EXPLOSIVOS QUIMICOS
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Introducción: Todos hemos oído hablar de los explosivos y sabemos lo que son: sustancias químicas químicas capaces de explotar, es decir, liberar en una fracción de tiempo muy breve una gran cantidad energía. Sin embargo, más allá de esto, los conocimientos que tenemos son muy limitados. Los explosivos, más allá de su uso militar o delictivo tienen una gran importancia en el ámbito de la minería o de la Ingeniería Civil, siendo unas herramientas muy útiles para la extracción de minerales, perforación de túneles o demolición de estructuras. Este Este text textoo no pret preten ende de ser ser un manu manual al de fabr fabric icac ació iónn de expl explos osiv ivos os,, sino sino una una some somera ra desc descri ripc pció iónn de lo que son son los los explos explosivo ivos. s. Si alguie alguienn qui quiere ere apren aprender der a fabri fabricar carlos los deberá deberá acudir a otros sitios
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1. ¿Qué ¿Qué SON LOS LOS EXPLOSI EXPLOSIVOS VOS?? Se denomi denomina na explosi explosivo vo a toda toda sustan sustancia cia que por alguna causa externa (roce, calor, percusión, etc) se transforma en gases; liberando calor, presión o radiación en un tiempo muy breve. Hay muchos tipos de explosivos según su composición química. Compuestos o mezclas de compuestos químicos que arden o se descomponen rápidamente generando grandes cantidades de gas y calor, y los consiguientes efectos de presión repentinos. En tiempos de paz los explosivos se utilizan principalmente para voladuras en minería y en cantería, aunque también se utilizan también en fuegos artificiales, en aparatos de señalización y para para ha hace cerr rema remach ches es y mold moldea earr meta metale les. s. Los Los expl explosi osivo voss se utilizan también como propulsores para proyectiles y cohetes, como como carg cargas as expl explos osiv ivas as para para la demo demolilici ción ón,, y para para ha hace cerr proyectiles, bombas y minas. El primer explosivo conocido fue la pólvora, llamada también polvo negro. Empezó a utilizarse hacia el siglo XIII y fue el
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prim primer eros os expl explos osiv ivos os mode modern rnos os.. Desd Desdee ento entonc nces es,, nitr nitrat atos os,, comp compue uest stos os de nitr nitróg ógen eno, o, fulm fulmin inat atos os y azid azidas as ha hann sido sido los los princi principal pales es compu compuest estos os explos explosivo ivoss utiliz utilizado adoss por separ separado ado o mezclados con combustibles y otros agentes. El trióxido de xenón, que fue el primer óxido explosivo, se desarrolló en 1962. VER ANEXO A 2. Caracterís Características ticas de de los explosivo explosivos: s: Los explosivos se agrupan en dos tipos principales, los explosivos bajos, que arden a velocidades de centímetros por segundo, y los los expl explos osiv ivos os alto altoss o inst instan antá táne neos os,, qu quee expe experi rime ment ntan an la detonación a velocidades de 914 a 9.140 metros por segundo. Los explos explosivo ivoss tienen tienen otras otras caract caracterí erísti sticas cas importa importante ntes, s, que que dete determ rmin inan an su uso uso en apli aplica caci cion ones es espe especí cífi fica cas. s. Entr Entree esas esas cara caract cter erís ísti tica cass está estánn la faci facililida dadd con con la que pued pueden en ser ser detonados y su estabilidad en determinadas condiciones de calor, frío y humedad. El efecto despedazador o potencia rompedora de un explosivo depende de la velocidad de detonación. Algunos de los explosivos altos más modernos, con una velocidad de detonación de 9.140 m/s, son extremamente eficaces para la demo demolilici ción ón mili milita tarr y para para cier cierto toss tipo tiposs de vola voladduras uras.. Sin Sin emba embarg rgo, o, en cant canter ería ía y en mine minerí ría, a, dond dondee el obje objeti tivo vo es desalojar grandes piezas de roca o mineral, deben emplearse explosivos con una velocidad de detonación más baja y con una
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lentamente, pues han de proporcionar un impulso creciente al proyectil dentro del cañón del arma, en lugar de producir una sacu acudida ida insta nstant ntáánea nea que ue,, si fuera era dema demassiado iado fuerte erte,, destrozaría el arma. Para iniciar la detonación de explosivos altos menos sensibles, se utilizan tipos especiales de explosivos sensibles al calor o al impacto y con una capacidad rompedora moderada. Los explosivos altos, como por ejemplo la dinamita, suel suelen en mezc mezcla lars rsee con con mate materi rial ales es iner inerte tess que redu reduce cenn su sensibilidad y su potencia rompedora. Las características básicas de un explosivo y que nos van a ayudar a elegir el explosivo más idóneo para un fin determinado son las siguientes: Estabilidad química. Sensibilidad. Velocidad de detonación. •
•
•
•
•
•
•
Potencia explosiva. densidad de encartuchado. Resistencia al agua. Humos.
