Family Medicine

FAMILY MEDICINE Dr. D. Tannenbaum Angelina Chan, Helen Dempster and Tanya Ta nya Thornton, chapter editors Tracy Chin, associate editor FOUR FOUR PRIN PRINCI CIPL PLES ES OF FAMI FAMILY LY MEDI MEDICI CINE NE

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PATIE PATIENT NT-CE -CENT NTER ERED ED CLINI CLINICAL CAL METH METHOD OD . . . 3 PERIODIC HEALTH EXAM (PHE) . . . . . . . . . . . Purpose of the PHE Adult Periodic Health Exam Additional Preventative Health Care for the Elderly

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HEAL HEALTH TH PRO PROMO MOTIO TION N AND AND COU COUNS NSEL ELLI LING NG . . 5 Nutrition Exercise Stress Management End Of Life Care COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES

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COMMON PRESENTING PROBLEMS ALCOHOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Definition Epidemiology History Investigations Management Prognosis

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ANXIETY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Screening Questions History Treatment

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BRONCHITIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Acute Bronchitis Acute Exacertabions Of Chronic Bronchitis (A.E.C.B.) CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 CHEST PAIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) COMMON COLD (ACUTE RHINITIS) Epidemiology Prevention Diagnosis Management

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CONTRACEPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . History Physical Examination Counselling

MCCQE 2006 Review Notes

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DEPRESSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Screening Questions Risk Factors For Depression Related Issues Treatment Risk of Recurrence

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DIABETES MELLITUS (DM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Definition Classification Classification and Epidemiology Diagnosis Screening Management DIZZINESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Epidemiology Diagnosis Management

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DOMESTIC VIOLENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Epidemiology Effects of Violence Detection and Management

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DYSPNEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Definition Differential Diagnosis History Physical Examination Investigations Management

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DYSURIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Epidemiology Investigations Management

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FATIGUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Epidemiology Approach Management Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

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HEADACHE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Etiology Red Flags for Headache Episodic Tension-Type Headache Cluster Headache Migraine Headaches

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Family Medicine – FM1

FAMILY MEDICINE HYPERTENSION (HTN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Epidemiology Definition Etiology Diagnostic Evaluation Therapeutic Considerations

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LOW BACK PAIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Definition Etiology Differential Diagnosis History Physical examination Investigations Management Red Flags

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MENOPAUSE/HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY (HRT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Epidemiology Contraindications Contraindications to HRT Management

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OBESITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Definition Epidemiology Diagnosis Investigations Management Natural History

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OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Definition Etiology Pathophysiology Signs and Symptoms Investigations Management

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OTITIS MEDIA (OM) (ACUTE) Definition Epidemiology History Physical Examination/Diagnosis Examination/Diagnosis Etiology Management

FM2 – Family Medicine Medicin e

. . . CONT.

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STD’s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . History Patients at Risk Organisms Prevention Diagnosis/Investigations Management

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SKIN LESIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Etiology

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SLEEP PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Definition Etiology History Physical Physical Examination/Investigations Examination/Investigations Management Stress-induced Stress-induced Insomnia Periodic Limb Movements Of Sleep (PLMS) and Restless Leg Syndrome Circadian Rhythm Disorders Parasomnias Excessive Daytime Sleepiness

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SMOKING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Epidemiology History Management Prognosis

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SORE THROAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Etiology Investigations and Management

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REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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FOUR PRINCIPLES OF FAMILY MEDICINE College of Family Physicians of Canada Guidelines 1. The family physician is a skilled skilled clinician • is skilled in diagnosis/management diagnosis/management of diseases common to population served • recognizes importance of early diagnosis of serious life threatening illnesses 2. Family medicine is a community community-based -based discipline • has good knowledge of and access to c ommunity services services • responds/adapts to changing needs and changing circumstances • collaborates as team member or leader 3. The family physician is a resource to a defined practice practice population population • serves as a health resource • promotes self-directed life-long learning • advocates for public policy to promote health 4. The patient-physic patient-physician ian relationship is central central to the the role of of the the family physician • is committed to th e person, not just disease • promotes continuity of patient care

PATIENT-CENTRED CLINICAL METHOD explore/define patient problems and decide on management together consider both agendas • doctor's agenda: history, history, ph ysical, ysical, investigation • patient's agenda: FIFE FIFE = feelings, ideas, function, function, expectations expectations find common ground in management and follow-up follow-up planning

ADULT PERIODIC HEALTH EXAM Canadian Task Force on Preventative Health Care established in 1976; first published in 1979 reviews the literature for evidence pertaining to prevention of conditions aids in developing clinical practice guidelines incorporates primary and secondary preventive measures most notable recommendation is the abolition of the annual physical exam; to be replaced by the periodic health examination (PHE)

PURPOSE OF THE PHE

primary prevention identify risk factors for common chronic disease detect asymptomatic disease (secondary pr evention) counsel patients to promote healthy behaviour update clinical data enhance patient – physician relationship

Table 1. Classification Classification of Recommendations A good evidence supporting inclusion of the maneuver B fair evidence supporting supporting inclusion of of the the maneuver C poor evidence regarding the inclusion or exclusion of the maneuver/condition D fair evidence supporting exclusion of the maneuver E good evidence supporting exclusion of the maneuver maneuver

ADULT PERIODIC HEALTH EXAM Counselling Issues A. Recommendations • smoker? If yes, yes, counsel on smoking cessation and offer nicotine replacement therapy • dental hygiene (dental visits, brushing, flossing) • folic acid supplementation supplementation (ALL females of child bearing age) 0.4 mg 1 month preconception until 3 months postconception • noise control and h earing protection MCCQE 2006 Review Notes


ADULT PERIODIC HEALTH EXAM . . . CONT. B. Recommendations • smokers: referral to valid cessation program after cessation cessation advice • seat belt use • moderate physical activity • diet (counselling on a dverse nutritional nutritional habits and general dietary advice on fat and cholesterol) • HRT (assess risk factors, discuss risks and benefits of HRT) • sun exposure and protective clothing • alcohol case finding and counselling • counselling to protect against STDs for high risk populations only home visits for child maltreatment (A) dietary advice on leafy green vegetables and fruit for smokers (B) Physical Exam blood pressure measurement (B) clinical breast exam (50-69 years) (A) for high risk r isk populations only: • fundoscopy for diabetics (B) • skin exam for first degree relative with melanoma (B) Laboratory/Investigations mammography (50-69 years) (A) rubella titres for all women of child bearing age (B) Pap smear (B) for high risk populations only • voluntary HIV antibody screening for high risk populations populations (A) • urine dipstick for a dults with insulin-dependent diabetes diabetes (A) • gonorrhea, gram stain/culture, cervical or urethral smear for high risk groups (A) • mantoux TB skin test for high risk groups (A) • INH prophylaxis for household contacts and skin test converters (A) • INH prophylaxis for high risk subgroups (B) • colonoscopy for cancer family syndrome (B) • chlamydia, smear culture or analysis for high risk women (B) Immunizations rubella for all non-pregnant women of child-bearing age (B) for high risk populations only • amantadine chemoprophylaxis for individuals exposed to influenza index case (A) • outreach strategies for influenza vaccination for specific subgroups (e.g. diabetes, chronic heart disease) (A) • annual immunization for influenza for high r isk groups (B)

ADDITIONAL PREVENTATIVE HEALTH CARE FOR THE ELDERLY

A. Recommendations • outreach strategies for influenza vaccination • for high risk populations only • multidisciplinary post fall assessment • pneumococcal pn eumococcal pneumonia immunization B. Recommendations • BP measurement • influenza vaccination vaccination • hearing impairment assessment (inquiry, whispered voice test) • visual acuity: Snellen sight card

Reference: Canadian Task Force on Preventative Health Care, 2000.

FM4 – Family Medicine Medicin e


HEALTH PROMOTION AND COUNSELLING health promotion is the most effective preventive strategy 40-70% of productive life lost ann ually is preventable

NUTRITION Guidelines for the General Population for people > 4 years old enjoy a variety of foods from each group every day • grain products • 5-12 servings/day • choose whole grain and enriched products more often • low in fat, cholesterol; high in B vitamins, iron, fiber • bread, pasta, rice, cereal, crackers, etc. • vegetables and fruit • 5-10 servings/day • choose dark green and orange vegetables/fruit more often • high in vitamins, minerals, fiber; low in fat, calories, sodium; no cholesterol • broccoli, lettuce, carrots, cantaloupe, potatoes, oranges, bananas, peaches, etc. • milk products • children 4-9 years, 2-3 servings/day; age 10-16, 3-4/day; adults 2-4/day; pregnant/breast-feeding, 3-4/day • choose lower-fat milk products more often • high in protein, calcium, phosphorus, niacin, riboflavin, vitamins A and D • milk, cheese, yogurt, ice-cream, etc. • meat and alternatives • 2-3 servings/day • choose leaner meats, poultry and fish, plus dried peas, bean and lentils more often • high in protein, B vitamins, iron, other minerals • beef, chicken, lunch meats, fresh/canned fish, beans, tofu, eggs, peanut butter, etc. • other foods • for taste and enjoyment, but may be high in fat or calories, so use in moderation aim for fat intake < 30% of total energy • limit saturated fat to < 10% of energy • limit cholesterol to < 300 mg/d consume at least 2 fish servings per week limit salt to < 6 g/day limit alcohol to low-risk guidelines balance the number of calories you eat with the number you use • weight (lbs) X 15 = average number of calories used per day if moderately active • weight (lbs) X 13 = average number of calories used per day if less active vegetarian diet is low in fat and cholesterol soy products can provide high quality protein needed for growth and tissue maintenance avoid fad diets that purport that one type of food is bad – variety is the key! Reference: AHA Dietary Guidelines Revision 2000: A statement for healthcare professonals from the nutrition committee of the American Heart Association.

EXERCISE Epidemiology 25% of population exercise regularly, 50% occasionally, 25% sedentary 1/3 of Canadians watch > 15 hours of TV/week daily physical activity decreases with age to middle adulthood, then increases physical activity reduces morbidity and mortality for CAD, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, osteoporosis, mental health disorders moderate activity: activities that can be comfortably sustained for at least 60 minutes (walking, slow biking) vigorous activity: activities of an intensity sufficient to result in fatigue within 20 minutes (running, shoveling snow) History assess current level of fitness, motivation and accessibility to exercise medical screen • age • previous level of activity • current medications • diuretics affect potassium levels • anticholinergics increase body temperature • insulin can cause hypoglycemia • cardiovascular risk factors • CBC, blood sugar, cholesterol, urinalysis, stress ECG test contraindications: recent MI, conduction abnormalities



HEALTH PROMOTION AND COUNSELLING . . . CONT. Management emphasize benefits of exercise • increases energy level, strength and flexibility • improves cardiovascular and metabolic functions • increases glucose tolerance • increases feeling of well-being and sex drive • improves quality of sleep • decreases depression/anxiety types of exercise • emphasize r egular, moderate-intensity physical activity • encourage a variety of self-directed activities (walking/cycling to work, climbing the stairs, raking leaves) • over several months, progress to level of activity that includes cardiovascular fitness; development of muscular strength and joint flexibility is also desirable • aerobic activity involving large muscle groups for 50-60 minutes at least 3-4 times a week at 60-80% of maximum heart rate • maximum heart rate = 220 – age (men), 226 – age (women) • 5-10 minute stretching routine decreases musculoskeletal injuries Table 2. Target Heart Rate Age

60% of Max. (beginner)

70% of Max. (intermediate)

80% of Max. (advanced)

20-29

120

140

160

30-39

114

133

152

40-49

108

126

144

50-59

102

119

136

60-69

96

112

128

70-79

90

105

120

Note: If bicycling, subtract five beats from target; if swimming, subtract ten.

STRESS MANAGEMENT

steps to manage stress • identify sources of stress and ma ke a list • modify environment/events to decrease stress • develop coping strategies • biofeedback, meditation, mental imagery, hypnosis, diaphragmatic breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, psychotherapy • focus on goal achievements and personal well-being • give positive feedback and rewards for hypertensive patients, individualized cognitive-behavioural interventions are best

END OF LIFE CARE Domains of Quality End-of-Life Care from Patients’ Perspectives 1. Receiving adequate pain and symptom management 2. Avoiding inappropriate prolongation of dying 3. Achieving a sense of control over end-of-life care decisions 4. Relieving burden on l oved ones 5. Strengthening relationships MD’s Role to provide adequate pain/symptom management to offer/suggest: DNRs, advanced directives, care-giver respite, family supports, patient/family community resources Principles of Pain Management general • commit to providing effective pain control • educate the patient, family and other caregivers of the plan • understand the patient's physical, psychological, social and spiritual beliefs about pain control and dying • remain flexible to the r equests of the patient with respect to alternative/complimentary therapy • limit investigations to those that will make a difference in management decisions • do not delay in treating pain FM6 – Family Medicine


HEALTH PROMOTION AND COUNSELLING . . . CONT. analgesic therapy • hierarchy • non-opioid ± adjuvant; • opioid + non-opioid ± adjuvant; • opioid ± non-opioid ± adjuvant • progress through hierarchy until pain is r elieved • give po medication where possible (less cumbersome to manage,more patient freedom) • give regular interval dosing to maintain levels - avoid prn's • ensure coverage for breakthrough pain • anticipate and prevent adverse effects • treat non-pain symptoms (nausea, vomiting, constipation) aggressively • consider adjuvant therapies (i.e. radiation, surgery, chemotherapy) at regular intervals monitoring • monitor frequently - timing depends on severity of pain • maintain direct communication with other providers (home nursing, physiotherapy) Reference: Librach SL, Squires BP, The Pain Manual. Principles and Issues in Cancer Pain Management. Toronto: Pegasus Healthcare International. 1997.

COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES knowledge of complementary therapies can im prove • communication with patients who choose these therapies • co-ordination of care • the well-being of patients thr ough appropriate use of these therapies many types exist, including (among others): chiropractic, acupuncture, naturopathy, homeopathy, mind-body therapies, bodywork, reflexology, applied kinesiology, herbal r emedies, traditional Chinese medicine Herbal Medications questions to ask patients who may be taking herbal products • Are you taking an herbal product, herbal supplement or other “natural remedy”? • If so, are you taking any prescription or nonprescription medications for the same purpose as the herbal product? • Have you used this herbal product before? • Are you allergic to an y plant products? • Are you pregnant or breast-feeding? Table 3. Common Herbal Medications Common Name

Reported Uses (not necessarily effective)

Possible Adverse Effects

Possible Drug Interactions

Aloe Vera

strong laxative, topical: used for burns

intestinal obstruction, Crohn's, in children or in pregnancy

K-dependent cardiac drugs

Chamomile

common cold, GI spasm, heartburn, colitis, IBS

rare sensitization, emesis, anaphylaxis possible

delayed GI drug absorption

Evening Primrose

CNS stimulant, decongestant, bronchospasm

headache, restlessness, tachycardias, hyperglycemia, diuresis

Echinacea

boils, erysipelas, septicaemia, cancer, syphilis, common cold, flu

rare sensitization

potentiates warfarin

Garlic

migraine, arthritis, allergies, and antipyrexia

heart rate, mouth ulcers, muscle stiffness

potentiates a ntithrombotic medications

Ginger

elevated lipids, high blood pressure, high serum glucose

can increase bleeding time, gastric irritation, halitosis

potentiates warfarin, aspirin

Ginkgo

energy enhancer

aggressive behaviors, headache, menstrual abnormalities

potentiates CNS stimulants .

Goldenseal

slows cognitive deterioration in dementia

some platelet a ggregation inhibition

anticoagulants, MAOIs

Marijuana

reduces cognitive function, ocular pressure, bronchodilator, mild appetite stimulant and antiemetic effects, esp. against methotrexate therapy

panic, confusion, anxiety, psychosis,

antagonizes methylcholine

cardiac glycosides MAOIs

exaggerated apprehension of sensory stimuli, SVT, ovulatory dysfunction

Psyllium

stabilizes diarrhea, relieves constipation, lowers cholesterol

avoid in intestinal stricture, ileus, or obstruction

delayed GI drug absorption

St. John’s Wort

mild to moderate depression, seasonal affective disorder

increased photosensitivity, headache, nausea and dizziness

MAOIs, BCP

Valerian

hypnotic without residual a.m. sedation, anxiolytic

headache, palpitations, paradoxical insomnia

other sedatives



COMMON PRESENTING PROBLEMS ALCOHOL DEFINITION

one standard drink = 13.6 g of absolute alcohol • beer (5% alcohol) = 12 oz • wine (12-17%) = 5 oz • fortified wine = 3 oz • hard liquor (80-proof) = 1.5 oz diagnostic categories occur along a continuum • abstinence • low-risk drinking • 2 drinks/day maximum • 9 drinks/week maximum for women, 14 drinks/week maximum for men • at-risk drinking • consumption above low-risk level but n o alcohol-related physical or social problems • problem drinking • consumption above low-risk level with one or more alcohol related physical or social problems but no clinical features of established alcohol dependence • alcohol dependence • DSM-IV criteria of 3 or more of the following in the same 12-month period • tolerance • withdrawal • alcohol consumed in larger amounts or over a longer period of time than intended • persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to decrease alcohol use • great deal of time spent obtaining, using or recovering from alcohol • neglecting important activities (social, job, r ecreational) because of drinking • continued consumption despite knowledge of alcohol-related physical or social problems

EPIDEMIOLOGY

10-15% of patients in family practice are problem drinkers over 500,000 Canadians are alcohol-dependent 10% of all deaths in Canada are alcohol-related overall cost > 5 billion dollars in Canada most likely to miss diagnosis in women, elderly, patients with high socioeconomic status

HISTORY

assess drinking profile • setting, time, place, occasion, with whom • pressures to drink: internal and external • impact on: family, work, social • quantity-frequency history • how many drinks per day? • how many days per week? • maximum number of drinks on any one day in the past month? rapid screen • Do you think you have a drinking problem? • Have you had a drink in the last 24 hours? CAGE questionnaire to screen for alcohol abuse • 2+ for men, 1+ for women: sensitivity 85%, specificity 89% • Have you ever tried to Cut down on your drinking? • Have you every felt Annoyed by others telling you to cut down? • Have you ever felt Guilty about your drinking? • Have you ever had to have an Eye-opener in the morning? medical presentations of alcohol problems • trauma • GI: gastritis, dyspepsia, recurrent diarrhea, bleeds, oral/esophageal cancer, pan creatitis, liver disease • cardiac: hypertension, alcoholic cardiomyopathy • neurologic: Korsakoff’s/Wernicke’s encephalopathy, peripheral neuropathy • hematologic: anemia, coagulopathies • other: insomnia, social/family dysfunction, sexual problems if identified positive for alcohol problem • identify other drug use • identify medical/psychiatric complications • ask about substance abuse among family members • ask about drinking and driving • ask about past recovery attempts and current readiness for change

FM8 – Family Medicine


ALCOHOL. . . CONT. Table 4. Distinguishing Problem Drinking from Severe Alcohol Dependence

Clinical Feature

Problem Drinking

Alcohol Dependence

withdrawal symptoms

no

often

amount consumed weekly

more than 12

more than 60

drinks moderately (< 4 daily)

often

rarely

social consequences

none or mild

often severe

physical consequences

none or mild

often severe

socially stable

usually

often not

neglects major responsibilities

no

yes

Source: Kahan, M. in Canadian Family Physician 1996, Vol. 42, pg. 662

INVESTIGATIONS

GGT and MCV for baseline and follow-up AST, ALT, platelets (thrombocytopenia)

MANAGEMENT

brief physician-directed intervention for problem drinkers • review safe drinking guidelines • compare consumption to Canadian norms • offer information on h ealth effects of drinking • have patient commit to drinking goal • review strategies to avoid intoxication (e.g. alternate alcoholic with non-alcoholic drinks, avoid drinking on empty stomach, start drinking later in evening, sip do not gulp; keep a glass of non-alcoholic drink in your hand) • keep daily record of alcohol consumption • have regular follow-up • refer for further treatment if problem persists Alcoholics Anonymous • outpatient/day programs for th ose with chronic, resistant problems • in-patient program if • dangerous or highly unstable h ome environment • severe medical/psychiatric problem • addiction to drug that may require in-patient detoxification • refractory to other treatment programs • family treatment (Al-Anon, Al-A-Teen, screen for spouse/child abuse) pharmacologic • Diazepam for withdrawal (see Psychiatry Chapter for loading protocols) • Disulfiram (Antabuse) • blocks conversion of acetaldehyde to acetic a cid (which leads to flushing, h eadache, nausea, hypotension, hyperventilation, anxiety if alcohol is ingested) • Naltrexone • competitive opioid antagonist that decreases cravings, mean drinking days and r elapse rates • note: prescription opioids become ineffective and can trigger withdrawal in opioid-dependent patients

PROGNOSIS

relapses are common and should not be viewed as failure monitor regularly for signs of relapse 25-30% of abusers exhibit spontaneous improvement over 1 year 60-70% of individuals with jobs and families have an improved quality of life 1 year post-treatment

Reference: Kahan, M. (in Canadian Family Physician 1996, Vol. 42, pg. 662)



ANXIETY SCREENING QUESTIONS

if positive answers, follow up with symptom-specific questions (See Table 5) • Have you felt unusually worried about things recently? • Do you tend to be an anxious person? • Have you ever felt like something bad was going to happen? to differentiate anxiety disorders, consider symptoms and their duration

HISTORY

associated symptoms (see Table 5) risk factors: family history of anxiety or depression, past history of anxiety, stressful life event, isolation, gender (women) rule out • cardiac (post MI, arrh ythmias) • hyperthyroidism • diabetes • COPD • asthma • somatoform disorders • psychotic disorders and medications (amphetamines, theophylline, thyroid preparations, diet pill abuse or withdrawal from alcohol, benzodiazepines, street drugs) assess substance abuse, comorbid depression, suicidal ideations

Table 5. RED FLAGS for Detection of Anxiety Disorders in Primary Care Symptom

Screening Question

Anxiety/worry

Have you felt more worried than usual Do you experience episodes of intense worry? (Does the worry have a particular focus?) Do you feel your level of anxiety is excessive?

Phobias

Do you avoid or fear social situations? Are there any specific things that you fear or avoid? Do you feel the fear is excessive?

Obsessions

Do any repetitive intrusive thoughts bother you?

Compulsions

Do you do anything repetitively?

Irritability

Have you or your family noticed that you have been more irritable?

Sleep Disturbance

Have you had difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep? Do you find that you’re easily fatigued? Do you have difficulty concentrating? Do you find your mind going blank?

Autonomic Hyperactivity

Have you experienced: dizzy spells/hot flashes/chills/nausea/diarrhea?

Appetite Disturbance

Have you lost your appetite?

Traumatized

Do you have recurrent upsetting memories of an event that made you feel frightened or helpless?

Motor Tension

Have you felt agitated or on edge?

Chronic Somatization

Have you experienced repeated non-response to treatment?

Dermatological Problems

Have you had any skin problems for a prolonged period of time?

Large Medical Chart

Chronic, frequent users of medical system

Adapted from: From Anxiety Review Panel. Evans M, Bradwejn J, Dunn L (Eds.). Guidelines for the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders in Pri mary Care. Toronto: Queen’s Printer of Ontario. 2000: 39.

TREATMENT (see Psychiatry Chapter)



ANXIETY. . . CONT.

Figure 1. Differentiating Anxiety Disorders From Anxiety Review Panel. Evans M, Bradwejn J, Dunn L (Eds.). Guidelines for the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders in Primary Care. Toront o: Queen’s Printer of Ontario. 2000: 41.

BRONCHITIS ACUTE BRONCHITIS Epidemiology most frequent LRTI in adults (especially in winter months) 80% viral: rhinovirus, coronavirus, adenovirus, influenza bacterial: M. neumoniae, C. pneumoniae, S. pneumonia Differential Diagnosis asthma URTI

occupational exposure chronic bronchitis sinusitis pneumonia allergic aspergillosis reflux esophagitis CHF bronchogenic CA other aspiration syndromes Diagnosis definition: acute respiratory tract infection where cough (+/– phlegm) is the predominant feature symptoms • productive cough (especially at night) and wheezing (most common symptoms) • dyspnea, recent URTI • substernal chest pain with cough, deep respiration and movement • ± mild fever signs • purulent sputum (the result of either viral or bacterial etiologies) • rhonchi, wheezing, prolonged expiratory phase • ? pneumonia if crackles, chills, fever or toxic investigations (acute bronchitis is typically a clinical diagnosis) • r/o pneumonia and CHF with CXR if abnormal vitals (HR > 100 bpm, RR > 24, T > 38) • r/o asthma if repeated/prolonged, with methacholine challenge test or bronchodilator improved symptoms • sputum smear/culture = non-informative MCCQE 2006 Review Notes


BRONCHITIS . . . CONT. Management for Uncomplicated Acute Bronchitis applies to immunocompetent adults without comorbidities (e.g. COPD, CHF) rule out serious illness (pneumonia) 4 • in healthy, nonelderly adults, pneumonia is rare in the absence of abnormal vital signs or asymmetrical lung sounds (no signs of focal consolidation i.e. rales, egophony, fremitus) • CXR warranted if: cough lasts 3 weeks or longer, abnormal vital signs present, signs of focal consolidation present no current evidence for r outine antibiotic treatment for acute bronchitis regardless of duration of cough • no consistent impact on duration or severity of illness or complications from bronchitis with antibiotic treatment • if pertussis infection suspected (if persistent cough (> 2-3 weeks) and exposure), perform diagnostic test and start antimicrobial therapy to reduce shedding of pathogen and spread of infection patient satisfaction with care d epends most on physician-patient communication rather than antibiotic therapy 4 • discuss lack of benefit of antibiotic treatment for uncomplicated acute bronchitis • set realistic expectations for the duration of patient’s cough (10-14 days from office visit) • refer to the cough illness as a “chest cold” rather than bronchitis • personalize the risk of unn ecessary antibiotic use: increased likelihood of infection with antibiotic resistant bacteria, side effects (GI), rare anaphylaxis primary prevention through risk factor reduction is important: smoking cessation, reduction of irritant exposures symptomatic relief: rest, fluids, antipyretics, antitussives frequent bronchial hyperresponsiveness in patients with uncomplicated acute bronchitis: RCTs show consistent benefit of albuterol therapy for uncomplicated acute bronchitis in reducing duration and severity of symptoms 4 treatment with antibiotics if elderly, comorbidities exist, pneumonia/toxic is suspected • 1st line: tetracycline 250 mg qid or, erythromycin 1 g divided bid, tid or qid • 2nd line: doxycycline 100 mg bid for 1st day then 100 mg od, or clarithromycin 250-500 mg bid, or azithromycin 500 mg x1 then 250 mg od x4

3,4

Reference 1. Hueston WJ, Mainous AG. Acute bronchitis. American Family Physician. March 15, 1998. Vol 57. Pg 1270-9. 2. Ontario Anti-infective Review Panel, Toronto Canada, Anti-Infective Guidelines for Community-acquired Infections, 2nd Ed., 1997. 3. Orr PH, Scherer K, Macdonald A, Moffatt MEK. Randomized placebo-controlled trials of anti biotics for acute bronchitis: A critical review of the literature. The Journal of Family Practice 1993;36:507-512. 4. Gonzales R, Bartlett JG, Besser RE et al. Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for treatment of uncomplicated acute bronchitis: background. Ann Emerg Med. 2001 Jun;37(6):720-7.

