GD&T Book Complete

TMC GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING & TOLERANCING Level II Design Engineering Produced by: Tony M Consulting Pty. Ltd. 25 Clifton Court, McLaren Vale SA 5171 AUSTRALIA Phone/Fax +61 8 83237893 E-mail: [email protected] ABN: 73 073 348 455

T MC

GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING & TOLERANCING (GD&T) Curriculum Outline & Introduction 1

Tony M Consulting Pty. Ltd

T MC PHILOSOPHY OF DESIGN Roll of design Engineers in Industry Engineering Structures Cost Effective Design How & Why things can ‘Go Wrong’ Communications (Role of GD&T) Function Myths The Engineers ‘Crutch’ Conventions & National Standards


2

1

T MC DATUM THEORY What is a DATUM ? 3-Plane Concept. Datum Features - Planes - Cylinders - Targets Effect of Size & Form Gauge/Inspection Datum Set-up Practical exercises 3


T MC GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS Symbols (General Outline). Detailed Discussion, application techniques, Interpretations & practical exercises.


a)

Flatness, Straightness, Roundness & Cylindricity

b)

Profiles of Lines & Surfaces

c)

Parallelism, Perpendicularity & Angularity

d)

Runout, True Position, Concentricity & Symmetry

e)

True Position in depth

4

2

T MC PRACTICAL TOLERANCING A] Capturing DESIGN INTENT B] Application C] Interpretation D] Drawing Practice E] Gauging F] “Significant Characteristics”

5


T MC FMEA & GD&T Function Matrix Co-ordination & interaction

WORKSHOP Critique of drawings Review of real examples from your organization


6

3

T MC T h e R ole o f D esign E n g ineers in Ind u stry

The major function of a Design Engineer in Industry today is to Develop information which permits an idea or concept to be converted into a physical object or system that precisely meets the functions of that idea or concept.

The Design Engineer plays a pivotal role in manufacturing organizations

7


T MC Design – A Definition

The PHYSICALISATION of the IMAGINATION


8

4

T MC Engineering Structures Traditional: The traditional structure in Manufacturing Industries is to have a special Department with its own hierachy. This is further broken down into specialist engineering functions, such as Product Design,Manufacturing Engineering, Testing etc.

9


T MC Engineering Structures Modern:

Engineers are incorporated into “Multi-Functional” teams with specific project responsibilities. The teams usually have members with different disciplines, ie. Engineers(their sub-disciplines are dependent on the project ), Manufacturing, Quality, Marketing, Purchasing, Finance, MIS, etc. Under this type of structure accountability is through the “Team Leader” who may or may not be an Engineer. The ability of the engineer to communicate accurately, under this structure is even more demanding than in the “traditional” structure.


10

5

T MC

In order to be able to do his/her job properly the engineer must be trained to understand the following:

1) Laws of Physics as they apply to the concept 2) Mathematics 3) Mechanical systems, their functions & their environmental limitations 4) Various materials available, their characteristics & applicability 5) Any Legal or other demands relevant to the application of the concept 6) Costing 7) Testing methods 8) Performance evaluation techniques (statistics) 9) Manufacturing 10)Using TOOLS Effectively (eg. CAD)

11) Effective “Engineering Communications” 11 Tony M Consulting Pty. Ltd

T MC An Engineer’ s capability is measured according to how well he/she applies that training to ensure that the resulting system efficiently performs the idea/concept’ s function, ie,

SKILL In order to demonstrate the above capability the Engineer must be able to COMMUNICATE his/her system requirements in a way that can be UNDERSTOOD


12

6

T MC

C O S T E F F E C T IV E D E S IG N Every COMPONENT drawing in whatever form has a cost C O S T

S K I L L

No. Made

No. Made

C O S T

SKILL

The above curves apply to all enterprises, whether producing components, works of art or making component drawings. Tony M Consulting Pty. Ltd

13

T MC There are many examples in the World which demonstrate that ‘poorly executed’ drawings/specifications of an excellent concept will create a poor reputation for Manufacturing & Reliability in the Market place, While well executed drawings/specifications can make a mediocre/conservative concept achieve an excellent reputation for Manufacturing & Reliability etc. in the Market place.

Well executed Drawings/Specifications also minimize problems & delays in the process from Concept to Production.


14

7

T MC Things That can Go Wrong Common Problems in Manufacturing Industry Example A A component is submitted for Off Tool Sample approval & found not to perform properly with its interacting components.

WHY ? 1) The component was not made to drawing because:a) The supplier made a mistake b) The Supplier Mis-interpreted the Drawing

15


T MC Things That can Go Wrong

Example A (cont’ d) 2) The component was made to the Drawing BUT:a) The Engineer/Draughtsman made a mistake b) The Engineer/Draughtsman put INCORRECT information on the Drawing because he/she did not understand fully the FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP with its interacting components.


16

8

T MC Things That can Go Wrong Common Problems in Manufacturing Industry Example B A component is submitted for Off Tool Sample approval which(after an extensive test program) was found to work satisfactorily with its interacting components, although it does NOT CONFORM to the Drawing

WHY ? 1) The Supplier process was not capable of producing parts within the Specified tolerance range & making changes to the tooling would jeopardise the cost &/or the program timing.

17


T MC Things That can Go Wrong

Example B (cont’ d) 2) The Engineer/Draughtsman did not investigate the TRUE tolerance allowance for the feature(s) because:a) He/she ‘played safe’ in allocating the tolerance(s) b) he/she did not understand/investigate the true FUNCTIONAL VARIABLES of the component with its INTERACTING components.


18

9

T MC These examples are intended to illustrate some of the problems that can affect a Company’ s relationship with a Customer or the effective operations within the Company. Highlighted are the effects of not understanding or using the means of communication properly between Designers, Engineers or Draughtsmen with those responsible for making the Components/Assemblies.