Estabilidad química. Es la aptitud que el explosivo posee para mantenerse químicamente inalterado durante un cierto periodo de tiempo. Esta estabilidad con la que el explosivo parte de fábrica se
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un producto totalmente seguro y fiable para los trabajos de voladura. Las pérdidas de estabilidad en los explosivos se producen bien por un almacenamiento excesivamente prolongado o bien porque las condiciones del lugar no sean las adecuadas. Si los los expl explos osiv ivos os son son polv polvur urol olen ento toss con con nitr nitrat atoo amón amónic icoo se estropearán perdiendo dinero pero no tendremos accidentes. Los explosivos con nitroglicerina si pierden su estabilidad química puede significar que la nitroglicerina se ha descompuesto. El cartucho suda o se observan manchas verdes en la envoltura. En este este caso aso el pelig eligro ro es inmi nminent nentee y es impr mpresci escind ndib ible le la destrucción de este explosivo. 2.- Sensibilidad. Se define la sensibilidad de un explosivo como la mayor o menor facilidad que tiene un explosivo para ser detonado. Se dice por lo tanto que un explosivo es muy sensible cuando detona sin dificultades al detonador y a la onda explosiva que se produzca en sus cercanías. Un explosivo insensible es todo lo contrario. Los explosivos sensibles aseguran pocos fallos en los barrenos. Los Los inse insens nsib ible less por por lo cont contra rari rioo prov provoc ocar arán án más más barr barren enos os fallidos. En este sentido son mejores los explosivos sensibles. Ahor Ah oraa bien bien está estánn más más ce cerc rcan anos os a prod produc ucir irse se una una expl explos osió iónn
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de acci accide dent ntee es prác prácti tica came ment ntee nula nula.. En este este sent sentid idoo los los insensibles son más seguros que los sensibles. Existe Existe otro otro concep concepto to de sensib sensibili ilida dadd debido debido a experi experiment mentos os realizados en los laboratorios, donde se realizan la sensibilidad al detonador ,
sensibilidad a la onda explosiva , sensibilidad al choque y sensibilidad al rozamiento . De estas las dos primeras son deseadas, mientras que las dos últimas son sensibilidades indeseadas. •
Sensibilidad al detonador. Todos los explosivos industriales prec precis isan an para para su inic inicia iaci ción ón como como norm normaa gene genera rall de la deto detona naci ción ón de otro otro expl explos osiv ivoo de mayo mayorr pote potenc ncia ia.. Este Este explosivo puede ir colocado dentro de un detonador, de cordón detonante o de un multiplicador, según proce roceddimie imiennto qu quee siga sigamo moss para para la ini iniciac ciació iónn de expl explos osió ión. n. Si algú lgún expl explos osiivo no fuera era sens sensiible ble
•
un el la al
detona detonador dor,, entonc entonces es los multi multipli plicad cador ores es salvar salvarían ían esta esta pega, aunque el 99% de los explosivos que actualmente se fabrican son sensibles al detonador. Sensibilidad a la onda explosiva. Se basa en determinar la máxima distancia a que un cartucho cebado trasmite la detonación a otro cartucho receptor. Colocamos cartuchos en línea y ambos a continuación del otro, separados una determinada distancia d. Pero lo que sucede en realidad es
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propagación y a veces llegan a anularla. Por esta razón la norma indica que “ la carga cuando se trate de explosivos enca encart rtuc ucha hado doss
esta estarrá
cons consti titu tuid ida a
por por
una una
fila fila
de
cartuchos en perfecto contacto unos con otros .” .” Cartucho Cartucho cebado cebado :
Cart Cartuc ucho ho con con deto detona nado dor. r. (Es (Es el cart cartuc ucho ho