ACUTE EXACERTABIONS OF CHRONIC BRONCHITIS (A.E.C.B.) defined clinically as excessive cough, productive of sputum on most days, for at least 3 months a year during at least two consecutive years most common cause = cigarette smoking

Treatment 50% of A.E.C.B. is non-bacterial; use of antimicrobials controversial with mild-moderate clinical presentation (limited underlying lung disease) • 1st line: Tetracycline 250 mg qid or TMP/SMX 1DS tab bid or Amoxicillin 500 mg tid • 2nd line: Doxycycline 100 mg bid first day then 100 mg daily or Azithromycin 500 mg first day then 250 mg daily x 4 days with severe clinical presentation (extensive underlying lung disease and/or other risk factors including age > 65 years, comorbidities such as CHF, DM, CRF) • 1st line: TMP/SMX 1 DS tab bid or Amoxicillin/Clavulanate 500 mg tid or Cefaclor 250-500 mg tid or Cefuroxime AX 250 mg - 500 mg bid +/– Erythromycin 1 g/day in divided doses; or Azithromycin 500 mg first day then 250 mg daily x 4 days • 2nd line: Ciprofloxacin 500-750 mg bid Reference: Ontario Anti-infective Review Panel, Toronto Canada, Anti-Infective Guidelines for Community-acquired Infections, 2nd Ed., 1997.



CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE see Neurology Chapter for definitions, vascular territories and treatment details History symptoms risk factors (HTN is most important), head trauma medications and medical conditions that predispose patient: hypercoagulable states (i.e. OCP), giant cell arteritis , anti-coagulants, etc. Physical Examination note level of consciousness, speech and cognition blood pressure complete neurological examination cardiac exam, carotid bruits Investigations lab: CBC, FBS, lipid profile, PT/PTT/INR cardiac: ECG, echocardiography, holter monitor carotid doppler imaging: CT (method of choice in acute situations) Reference: Smucker WD, Disabato JA, Krishen AE. Systematic approach to diagnosis and initial management of str oke. American Family Physician 1995 July; 52(1):225-34.

CHEST PAIN see Cardiology Chapter Table 6. Differential Diagnosis of Chest Pain Cardiac

Angina MI Pericarditis Myocarditis Aortic dissection

Non-cardiac Pulmonary

GI

MSK/Neuro.

Psychologic

Pneumonia with pleurisy Pneumothorax PE Pulmonary hypertension

GERD PUD

Arthritis Chondritis Rib fractures Herpes Zoster

Anxiety Panic

ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE

2-part treatment strategy risk factor modification: multiple risk factors confer multiplicative risk (not merely additive) • obesity: promote dietary measures to achieve ideal BMI (20-25) • physical inactivity:encourage moderate exercise 30-60 minutes at least 3x/week • smoking: encourage smoking cessation therapy using bupropion or a nicotine patch and a counseling program; note: smoking cessation aids are safe for patients with ischemic heart disease • diet: a low saturated fat and high fibre diet (B) • diabetes mellitus: HbA1c < 7% • h ypertension • dyslipidemia: initiate therapy with HMG CoA reductase inhibitors if LDL-C is >3 mmol/L (target <2.5 mmol/L) • age: advancing age should not limit access to use of therapy and may confer greater benefit drug therapy 1. disease modifying drugs (reduce mortality): beta-blockers, antiplatelet agents, ACE inhibitors, lipid modifying drugs 2. symptom modifying drugs: beta-blockers, nitrates, calcium channel blockers



CHEST PAIN . . . CONT. Stable Ischemic Heart Disease beta-blocker for all post MI patients anti-platelet therapy for al patients ACEi’s for patients > 55l years old anti-lipid therapy for patients with dyslipidemia symptoms persist add beta-blocker (if not already using it) + PRN sub-lingual nitrate symptoms persist add nitrate or CCB symptoms persist add CCB or nitrate symptoms persist consider coronary artery revascularization

Figure 2. Treatment Algorithm for Stable Ischemic Heart Disease Adapted from: Ontario Drug Therapy Guidelines for Stable Ischemic Heart Disease in Primary Care. Ontario Program for Optimal Therapeutics. Toronto: Queen’s Printer of Ontario: 2000, 10.

COMMON COLD (ACUTE RHINITIS) EPIDEMIOLOGY

leading URTI; peaks in winter months incidence: adults = 2-4/year, children = 6-10/year organisms: mainly rhinoviruses; others: adenovirus, RSV, influenza, parainfluenza • incubation = 1-5 days • transmission: hand contact with agent; can survive on objects/skin

PREVENTION

avoid contacts; frequent hand washing; avoid hand to mucous membranes

DIAGNOSIS

history • prior episodes, treatments, smoking history, epidemics, sick contacts • respiratory tract symptoms • otalgia, facial/dental pain, h oarseness, sputum, dyspnea, wheezing symptoms • local - sneezing, congestion, rhinorrhea, sore throat, non-productive cough • general - malaise, headache, myalgias, mild fever signs • boggy nasal mucosa with drip, erythematous nasopharynx, +/– enlarged post lymphoid tissue and enlarged lymph nodes • 2 bacterial infection: fever, localized pain, productive cough ˚

MANAGEMENT

patient education • symptoms peak at day 1-3 and usually subside within one week • cough persists for days to weeks • no antibiotics indicated because of viral etiology • 2 bacterial infection can present within 3-10 days after onset of cold symptoms symptomatic relief • hydration • relieve congestion: sympathomimetics, decongestants, expectorants • analgesics and antipyretics: acetaminophen, ASA (not children) • cough suppression: dextromethorphan or codeine ˚



CONTRACEPTION see Gynecology Chapter

HISTORY

relationships, sexual history • presently or previously sexually active? • consensual? • number of previous partners? • age at first intercourse? contraindications and side effects of contraceptive methods current and previous methods of contraception, expectations obstetrical and gynecological history • age of menarche? cycle length, frequency, regularity, flow? LMP? DUB? • last pap, any abnormal paps? • pregnancies and outcomes? STD history

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

blood pressure and breast, abdominal and pelvic exams (including pap +/– STD testing if sexually active) essential

COUNSELLING

benefits and drawbacks of contraceptive methods • warn patients that the OCP does not protect against STDs; use condom • benefits of oral contraceptives • A: anemia decreased • B: benign breast disease and cysts decreased • C: cancer (ovarian and endometrial decreased), cycles regulated • D: dysmenorrhea decreased • E: endometriosis decreased how to use contraceptive methods effectively • how and when to take OCP: wait until next cycle, start pill on first day of next period, take pill at same time each day, let anyone prescribing medications know that she’s on OCP, what to do if she misses a pill role of emergency contraception (differentiate it from abortive methods) • emergency contraception = “the morning after pill” = Ovral (high dose OCP) • given only within 72 h ours of unprotected intercourse • take 2 tablets now (with gravol) and again in 12 hours • counsel re: nausea side effect (gravol, take pills with food); only effective in 75% of cases; if pregnancy is established, there is no risk of harm to the fetus from having taken these pills

References 1.Heath CC, Sulik SM. Contraception and preconception counselling. PRIM CARE; Clinics in Office Practice, march 1997; 24(1):123-33. 2.Glasier A. Drug Therapy: Emergency Postcoital Contraception. NEJM, Oct. 1997;337(15):1058-1064.

DEPRESSION see Psychiatry Chapter lifetime risk of Major Depressive Disorder = 10-25% for women and 5-12% for men often presents as nonspecific, vague complaints; 85% of cases m ay go undiagnosed identification and early treatment improves outcomes

SCREENING QUESTIONS

are you depressed? - high specificity and sensitivity do you have problems sleeping? - for those not willing to admit have you lost interest or pleasure in the things you usually like to do? if yes to screening questions, continue with diagnostic criteria questioning regarding symptomatology

RISK FACTORS FOR DEPRESSION

chronic medical illness comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders (e.g. 70% co-exist with anxiety) family history or personal history of depression stressful life event increased burden of determinant of health (e.g. poverty) isolation

RELATED ISSUES

suicidality and homicidality functional impairment (e.g. work, relationships, etc.) patient initiated self-treatment temporal relationships (e.g. seasonal, chronic, etc.)



DEPRESSION . . . CONT. TREATMENT

phases of treatment • acute phase (6-12 weeks): relieve symptoms in a ll patients • continuation phase (4-9 months): prevent relapse in a ll patients • if maintenance is not required, taper meds over 1-2 months and observe for 6 months • maintenance phase (> 1 year): to prevent recurrence in some patients (those with r ecurrent course, severe episode with suicide attempt, chronic duration of episode)

RISK OF RECURRENCE

after 1 depressive episode = 50% after 2 depressive episodes = 70% after 3 depressive episodes = 90%

Reference: Guidelines for the diagnosis and pharmacological treatment of depression: 1st edition revised. CANMAT, 1999.

DIABETES MELLITUS DEFINITION

diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by the presence of hyperglycemia due to defective insulin secretion, insulin action or both associated with significant long term sequelae; damage to various organs, especially the kidney, eye, nerves, heart and blood vessels

CLASSIFICATION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY

major health concern, personally affecting up to 10% of Canadians leading cause of new-onset blindness and r enal dysfunction Type 1: autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta-cells and prone to ketoacidosis • 10-15% of DM, peak incidence age 10-15 Type 2: ranges from insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency to pr edominant secretory defect with insulin r esistance • 85-90% of DM, peak incidence age 50-55 • risk factors: family history, obesity, prior GDM, age > 40 gestational: diabetes first recognized during pregnancy

DIAGNOSIS Diabetes Mellitus persistent hyperglycemia is the hallmark of all forms of diabetes diagnosis of diabetes mellitus: • symptoms of diabetes (fatigue, polyuria, polydipsia, unexplained weight loss) plus a casual PG value ε 11.1 mmol/L OR • a fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ε 7.0 mmol/L OR • a fasting plasma glucose in the 2-hour sample of the oral glucose challenge test (OGTT)ε 11.1 mmol/L in all cases, a confirmatory test must be done on another day in the absence of unequivocal hyperglycemia accompanied by acute metabolic decompensation Impaired Fasting Glucose (IFG) FPG 6.1-6.9 mmol/L Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT) PG 2 h after 75 g glucose load 7.8-11.0 mmol/L

SCREENING GDM all pregnant women between 24 and 28 weeks gestation, with the exception of those in a very low risk group (lean Caucasian women < 25 years with no personal or family history of diabetes or large babies) Type 2 Diabetes mass screening for type 2 DM is not recommended FPG q3 years in those > 45 years more frequent or earlier testing (or both) if: • a first degree relative with DM • member of a high risk population (eg. Aboriginal, Hispanic, Asian and African descent) • HDL δ 0.9 mmol/L • fasting TGs > 2.8 mmol/L FM16 – Family Medicine


DIABETES MELLITUS. . . CONT. annual testing considered if • history of IGT • presence of complications associated with DM • history of GDM or baby with birth wt over 4 kg • presence of HTN, presence of CAD