19


Cost of correction

T MC

Design

Prototype

Tooling

Pilot Prodn. Serial Prodn.

In Market

Prod. Recall

Error Detection Stage Tony M Consulting Pty. Ltd

20

10

T MC IMPORTANT! Engineering drawings & specifications are “LEGAL DOCUMENTS” 1] In respect to contract between Supplier & Customer. 2] In respect to ‘Product Liability’ issues that can arise from the market place

21


T MC

COMMUNICATIONS Communications between Human Beings is by means of “LANGUAGE”


22

11

T MC

To UNDERSTAND and, to ensure that you convey the true meaning of your Feelings, Needs, Ideas etc., the LANGUAGE MUST BE LEARNED 23


T MC All languages have common attributes:SOUNDS are used to communicate feelings, needs, ideas etc. directly to another person or group who understand the spoken language.

SYMBOLS are used to communicate

feelings, needs, ideas etc. to another person or group who are remote and understand the written language.


24

12

T MC WRITTEN communication is also NECESSARY when continuous reference is required to ensure that the information does not change from one reading to the next. Reliance on VERBAL communication used in conveying PRECISE information can lead to many mistakes & so be sources of conflict.

25


T MC Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing System -Is the Language that Engineers use to communicate their requirements of a component or an assembly so that the end product meets the DESIGN INTENT-


26

13

T MC WHY USE GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING? Why is it that we should be so interested in this subject? FIRST AND FOREMOST ITS USE SAVES MONEY! It saves money directly by providing for maximum producibility of the part through maximum production tolerances. It provides "bonus" or extra tolerances in many cases. It ensures that design dimensional and tolerance requirements, as they relate to actual function, are specifically stated and thus carried out. It adapts to, and assists, computerization techniques in design and manufacture. It ensures interchangeability of mating parts at assembly. It provides uniformity and convenience in drawing delineation and interpretation, thereby reducing controversy and guesswork. 27


T MC WHY USE GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING? Aside from the primary reasons stated before there are others of a more general nature: “ The intricacies of today's sophisticated engineering design demand new and better ways of accurately and reliably communicating requirements. Old methods simply no longer suffice.” “ Diversity of product line and manufacture makes considerably more stringent demands of the completeness, uniformity, and clarity of drawings.” “ It is increasingly becoming the "spoken word" throughout industry, the military, and internationally, on engineering drawings & documentation. Every engineer or technician involved in originating or reading a drawing should have a working knowledge of this new state of the art.”


28

14

T MC

FUNCTION How do we define “ FUNCTION” There are TWO entities that require consideration from an engineering aspect: 1) An ASSEMBLY (or Sub-assembly) 2) An individual COMPONENT

29


T MC FUNCTION 1) An ASSEMBLY (or Sub-assembly)

An Assembly (or Sub-assembly) is a group of components that are joined together and/or interact, such that for a given physical INPUT manipulates that input to create an OUTPUT which achieves a desired objective.


30

15

T MC

FUNCTION 2) An Individual COMPONENT A COMPONENT is a single piece within an Assembly (or Sub-assembly) that has essential characteristics/features which interact with other components in order that the Assembly (or Subassembly) can reliably perform its design intent.

31


T MC

Define the CONDITIONS & EXPECTATIONS for the Functions Corrosion Resistance

Environment

Temperature/Humidity Ageing (Accelerated)

Customer Life Expectation

Number of Cycles Fatigue

Interacting Features

Critical Features

Strength

& Legal Requirements

Specifications

Mass Manufacturability


32

16

T MC

Function Loss Matrix Refer ISO/QS 9000 PPAP Manual

1) List all the Features of the Component/system/assembly. 2) Indicate which features have a DATUM function 3) Determine the Criticality/Severity Rating if those features are OUTSIDE the Specification [L-Low, M-Medium or H-High] 4) Indicate each feature’ s dependence [datum reference] 5) Indicate the control symbol(s) appropriate to each feature 6) Review the Matrix 33


T MC

Design Function/Relationship Matrix (Dimensioning)

Component/Sub-Assy. Pt. No. Datum Feature

Prim

Seco n

Criticality Rating Tert.

Siz e

Positio n

Shap e

Control Symbol Prim. Datum

Sec. Datum

‘A’ Surface ‘B’ Hole ‘C’ Hole ‘D’ Thicknes s ‘E’ Width Etc.


34

17

T MC

MYTHS 1) Using GD&T increases Cost !! Proper use of GD&T reduces cost by MAXIMISING the tolerances of features. It is provable that the cost of production of a feature increases according to the inverse of the size of the tolerance

35


T MC

MYTHS 2) Computer generated Data/Drawings are precise & do not require additional information !! Complex surfaces such as “styled” features must still be located in a ‘mechanical environment’ within an acceptable tolerance. Eg. A instrument panel surface profile must be located so that it fits properly in its environment so that the overall style of the interior of the vehicle meets the designers intent.


36

18

T MC

MYTHS 3) GD&T can not be applied to all situations !! GD&T is not just the use of a library of symbols, but a LANGUAGE to communicate design intent. If a situation occurs during the establishment of functional requirement of a feature that is not covered by the standard library then the requirement can be noted using the GD&T principles to convey that requirement. Use the GD&T language/vocabulary in a combination that truly conveys the DESIGN INTENT

37


T MC What is the Engineer’s “ CRUTCH” ? That note on the drawing that classifies the tolerance according to the number of decimal points on the feature dimension. 0 ---------- +/- 1 mm 0.0---------+/- 0.2 mm 0.00--------+/- 0.1 mm


38

19

T MC

What should we do instead? 1) Refer to the Function Matrix for guidance to evaluate the REAL tolerance requirement. 2) Are there any formal standards that cover the function that is required? Eg, Hole/shaft fits, Injection moulding tolerances, codes of practice etc. 3) Consider how the feature will be Manufactured, & what is the relative cost in Tooling & Piece cost.