madre). Sensibilidad al choque. Los diferentes tipos de explosivos industriales pueden pueden ser o no sensibles al choque, lo cual no •
quiere decir otra cosa que en algunos explosivos se puede producir su iniciación por un fuerte impacto. La forma de determinar la sensibilidad al choque se hace mediante una
•
maza que se coloca a una determinada altura con una masa definida, se mide la altura hasta que el explosivo e xplosivo explota. Sensibilidad al roce. Al igual que con la sensibilidad al choqu choquee existe existenn alguno algunoss explos explosivo ivoss que son sensi sensible bless al rozamiento. Es por esto que existe un ensayo normalizado que nos indica si un explosivo es sensible o no al rozamiento, y en caso de serlo en que grado lo es. Este
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3.- Velocidad de detonación. V = velocidad buscada. v = Velocidad de mecha. (Conocida). ( Conocida). t = BC + CE = BE (1) ( 1) V v v BC = BE - CE V = BC . v (2) V v BC - CE La velocidad de detonación es la característica más importante del explosivo. Cuanto más grande sea la velocidad de detonación del explosivo, tanto mayor es su potencia. Se entiende por detonación de un explosivo a la transformación casi instantánea de la materia sólida que lo compone en gases. Esta transformación se hace a elevadísimas temperaturas con un gran desprendimiento de gases, casi 10.000 veces su volumen. Seaa un cart Se cartuc ucho ho de un dete determ rmin inad adoo expl explos osiv ivoo M del del cu cual al queremos hallar su velocidad de detonación V. Si le introducimos un detonador en el interior y a su vez le practicamos dos orificios B y C de los que salen una mecha patrón cuya velocidad
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Por lo tanto las ondas no se encuentran en el punto medio D, sino sino en otro otro punt puntoo E (vis (visib ible le en la plac placaa por por ser ser de plom plomoo la placa). El tiempo empleado en seguir un camino o el otro es el mismo, por lo tanto se cumple (1), y operando llegamos a (2) que nos determina la velocidad de detonación V de un explosivo. Para Para algu alguno noss trab trabaj ajos os inte intere resa sann expl explos osiv ivos os lent lentos os,, de poca poca pote potenc ncia ia.. (En (En cant canter eras as de roca roca orna orname ment ntal al). ). Si qu quer erem emos os grandes producciones (sobre todo estéril), usaremos explosivos de baja velocidad de detonación, de poca potencia. 4.- Potencia explosiva. La potencia puede definirse como la capacidad de un explosivo para fragmentar y proyectar la roca. Depende por un lado de la composición del explosivo, pese a que siempre es posible mejorar la potencia con una adecuada técnica de voladura. Para la medida de la potencia de un explosivo existen en el
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5.- Densidad de encartuchado. La densi densidad dad de encart encartuc uchad hadoo es tambié tambiénn una una caract caracterí erísti stica ca importante de los explosivos, que depende en gran parte de la granulometría de los componentes sólidos, y tipo de materias primas empleadas en su fabricación. El usuario en este caso nada tiene que hacer. Al ser ser funda undame ment ntal al qu quee los los fond fondos os de los los barr barren enos os esté esténn completamente llenos de explosivos, si estos tuvieran densidad menor de uno y los barrenos tuvieran agua física, los cartuchos flotarían siendo imposible la carga del barreno. Utilizar en este caso explosivos de densidad inferior a uno sería un gravísimo error. 6.- Resistencia al agua. Se pueden diferenciar tres conceptos: 1.- Resistencia al contacto con el agua. 2.- Resistencia a la humedad. 3.- Resistencia al agua bajo presión de la misma.