MANAGEMENT General Goals of Therapy to avoid the acute complications (e.g. ketoacidosis, hyperglycemia, infection) to prevent long-term complications • microvascular: nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy • macrovascular: CAD, atherosclerosis, peripheral vascular disease to minimize negative sequelae associated with therapies (e.g. hypoglycemia, weight gain) Specific Goals of Therapy fasting or pre-meal glucose • optimal (target goal): 4-7 mmol/L • suboptimal (action may be required): 7.1-10.0 mmol/L • inadequate (action required): >10.0 mmol/L HbA1c • optimal: < 0.07 • suboptimal: 0.07 – 0.084 • inadequate: > 0.084 blood pressure • adults: < 130/80 • children: corresponding ag e-adjusted 90th percentile values lipids • LDL cholesterol δ 2.5 mmol/L • total cholesterol: HDL ratio < 4 • triglyceride level < 2.0 mmol/L Assessment and Monitoring initial assessment • medical history: symptoms, past history, functional inquiry, family history, risk factors, social factors, medications, lifestyle • social and psychological factors: support, finances, insurance • physical exam to monitor eye, thyroid, kidney, foot, nerve, cardiac, and vascular complications • FPG, HbA1c, urinalysis, BUN, creatinine, plasma lipids, ECG, urine dip for proteinuria • ophthalmology consult (type 1 within 5 years, type 2 at diagnosis) • counselling • monitoring: methods, frequency, quality control • hypoglycemia: awareness, symptoms, frequency, treatment, prevention • antihyperglycemic medications: oral agents, insulin; type, dose, self-adjustments q2-4 months • history • diabetes directed history: lifestyle, activity, glucose monitoring, h ypoglycemia (awareness and frequency), use of insulin and oral agents • assess progress toward decreasing long term complications • physical: blood pressure, foot exam • investigations: HbA1c q2-4 mo and FPG as needed • adjust treatment plan if necessary annually • calibrate home glucose monitor • complete neurological exam (and rest of ph ysical examination as per PHE) • ophthalmology consult • dipstick analysis of screen for gross proteinuria • if negative, microalbuminuria screening with a random daytime urinary albumin:creatinine ratio yearly in Type 2; yearly after 5 years, post-pubertal in Type 1 • if positive, a 24 hour urine test for endogenous creatinine clearance rate and microalbuminuria every 6-12 months • fasting lipid profile including total, HDL, LDL cholesterol and TG levels • resting or exercise ECG if appropriate (age > 35 years) Nonpharmacologic Management diet • all people with DM should see a registered dietician • strive to attain healthy body weight • avoid simple sugars; encourage complex carbohydrates • decrease saturated fat to <1 0% of calories physical activity and exercise • promotes CV fitness, increased insulin sensitivity, lower BP and improved lipid profile



DIABETES MELLITUS. . . CONT. Pharmacologic Management see Endocrinology Chapter for details type 1 DM • aim for optimal glucose levels • multiple daily injections (3 or 4 per day) or the use of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) usually required • elevated microalbuminuria (30-299 mg albumin in 24 h ) or overt nephopathy (> 300 mg albumin in urine in 24 h) should be treated with an ACE inhibitor even in the absence of HTN type 2 DM • stepwise approach • for those with a high degree of hyperglycemia (FPG > 10 mmol/L), metformin or a sulfonylurea may be chosen as a first agent • metformin is associated with less weight gain and less hypoglycemia that sulfonyureas but GI side effects may be a limiting factor and it is contraindicated with significant renal or hepatic insufficiency • advance to n ext level if glycemic goals are not achieved within 2-4 months • ACE inhibitors are recommended for all h ypertensive type 2 patients; normotensive patients with elevated microalbuminuria may also benefit from ACE inhibitor therapy References 1998 clinical practice guidelines for the management of diabetes in Canada . Supplement to CMAJ 1998: 159 (8 Suppl). Report of the Working Group on Hypercholesterolemia and other Dyslipid emias. Recommendations for the management and treatment of dyslipidemia. CMAJ May 16, 2000; 162 (10). Ontario Program for Optimal Therapeutics. Ontario guidelines for the pharmacotherapeutic management of diabetes mellitus. Fall 2000.

DIZZINESS EPIDEMIOLOGY

1% of patient visits frequency proportional to age; commonest complaint of ambulatory patients age > 75 Dizziness

Description:

Etiology:

Vertigo (Vestibular) • external world seems to revolve around individual or the individual revolves in space • an “illusion of motion” • a “rocking sensation” Psychogenic Central Peripheral • diagnosis of • brainstem • inner ear exclusion • cerebellar • vestibular nerve • idiopathic • Menière’s • BPV • tumour • stroke • drugs

• tumour • trauma • drugs • infection

Nonvertiginous (Nonvestibular) • a “whirling sensation” • feeling “lightheaded”, “giddy”, “dazed”, or “mentally confused” Vascular

Ocular

• VBI • basilar migraine • TIA • orthostatic hypotension • Stokes Adams • arrhythmia • CHF • aortic stenosis

• decreased visual acuity

Figure 3. Differential Diagnosis of Dizziness

DIAGNOSIS History define and elaborate • vertiginous, non-vertiginous, pre-syncopal, pre-ictal • similar to standing too quickly vs. getting off an amusement ride • step by step explanation of previous diet, feelings, activities and resolutions • dizziness diaries - onset, precipitating factors, timing, duration, alleviators duration • instant (psychogenic) • 1 minute (BPV, vascular, vertebral basilar insufficiency) • minutes to hours (Menière’s) • days (acute vestibular) • months to years (psychogenic, CNS, multisensory loss) FM18 – Family Medicine


DIZZINESS . . . CONT. exacerbations • worse with head movement or eye closure (vestibular) • no change with head movement and eye closure (nonvestibular) associated symptoms • neurologic • transient diplopia, dysphagia, ataxia (TIA, VBI, arrhythmias) • persistent sensory and/or motor deficits (CV, CNS) • audiologic • hypoacusia, tinnitus, otalgia (labyrinthitis, Menière’s, ototoxicity, tumour) • non-specific • nausea, vomiting (usually peripheral; not central) Physical Exam/Investigations syncopal • O/E: cardiac, peripheral vascular, neurologic • ECG, 24h Holter, treadmill stress test, loop ECG, tilt table testing, carotid doppler, EEG vertiginous • O/E: ENT, neurologic • Dix-Hallpike, audiometry, MRI non-syncopal, non-vertiginous • Physical ––> cardiac, neurologic • 3 minute hyperventilation trial, ECG, EEG

MANAGEMENT

see Otolaryngology Chapter dependent on results of history, physical and investigations refer when significant central disease suspected or when vertigo of peripheral origin is persistent or atypical

References 1. Ruckenstein MJ. A practical approach to dizziness: Questions to bring vertigo and other causes into focus. Postgrad Med., March 1995;97(3):70-81. 2. Weinstein BE, Devons CAJ. The dizzy patient: Stepwise workup of a common complaint. Geriatrics, June 1995;50(6):42-49.

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE emotional, physical, sexual, financial abuse

EPIDEMIOLOGY

20-30% of women in clinical setting may be abuse victims • women at 3x greater risk than males • 75% of women sexually/physically abused were assaulted by current/former partner, family member or date • wife assault is leading cause of homicide for Canadian women • MD recognition rates as low as 5% occurs in all socioeconomic, educational and cultural groups with increased incidence in pregnancy, disabled women, age group 18-24 80% of male batterers were abused and/or witnessed wife abuse in their families as children 67% of battered women witnessed their mothers being abused 30-60% chance of child being involved in homes where spousal abuse occurs 5% of elders abused

EFFECTS OF VIOLENCE

psychological: depression, PTSD, suicide attempts, drug/alcohol abuse physical: pain, serious bleeding injuries, bruises, welts, burns (electrical, cigarette, acid), dislocated/broken bones, torn ligaments, perforated eardrums, dental injuries, panic like symptoms (e.g. headaches, chest pain, palpitations) • often labeled as panic attacks or "functional" • injuries often minimized by patient and/or partner; injuries may not fit history multiple visits to the physician with nonspecific complaints

DETECTION AND MANAGEMENT

S - Screen ALL patients (MD often first person to get disclosure) • question and examine woman (or man) alone • ask subtle non-judgmental questions: Sometimes women who present with these symptoms have difficulty in their relationships: Are you having difficulties? • ask direct non-judgmental questions: Are you afraid of your partner? Have you been pushed or shoved? C - Community resources for the abused should be mobilized/provided • marital counseling not appropriate until woman is safe and violence is under control A - Avoid being directive; be supportive and patient R - Reassure patient they are not to blame and spousal abuse is a crime • report suspected or known child abuse (mandatory) • spousal abuse is a criminal act, but not reportable E - Exit plans should be developed to ensure patient safety • women most at risk for homicide when attempting to leave home or following separation D - Document all evidence of abuse (pictures, sketches) and related visits • quote patient directly in chart



DYSPNEA see Respirology and Pediatrics Chapters

DEFINITION

abnormal or uncomfortable breathing in the context of what is normal for a given person

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

respiratory: airway disease (e.g. asthma, COPD), parenchymal lung disease (e.g. pneumonia), pulmonary vascular disease, pleural disease, neuromuscular and chest wall disorders cardiovascular: elevated pulmonary venous pressure, decreased cardiac output, severe anemia anxiety/psychosomatic

HISTORY

dyspnea +/– cough, onset, duration, alleviating and aggravating factors associated symptoms: wheezing, sputum, fever, chills, chest pain, weight loss smoking, alcohol, allergen exposure other respiratory problems/medical conditions current medications and previous tr eatments require oxygen? hospitalizations or ICU stay? determine functional limitation

PHYSICAL

vitals, level of consciousness respiratory exam: cyanosis, clubbing, signs of r espiratory distress, wheezing, crackles, decreased air entry, increased resonance "blue bloaters" (chronic bronchitis) and "pink puffers" (emphysema) cardiovascular exam: peripheral edema, elevated JVP, S3, S4 (cor pulmonale)

INVESTIGATIONS

CBC, differential, oxygen saturation, spirometry, ABG, CXR, ECG, sputum culture the best tool for early identification of COPD is spirometric screening of high risk patients; full PFTs are not required

Table 7. Differentiating COPD from Asthma COPD

Asthma

Age of Onset

usually in 6th decade

any age

Role of Smoking

directly related

not directly related but has adverse effects

Reversibility of Airflow Obstructi on

airflow obstruction is chronic and persistent

airflow obstruction is episodic and usually reversible with therapy

Evolution

slow, cumulative disabling pattern

episodic

History of Allergy

infrequent

over 50% patients

Symptoms

chronic cough, sputum and/or dyspnea

dyspnea, chest tightness, wheeze and cough usually intermittent and of variable intensity

Diffusing Capacity

decreased (more so in pure emphysema)

normal (for pure asthma)

Hypoxemia

chronic in advanced stages

not usually present episodic with severe attacks

Spirometry

may have improvement with bronchodilators but not universally seen

marked improvement with bronchodilators or steroids

Chest X-ray

often normal increased bronchial markings (chronic bronchitis) and chronic hyperinflation (emphysema) often co-exist

often normal or episodic hyperinflation; hyperinflation during asthma attack

Adapted from: Canadian Respiratory Review Panel. Guidelines for the Treatment of Chronic Obst ructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). 1998.



DYSPNEA . . . CONT. MANAGEMENT Asthma environmental control and education (smoking, pets, carpets) pharmacotherapy • short term relief: ß2-agonists qid prn • if using ß2-agonists > 3x/week, need to add regular an ti-inflammatory medication • long term prevention: inhaled glucocorticosteroids are best option for initial anti-inflammatory treatment (initial daily dose equivalent to 200-1000 µg/day beclomethasone dipropionate, generally divided bid) • if asthma control n ot yet achieved and on moderate doses of steroids (500-1,000 µg/day), consider addition of other therapy as an alternative to increased doses of inhaled steroids • e.g. long acting inhaled ß2-agonists, leukotriene receptor antagonists • severe asthma may require additional treatment with prednisone always consider aerochamber to optimize drug delivery by puffer consider turbohaler and disc delivery (powder) patient should seek medical attention if using bronchodilators > 3-4x/week (unless using for exercise) or > 3x/day regularly COPD prevention of further lung damage • smoking cessation • immunization: pneumococcal and influenza vaccines • avoidance of occupational and air pollutants pharmocotherapy • step-wise approach • if regularly symptomatic: ipratropium bromide 20 ug/puff, 2-4 puffs tid-qid + short acting ß2-agonist prn; may use combination therapy (Combivent) to simplify treatment • if using a substantial amount of short acting ß2-agonist or symptoms are greater at night or early morning: consider long acting ß2-agonist • if still regularly symptomatic despite maximum bronchodilator therapy, try 2 week oral corticosteroid trial • if steroid responder (i.e. improvement in post bronchodilator FEV 1 > 20%), switch to inhaled corticosteroids to minimize adverse effects • oxygen • 2-4 L/min 24 hours a day if PaO2 < 55 mm Hg, O2 saturation < 90% or PaO 2 55-59 mm Hg and evidence of cor pulmonale or polycythemia • use antibiotics in treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis References

1. Canadian asthma consensus report, 1999. CMAJ 1999; 161(11 Suppl). 2. Morgan, WC, Hodge, HL. Diagnostic evaluation of dyspnea. American Family Physician. February 15, 1998. 3. Canadian Respiratory Review Panel. Guidelines for the Treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). 1998.