39

T MC International Standards & Conventions Agreement between US ANSI/ASME & ISO Standards covering GD&T is about 90 – 95% . Other national standards such as Australian Stds. Are generally aligned with ISO. Overall it can be considered that the GD&T “language” is UNIVERSAL in its application & understanding. Ie, no matter which ethnic group needs to know what the designers intent is, can understand, provided the GD&T language is understood.


40

20

T MC

Standards necessary for GD&T coverage ANSI/ASME Y14.5M The following documents must be considered when adopting ISO/GD&T standards 1. 15011101Technical Drawings Geometrical tolerancing Technical Drawings Positional tolerancing 2. ISO/54583.

ISO/5459-

Technical Drawings Datums and Datum Systems

4. 5.

ISO/2692-

Technical Drawings Maximum material principle

ISO/3040-

Technical Drawings Cones

6.

ISO/1660-

Technical Drawings Profiles

7.

ISO/129ISO/406-

Technical Drawings General principles Technical Drawings Linear and angular dimensions

ISO/10578

Technical Drawings Projected tolerance zones

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

ISO/2692:1988/DAM 1 Technical Drawings Least material principle ISO/8015 Technical Drawings Fundamental tolerance principle ISO/7083 Technical Drawings Symbols proportions ISO/10579 Technical Drawings Non-rigid parts

Additional 1S0 standards involved: 1. ISO/1000 - SI Units 2. 3. 4. 5.

ISO/286 ISO/TR5460 ISO/2768-2 ISO/1302

6.

ISO/2768-1

7.

Other peripheral standards on screw threads, gears, drills, welding, etc., may also be required for coverage beyond Y 14.5 for product design.


- Limits & Fits Technical Drawings-Verification principles General geometrical tolerances - Surface Texture Tolerances for linear and angular dimensions

41

T MC Complete Symbols List

Items Marked # are not described in detail in this course as they are self explanatory


42

21

T MC GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING & TOLERANCING (GD&T) Session 1 43


T MC

Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing System-Is

the Language that Engineers use to communicate their requirements of a component or an assembly so that the end product meets his -DESIGN INTENT-


44

22

T MC FUNCTION An ASSEMBLY (or Sub-assembly) is a group of components that are joined together or interact such that for a given physical INPUT manipulates that input to create an OUTPUT which achieves a desired objective A COMPONENT is a single piece within an Assembly (or Sub-assembly) that has essential characteristics/features which interact with other components in order that the Assembly (or Subassembly) can perform its DESIGN INTENT. 45


T MC

Fundamental Dimensioning Rules[Y14.5]

1] Each dimension shall have a tolerance, except those dimensions specifically identified as reference, maximum, minimum or commercial stock size. 2] Dimensioning & tolerancing will be complete so there is full definition of each part feature 3] Dimensions shall be selected & arranged to suit the function & mating relationship of a part & shall not be subject to more than one interpretation. 4] The drawing should define a part without specifying manufacturing methods 5] A 90° angle applies where centrelines & lines depicting features are shown on a drawing at right angles, & no dimension is shown.

6] A 90° angle applies where centrelines of features in a pattern – or surfaces shown at right angles on a drawing – are located & defined by BASIC dimensions, & no angle is specified. 7] Unless otherwise specified, all dimensions are applicable at 20°C. 8] All dimensions & tolerances apply in a free state condition (unless otherwise specified). This principle does not apply to “non–rigid” parts. 9] Unless otherwise specified, all geometric tolerances apply to the full depth, length & width of the (subject) feature. 10] Dimensions & tolerances apply only at the drawing level where they are specified. A dimension specified on a detail drawing is NOT mandatory for that feature on the assembly 46 drawing.

23

T MC “ Rule #1: Where only a tolerance of size is specified, the limits of size of an individual feature prescribe the extent to which variations in its form – as well as its size – are allowed.” [Y14.5] ie Perfect form at MMC or the Envelope rule 47


T MC

RFS “ Rule #2:

Regardless of Feature Size [RFS] applies, with respect to individual tolerances, datum references or both where no modifying symbol is specified. [Y14.5]


Examples:

0.12

A

C

0.12 M A M

RFS is the default condition in the absence of any “modifier”.

Maximum Material Condition

B

C

B L

Least Material Condition

48

24

T MC What is a Tolerance ??

A TOLERANCE is the TOTAL amount by which a feature may vary from the perfect conditions of Structure, Size, Shape and/or Position while the “ Design Intent” is maintained.

49


T MC

DATUM THEORY What is a DATUM ? 3-Plane Concept. Datum Features - Planes - Cylinders - Targets Effect of Size & Form Gauge/Inspection Datum Set-up Practical exercises


50

25

T MC

What is a DATUM ?? A DATUM is:1) A theoretically exact point, axis or plane derived from the true geometric counterpart of a specified ‘datum feature’ . 2) The origin from which the location of geometric characteristics of features of a part are established.

51


T MC

Degrees of freedom

To stabilize a part in Space All 6 Degrees of Freedom MUST be controlled


52

26

T MC

Attributes of a “ cylinder” as a Datum feature

Cylindrical form may be a hole, spigot or shaft.