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emplear explosivos polvurolentos (Anfos) en contacto directo con el agua. Ahora bien, si el agua la agotamos con la carga de fondo, podremos emplear en la carga de columna explosivos polvurolentos. En cualquier caso los explosivos polvurolentos se comp compor orta tann muy muy bien bien en barr barren enos os suma sumame ment ntee hú húme medo doss si el contacto con el agua no es mucho. Es aconsejable en estos casos hace ha cerr la mita mitadd de barr barren enos os para para carg cargar arlo loss rápi rápida dame ment ntee y efectuar la pega. En referencia al tercer punto, nos referimos no solo a que el explosivo soporte el contacto con el agua, sino que además aguante altas presiones debidas a las grandes profundidades. Los explosivos utilizados en este caso contienen como aditivos meta metale less pesa pesado dos, s, qu quee les les conf confie iere renn cara caract cter erís ísti tica cass muy muy especiales, como es el caso de la goma GV submarina. 7.- Humos. Se designa como humos al conjunto de los productos resultantes de una explosión, entre los que se encuentran gases, vapor de
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Para los trabajos subterráneos la composición del explosivo debe tener una proporción suficiente de O2 capaz de asegurar la combustión completa. Sensibilidad y diámetro crítico. Sensibilidad: Puede definirse como la facilidad relativa del mismo para detonar. Esto presenta una paradoja para los técnicos en explosivos, pues por un lado una elevada sensibilidad supone una clara ventaja de cara cara al func funcio iona nami mien ento to del del expl explos osiv ivo, o, pero pero a su vez vez pued puedee suponer una gran desventaja en cuanto al riesgo de detonar bajo cualquier estímulo accidental. Así pues, vemos que existen dos conceptos distintos dentro del término genérico de sensibilidad;
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indeseada equivale a una baja propensión a la iniciación fortuita, bajo el estímulo de cualquier fuente de energía distinta de la normalmente empleada. Siempre existe un solapamiento entre ambas sensibilidades, por lo que en general una alta sensibilidad deseada implica una elevada sensibilidad indeseada y viceversa. Esta tendencia está muy acentuada en los explosivos convencionales, en los que se parte de un producto altamente sensible a todo tipo de estímulos, al que se le insensibiliza con una serie de productos. Entre los explosivos más comúnmente empleados, las dinamitas son los de mayor sensibilidad, por llevar en su composición nitroglicerina. Todas ellas se inician fácilmente con detonadores
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Para explosivos nitrados, como el NO3 NH4, puede alcanzar valores hasta de 10 pulgadas, pudiendo ser insignificante tanto para la pentrita como para el nitruro de plomo, que son los que se utilizan en los cordones detonantes y detonadores. Es necesario decir que en el diámetro crítico influye la densidad y el confinamiento de los explosivos en los barrenos 3. COMB COMBUS USTI TIÓN ÓN COMP COMPLE LETA TA EN LAS LAS REAC REACCI CION ONES ES EXPLOSIVAS. No es fácil estudiar detalladamente la influencia del oxígeno en las las cara caract cter erís ísti tica cass del del expl explos osiv ivo; o; sin sin emba embarg rgoo es nece necesa sari rioo procurar que si se van a utilizar en minería subterránea no se
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EXPLOSIVOS QUIMICOS
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Clasificación Clasificación de explosivos Se dividen básicamente en explosivos de alto orden (TNT ( TNT)) y explosivos de bajo orden (pólvora ( pólvora). ). Los explosivos de alto orden tienen una velocidad de combustión elevada, de varios km/s, alcanzando velocidades de detonación y por eso son aptos para la demolición. demolición. Los explosivos de bajo orden queman a una velocidad de varios cientos de metros por segundo, llegando incluso a velocidades de un par de km/s, lo que se llama deflagración (los explosivos de bajo orden no detonan). Son utilizados para la propulsión, para dispositivos de fragmentación de roca controlada y para los