DYSURIA EPIDEMIOLOGY

25% of women experience an episode of acute dysuria per year second most common cause of physician visits by sexually active women (after URTI) non-infectious causes: poor hygiene, allergic r eaction, chemicals, foreign bodies, trauma

Table 8. Etiology, Signs and Symptoms of Dysuria Infection UTI/Cystitis

Etiology

Signs and Symptoms

E. coli, S. saprophyticus,

internal dysuria throughout micturition, frequency, urgency, incontinence, hematuria, nocturia, back pain, suprapubic discomfort, low grade fever (rare)

Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas

Urethritis

C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhea

herpes, Vaginitis

Trichomonas, Candida

Candida, Gardnerella, Trichomonas, C. trachomatis,

initial dysuria, history of chlamydia/gonorrhea if no vaginal discharge vaginal discharge, irritation, dyspareunia, external dysuria (when urine comes in contact with inflammation on outside)

atrophic, herpes, condylomata accuminata, Doderlein’s cytolysis Pyelonephritis

same organisms as cystitis


internal dysuria, fever, chills, flank pain radiating to groin, CVA tenderness


DYSURIA. . . CONT. INVESTIGATIONS

urine dipstick, R&M, C&S if vaginal discharge present: microscopy (“wet mount”), KOH test, pH culture for yeast and Trichomonas endocervical swab for N. gonorrhea and C.trachomatis ; urethral specimen for Chlamydia will increase positive yield by up to 30%

MANAGEMENT (see Gynecology and Urology Chapter) UTI/Cystitis 1st line: TMP-SMX double dose BID X 3 days, trimethoprim or nitrofurantoin 2nd line: amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin pregnant women with bacteruria must be treated even if asymptomatic Urethritis gonorrhea: cefixime 400 mg po single dose or ceftriaxone 250 mg IM single dose chlamydia: azithromycin 1 g po in single dose or doxycycline 100 mg BID X 7 days) always treat for both and r eportable to Public Health all patients should return 4-7 da ys after completion of therapy for clinical evaluation Pyelonephritis inpatient: ampicillin and gentamicin outpatient: TMP-SMX, ciprofloxacin, n orfloxacin or other fluoroquinolone

FATIGUE EPIDEMIOLOGY

13% of office visits to family physicians; 20-30% of office visits to primary care physicians • peaks in ages 20-40 • women 3-4x > men fatigue of < 6 months duration in adult m ost commonly has psychosocial causes (up to 80%) chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) found in < 5% of cases that present with fatigue

APPROACH Fatigue < 6 Months Duration (refer to Table 9) most commonly psychosocial causes, especially work, marital or financial stress, grieving a recent loss, or history of abuse physical causes of fatigue are less common than psychosocial causes and can usually be diagnosed by a focused history and physical examination laboratory investigations for fatigue should be used only when specific diagnoses, suggested by history and physical examination, are identified see guidelines in Table 9 for approach to fatigue < 6 months duration • guidelines in Table 9 are based on level 3 evidence (descriptive studies and expert opinion); no level 1 or 2 evidence exists • these guidelines are intended for adult patients only; in general, children should be investigated more rigorously Fatigue > 6 Months Duration must determine if patient meets criteria for CFS

MANAGEMENT

specific treatment for specific causes if etiology undetermined (most cases) • physician support, r eassurance and follow-up very important • behavioural or group therapy • aerobic exercise program (keep it simple: 30 minutes per day of walking) • inquire about herbal medications (patients are often embarrassed/intimidated to discuss this subject) • review all medications, watching for drug-drug interactions and side effects • prognosis after 1 year, 40% are no longer fatigued



FATIGUE. . . CONT. Table 9. Guidelines for Investigating Adult Patients with Fatigue of Less than 6 Months Duration Investigation

Always Perform?

Perform only in these situations

Appropriate assessment for presence of anxiety of depression?

Yes

Appropriate assessment of current life stresses and past trauma and abuse

Yes

Focused history and physical with special emphasis on medications, existing chronic illnesses, and presence of infection, particularly viral

Yes (to determine whether lab investigations are necessary)

Hemoglobin test

No

• presence of symptoms, e.g. pallor, tachycardia, dyspnea • dietary or FHx suggesting risk of anemia • > age 65*

WBC count

No

• fever or other evidence of infection • weight loss, lymphadenopathy • > age 65*

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

No

• evidence of inflammatory arthritis • concern about occult malignancy • > age 65*

Electrolytes

No

• taking meds known to affect electrolytes, e.g. diuretics, steroids • indication of medical condition (Cushing’s, Addison’s, parathyroidism)

Renal function tests (urea, creatinine, urinalysis)

No

• taking meds known to a ffect renal function • signs or symptoms associated with renal disease (hypertension, edema, pruritus)

Glucose

No

• history of GDM (women)

• known dx of DM • polydipsia, polyuria • unexplained peripheral neuropathy • > age 65* TSH

Chest X-ray

No

No

• goiter • hx of thyroiditis • symptoms and signs of hypothyroidism • > age 65* • smoker with cough or hemoptysis (espe cially if > age 50)

• hx of occupational exposure (e.g. asbestos) • exposure to tuberculosis Other investigations

• as indicated by history and physical • weight loss and cha nges in bowel habits should prompt GI investigations

* The elderly are not well represented in the literature. The group’s consensus, after consultation with experts in care of the elderly, is to lower the thr eshold for investigation in this group Reference: Godwin, M et al. Investigating fatigue of less than 6 months duration. Canadi an Family Physician. February, 1999. Vol 45, p 373-379.

CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME(myalgic encephalomyelitis) Definition (CDC 1994) presence of unexplained, persistent fatigue, not relieved by rest, which results in occupational, social and personal difficulties, and with no identifiable medical or psychological cause concurrent presence of at least four of the following symptoms for a minimum of six months • impairment of short-term memory or concentration, severe enough to cause a substantial reduction in the patient’s normal activities • sore throat • tender cervical or axillary lymph nodes • muscle pain, multi-joint pain with no joint swelling or redness • new headache • unrefreshing sleep • post-exertion malaise lasting more than 24 h ours MCCQE 2006 Review Notes Family Medicine – FM23

FATIGUE. . . CONT. fatigue must be a n ew, not lifelong, condition with a definite time of onset often first appears as a viral URTI marked by some combination of fever, headache, muscle aches, sore throat, earache, congestion, runny nose, cough, diarrhea, and fatigue Epidemiology F>>M, Caucasians > other groups, majority in their 30s proposed causes: likely multifactorial; can include infectious agents and immunological factors, neurohormonal factors, psychological factors Approach full history and physical mental status examination no specific laboratory tests that diagnose CFS initial tests: CBC, ESR, ALT, protein, albumin, ALP, Ca, PO 4 , glucose, BUN, electrolytes, creatinine, TSH, urinalysis, additional tests as clinically indicated Differential physical diagnoses • anemia, sleep apnea, medications, Hep B and C, orthostatic hypotension, adrenal function, SLE, narcolepsy, neoplasia, severe obesity, MS, Cushing’s syndrome psychiatric diagnoses • EtOH and drug abuse, generalized anxiety, dementia, schizophrenia, compensation syndrome, bipolar syndrome, eating disorder, personality disorder, major depression, somatoform disorder Treatment based on good ph ysician/patient relationship an understanding physician can limit frequent requests for consultation and avoid demand for excessive investigations select medications based on target symptoms, expected side effect profile, contraindications, patient preference, cost • muscle pain: TCA, muscle relaxants • sleep dysregulation: antidepressants and get patient to wake before 10 AM • depression: antidepressants • fatigue: no known treatment Course 3% have complete resolution and 17% have improvement within 18 months favourable outcomes are seen in th e following • patient attitude • maintaining employment • maintaining the greatest number of physical activities possible • healthy sleep habits; excessive rest should be discouraged • changes in various habits in order to encourage adjustment to fatigue • patient's conviction that fatigue is caused by non-organic factors

HEADACHE ETIOLOGY

see Neurology Chapter diagnostically and therapeutically useful to divide into primary and secondary primary headaches • migraine, tension type and cluster h eadaches most common • usually recurrent and have n o organic disease as their cause secondary headaches • caused by underlying disease, ranging from sinusitis to subarachnoid hemorrhage

RED FLAGS FOR HEADACHE

headache beginning after 50 years of age: temporal arteritis, mass lesion sudden onset of headache: SAH, mass lesion (esp. posterior fossa) increasing in frequency and severity: mass lesion, subdural hematoma, medication overuse new-onset headache in patient with risk factors for HIV infection or cancer: meningitis (chronic or carcinomatous), brain abscess (in cluding toxoplasmosis), metastasis headache with signs of systemic illness (fever, stiff neck, r ash): meningitis, encephalitis systemic infection, collagen vascular disease focal neurologic signs or symptoms of disease (other than aura): mass lesion, AVM, stroke, collagen vascular disease papilledema: mass lesion, pseudotumour cerebri, meningitis headache subsequent to head trauma: intracranial hemorrhage, subdural hematoma, epidural hematoma, post-traumatic headache



HEADACHE. . . CONT. EPISODIC TENSION-TYPE HEADACHE Diagnostic Criteria A. at least 10 previous headache episodes fulfilling criteria B through D; number of days with such headaches: less than 180 days per year B. headache lasting from 30 minutes to 7 days C. at least two of th e following pain characteristics 1. pressing or tightening (nonpulsating) quality 2. mild or moderate intensity 3. bilateral location 4. no aggravation by walking stairs or similar routine physical activity D. both of the following: 1. no nausea or vomiting (anorexia may occur) 2. photophobia and phonophobia are absent, or one but not the other is present Management acute: acetaminophen 500-1,000 mg q4-6h, NSAIDs, muscle relaxants preventative: ß-blockers, TCA, education, counselling, stress management, exercise, dietary changes early follow-up to monitor response

CLUSTER HEADACHE Diagnostic Criteria A. at least five attacks fulfilling criteria B through D B. severe unilateral, supraorbital and/or temporal pain lasting 15 to 180 minutes (untreated) C. headache associated with at least one of the following on the pain side 1. conjunctival injection 2. lacrimation 3. nasal congestion 4. rhinorrhea 5. forehead and facial sweating 6. miosis 7. ptosis 8. eyelid edema D. frequency of attacks: one attack every other day to eight attacks per day Management acute: oxygen 6 L/min for 15 minutes is 70% effective, nasal lidocaine 4% solution intransally on ipsilateral side prevention: methylsergide is treatment of choice, corticosteroids, lithium carbonate, calcium channel blockers, valproic acid

MIGRAINE HEADACHES

85% are common migraine (without aura) 15% are classical migraine (with aura): transient visual or sensory symptoms lasting 10-30 minutes between prodrome and headache

Diagnostic Criteria for Migraine Without Aura A. at least 5 attacks fulfilling criteria B through D B. each attack, untreated or unsuccessfully treated, lasts 2 to 72 hours C. at least 2 of the following pain characteristics 1. unilateral location 2. pulsating quality 3. moderate or severe intensity 4. pain aggravated by walking up/down stairs or similar routine physical activity D. during headache, at least on e of the following 1. nausea and/or vomiting 2. photophobia and phonophobia Diagnostic Criteria for Migraine With Aura A. at least two attacks fulfilling criterion B B. at least three of th e following characteristics: 1. one or more fully reversible aura symptoms indicating focal cerebral cortical and/or brain stem dysfunction 2. at least one aura symptom develops gradually over > 4 minutes or two or more symptoms occur in succession 3. no aura symptom lasts more than 60 minutes 4. headache follows aura, wih a free interval < 60 minutes (headache may also begin before or simultansously with aura) auras = visual symptoms like fortification spectra (zig zags), scintillating scotoma (spots) and teichopsia (flashing lights))



HEADACHE. . . CONT. Triggers heredity plus environmental: stress, stress let down, fatigue, increased/decreased sleep, fasting, caffeine, menstruation, ovulation, OCP, EtOH, food with tyramine (cheese), ph enylethylamine (chocolate), nitrites, MSG, weather changes Physical Examination/Investigations primary purpose is to identify causes of secondary headache vital signs (BP and HR), fundoscopy, cardiovascular assessment, palpation of head and face, complete neurological exam investigations only if considered to be ominous in n ature Management reassurance, lifestyle changes, removal of triggers pharmacotherapy (indicated if headaches threaten to disrupt the ability to function normally) • mild attacks (minimal disruption to daily activities) • ASA, ibuprofen, naproxen, no published studies to show acetaminophen works • moderate attacks (moderate disruption to daily activities) • NSAIDs: ibuprofen, n aproxen • selective 5-HT receptor agonist: sumatriptan or other tryptan (PO or SC) (not concurrently or within 24 h of ergotamine or DHE) • non-selective 5-HT receptor agonist: DHE (SC, IM or IV), ergotamine (patient specific, some find side effects outweigh benefits) • severe attacks (complete disruption to daily activities, impaired efficiency and severe discomfort) • 1st line: DHE (SC, IM or IV), sumatriptan (PO or SC), metoclopramide (IV preferred), chlorpromazine (IV or IM), prochlorperazine (IV or IM) • alternate if above ineffective: ketorolac, dexamethasone • last resort: meperidine Table 10. Usual Clinical Features Tension Headache incidence

very common

age of onset

15-40

sex bias

more females

Common Migraine common

variable, can be daily

triggers

stress or fatigue

not common 10-30

family history of headache frequent

headache frequency

Classic Migraine

Cluster Headache uncommon 20-40

more females

mostly males

very frequent

infrequent

variable, but “never” daily stress, fatigue, menstruation oral contracept ives, certain foods, alcohol, weather changes,

daily during cluster

alcohol, only during cluster

lights, odors onset during sleep

extremely rare

warning

none

location

bilateral, frontal or nucho-occipital

severity

mild to moderate

exacerbators

stress or fatigue

movement, head jarring, head-low position

none

concomitants

none

nausea, sometimes vomiting, photophobia, sonophobia, etc.

unilateral suffusion of eye with ptosis and tearing stuffing and rhinorrhea of ipsilateral nostril

duration of headache

hours to days

examination during

little distress; sometimes tense tender scalp and neck

headache

not uncommon

none

typical visual or sensory aura

often unilateral, sometimes bilatera l

moderate to severe

hours to “all day” - seldom more than two days mild to severe distress, tenderness of scalp arteries

none unilateral, orbital, temporal, and malar

extremely severe

20-90 minutes severe distress, eye changes as noted above

muscles

Table Source: Usual Clinical Features of Headaches, (Sandoz, Headache, 1992 Edition), by John Edmeads References 1. Edmeads, J. Headache. 1997 edition 2. Randall-Clinch. C. Evaluation of acute headaches in adults. American Family Physician. Vol 63, no 4, February 15, 2001.



