16pdp

}

6:

1efri c`tnfj9"anl/usgr.pdp" gj`typg9"iuatnpcrt/efri-bctc" igtdfb9"pfst" jcig9"eriVusgr":


1an àcss9"txt":Jcig1/an:

1an àcss9"njputengab":1njput jcig9"usgrVjcig" typg9"tgxt" àcss9"lcr" rgqunrgb vcaug9"169$bctc[usgrVjcigY6:"/:1/an:

Xcmg - >4


1ua àcss9"efris" nb9"usgrVagvga": nb9"usgrVagvga":

1an àcss9"txt":Wsgr Agvga1/an:


1sgag`t jcig9"usgrVagvgaVnb" nb9"usgrVagvgaVnb" nb9"usgrVagvgaVnb" àcss9"lcr" rgqunrgb/:

16pdp g`df mgtVjgwVfptnfjanst("r mgtVjgwVfptnfjanst("rfag","rfagVnb fag","rfagVnb","rfagVjci ","rfagVjcig",$bctc[us g",$bctc[usgrVagvgaVnbY grVagvgaVnbY); ); 6:

1/sgag`t:

1/an:

1/ua:

16pdp

ne(!(nssgt($V\GSWGPR['us ne(!(nssgt($V\GSWGPR['usgrVnb'Y)) grVnb'Y)) || $V\GSWGPR['usgrVnb'Y $V\GSWGPR['usgrVnb'Y 99 "") { 6:


1an àcss9"txt":Wsgrjcig1/an:

Xcmg - >>

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi 1an àcss9"njputengab":1njpu àcss9"njputengab":1njputt jcig9"usgrVusgrjcig" jcig9"usgrVusgrjcig" typg9"tgxt" àcss9"lcr" rgqunrgb vcaug9"169$bctc[usgrVusgrjcigY6:"/:1/an:

1/ua:


1an àcss9"txt":Xcsswfrb1/an:

1an àcss9"njputengab":1njpu àcss9"njputengab":1njputt jcig9"usgrVpcsswfrb" jcig9"usgrVpcsswfrb" nb9"usgrVpcsswfrb" nb9"usgrVpcsswfrb" typg9"pcsswfrb" typg9"pcsswfrb" àcss9"lcr" rgqunrgb vcaug9"169$bctc[usgrVpcssw vcaug9"169$bctc[usgrVpcsswfrbY6:"/:1/an frbY6:"/:1/an: :

1/ua:


1an àcss9"txt":@fjenri Xcsswfrb1/an:

1an àcss9"njputengab":1njpu àcss9"njputengab":1njputt jcig9"usgrV`fjenriVpcsswfrb" nb9"usgrV`fjenriVpcsswfrb" typg9"pcsswfrb" àcss9"lcr" rgqunrgb vcaug9"169$bctc[usgrVpcsswfrb vcaug9"169$bctc[usgrVpcsswfrbY6:"/:1/an: Y6:"/:1/an:

1/ua:

16pdp } 6:


1an àcss9"txt":Iflnag1/an:

1an àcss9"njputengab":1njpu àcss9"njputengab":1njputt jcig9"usgrViflnag" jcig9"usgrViflnag" typg9"tgxt" àcss9"lcr" rgqunrgb vcaug9"169$bctc[usgrViflnagY6:"/:1/an:

Xcmg - 388



1an àcss9"txt":Gicna1/an:

1an àcss9"njputengab":1njput jcig9"usgrVgicna" typg9"tgxt" àcss9"lcr" rgqunrgb vcaug9"169$bctc[usgrVgicnaY6:"/:1/an:

1/ua:


1an àcss9"txt":Bctg fe Lnrtd1/an:

1an àcss9"njputengab":1njpu àcss9"njputengab":1njputt jcig9"usgrVbfl" jcig9"usgrVbfl" nb9"usgrVbfl" typg9"tgxt" àcss9"lcr" rgqunrgb vcaug9"169$bctc[usgrVbflY6: vcaug9"169$bctc[usgrVbflY6:"/:1/an: "/:1/an:

1/ua:


1an àcss9"txt":Cbbrgss Anjg 31/an:

1an àcss9"njputengab":1njpu àcss9"njputengab":1njputt jcig9"usgrVcbb3" jcig9"usgrVcbb3" typg9"tgxt" typg9"tgxt" àcss9"lcr" rgqunrgb vcaug9"169$bctc[usgrVcbb3 vcaug9"169$bctc[usgrVcbb3Y6:"/:1/an: Y6:"/:1/an:

1/ua:


1an àcss9"txt":Cbbrgss Anjg <1/an:

Xcmg - 383

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi 1an àcss9"njputengab":1njpu àcss9"njputengab":1njputt jcig9"usgrVcbb<" jcig9"usgrVcbb<" typg9"tgxt" typg9"tgxt" àcss9"lcr" rgqunrgb vcaug9"169$bctc[usgrVcbb< vcaug9"169$bctc[usgrVcbb
1/ua:


1an àcss9"txt":@nty1/an:


1sgag`t jcig9"usgrV`nty" àcss9"lcr" rgqunrgb/:

16pdp g`df mgtVjgwVfptnfjanst("`nty","`ntyVnb","`ntyVjcig",$bctc[usgrV`ntyY); 6:

1/sgag`t:

1/an:

1/ua:


1an àcss9"txt":Ptctg1/an:


1sgag`t jcig9"usgrVstctg" àcss9"lcr" rgqunrgb/:

Xcmg - 38<

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi 16pdp g`df mgtVjgwVfptnfjanst("stctg","stctgVnb","stctgVjcig",$bctc[usgrVstctgY); 6:

1/sgag`t:

1/an:

1/ua:


1an àcss9"txt":@fujtry1/an:


1sgag`t jcig9"usgrV`fujtry" àcss9"lcr" rgqunrgb/:

16pdp g`df mgtVjgwVfptnfjanst("`fujtry","`fujtryVnb","`fujtryVjcig",$bctc[usgrV`fujtryY); 6:

1/sgag`t:

1/an:

1/ua:


1an àcss9"txt":Xdftf1/an:

Xcmg - 380

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi 1an àcss9"njputengab":1njput jcig9"usgrVnicmg" typg9"enag" àcss9"lcr"/:1/an: àcss9"lcr"/:1/an:

1/ua:




1an àcss9"tgxtengab":1njput typg9"sulint" vcaug9"Pulint" àcss9"snipagltj":1/an:


1/ua:

1njput typg9"dnbbgj" jcig9"c`t" vcaug9"scvgVusgr":

1njput typg9"dnbbgj" jcig9"cvcnaVnicmg" vcaug9"169$bctc[usgrVnicmgY6:":

1njput typg9"dnbbgj" jcig9"usgrVnb" vcaug9"169$bctc[usgrVnbY6:":

1/efri:

1/bnv:

1/bnv:

Xcmg - 382

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi 1bnv àcss9"`fa<": àcss9"`fa<":


1/bnv:

1/bnv:

16pdp


{

6:

1s`rnpt:

oSugry( "#usgrVagvgaVn "#usgrVagvgaVnb" b" ).vca(0);

//oSugry( "#usgrVagvga" ).dnbg();

1/s`rnpt:

16pdp

}

6:


Xcmg - 387

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi @fbnjm efr Wsgr-\gpfrt.pdp

16pdp


njàubgVfj`g("njàubgs/b njàubgVfj`g("njàubgs/blV`fjjg`t.pd lV`fjjg`t.pdp"); p");

$PSA9"PGAG@R * E\FI usgr";


maflca $PG\UG\VXCRD;

6:

1s`rnpt:

euj`tnfj bgagtgVusgr(usgrVnb)

{

ne(`fjenri("Bf yfu wcjt tf bgagtg tdg usgr6"))

{

tdns.bfùigjt.eriVusgr.usgrVnb.vcaug9usgrVnb;

tdns.bfùigjt.eriVusgr.c`t.vcaug9"bgagtgVusgr";

Xcmg - 385

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi tdns.bfùigjt.eriVusgr.sulint();

}

}

1/s`rnpt:

1bnv àcss9"`ruil":

1/bnv:



1bnv àcss9"`fa3" styag9"wnbtd?388%":


1d2 àcss9"dgcbnjm `far":Wsgr \gpfrts1/d2:

1efri jcig9"eriVusgr" c`tnfj9"anl/usgr.pdp" igtdfb9"pfst":

1bnv àcss9"stctn`":

1tclag styag9"wnbtd?388%":

1tlfby:

1tr àcss9"tclagdgcb lfab":

Xcmg - 38=

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi 1tb s`fpg9"`fa":Pr. Jf.1/tb:

1tb s`fpg9"`fa":Nicmg1/tb:

1tb s`fpg9"`fa":Jcig1/tb:

1tb s`fpg9"`fa":Iflnag1/t s`fpg9"`fa":Iflnag1/tb: b:

1tb s`fpg9"`fa":Gicna1/tb:

1tb s`fpg9"`fa":Bctg Fe Lnrtd1/tb:

1tb s`fpg9"`fa":C`tnfj1/tb:

1/tr:

16pdp

$srVjf93;

wdnag($bctc 9 iysqanVegt`dVcssf`($rs))

{

6:

1tr:

1tb styag9"tgxt-canmj?`gjtgr; efjtwgnmdt?lfab;":169$srVjf++6:1/tb:

Xcmg - 384

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi 1tb:1nim sr`9"169$PG\UG\VXCRD.'upafcbs/'.$bctc[usgrVnicmgY6:" styag9"dgnmd?78px; wnbtd?78px":1/tb:

1tb:169$bctc[usgrVjcigY6:1/tb:

1tb:169$bctc[usgrViflnagY6:1/tb:

1tb:169$bctc[usgrVgicnaY6:1/tb:

1tb:169$bctc[usgrVbflY6:1/tb:

1tb styag9"tgxt-canmj?`gjtgr":1c drge9"usgr.pdp6usgrVnb91 drge9"usgr.pdp6usgrVnb916pdp 6pdp g`df $bctc[usgrVnbY $bctc[usgrVnbY 6:":Gbnt1/c: | 1c drge9"Ocvcs`rnpt?bgagtgVusgr(169$bctc[usgrVnbY6:)":Bgagtg1/c: 1/tb:

1/tr:

16pdp } 6:

1/tlfby:

1/tclag:

1/bnv:

1njput typg9"dnbbgj" jcig9"c`t" /:

1njput typg9"dnbbgj" jcig9"usgrVnb" /:

1/efri:

1/bnv:

Xcmg - 38>

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi 1/bnv:

1/bnv:


Xcmg - 338


@fjàusnfj fe tdg Xrfog`t Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi?

Fur prfog`t ns fjay c duilag vgjturg tf sctnsey tdg jggbs tf icjcmg tdgnr prfog`t wfrk. Pgvgrca usgr erngjbay `fbnjm dcvg casf cbfptgb. Rdns pc`kcmg sdcaa prfvg tf lg c pfwgreua pc`kcmg nj sctnseynjm caa tdg rgqunrgigjts fe tdg s`dffa. Rdg flog`tnvg fe sfetwcrg pacjjnjm ns tf prfvnbg c ercig wfrk tdct gjclags tdg icjmgr tf ickg rgcsfjclag gstnictgs icbg wntdnj c anintgb tnig ercig ct tdg lgmnjjnjm fe tdg sfetwcrg prfog`t cjb sdfuab lg upbctgb rgmuacray cs tdg prfog`t prfmrgssgs. Ct tdg gjb nt ns `fjàubgb tdct wg dcvg icbg geefrt fj efaafwnjm pfnjts… 

C bgs`rnptnfj fe tdg lc`kmrfujb cjb `fjtgxt fe tdg prfog`t cjb nts rgactnfj tf wfrk wfrk cargcby bfjg nj tdg crgc.



Icbg stctgigjt fe fe tdg cnis cjb flog`tnvgs fe tdg prfog`t.



Rdg bgs`rnptnfj fe Xurpfsg, P`fpg, cjb cppan`clnanty. cppan`cln anty.



]g bgenjg bgenjg tdg prflagi fj wdn`d wg crg wfrknjm wfrknjm nj tdg prfog`t.



]g bgs`rnlg tdg rgqunrgigjt Ppg`nen`ctnfjs fe tdg systgi cjb tdg c`tnfjs tdct `cj lg bfjg fj tdgsg tdnjms.



]g ujbgrstcjb tdg prflagi bficnj cjb prfbu`g c ifbga fe tdg systgi, wdn`d bgs`rnlgs fpgrctnfjs tdct `cj lg pgrefrigb fj tdg systgi.



]g njàubgb egcturgs cjb cjb fpgrctnfjs nj bgtcna, njàubnjm s`rggj acyfuts.



]g bgsnmjgb usgr njtgrec`g cjb sgùrnty nssugs rgactgb tf systgi.



Enjcaay tdg systgi ns nipagigjtgb cjb tgstgb c``frbnjm tf tgst `csgs.

Xcmg - 333

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi Euturg P`fpg fe tdg Xrfog`t? Nj c jutsdgaa, nt `cj lg suiicrnzgb tdct tdg euturg s`fpg fe tdg prfog`t `nràgs crfujb icnjtcnjnjm njefrictnfj rgmcrbnjm?

]g `cj cbb prnjtgr nj euturg. ]g `cj mnvg ifrg cbvcj`g sfetwcrg efr Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi njàubnjm ifrg ec`nantngs ]g wnaa dfst tdg pactefri fj fjanjg sgrvgrs tf ickg nt c``gssnlag wfrabwnbg Njtgmrctg iuatnpag afcb lcacj`grs tf bnstrnlutg tdg afcbs fe tdg systgi @rgctg tdg icstgr cjb sacvg bctclcsg stru`turg tf rgbu`g tdg fvgrafcb fe tdg bctclcsg qugrngs Nipagigjt tdg lc`kup ig`dcjnsi efr tcknjm lc`kup fe `fbglcsg cjb bctclcsg fj rgmuacr lcsns fj bneegrgjt sgrvgrs

Rdg clfvg igjtnfjgb pfnjts crg tdg gjdcj`gigjts wdn`d `cj lg bfjg tf nj`rgcsg tdg cppan`clnanty cjb uscmg fe tdns prfog`t. Dgrg wg wg `cj

icnjtcnj tdg rg`frbs fe Gvgjt

cjb Rdgig. Casf, cs nt `cj lg sggj tdct jfw-c-bcys tdg pacygrs crg vgrsctnag, n.g. sf tdgrg ns c s`fpg efr njtrfbu`njm c igtdfb tf icnjtcnj tdg Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi. Gjdcj`gigjts `cj lg bfjg tf icnjtcnj caa tdg Gvgjt, Rdgig, \gmnstrctnfj, Xc`kcmg, Ec`nanty.