53


T MC


Problem of IMPLIED Datums

54

27

T MC CONTROL SYMBOLS

XXX

BASIC

MAX. MATERIAL CONDITION TANGENT PLANE

LEAST MATERIAL CONDITION

DATUM

FREE FORM

DIAMETER

PROJECTED TO:-

A

DATUM TARGET

CR

CONTOLLED RADIUS

ST

Statistical Tolerance

55


T MC

Control Symbols BASIC

XXX.XX

“ BASIC” dimensions are only used to LOCATE Tolerance Zones

A A1


DATUM TARGET

DATUM This edge to be located at the feature or surface nominated as the datum

Used to indicate points or areas on a surface which together form the “ DATUM” reference. 56

28

T MC

Problem of IMPLIED Datums

CONFUSION!!!! 57


T MC

EXAMPLES WITH DATUMS

NO CONFUSION!!!!!

58 Tony M Consulting Pty. Ltd

29

T MC

Datum prioritisation – why?

59


T MC

ESTABLISHING DATUM PLANES FROM DATUM SURFACES/FEATURES – 3 PLANE CONCEPT- DATUM REFERENCE FRAME

ESTABLISHING THE DATUM PLANES


60

30

T MC Datum Plane (Surface)

61


T MC

Datum Plane (Surface)

Surface nominated as Datum

Note! Datum symbol is NOT at the feature size Tony M Consulting Pty. Ltd

62

31

T MC

DATUM TARGET SYMBOLS

Datum Target Symbols are used to establish datum planes & part orientation 63


T MC


DATUM TARGETS

64

32

T MC

DATUM TARGETS

2

1

3

65


T MC

Surface to surface [Formed part] Secondary Datum

Tertiary Datum

Primary Datum Tony M Consulting Pty. Ltd

66

33

T MC Partial Surface datum target Pressure Applied to simulate function Less than Height tolerance

Functional location 67


T MC

Requires ‘Flatness’ or similar callout


?

68

34

T MC

Locations on Casting surface for Machining

69


T MC

Feature nominated as Datum

Feature nominated as Datum

Establishing Datum Centre Planes from Datum Features

Surface nominated as Datum

Note! RFS

CAUTION! The FUNCTIONAL requirements should be carefully considered before use


70

35

T MC

Axial Location [position] established by Datum Target Secondary Datum

Primary Datum

71


T MC


Features as Datums

72

36

T MC

Attributes of a hole[cylinder] as a Datum feature

73


T MC


Attributes of a hole[cylinder] as a Datum feature

74

37

T MC

Features as Datums

75


T MC


Features as Datums

76

38

Features as Datums

T MC Datum features

Datum Surface

77


T MC


Feature Pattern as Datum

78

39

T MC


Features as Datums

79

T MC 1] The Datum Feature Simulator is the surface of Manufacturing or Verification equipment

2] The Datum Axis is derived from the Datum Feature Simulator Note! Simulated Datum Features are used as the practical embodiment of the Datums during manufacture & Inspection Tony M Consulting Pty. Ltd

80

40

T MC

SURFACE(3) (wedge)

SURFACE(2)

PIVOT(2)

PIVOT(1)

SURFACE(1) + Feature(hole)

PIVOT(3) 81


T MC

BELLCRANK Ø0.75 in

3.002 in

Ø1.125 in

Ø0.813 in 5 in

4.251 in 1.501 in

0.49 in


82

41

T MC Nominate the DATUM features that are used to control the fasteners locations B B

A

A 83

Tony M Tony Consulting M Consulting Pty. LtdPty. Ltd

T MC


Nominate the DATUM features that are used to control the locations of the COVER & KEY to the BODY

84

42


XXX

BASIC



DATUM

FREE FORM

DIAMETER

PROJECTED TO:-

A

DATUM TARGET

CR

CONTOLLED RADIUS


85


T MC


ST

Control Symbols

M

Maximum Material Condition

L

Least Material Condition

MMC

LMC

P

Projected Tolerance Zone

CR

Controlled Radius 86

43

T MC

M

Maximum Material Condition MMC

The MMC principle is normally only valid when BOTH of the following conditions are fulfilled: -Two or more features are interrelated with respect to orientation or location [eg, a hole & an edge or surface, two holes, etc.]. At least ONE of these related features is to be a “ feature of size. -- The feature(s) to which the MMC principle is to apply MUST be a feature of size [eg, a hole, slot, shaft, etc] with an axis or centre plane.

Application of this Modifier in the context of applicable Geometric Controls allows “ BONUS” tolerance as the ‘actual’ feature of size departs from the MMC condition. 87


T MC

L

Least Material Condition LMC

The condition of a feature of size which contains the least amount of material within the stated limits of size [eg, smallest pin, largest hole.

NOTE! The least material condition may be a desirable alternative to MMC under certain design function requirements.


NOTE! Rule #1 allows feature distortion within the “ MMC Envelope”

88

44

T MC

P

Projected Tolerance Zone

Usually used in context of Position control of Tapped Holes or “ Locating Pin” holes [“ Fixed Fastener” applications]

Ø0.08 M P 6.4 A B M

C Projected Tol Zone 6.4mm, usually equal to max. thickness of mating part or total protrusion of fixed fastener.

89


T MC

CONTROLLED RADIUS

Note! The magnification limit MUST be stated to appropriate to the function!!


90

45


XXX

BASIC



DATUM

FREE FORM

DIAMETER

PROJECTED TO:-

A

DATUM TARGET

CR

ST

CONTOLLED RADIUS


91


T MC

TANGENT PLANE

0.1 T

A

Applicable to the following Geometric controls:

Function Note! -Only the tangent plane of the toleranced surface must be within the tolerance zone. -The flatness of the surface is NOT controlled by the modifier. Tony M Consulting Pty. Ltd

92

46

T MC

FREE FORM

Principle: Applicable to parts that are non rigid or liable to distortion under certain conditions. Conditions of support must be specified before determination of conformance to specification. “ Free State” feature of size may be specified if the correct constraint conditions of assembly can be met. Example

F

M12 Bolt Torque 3540Nm before checking

F

93


T MC

ST


This modifier may be used to indicate that the associated dimension is derived from a statistically dependent assembly condition & that interacting component features are similarly derived. The resultant assembly condition MAY NOT function correctly if the combination of assembled parts are at extremes of the permitted tolerances. May be used in the context of “ selective assembly” of very close tolerance features.