HYPERTENSION EPIDEMIOLOGY

most common outpatient diagnosis (20% of population) estimated 50% undiagnosed and only 16% ha ve adequate HTN control risk factors: family history, age, male, obesity, and alcohol/tobacco use

DEFINITION Table 11. Classification of Blood Pressure dBP (mmHg) < 90 90 - 104 105 - 114 > 115

normal BP mild hypertension moderate hypertension severe hypertension

sBP when dBP < 90 mmHg < 140 140 - 159 > 160

normal BP borderline isolated systolic hypertension isolated systolic hypertension

Accelerated Hypertension significant recent increase in BP over previous hypertensive levels associated with evidence of vascular damage on fundoscopy but without papilloedema Malignant Hypertension sufficient elevation in BP to cause papilloedema and other manifestations of vascular damage (retinal hemorrhages, bulging discs, mental status changes, increasing creatinine) not defined by absolute level of BP, but often requires BP of at least 200/140 develops in about 1% of hypertensive patients Isolated Systolic HTN sBP > 160 mmHg, dBP < 90 mm Hg associated with progressive reduction in vascular compliance risk factor for CVD and IHD

usually begins 5th decade; up to 11% of 75 year olds

ETIOLOGY(see Nephrology Chapter)

essential (primary) hypertension (90%) • undetermined cause renal hypertension (5%) • renal parenchymal disease (3%) • renovascular hypertension (< 2%) endocrine (4-5%) • oral contraceptives (4%) • primary hyperaldosteronism (0.5%) • pheochromocytoma (0.2%) • Cushing’s syndrome (< 0.2%) • hyperparathyroidism (< 0.2%) coarctation of the aorta (0.2%) enzymatic defects neurological disorders drug-induced hypertension (e.g. prolonged corticosteroid use) hypercalcemia from any cause watch for labile, "white coat" hypertension

DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION

average of 2 readings where sBP >140 and/or dBP > 90 on three separate visits over 6 months if BP > 140/90, but < 180/105 at initial visit, four other visits over 6 months necessary to diagnose HTN (B) patients with target-organ damage can be diagnosed as h ypertensive at/after visit 3 (B) patients presenting as a hypertensive urgency are diagnosed as hypertensive at their initial visit (D)



HYPERTENSION. . . CONT. Elevated BP at 1st visit 2 more readings at same visit and arrange 3 further visits over 6 months Search for Target Organ Damage Review Medical Record AND Assess Risk Factors * age * male gender * postmenopausal * smoking * high cholesterol * glucose intolerance * LVH

Diagnostic Tests Prior to Visit 3

Ask * Hx angina or MI? * Hx TI A/stroke?

* Hx of peripheral vascular insufficiency?

* Hx renal disease? * Exogenous causes: > excess EtOH? > OCP? > conj. estrogens? > NSAIDs?

Examine * cardiovascular system * respiratory system * neurological exam * include fundoscopy for retinopathy

BP < 140/90 mmHg on Last Diagnostic Visit? (< 130/80 for those with DM)

YE S Target Organ Damage?

NO F/U yearly

YE F/U q 4-6 mos S

* urinalysis * CBC * serum creatinine * K + , Na+ * fasting serum glucose * fasting total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TGs * standard 12 lead ECG * consider CXR

NO Lifestyle modification and/or pharmacological therapy

Figure 4. Approach to Hypertension Adapted from: The Canadian Hypertension Society, 1999.

suspect secondary causes and consider further investigations if • onset of HTN before age 30 or after age 60 • HTN refractory to treatment • accelerated or malignant hypertension • suspicious clinical situation • presence of paroxysmal headache, palpitations and diaphoresis may suggest pheochromocytoma • presence of renal bruits may indicate renovascular hypertension • presence of hypokalemia and hypernatremia may suggest hyperaldosteronism

THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS General Considerations target BP should be < 140/90 • < 130/80 for those with DM • correction need not be rapid referral is indicated for cases of refractory hypertension, suspected secondary cause or worsening renal failure hospitalization is indicated for malignant hypertension follow-up • nonpharmacological • q 3-6 months • pharmacological • q 1 month until 2 BP readings < target • more often for symptomatic HTN, severe HTN, antihypertensive drug intolerance, target organ damage • q 3-6 months once at target BP Nonpharmacological therapy smoking cessation alcohol restriction (C) to low risk drinking guidelines (see Alcohol section) salt restriction (B) to maximum of 90-130 mmol (3-7 g) per day saturated fat intake reduction weight reduction (B) if BMI > 25 (at least 4.5 kg) regular aerobic exercise (B); moderate intensity, 50-60 min, 3-4x/week behavioural therapies (B) (see Stress Management section) potassium/calcium supplements (B) NOT recommended above suggested daily dietary intake (60 mmol for potassium) FM28 – Family Medicine


HYPERTENSION. . . CONT. Indications For Pharmacological Therapy < 60 years of age • average dBP > 100 mmHg (A) or sBP > 160 mmHg (B) • average dBP > 90 mmHg with hypertensive target organ damage, diabetes mellitus, renal disease or cardiovascular disease (A – C) • average dBP > 90 mmHg with independent cardiovascular risk factors (i.e. family history) (B – D) > 60 years of age • average dBP > 105 mmHg (A) or sBP > 160 mmHg (B) • average dBP > 90 mmHg with hypertensive target organ damage, diabetes mellitus, renal disease or cardiovascular disease (A – C) • average dBP > 90 mmHg with independent cardiovascular risk factors (i.e. family history) (B – D) Reference: McAlister FA, Levine M, Zarnke KB et.al. The 2000 Canadian recommendations for the management of hypertension: Part one. Ca n J Cardiol 2001 May; 17(5):543-59.

Pharmacological Therapy patients under 60 years old • initially: monotherapy with thiazide diuretic (low dose: < 50 mg/d HCTZ) (A), a beta-adrenergic antagonist (B), an ACE inhibitor (B) or a long acting dihydropyridin e CCB (B) • if partial response: substitute another drug from the above group • if still not controlled: try other classes of anti-hypertensives in monotherapy or in combination and search for reasons for poor r esponse to therapy (i.e. noncompliance) (D) • alpha-blockers are not recommended as first-line agents (A) patients over 60 years old • initially: low-dose thiazide diuretic (A), a long-acting dihydropyridine CCB (A) or an ACE inhibitor (B) • if partial response: substitute another drug from the above group • avoid hypokalemia in patients taking thiazides • beta-adrenergic blockers (A) and alpha-blockers (A) are not recommended as first-line agents for uncomplicated hypertension • if partial response to monotherapy: combination therapy (D) • if still not controlled: try other classes of anti-hypertensives (D) Reference: McAlister FA, Levine M, Zarnke KB et.al. The 2000 Canadian recommendations for the management of hypertension: Part one. Can J Cardiol 2001. May; 17(5):543-59.

for patients with complicated hypertension (those with co-morbidities): choose antihypertensive agent based on the individual patient (see Figure 5 and Table 12) Home BP Monitoring consider if patient is • suspected to be noncompliant (B) • has diabetes mellitus (D) • suspected of having “white-coat hypertension” consider elevated if home BP > 135/85 (B) only monitoring devices that h ave met Association for Medical Instrumentation OR British Hypertension Society standards should be used (D) patients should be provided with adequate training (D) accuracy of home BP monitoring device must be checked regularly against a mercury-column sphygmomanometer (D) Ambulatory BP Monitoring consider for treated patients suspected of having the following symptoms (B) • “white-coat hypertension” (office induced increased BP) • symptoms suggestive of hypotension • fluctuating BP readings • apparent resistance to drug therapy only devices that have been validated independently using established protocols should be used (A) any decision to withhold drug therapy based on ambulatory BP should take into account normal values for 24 hrs (B), awake ambulating BP and changes in nocturnal BP (A) Factors Adversely Affecting Prognosis presence of additional modifiable risk factors presence of uncontrollable risk factors • early age of onset, male sex, family history evidence of target organ damage malignant h ypertension Reference: Feldman RD, Campbell N, Larochelle P, Bolli P, Burgess ED, Carruthers SG, et. al. 1999 Canadian recommendations for the management of hypertension. CMAJ 1999;161 (12 Suppl).



HYPERTENSION. . . CONT.

e r e v e s h t i w ( s r e k c o l b ß

t o N

e v i t a n

g n i t s i x e o C h t i w n o i s n e t r e p y H f o t n e m t a e

d e d n e m m o c e R

c i g o l o c a m

. 2 1 e l b a

k s i R r o n o i t i d n o C

e d i b r o s o s i + e n i z a l a r d d I y I n a h A

. g e , s t s i n o g a t n a

E C A , s r e k c o l b ß

l a i d r a c o y M t t r n e a e c e H R / c a i n i m e g h n c s A I •

s c i t e r u i d e e d i v z i t a i E i d C h t d A ( a

t r a e H e v i t s e g n o C

t u o h t i w s r e k c o l b ß

d e t a s c t i s g l i p n n i o t m c g o a a c t n y n l u a l a r r o t f I n I s a A e c

d e t a c i l p m o c n u r o f s a

h t i w s r e e s k o c d E l o b w C o A l ß

e s o d h g i h

g n i t c a y l l a r c t n i e m c o , n s r o e t k u c a o t h l i b - w (

ß

t o n s i a t i u m b e , c s r e i d i u r z e a p i y h t h

ß

s t s i n o g a t n a

s t s i n o g a t , l n o a l o d n i p , l o l o t e b a l

r o t p e c e r I I A

E C A

E C A

ß , s r o t i b i h n i E C A

e s

n i c i n i d l o i o r g t a s e y t y s p o S o r n a d d h t y i w h 2 o i l d W

n o s + t n g i e n t i r a a p p s r o f m u s c i i s t s r a e t u o i p d

e n i d i r y p o r d y h i d

) 0 9 / 9 6 1 > P B ( , l o l a t e b a l

e v i t i , s r d o d a t i s b i a e h s s c n i o i d E E t e r w u C C i o A A l d

r a l u c s a l a r e h p i r e P

s e t e b a i D

l a n e R

c i t e m i m o h t a p m y s c i s n i r t n i = A S I

Adapted from: Feldman RD, Campbell N, Larochelle P. et al. 1999. Canadia recommendations for the management of hypertension. CMAJ. 1999; 161 (12 suppl.).



HYPERTENSION. . . CONT.

Co-Existing Medical Conditions and/or Target Organ Damage

Inadequate response or adverse effects

Partial Response

Partial Response

Not Controlled or Adverse Effects

Figure 5. Pharmacological Treatment of Hypertension Adapted from: The Canadian Hypertension Society, 1999.

