By, Amit Kumar, MBA III sem, FMS-BHU
COMPUTER
“A computer is a machine capable of complex mathematical and logical operations and processing voluminous data and information with enormous speed and absolute accuracy.”
THE FIR FIRST ST MA MATHEMA THEMATICA TICAL L DEVICE
The mathematical device to facilitate arithmetical computations was Abacus used by Chinese before the birth of Christ. It is an ancient device which uses beads strung on wires to aid mathematical computations.
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THE FIRST COMPUTER
The computer capable of performing basic arithmetical functions was designed around Charles 1840 by Babbage, which he called the Analytical Engine.
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THE FIRST COMPUTER Cont… He designed his computer around five components: 1.A 1. A store to hold numbers. 2.An 2. An arithmetic unit to perform arithmetic operations. 3.A 3. A control unit to coordinate the various activities in the correct sequence. 4.An 4. An input device to transfer both numbers and instructions into the machine. 5.An 5. An output device to display the result of computations.
THE FIRST FIRST ELEC ELECTRONIC TRONIC DIGITAL DIGITAL COMPUTER
The electronic digital computer, ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) was announced in 1947 based on vacuum tube circuitry. Von Neumann introduced the concept of stored program around the same time.
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THE FIRST ELECTRONIC DIGITAL COMPUTER USING STORED PROGRAM
The electronic digital computer using stored program, ESDAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator) was announced in 1949.
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T h e E D S A C , b u ilt b y M a u rice W ilke s an d h is te te a m a t C a m b rid g e U n iv e rsity , 1 9 4 9
SECOND GENERATION COMPUTER
In 1949, Bell Laboratories developed the first transistor. In 1958 the first transistorized computer appeared. Transistorized computers provided faster operations, were more reliable and generated less heat than vacuum tubes. Computers using transistor circuitry belonged to second generation computer .
FIRST GENERATION COMPUTER
Remington Rand, USA developed the first commercial computer UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer). The first business firm to acquire computer (UNIVAC I) was the General Electric in 1954. These computer used vacuum tube circuitry, are said to belong the first generation computers. In India, first generation computer were first used at Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata and at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai.
SECOND GENERATION COMPUTER Cont..
IBM 1401 introduced in 1959, which promoted computerized commercial data processing. Use of magnetic tapes made IBM 1401 a very successful business computer. Magnetic tape developed in 1950 was compact, portable, permitted sequential storage and retrieval of 50-100 million characters of data and provided rapid transfer of data to the computer. During the sixties, IBM of USA and ICL of UK ruled the Indian market with their second generation computers, namely, IBM 1401 and ICL 1901.
THIRD GENERATION COMPUTER
Third generation computers were introduced in mid sixties, which were based on tiny integrated circuits (ICs). Silicon available in abundance, was used in making ICs chips. ICs provided vast internal storage and operated in nanoseconds. Third generation computers introduced discs and random access secondary storage devices. IBM 360 and PDP11 were a few popular third generation computers
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PD P11
FOURTH FOUR TH GENERA GENERATION TION COMPUT COMPUTER ER
Large Scale Integrated (LSI) chips became available in 1969. Computers built on LSI chips termed as fourth generation computer.
MICROCOMPUTERS
Invention of the microprocessor in 1972 could be considered as one of the most important event of the 20th century. When integrated with storage and input/output units, a microprocessor produces a microcomputer. A few distinctive characteristics of microcomputers microcomputers are as follows: User-friendliness Relatively inexpensive Low maintenance cost Small size
EVOLUTION EVOLUTIO N OF COMPUTERS Period
Event Abacus Circa B.C. The first mathematical device Machine arithmetic 17th centaury The first four-function calculator 1830-50 The first computer (mechanical) Analytical engine 1885 The first computer cards Hollerith cards Card readers, sorters and accounting machines 1930 Unit record machines 1946 Stored pr program ac accepted ted by by V Von on Neumann 1947 ENIAC-the first electronic digital computer using vacuum tubes First generation computers 1949 19 49 EDSA EDSACC-th the e firs firstt stor stored ed prog progra ram m elec electr tron onic ic comp comput uter er 1949 Transistors 1950 19 50 Volum olumin inou ous s sto stora rage ge and and seq seque uent ntio iona nall acc acces ess s dev devic ices es Magn Magnet etic ic tape tapes s 1958 Computers using transistors Second generation computers 1959 Random access devices Discs 1964 Integrated circuits (ICs) 1965 Computers using ICs Third generation computers 1969 Large Sc Scale Integ tegrated ted (L (LSI) circ ircuits its 1971 Computers using LSI circuits Fourth generation computers 1972 Microprocessors 1976 First microcomputer The Apple computer
References : C o m p u te rs an d In fo rm a tio n M a n a g e m e n t by S. C. Bhatnagar a an nd k. V. Ramani
http://web.arch.usyd.edu.au/~ http://web.arch.usyd.edu.au/~sriz8189/computi sriz8189/computing7.html ng7.html http://www.getinfo.net/douge/babbage.htm http://www.princeton.edu/~mike/articles/histories/kingscch .htm http://www.computer-history.info http://www.columbia.edu/acis/history