ST Ø6.15 +/- 0.08


94

47

T MC

BONUS TOLERANCES

Bonus Tolerances are :•Additional tolerances for Geometric control. •Only permissible when an MMC or LMC modifier is shown in the feature control frame. •Only come from the actual feature tolerance. •The amount of bonus is only the amount the actual mating size departs from MMC or LMC.

95


T MC GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS Symbols (General Outline). Detailed Discussion, application techniques, Interpretations & practical exercises.


a)


b)


c)


d)


e)


96

48

T MC

TOLERANCES OF FORM For Single Feature For Related Features FLATNESS SQUARENESS PERPENDICULAR TO:-

STRAIGHTNESS

ANGULARITY

ROUNDNESS CIRCULARITY

PARALLEL TO:-

CYLINDRICITY

RUNOUT PROFILE

TOTAL RUNOUT SURFACE

97


T MC TOLERANCES OF POSITION

TRUE POSITION

CONCENTRICITY

SYMETRY


98

49

T MC FLATNESS Note! Surface finish control can be used in conjunction with Flatness control BUT NOT instead of Flatness control

99


T MC

FLATNESS

Inspection & Gauging methods


100

50

T MC

STRAIGHTNESS [Applied to a FLAT surface]

101


T MC

STRAIGHTNESS [Applied to a cylinder]


102

51

T MC

STRAIGHTNESS (Use of Modifier)

MAX. MATERIAL CONDITION DIAMETER

103


T MC

STRAIGHTNESS

Compare with “ Cylindricity” call out later


104

52

T MC

STRAIGHTNESS– Unit Length Basis

Compare with “ Cylindricity” call out later

105


T MC


ROUNDNESS (CIRCULARITY)

106

53

T MC

Roundness of a Cone

107


T MC


Inspecting Roundness

108

54

T MC

Roundness of a Sphere

109


T MC


CYLINDRICITY

110

55

T MC Cylindricity & Roundness

0.05 M

0.10/25 M

Part or Element length 25mm

111


T MC


ROUNDNESS & CYLINDRICITY EVALUATION

112

56

T MC

PROFILE

42 33

113


T MC


SURFACE

114

57

T MC

115


T MC

Application of Tolerance Zone Profile or Surface

Equi-spaced either side of the NOMINAL form


NOMINAL is Least Material Condition (LMC)

NOMINAL is Maximum Material Condition (MMC)

116

58

T MC

Complex Surface or Profile

117


T MC


Complex Surface or Profile

118

59

T MC

119


GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING & TOLERANCING (GD&T) Session 2 120

60

T MC GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS Symbols (General Outline). Detailed Discussion, application techniques, Interpretations & practical exercises. a)


b)


c)


d)


e)


121


TOLERANCES OF FORM For Single Feature For Related Features FLATNESS SQUARENESS STRAIGHTNESS

ROUNDNESS

PERPENDICULAR TO:ANGULARITY

CIRCULARITY

CYLINDRICITY

PARALLEL TO:-

RUNOUT PROFILE


122

61

SQUARENESS PERPENDICULAR TO:-

123


124

62


125


126

63


127


128

64


129


130

65

ANGULARITY

131

ANGULARITY

132

66

ANGULARITY

133

PARALLEL TO:-

Form tolerance MUST be Less than size tolerance

134

67

PARALLEL TO:-

135

PARALLEL TO:-

136

68

PARALLEL TO:-

137

PARALLEL TO:-

138

69

PARALLEL TO:-

139

PARALLEL TO:-

PERPENDICULAR TO:-

FLATNESS

140

70

T MC

TOLERANCES OF FORM For Single Feature For Related Features FLATNESS SQUARENESS PERPENDICULAR TO:-

STRAIGHTNESS

ANGULARITY

ROUNDNESS CIRCULARITY

PARALLEL TO:-

CYLINDRICITY

RUNOUT PROFILE


141


T MC CO-AXIAL FEATURES Selection of Proper Control There are four characteristics for controlling interrelated coaxial features: 1.

RUNOUT TOLERANCE (circular or total) (RFS)

2.

POSITION TOLERANCE

3.

CONCENTRICITY TOLERANCE

4.

PROFILE OF A SURFACE

(MMC or RFS) (RFS) (RFS DATUM)

Any of the above methods provides effective control. However, it is important to select the most appropriate one to both meet the design requirements and provide the most economical manufacturing conditions. (See also details of preceding and following sections.)


142

71

T MC

CO-AXIAL FEATURES Selection of Proper Control If the need is to control only CIRCULAR cross-sectional elements in a composite relationship to the datum axis, RFS, e.g., multi-diameters on a shaft, use: CIRCULAR RUNOUT

EXAMPLE

(This method controls any composite error effect of circularity, concentricity, and circular cross-sectional profile variations.) If the need is to control the TOTAL cylindrical or profile surface in composite relative to the datum axis RFS, e.g., multi-diameters on a shaft, bearing mounting diameters, etc., use: TOTAL RUNOUT

EXAMPLE

(This method controls any composite error effect of circularity, cylindricity, straightness, co-axiality, angularity, and parallelism.) NOTE Runout is always implied as an RFS application. It cannot be applied on an MMC basis, since an MMC situation involves functional interchangeability or assemblability (probably of mating parts), in which case POSITION tolerance would be used. See later.