LOW BACK PAIN see Orthopedics and Neurosurgery Chapters

DEFINITION

activity intolerance due to lower back or back-related leg symptoms acute if < 3 month duration

ETIOLOGY

50% of working-age adults, of whom 20% seek medical care 4-5% of primary care visits (lifetime prevalence 90%) largest WSIB category most common cause of chronic disability for persons < 45 years old 90% resolve in 6 weeks, 5% become chronic

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

98% mechanical cause (e.g. soft tissue injury, disc injury, spondylosis, spondylolisthesis, fracture, stenosis) systemic disorder (e.g. malignancy, infection, ostoporosis) neurologic cause (e.g. myopathy, neuropathy) referred pain (e.g. perforated ulcer, pyelonephritis, ectopic pregnancy, AAA, hip disorder)

HISTORY

symptoms (pain, numbness, weakness, stiffness), duration, onset impact on daily function (how long can you sit, stand, walk)



LOW BACK PAIN. . . CONT. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

inspection of spine: curvature, posture palpation: paraspinal, bony tenderness ROM of back: flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation straight leg raise, femoral stretch (positive if pain at < 70 degrees, aggravated by dorsiflexion of ankle), crossover pain (straight raise of well limb elicits pain in leg with sciatica) neurologic exam (muscle strength, circumferential measurement (significant if difference is > 2 cm), reflexes, sensory exam)

INVESTIGATIONS

routine testing (labs, plain films) not recommended during first month of activity limitation, except when red flag i s noted or physiologic evidence of tissue insult or neurologic dysfunction CBC, ESR, urinalysis (infection, tumor) bone scan (infection, tumor, occult fracture) CT, MRI (neural, soft tissue damage)

MANAGEMENT

provide reassurance and education if no underlying serious condition • 90% of low back pain will recover spontaneously in 6 weeks recommend comfort measures • > 4 days bed rest has potentially debilitating effects and no pr oven efficacy • activity alterations to avoid back irritation (lift objects close to body, use soft support placed at small of back, armrests when sitting) • encourage return to n ormal activities as soon as possible • encourage low-stress aerobic exercise (condition trunk muscles after 2 weeks) pharmacological • NSAIDs • acetaminophen • NOT muscle relaxants or opiods (poor tolerance, drowsiness) physical methods • manipulation of low back during first month of symptoms without radiculopathy • NO proven efficacy of traction, massage, heat or cold, U/S, cutaneous laser treatment, TENS, needle acupuncture, injection procedures (with corticosteroids, lidocaine, opiods) if no improvement after one month of conservative therapy consider further investigations order x-rays and appropriate labs in presence of any Red Flags consider surgery when there is clinical evidence of n erve root irritation or neurological deficit after one month of conservative therapy

RED FLAGS BACK PAIN

• B: bowel or bladder dysfunction • A: anesthesia (saddle) • C: constitutional symptoms/malignancy • K: chronic disease • P: paresthesias • A: age > 50 • I: IV drug use • N: neuromotor deficits surgical emergencies • cauda equina syndrome: fecal incontinence, urinary retention, saddle anesthesia, decreased anal tone • abdominal aortic aneurysm: pulsatile abdominal mass medical conditions • neoplastic (primary, metastatic) • infectious (osteomyelitis, tuberculosis) • inflammatory(seronegative spondyloarthropathies) • metabolic (osteoporosis with fractures, osteomalacia, Paget's disease) • visceral (prostatitis, endometriosis, pyelonephritis, pancreatitis) Reference: Acute Low Back Problems Guideline Panel. Acute Low Back Problems in Adults: Assessment and Treatment. Ameri can Family Physician Feb 1, 1995; 52(2): 469-484



MENOPAUSE/HRT see Gynecology Chapter

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Canadian female life span = 81.2 years mean age of menopause = 51.4 years a woman will spend over 1/3 of her life in menopause risk of CAD and osteoporosis increases dramatically after menopause

CONTRAINDICATIONS TO HRT

A: acute liver disease/chronically impaired liver B: bleeding (undiagnosed vaginal) C: cancer (breast or uterus) D: DVT (acute vascular thrombosis or thromboembolic disease)

MANAGEMENT

encourage physical exercise and vitamin D/calcium supplements routine use of HRT still controversial examples of HRT routines • cyclic estrogen + progesterone • continuous estrogen + progesterone • estrogen ring • estrogen gel • raloxifene (SERM)

OBESITY DEFINITION

obesity is an excess of body fat body mass index (BMI) = kg/m2 (WHO Classification) • normal range: 20-25 • overweight: 25-30 • obese: 30-40 • morbidly obese: > 40 BMI has a correlation of 0.7-0.8 with body fat content in adults waist-hip ratio (WHR) = circumference of the waist divided by the circumference of the hips • may be a better predictor of the sequelae associated obesity than BMI (central adiposity) • men > 1.0, women > 0.8, shown to predict complications from obesity, independent of BMI

EPIDEMIOLOGY

close to 50% of adult Canadians are overweight and ~20% obese increasing prevalence of childhood obesity in many countries, including Canada and U.S. (prevalence doubled in the U.S. in the last 20 years) 1/3 of obese individuals binge eat only 10-15% of population consume < 30% fat

DIAGNOSIS

complete diet history: include past attempts to lose weight, successes, obstacles, goals calculate BMI and waist-hip ratio (see above) assess patient's self-image • does patient feel underweight, overweight, or normal? • does patient feel that weight interferes with health? with activities? • screen for eating disorders (see Psychiatry Chapter) personal/family history of obesity/nutrition problems • strong genetic component (70-80% risk with 2 obese parents) review of systems: include sleep habits, apneic spells, OTC medication (e.g. laxatives) physical exam • directed at pertinent positives from review of s ystems • respiratory capacity • weight bearing joints

INVESTIGATIONS

discretionary • fasting fractionated lipid profile • sleep study • exercise tolerance testing



OBESITY . . . CONT. MANAGEMENT

success in weight control occurs when > 50% of weight loss is maintained at one year • discuss nutrition-related problems • heart disease, obesity, h ypertension, osteoporosis, anemia, dental decay, cancer, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory compromise, high lipids, diabetes, sleep apnea, osteoarthritis use Canada's Food Guide as a teaching guide counselling on diet (when applicable); stress weight maintenance if currently in healthy weight range • discourage fad diets: no long-term benefits • there is no ideal weight, but rather a range of healthy weights

Treatment Approaches behaviour modification • very effective, low side effects • daily records of foods eaten (eating slower and less) • change environment, preparation styles, etc. • lose about 0.5 kg/week • rewards when goal achieved (not food!) • positive self-affirmation exercise • associated with long-term weight maintenance • 50-60 minutes, 3 times per week group support • Weight Watchers, Overeaters Anonymous • uses behaviour modification • high attrition rates (up to 80%) pharmacological • sibutramine (Meridia), appetite suppressant; inhibits NE and 5-HT reuptake; not associated with primary pulmonary HTN or heart valve abnormalities • orlistat (Xenical), reduces fat absorption; pancreatic lipase inhibitor surgery vertical band gastroplasty and gastric bypass

NATURAL HISTORY

obesity is a chronic problem, refractory to most treatments after 5 years, < 30% of patients maintain > 25% of lost weight complications of obesity include • higher incidence of adult-onset diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia • increased risk of certain cancers (colon, rectum, prostate, gallbladder, biliary tract, breast, cervix, endometrium, ovary), cholelithiasis, obstructive sleep apnea, venous thromboembolism, and osteoarthritis • lower quality of life by limiting mobility and physical endurance, through social, academic, and job discrimination

OSTEOARTHRITIS see Rheumatology Chapter

DEFINITION

condition of synovial joints characterized by focal cartilage loss and an a ccompanying reparative bone response

ETIOLOGY

most common joint disease, affects 10-12% of population age > 65, almost everyone shows signs based on x-ray, but only 33% of these will be symptomatic age < 45, more frequent in males; age > 55, more frequent in females primary OA is mostly r elated to aging (wear-and-tear phenomenon) causes of secondary OA include obesity, repeated trauma or surgery to joint structures, congenital abnormalities, gout, diabetes, and other h ormone disorders

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

disease primarily affects cartilage • progressive breakdown of articular cartilage that lines joint surfaces • dense, smooth surface bone formation at base of cartilage lesion and formation of osteophytes at joint margins multi-factorial disease process (biochemical, biomechanical, inflammatory, immunologic)

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

pain with weight bearing, improved with rest early morning stiffness or gelling tender to palpation, bony enlargement, crepitus, limitation of movement pseudolaxity of collateral ligaments develops with degeneration of cartilage usually affects distal joints of hands and feet, spine, and large weight-bearing joints (hips, knees)



OSTEOARHTRITIS . . . CONT. INVESTIGATIONS

there are no laboratory tests for the diagnosis of OA radiographic features: • joint space narrowing • subchondral sclerosis • subchondral cyst formation • heterotopic ossification (marginal osteophytes)

MANAGEMENT

goals: relieve pain, preserve joint motion and function, prevent further injury and wear of cartilage biomechanical factors: weight loss, use of canes/crutches, correct postural abnormalities, proper shoe support, exercise (OT/PT) pain control • first choice: acetaminophen 500 mg tid titrated to a maximum dose of 1 g qid (OA is not an inflammatory disorder) • then NSAIDs, Naprosyn 500 mg bid or ibuprofen 600 mg qid (does not alter natural course of OA) • topical analgesics (capsaicin, methylsalicylate creams) • opiod analgesics in acute flare (codeine) • then corticosteroid (intra-articular injection may be h elpful in acute flares, oral/parenteral therapy not indicated) surgery, joint arthroplasty may relieve pain, stabilize joints, improve function; total joint arthroplasty successful for the knee and hip chondrocyte harvesting, expansion in vitro, and reimplantation is being in vestigated

Reference: Ontario Treatment Guidelines for Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, and Acute Musculoskeletal Injury, June 2000. Ontario Musculoskeletal Therapeutics Review Panel

OTITIS MEDIA (ACUTE) see Otolaryngology Chapter

DEFINITION

sudden onset of inflammation of the middle ear associated with an effusion and one or more of th e following: pain, fever, irritability

EPIDEMIOLOGY

most common diagnosis in pediatric age group most common reason for treatment with antibiotics peak incidence 6 months to 2 years old

HISTORY

fever, otalgia, ear pulling, otorrhea vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, irritability, lethargy recent URI

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION/DIAGNOSIS

E.M.I.L.Y.Method of TM Examination E = Where is the Erythema? (be aware of normal areas of erythema and tympanic flush when child crying) M = Are the long and short processes of the Malleus visualized? Is the pars flaccida bulging? I = Use I nsufflation to detect mobility of tympanic membrane. L = Is the Light reflex fully visible? Y = Check the colour on/behind the TM ( Yellow)

ETIOLOGY

bacterial: S. neumoniae(34%), H. influenza(24%), M. catarrhalis (13%) viral: RSV, CMV, rhinovirus

MANAGEMENT

antibiotics (treat for 10 days) • 1st line: amoxicillin, TMP-SMX • 2nd line: amoxicillin/clavulinate, cephalosporins • symptoms should resolve within 72 h ours controversy over antibiotic use • trend exists toward a decrease in antibiotic use • studies show that 60% of children are pain free within 24 hours of presentation without antibiotic use • children receiving antibiotics have almost twice the amount of vomiting, diarrhea, and rashes bacterial and viral vaccines currently being developed



SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES HISTORY Sexual History sexually active? types of a ctivities? (oral, anal and/or vaginal intercourse) at what age did you become sexually active? sex with men, women or both? while traveling, were you sexually active with strangers? which countries? number of partners in th e past life/year/month/week? duration of involvement with each? problems related to sexual activity (dyspareunia, premature ejaculation, obtaining/maintaining an erection, reaching orgasm, lubrication, premature ejaculation, not interested, being forced) STD History are you aware of STDs? ever had one? ever been tested? contraception history symptoms such as genital burning, itching, discharge, sores, vesicles associated symptoms such as fever, arthralgia, lymphadenopathy last PAP test and results have you discussed this with your partner?

PATIENTS AT RISK

sexually active males and females < 25 y.o. most at risk • contact to known case of STD • street involved and/or substance use • unprotected sex • new or > 2 partners in past 6 mos • previous STD

ORGANISMS

bacteria: Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae viruses: HSV, HIV, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus (especially IV drug users), syphilis

PREVENTION

counsel regarding the risks of HIV (homosexuality is not a risk factor, unprotected sex and especially anal sex are risk factors), hepatitis and other STDs counsel about sexual practices; abstinence, condoms (male/female), immunization against hepatitis A and B urinate after sexual contact

DIAGNOSIS/INVESTIGATIONS

PHE recommends screening in high risk groups for: • HIV (A recommendation) • Gonorrhea(A recommendation) • Chlamydia(B recommendation) examine for ulcer/papules test for HSV if lesions serology for VDRL, hepatitis B

Females see Gynecology Chapter Males if mucopurulent dischar ge and/or presence of dysuria AND/OR Gram stain shows > 4 leukocytes per oil immersion, test for Gonorrhea and Chlamydia, screen for other STDs • if > 4 leukocytes per oil immersion field and presence of Gram n egative intracellular diplococci, then treat for Gonorrhea and Chlamydia • if > 4 leukocytes per oil immersion and NO intracellular diplococci treat only for Chlamydia • evaluate and treat partners immediately if tests are positive for patient • follow-up visit: repeat the diagnostic test if s ymptoms and signs persist • if abnormalities persist consider other diagnosis (i.e. n on-infectious causes, n on-bacterial prostatitis) if clear discharge AND < 4 leukocytes per oil immersion field • test for Gonorrhea and Chlamydia • screen for other STDs • treat depending on result • evaluate and treat partners of positive cases • follow-up visit as above

MANAGEMENT

an STD patient is not considered treated until the management of their partner(s) is(are) ensured Gonorrhea: cefixime 8 mg/kg po x 1 dose (max. 400 mg) Chlamydia: azithromycin 10-15 mg/kg po x 1 dose (max.1 g) cefixime and azithromycin preferred for contact management, even in absence of positive tests and symptoms genital herpes: 1st episode: acyclovir 400 mg tid 5-7 days; recurrent episode with prodrome: acyclovir 400 mg tid x 5 days; chronic suppresive therapy: acyclovir 400 mg bid po syphilis: benzathine penicillin G 2.4 to 7.2 million U im bacterial vaginosis: metronidazole 500 mg po bid x 7 days yeast: OTC topical treatment, imidazole or fluconazole 150 mg po single dose T. vaginalis: metronidazole 2 g po single dose



SKIN LESIONS see Dermatology Chapter

ETIOLOGY

60% of all cutaneous diagnoses are seen by non-dermatologists comprises 7% of office visits to family physicians