]g dcvg aget caa tdg fptnfjs fpgj sf tdct ne tdgrg ns cjy ftdgr euturg rgqunrgigjt nj tdg systgi ly tdg usgr efr tdg gjdcj`gigjt fe tdg systgi tdgj nt ns pfssnlag tf nipagigjt tdgi.Nj tdg acst wg wfuab ankg tf tdcjks caa tdg pgrsfjs njvfavgb nj tdg bgvgafpigjt fe tdg systgi bnrg`tay fr njbnrg`tay. ]g dfpg tdct tdg prfog`t wnaa sgrvg nts purpfsg efr wdn`d nt ns bgvgafp tdgrg ly ujbgranjnjm su``gss fe prf`gss.

Xcmg - 33<

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi Anintctnfj fe Xrfog`t fj Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi Catdfumd N dcvg put iy lgst lgst geefrts tf ickg tdg tdg sfetwcrg sfetwcrg eagxnlag, eagxnlag, gcsy tf fpgrctg lut anintctnfjs `cjjft lg ruagb fut gvgj ly ig. Rdfumd tdg sfetwcrg prgsgjts c lrfcb rcjmg fe fptnfjs tf nts usgrs sfig njtrn`ctg fptnfjs `fuab jft lg `fvgrgb njtf nt; pcrtay lg`cusg fe afmnstn` cjb pcrtay bug tf ac`k fe sfpdnstn`ctnfj. Xcu`nty fe tnig wcs casf icofr `fjstrcnjt, tdus nt wcs jft pfssnlag tf ickg tdg sfetwcrg effaprffe cjb byjcin`. Ac`k fe tnig casf `fipgaagb ig tf nmjfrg sfig pcrt su`d cs stfrnjm fab rgsuat fe tdg `cjbnbctg gt`. @fjsnbgrclag geefrts dcvg icbg tdg sfetwcrg gcsy tf fpgrctg gvgj efr tdg pgfpag jft rgactgb tf tdg engab fe `fiputgrs lut nt ns c`kjfwagbmgb tdct c acyicj icy enjb nt c lnt prflagictn` ct tdg enrst njstcj`g. Rdg usgr ns prfvnbgb dgap ct gc`d stgp efr dns `fjvgjngj`g nj wfrknjm wntd tdg sfetwcrg. Anst fe anintctnfjs wdn`d ns cvcnaclag nj tdg Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt P ystgi?

Gx`ga gxpfrt dcs jft lggj bgvgafpgb efr Gvgjt, Rdgig bug tf sfig `rntn`canty. Rdg trcjsc`tnfjs crg gxgùtgb nj fee-anjg ifbg, dgj`g fj-anjg bctc efr \gmnstrctnfj, Xc`kcmg `cpturg cjb ifbnen`ctnfj ns jft pfssnlag. Fee-anjg rgpfrts fe Gvgjt, Ec`nanty, \gmnstrctnfj `cjjft lg mgjgrctgb bug tf lct`d ifbg gxgùtnfj.

Xcmg - 330

Xrfog`t \gpfrt fe Gvgjt Icjcmgigjt Pystgi \gegrgj`gs cjb Lnlanfmrcpdy? 



Mffmag efr prflagi sfavnjm dttp?//www.ocvcwfrab.`fi/ocvcwfrab/ow-83-3>>4/[email protected]



Bctclcsg Xrfmrciinjm wntd OBL@ cjb Ocvc ly F'\gnaay



Dgcb Enrst Ocvc
dttp?//www.obl`-tutfrnca.`fi/





Ocvc cjb Pfetwcrg Bgsnmj @fj`gpts ly Cprgss

dttps?//www.tutfrncaspfnjt.`fi/ocvc/



dttp?//www.ocvctpfnjt.`fi/ocvc-tutfrnca



dttps?//bf`s.frcàg.`fi/ocvcsg/tutfrnca/



dttp?//www.wcipsgrvgr.`fi/gj/



dttp?//www.OPX.jgt/



dttp?//www.tutfrncaspfnjt.`fi/iysqa/



dttpb.cpc`dg.frm/bf`s/<.8/ins`/tutfrncas.dtia



Xcmg - 332

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