143


T MC

CO-AXIAL FEATURES Selection of Proper Control

If the-need is to control the total cylindrical or profile surface and its actual mating envelope axis relative to the datum axis on an MMC or RFS basis, e.g., on mating parts to assure interchangeability or assemblability, use: POSITION

(IF MMC) EXAMPLE (IF RFS) EXAMPLE OR RFS DATUM

This will be dealt with in detail in the session on POSITION

If the need is to control the axis of one or more features in composite relative to a datum axis, RFS, e.g., to control such as balance of a rotating part, use: CONCENTRICITY

EXAMPLE

See Concentricity

NOTE Concentricity is always implied as an RFS application. Variations in size (departure from MMC size, out-ofcircularity, out-of-cylindricity, etc.) do not in themselves conclude axis error. If the need is to control the total cylindrical or profile surface simultaneously with the size dimension(s) (using basic dimensions for both), relative to a datum axis, e.g., precise fit, multi- diameters, etc., use: PROFILE OF A SURFACE Tony M Consulting Pty. Ltd

EXAMPLE

144

72

T MC

RUNOUT

TOTAL RUNOUT

145


T MC


RUNOUT

146

73

T MC

RUNOUT

147


Dimensioning a conical form Dwg. callout 18.5+/- 0.1

?

10.00

15.00

6.5 +/- 0.1

0.03

A

A

0.03 0.03

A

148

74

Dimensioning a conical form Meaning 0.042

18.6

10.00

15.00

6.4

6.6 18.4

0.03 0.03

T MC

A

149

TOTAL RUNOUT

Feature may be “bent” Tony M Consulting Pty. Ltd

A

150

75

T MC

TOTAL RUNOUT

RUNOUT

Feature can only be “bent” or tapered within Runout tolerance

Feature may be “bent” or tapered within feature tolerance


T MC

TOTAL RUNOUT

151

RUNOUT

? ? ?

?


152

76

T MC

TOTAL RUNOUT

?

RUNOUT

?

?

?

Establish common AXIS between DATUM DIAMETERS 153


T MC

TOTAL RUNOUT

FUNCTION MUST Determine the primary datum


RUNOUT

?

154

77

T MC

TOTAL RUNOUT

RUNOUT

155


T MC

TOTAL RUNOUT NON – FUNCTIONAL Datums used to enable efficient manufacturing PROCESS


IMPORTANT! Consider Functional relationships when establishing Dimensions &Tolerances

156

78

T MC

TOTAL RUNOUT

157


T MC

TOTAL RUNOUT

?


158

79

T MC

TOTAL RUNOUT

? ?

159


T MC

TOTAL RUNOUT

Axial float occurs during rotation


160

80

T MC

TOTAL RUNOUT

Function must be considered in respect to these interpretations to determine correct dimensions & tolerances (& Datum reference) 161


T MC

TOTAL RUNOUT

Target Datum would Minimize effect of surface irregularities


162

81

T MC

TOTAL RUNOUT

163


T MC

TOTAL RUNOUT IMPORTANT!

“ TOTAL RUNOUT” CAN ONLY BE APPLIED TO SURFACES OR FEATURES THAT ARE CO-AXIAL, PARALLEL OR PERPENDICULAR TO A DATUM AXIS OR SURFACE


30º

164

82

T MC

Rotating Function Complete the DATUM references to ensure all features are “ Co-axial”

165


T MC GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING & TOLERANCING (GD&T) Session 3


166

83

T MC

TOLERANCES OF LOCATION (Part 1)

SYMETRY

CONCENTRICITY

TRUE POSITION

167


T MC

SYMETRY

Where a feature, such as a slot, is required to be symmetrical to the datum center plane of another feature, the symmetry characteristic may be used. To specify symmetry the following conditions must exist: 1.

Non-cylindrical features (slots, tabs, projections, etc.) only are to be controlled.

2.

The material condition RFS only is to apply.

3.

The feature and its datum must be symmetrically configured to each other.

4.

The datum feature is usually non-cylindrical but may be cylindrical if appropriate to the

part. SymmetrySymmetry is that condition where the median points of all opposed or correspondingly located elements of two or more feature surfaces are congruent with the axis or centre plane of a datum feature. Tony M Consulting Pty. Ltd

168

84

T MC

SYMETRY

169


T MC

CONCENTRICITY

Definition. Concentricity is that condition where the median points of all diametrically opposed elements of a figure of revolution (or corresponding-located elements of two or more radially disposed features) are congruent with the axis (or centre point) of a datum feature. Concentricity tolerance. A concentricity tolerance is a cylindrical (or spherical) tolerance zone whose axis (or centre point) coincides with the axis (or centre point) of the datum feature(s). The median points of all correspondingly-located elements of the feature(s) being controlled, regardless of feature size, must be within the cylindrical (or spherical) tolerance zone. The specified tolerance and the datum reference can only apply on an RFS basis.


170

85

T MC

CONCENTRICITY

171


T MC


CONCENTRICITY

172

86

T MC IMPORTANT!!! Symmetry & Concentricity usually require a detailed & time consuming analysis to derive data for the verification process. A Computer Measuring Machine process is usually employed to determine compliance with such requirements. ONLY use these requirements for functions that can NOT be controlled by DIRECT Dimensions or “ True Position”

173


T MC

TRUE POSITION


174

87

T MC Definition. True Position is a term used to describe the perfect (exact) location of a point, line, or plane of a feature in relationship with a datum reference or datum feature. POSITION TOLERANCE A position tolerance is the total permissible variation in the location of a feature about its exact (true) position. For cylindrical features (holes and bosses) the position tolerance is the diameter (cylinder) of the tolerance zone within which the axis of the feature must lie, the centre of the tolerance zone being at the exact (true) position. For other features (slots, tabs, etc.) the position tolerance is the total width of the tolerance zone within which the centre plane of the feature must lie, the centre plane of the zone being at the exact (true) position. Tony M Consulting Pty. Ltd

175

T MC Position Theory

Possible hole centre positions Tolerance zone applies to part thickness


Note! Tolerance zone should be derived from the design/functional requirement NOT conversion of Co-ordinates

176

88

T MC Possible hole centre positions

177


T MC

PROOF ! Tony M Consulting Pty. Ltd

178

89

T MC

IMPORTANT!