Top 10 Diagnoses by Family Physicians dermatitis • contact/irritant dermatitis • pruritic, inflammatory reaction that progresses from erythema to vesiculobullous exanthem • caused by a delayed cellular (type IV) hypersensitivity mechanism • Tx: symptomatic care (cool water, moisturizing lotion), antihistamines/acetaminophen/ibuprofen for pruritus • xerotic eczema (winter itch) • occurs in the winter and in the elderly on the legs, arms, and hands • characterized by dry, cracked, fissured skin and pruritus • Tx: avoid overbathing with soap, room humidifiers, tepid water baths with oils with application of moisturizing cream after drying, medium-potency corticosteroids applied BID until eczema clears, topical alpha-hydroxy acids (such as glycolic acid or lactic acid) • stasis dermatitis • chronic dermatitis of the lower legs in people with chronic venous in sufficiency • mild pruritus, pain (if an ulcer is present), aching discomfort in the limb, swelling of the ankle, nocturnal cramps • atopic dermatitis (infantile eczema) • see Pediatrics Chapter pyoderma viral wart Tinea (unguis – nails, pedis – foot, cruris – perineum, corporis – body, capitis – scalp) epidermoid cyst Candida acne vulgaris benign tumors dermatosis, NOS actinic keratosis

SLEEP PROBLEMS DEFINITION

most often characterized by one of thr ee complaints: • insomnia – inability to initiate sleep or inability to maintain sleep, such as frequent nighttime or early-morning wakenings • excessive daytime sleepiness • parasomnias – unusual occurrences during sleep insomnia affects 1/3 of population at some time, persistent in 10%

ETIOLOGY

primary sleep disorders • obstructive sleep a pnea, insomnia, restless legs syndrome, narcolepsy secondary causes • medical/surgical (COPD, asthma, CHF, h yperthyroidism, chronic pain) • drugs (EtOH, caffeine, nicotine, beta-agonists, thyroxin, steroids, theophylline) • psychiatric disorders • lifestyle factors (shift work)

HISTORY

take thorough sleep history from patient and bed partner • onset and persistence of symptoms, including any changes over weekends/vacations • chief sleep symptom (initial insomnia, waking at night) • medical, job, or stress-inducing events at time of onset and whether these factors have persisted • presence of medical or psychiatric conditions that could affect sleep • collateral from bed partner (snoring, movements, apneic episodes, sleep paralysis) • impact of sleep complaint on patient’s quality of life • sleep hygiene (regularity of sleep time, sleep environment, use of stim ulants such as caffeine, etc.) • family history of sleep disorders • treatments attempted and their effectiveness • drug and alcohol use



SLEEP PROBLEMS . . . CONT. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION/INVESTIGATIONS

keep sleep log, which tracks time in bed, time asleep, wakenings, etc. address specific medical problems (CBC with differential, TSH) sleep study referral if primary cause is suspected (for n ighttime polysomnogram or daytime multiple sleep latency test)

MANAGEMENT

treat and manage any suspected medical cause promote good sleep hygiene (avoid caffeine, nicotine, EtOH; exercise regularly; use bed only for sex, sleep, sickness; comfortable sleep environment; go to bed when drowsy) patients can develop tolerances or dependencies to many of th e medicines; pharmacological interventions should be used for the short term drug therapies may be periodically changed; patients may take "drug h olidays" for one or two weeks once or twice each year

STRESS-INDUCED INSOMNIA

majority of cases may persist well beyond the event that brought the onset of the condition person reacts to the insomnia with fear or anxiety around bedtime or with a change in sleep hygiene can progress to a chronic disorder (psychophysiological insomnia)

Treatment improve sleep hygiene (do not use bed for viewing television, eating, or other wakeful activities), avoid daytime naps, do n ot lie awake in bed for long periods, avoid caffeine or alcohol biofeedback and other self-control techniques, including restriction of wakeful time in bed, may be effective hypnotic agents and TCAs may be appropriate as short-term treatment

PERIODIC LIMB MOVEMENTS OF SLEEP (PLMS) AND RESTLESS LEG SYNDROME

RLS characterized by an uncomfortable feeling usually in the calves that is relieved by activities such as walking RLS is a waking disorder that is almost always accompanied by nighttime PLMS PLMS (also known as nocturnal myoclonus) is characterized by frequent leg or arm jerks during sleep, and may occur in the absence of RLS PLMS sufferers may complain of insomnia or EDS but be unaware of their limb jerks diagnosis: confirmed by polysomnography treatment: clonazepam, temazepam

CIRCADIAN RHYTHM DISORDERS

result either from an internal "clock" that is not in sync with society's sleep-wake cycle, or from difficulty in readjusting the internal clock to changes such as a rapid change in time zones (jet lag) • e.g. non-24-hour sleep-wake cycle, shift work disorder treatment: sleep hygiene, "chronotherapy" (sleep is progressively phase delayed until bedtime is at an acceptable time), bright-light exposure, antidepressants, benzodiazepines, opioids, melatonin(?)

PARASOMNIAS

abnormal occurrences during sleep may or may not result in complaints of insomnia or EDS sleepwalking and night terrors (periods of apparently intense anxiety often accompanied by loud cries; occur while the individual is still asleep and are not associated with specific dreams) • often seen in children • usually outgrow the disorder, but may require psychotherapeutic treatment sleep paralysis • normally associated with narcolepsy, can occur in non-narcoleptic patients • can usually be left untreated, but does respond to low dosages of TCAs

EXCESSIVE DAYTIME SLEEPINESS (EDS)

chronic sleep deprivation – may not be getting enough sleep narcolepsy • clinical presentation: EDS and unusually early episodes of REM phase during sleep, cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations • family history is likely • confirmed by sleep study • treatment: optimal sleep hygiene and scheduled daytime naps, CNS stimulants for EDS, anticholinergics and antidepressants (trazadone) for cataplexy obstructive sleep apnea • objective indices of severity elicited by polysomnography should include a h igh index of respiratory disturbances per hour, repetitive episodes of hypoxemia, and an abn ormally shortened sleep latency • treatment: oral/dental appliances, CPAP, surgical intervention



SMOKING EPIDEMIOLOGY

70% of smokers see a physician each year 70% of smokers report that they want to quit and have made one serious attempt to quit single most preventable cause of death responsible for 80% of lung cancers, COPD, cardiovascular disease highest prevalence among ages 25-34 15% of smokers smoke > 25 cigarettes/day see Community Health Chapter for Stages of Change

HISTORY

smoking habits: amount, duration, frequency, time of day gain from smoking (e.g. weight loss, decreased anxiety, social relationships) personal concerns about smoking and quitting foreseen benefits from quitting interest in quitting (a person will only quit if they are willing) previous attempts and results medical situation: cough, SOB, asthma, COPD, HTN social situation: other smokers in family/social network nicotine dependence preoccupation or compulsion to use impairment or loss of control over use continued use despite n egative consequences minimization or denial of problems associated with use

MANAGEMENT

enhance motivation to quit • relevance: medical conditions, family/social situation • smoking risks • short-term – SOB, asthma exacerbation, impotence, infertility • long-term – heart attacks, strokes, lung cancer, COPD, other cancers • environmental – increased risk in spouse/children of lung CA, SIDS, asthma, respiratory infections • rewards: improved h ealth, better-tasting food, saving money, good example to children, freedom from addiction relapse prevention • highest relapse rate within 3 months of quitting • minimal practice – congratulate, encourage abstinence on each visit; review benefits, problems • prescriptive interventions – address problems with weight gain, negative mood, withdrawal symptoms, and lack of support; offer recommendations • anticipate problems self-help materials • remove ashtrays/lighters • increase high fibre snacks/gum • increase aerobic exercise • self-reward

Nicotine Gum indications: patient preference, failure with nicotine patch, contraindication to patch relative contraindications: pregnancy, cardiovascular diseases, mouth soreness, dyspepsia dosage: 2 mg (< 30 pieces/day), 4 mg (< 20 pieces/day if failed 2 mg treatment or highly dependent on nicotine); 1 piece q1-2 hours for 1-3 months abstain from smoking acidic beverages (soft drinks, coffee, juice) interfere with absorption and should be avoided 15 minutes before and during chewing chew until “peppery” taste emerges, then “park” between gum and cheek to facilitate nicotine absorption (chew-park intermittently for 30 minutes) Nicotine Patch preferable for routine clinical use compared to gum continuous self-regulated amount of ni cotine decreases craving and/or withdrawal will not replace immediate effects of smoking habit or pleasure indications: nicotine dependent, high motivation to quit smoking contraindications: smoking while on patch relative contraindications: pregnancy, skin reaction, cardiovascular diseases duration of treatment: 4-12 weeks usually adequate dose: 21 mg/d X 6 weeks, then 14 mg/d X 2 weeks, then 7 mg/d X 2 weeks



SMOKING . . . CONT. Bupropion (Zyban/Wellbutrin) acts on dopaminergic (reward) and noradrenergic (withdrawal) pathways contraindications: seizure disorder, alcoholism, eating disorder, recent MAOI use, current pregnancy; caution if using SSRI (reduction of seizure threshold) dose: 150 mg bid x 1-10 wks; may vary with amount the patients smokes patient continues to smoke for first week of treatment and then completely stops (therapeutic levels reached in one week) recommend abstinence from alcohol due to risk of toxic levels with liver dysfunction side effects: headache, insomnia, dry mouth, weight gain follow-up: set firm dates continue to monitor/support, do not give up if failed

PROGNOSIS

most relapses occur in first year most try > 5 times before quitting

Reference: AHCPR Smoking Cessation Guidline (in JAMA 1996, vol. 275(16):1270-1280)

SORE THROAT ETIOLOGY Viral most common cause, often mimics bacterial infection occurs year round more common in preschool children and those with nasal symptoms Adenovirus • primarily summer months, lasts 5 days • pharyngitis, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, fever Coxsackie virus • primarly late summer, early fall • sudden onset fever, pharyngitis, dysphagia, vomiting • appearance of small vesicles that rupture and ulcerate on soft palate, tonsils, pharyx • ulcers are pale gray, several mm in diameter, have surrounding erythema, may appear on hands and feet (hand, foot and mouth disease) Herpes simplex virus • like coxsackie virus but ulcers are fewer and larger EBV (infectious mononucleosis) • pharyngitis, tonsilar exudate, fever, lymphadenopathy, fatigue, rash Mycoplasma pneumoniae • nonexudative pharyngitis, fever, h eadache, malaise progressing to cough, pneumonia Bacterial Group A ß-hemolytic Streptococci (GABHS) • most common bacterial cause • most prevalent between 5-17 years old and in winter months • four classic symptoms • fever • tonsillar or pharyngeal exudate • swollen, tender anterior cervical nodes • absence of cough • complications • rheumatic fever • glomerulonephritis • suppurative complications (abscess, sinusitis, otitis media, pneumonia, cervical adenitis) • meningitis • impetigo • spread of disease to others • Note: incidence of glomerulonephritis is not decreased with antibiotic treatment • see Table 13 for approach to diagnosis and management of GABHS • some feel laboratory confirmation should be done in: children from 5-15 years, those with previous rheumatic heart disease, family members of individuals with previous rheumatic heart disease and young adults in closed communities (i.e. military recruits, college students, etc.) others: eisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia, Candida, Corynebacterium diphtheriae



SORE THROAT . . . CONT. INVESTIGATIONS AND MANAGEMENT Suspected GABHS gold standard for diagnosis is throat culture (refer to Table 13 for indications for throat culture) rapid test for streptococcal antigen only 50-90% sensitive but 95% specific • if rapid test positive, treat patient • if rapid test n egative, take culture and call the patient, if culture positive start antibiotics no increased incidence of rheumatic fever with 48 h our delay in treatment Penicillin V is drug of ch oice; erythromycin if penicillin allergic follow-up throat culture for GABHS after antibiotic therapy only recommended for patients with history of rheumatic fever, patients whose family member has history of acute rheumatic fever, suspected strep carrier Suspected Viral Pharyngitis symptomatic therapy for viral pharyngitis: acetaminophen/NSAIDs for fever and muscle ach es, decongestants Table 13. SORE THROAT SCORE (Approach to diagnosis and management of GABHS)* POINTS 1 1 1 1 1 0 –1

Is COUGH ABSENT? Is there a HISTORY OF FEVER OVER 38ºC (101ºF)? Is there TONSILLAR EXUDATE? Are there SWOLLEN, TENDER ANTERIOR NODES?

Age 3-14 years Age 15-44 years Age > 45 years In communities with moderate levels of strep infection (10% to 20% of sore throats):

SCORE 0

1

Chance that patient has strep throat

2-3%

3-7%

Suggested action

No culture or antibiotic

2 8-16%

3 19-34%

Culture all, treat only if culture is positive

4 41-61% Culture all, treat with penicillin on clinical grounds1

1

Clinical grounds include a high fever or other indicators that the patient is clinically unwell and is presenting early in the the c ourse of the illness. If the patient is allergic to pe nicillin, use erythromycin. * Limitations: * This score is not applicable to patients less than 15 years of a ge. * If an outbreak or epidemic of illness caused by GAS is occuring in any community, the score is invalid and should not be used. Adapted from: Centor RM et al., Med Decis Making 1981; 1: 239-246; McIsaac WI, White D, Tannenbaum D, Low DE, CMAJ 1998; 158(1):75-83.



Family Medicine

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