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EXPLOSIVOS QUIMICOS
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tipo tiposs para para conse onsegguir unas nas cara caract cter erís ísti ticcas desea eseabl bles es.. Durante la I Guerra Mundial, el TNT fue el explosivo alto más utilizado, pero después de la I y durante la II Guerra Mundial, se desarrolló un gran número de explosivos altos totalmente eficaces. Entre los más importantes se encuentran la ciclonita y el tetranitrato de pentaeritrita. Trinitrotolueno o TNT RDX o Ciclonita (trinitrofenilmetilnitramina) •
•
•
•
•
•
•
PENT o Tetranitrato de pentaeritrita Nitrato de amonio ANFO Hidrogeles Amonal
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EXPLOSIVOS QUIMICOS
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llamas relativamente frías y que duran poco tiempo. Los tipos de explosivos de seguridad aprobados para trabajar en minas de carbón son principalmente mezclas de nitrato de amonio con otros ingredientes como nitrato de sodio, nitroglicerina, nitrato de celulosa, nitroalmidón, material carbónico, cloruro de sodio y carbonato de calcio. Pólvora negra Nitrocelulosa •
•
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EXPLOSIVOS QUIMICOS
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RDX Ciclotrimetilenetrinitramina, también conocida como RDX, RDX, cicl ciclon onit ita, a, he hexo xoge geno no y T4, T4, son son una una nitr nitroa oami mina na:: material explosivo ampliamente usado por los militares. Explosivos nucleares
TAMBIEN Los explosivos pueden clasificarse según diferentes criterios. Según su naturaleza química los explosivos pueden clasificarse
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EXPLOSIVOS QUIMICOS
Ésteres químicos:
19
R-O-NO2 R-OH
Tal y como se ve, se añade un grupo nitro (-NO2) a la molécula orgánica original desplazando a un hidrógeno. Una forma habitual de realizar esta operación es añadir a la molécula orgánica ácido nítri ítrico co HNO3 NO3. Cada mol moléc écuula de áci ácido nítr ítrico ico pier pierdde un hidrógeno y un oxígeno, que sumados al hidrógeno que pierde el compuesto orgánico forman una molécula de agua H2O.
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ellos tenemos el fulminato de mercurio ONC-Hg-CNO, o la azida de plomo (N3)2Pb. Clasificación Clasificación según la velocidad de la reacción de explosión Iniciadores o detonadores: Son muy sensibles a acciones externas. Detonan y el fenómeno se propaga a alta velocidad (superior a 10.000 m/s). Suelen ser organometálicos..
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EXPLOSIVOS QUIMICOS
21
Agrupamiento de explosivos por compatibilidad Estas
señales
se
usan
en
Transporte,
Embarque,
Almacenamiento; incluye UN & US DOT, DOT, clases de material peligroso con señaléctica compatible. pero jamás debe ser una fuente primaria para manipular explosivos.
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EXPLOSIVOS QUIMICOS
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aplicación. Dividiremos los explosivos comerciales en dos grandes grupos. Explosivos con nitroglicerina. •
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Clases de dinamitas.
1.- GOMAS. Está Estánn cons consti titu tuid idas as fund fundam amen enta talm lmen ente te por por nitr nitrog oglilice ceri rina na y
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Su aplicación fundamentalmente es como carga de fondo de barrenos de mediano y gran diámetro, y para la voladura de rocas de consistencia de dura a muy dura, utilizándose como
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Así Así surg surgie iero ronn los los anfo anfos, s, qu quee por por su pote potenc ncia ia rela relati tiva vame ment ntee elevada, facilidad de manipulación y sobre todo por su bajo precio, ganó con rapidez la supremacía en la mayoría de las
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La máxima velocidad de detonación se alcanza para un contenido en fuel fuel-o -oilil de 5´5 5´5 %; igua igualm lmen ente te para para esta esta prop propor orci ción ón se alcanza el equilibrio en oxígeno.
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