Rule #2: RFS applies, with respect to the individual tolerance, datum reference or both, where no modifying symbol is specified. MMC or LMC must be specified on the drawing where required. Tony M Consulting Pty. Ltd

179

T MC

Simulated part or Gauge Pins


180

90

T MC

Simulated part or Gauge Pins

Only available when

BONUS POSITION TOLERANCE

M applies [Rule #2]

181


T MC IF RFS ie, without M

4

Tolerance NOT available Tony M Consulting Pty. Ltd

182

91

T MC

Primary

Secondary Tertiary


Note! Surfaces are Datums NOT Features

183

T MC


184

92

T MC

Tertiary

Secondary


Primary

185

T MC


186

93

T MC


Floating Fastener Application

187

T MC MATING PARTS Floating Fastener Application

Note! Gauge Pin Height equals Part Thickness


188

94

T MC

Fixed Fastener Application


189

T MC MATING PARTS Fixed Fastener Application Note! Pin height equals part thickness

Note! Gauge Thickness equals Stud Height Consider FUNCTION


190

95

T MC MATING PARTS Fixed Fastener Application Note! Gauge Pin Height equals part Thickness

Note! Gauge thickness equals Stud height

191


T MC

Location

Patterns & Location Pattern


192

96

T MC Pattern features tolerance zone

Pattern Location tolerance zone


193

T MC Pattern Features Tolerance zone

WRONG!

Pattern location tolerance zone


CORRECT 194

97

T MC Pattern Gauge


195

T MC Pattern Gauge


196

98

T MC

PATTERN LOCATING GAUGE All Slip Pins


197

T MC Composite Pattern


198

99

T MC HOLE PATTERN AS DATUM

199


T MC

Datum Feature at MMC Tony M Consulting Pty. Ltd

200

100

T MC

Functional Gauges

Slip Pin

Slip Pins


T MC


201

Fixed Pin

DATUM Feature

RFS

202

101

T MC

Functional Gauges

Slip Pin

Slip Pins

203


T MC

MMC feature related to MMC Datum feature

Note! 3rd Datum NOT Specified


204

102

T MC ?

Note! Datum reference 57.6-28.2 =29.4(Max) 56.4-28.8= 27.6(Min) IE, 1.8 variation


205

T MC

Where is this surface relative to Datum “ B” ?


206

103

T MC

Unequal distribution of position


207

T MC Task A] Identify the type of fastener system B]Calculate the Position tolerance for each part C] Assume the M8 Bolts to be perfect, ie Ø8


208

104

T MC

A] Sketch the Gauge(s) to functionally check this part B] Dimension the important features 209


T MC

Consider the callout items indicated, “ circle” if you agree, modify to what you consider to be correct callout. Tony M Consulting Pty. Ltd

Are there any other changes or options necessary

210

105

T MC GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING & TOLERANCING (GD&T) Session 4 TRUE POSITION [Continued] Tony M Consulting Pty. Ltd

211

T MC Definition. True Position is a term used to describe the perfect (exact) location of a point, line, or plane of a feature in relationship with a datum reference or datum feature. POSITION TOLERANCE A position tolerance is the total permissible variation in the location of a feature about its exact (true) position. For cylindrical features (holes and bosses) the position tolerance is the diameter (cylinder) of the tolerance zone within which the axis of the feature must lie, the centre of the tolerance zone being at the exact (true) position. For other features (slots, tabs, etc.) the position tolerance is the total width of the tolerance zone within which the centre plane of the feature must lie, the centre plane of the zone being at the exact (true) position. Tony M Consulting Pty. Ltd

212

106

T MC PO SITIO N TO LERA NC E-LEAST M A TERIAL CO ND IT IO N (LM C) O ccasionally a method is required to control a situation w hich is essentially the reverse of the usual position relationship; that is, the stated position tolerance applies at the least m aterial condition, LM C, of the feature or datum, instead of at M M C, and increases as the feature or datum departs from the least material condition. Definition. Least M aterial condition (LM C) is the condition in which a feature of size contains the least amount of material within the stated limits of size: for examp le, maximu m hole diameter, minimu m shaft diameter. Least material condition is the condition opposite to M M C. For examp le, a shaft is at least material condition w hen it is at its low limit of size and a hole is at least material condition when it is at its high limit of size. This method is applicable to special design requirements that w ill not permit M M C or that do not w arrant the exacting requirements of RFS. It can be used to maintain critical wall thickness or critical centre locations of featu res for which accuracy of location can be relaxed (position tolerance increased) w hen the feature leaves least material condition and approaches M M C. The amount of increase of positional tolerance permissib le is equal to the feature actual size departu re from least material condition. The term "least material condition" and the abbreviation LM C have been used instead of "minimum material condition" (which is synonymous) to avoid confusion, since the abbreviation would be the same as that for maximum material condition. The symbol modifier “ L” is used to indicate the LM C requirement applicable to feature or datum. Although the use of LM C does impose exacting requirements on both manufacturing and inspection, it permits additional tolerances. W henever least material condition (LM C) or “ L” is specified on a drawing, the position tolerance applies only w hen the feature is produced at its LM C size. See Fig. 1. Additional positional tolerance is permissib le but is dependent on, and equal to, the difference betw een the actually p roduced featu re size (w ithin its size tolerance) and LM C. See Fig. 2.


213

T MC


214

107

T MC

True Position LMC

Minimum Condition

215


T MC

Non-cylindrical mating parts

SHAFT


216

108

T MC


COLLAR

217


T MC

Non-cylindrical mating parts BASE


218

109

T MC

Non-cylindrical mating parts COVER

219


T MC



220

110

T MC


PLUS TOTAL 12.6 PROJECTION SIZE TOL

12.60 MMC

25.60 MMC PLUS TOTAL 25.60 DATUM SLOT SIZE TOL

221


T MC



222

111

T MC


223


T MC



224

112

T MC

This requirement is extremely difficult to check other than by a Tracing of each requirement (say 10X)

Profile – Position related

If the tolerance zone is not shown as uni-lateral then the tolerance is Bi-lateral

225


T MC


This requirement is extremely difficult to check other than by a Tracing of each requirement (say 10X)


226

113

T MC


Note! Bi-lateral tolerance applies How do we determine the variation from MMC to apply ‘Bonus tolerance??


T MC

Highly complex to check!! Check that FUNCTION REALLY requires this ‘call-out’

227

Co-axial features NOTE! STATIC FUNCTION ONLY


228

114

T MC

Co-axial features

229


T MC

Co-axial features NOTE! Rotating Function only


230

115

T MC

Co-axial Mating Parts Static Function

231


T MC

Co-axial Mating Parts Static Function


232

116

T MC

Co-axial Features - Static Function [Wall Thickness Control] Minimum Wall Thickness = (24.2 – 20.8 – 0.2)/2 = 1.6

233


T MC

Dwg. Callout

Radial holes- Axial part


234

117

T MC

Radial holes- Axial part

235


T MC

Projected tolerance zones

Projected length equal to Part Thickness for Bolt or Total Stud Height


236

118

T MC

Elongated Holes – Bi-directional Position Tolerances

237


T MC

Elongated Holes – Bi-directional Position Tolerances

GAUGE

“ Diamond” shaped Gauge Pins Slip pins Tony M Consulting Pty. Ltd

238

119

T MC

Tolerance “ stacks”

239


T MC


Tolerance “ stacks”

240

120

T MC ADVANCED POSITION THEORY

No. 1 Advantage: Functional Parts will NOT be rejected

241


T MC

Co-axial features Static Application

ADVANCED POSITION THEORY


242

121

T MC

Fixed Fasteners (Threaded) ADVANCED POSITION THEORY

Note! Datum Features

243


T MC

Fixed Fasteners (Threaded)

Note! Datum Feature


ADVANCED POSITION THEORY

244

122

T MC

State this requirement into drawing format

Squareness 0.04

245


T MC


Drawing callout

246

123

T MC


Design a Functional Gauge to check the location of the holes

247

T MC


248

124

T MC

Determination of POSITION using Co-ordinate Measuring Machine

249


T MC



250

125

T MC


Size – MMC = Bonus 7.663 – 7.6 = 0.063 Tol. + bonus = allowed tol. 0.25 + 0.063 = 0.313

251


T MC

DIMENSION REVIEW

1.4/1.7 Typ.


252

126

T MC

DIMENSION REVIEW g on A Wr

37.2/36.2

7.7min

21.5/20.5 7.3 min.typ.

W

RO NG

1.5 A

10.5 min

A

30 deg.

8.9 min.typ

253


T MC


Assembly [part only]

254

127

T MC

HOUSING Length C

Surface A

Diameter D

PCD E

Surface B Tapped holes F

Diameter G

255


T MC


Component/Sub-Assy. Pt. No. 123-456A Housing Datum Feature ‘A’ Surface

Prim

Seco n


Size

Positi on

Y

Shap e

L

‘C’ Length

L

‘D’ Dia.

M

‘E’ PCD

H

H

‘F’ Tap’d holes

H

SC


Sec. Datum

H

‘B’ Surface

‘G’ Dia.


‘G’

P 6.7

Y

SC

256

128

T MC

HOUSING 6x M8 X 20/22 full thd.

10/11

47/47.5 DIA

120/119.8 DIA [SC]

[SC]

A

C 257


T MC

FLANGE MOUNT Surface A

Dia H

Holes F Dia J

Dia B

Dia D

Dia C

Ref. Surf.

Length M Length L

Length K

Thread E

Length G


258

129

T MC


Component/Sub-Assy. Pt. No. 123-457 Flange Mount Datum Feature

Prim

Sec on


Control Symbol

Size

Positi on

Shap e

Prim. Datum

‘A’ Surface

Y

-

-

M

Ref surf

‘B’ Dia.

Y

SC

M

H

‘A’

H

H

H

‘B’

‘D’ Dia.

M

M

M

‘B’

‘E’ Thread

M

M

‘B’

‘F’ Holes

H

SC

‘B’

‘G’ Length

M

-

-

Ref surf

L

L

L

Manuf Loctn.

‘C’ Dia.

‘H’ Dia

Y

Manuf

Loctn

Sec. Datum

259


T MC

FLANGE MOUNT

? B [SC]

[SC]


260

130

T MC

SHAFT Surface A Dia C

Dia B

U’cut

261


T MC


Component/Sub-Assy. Pt. No. 123-458 Shaft Datum Feature

Prim

Seco n


Siz e

Positio n

‘A’ Surface ‘B’ Dia

Y

M

Control Symbol

Shap e

Prim. Datum

L

‘B’

M

‘C’ Dia

M

M

M

‘B’

U’cut

L

L

L

‘B’


Sec. Datum

262

131

T MC

SHAFT

44.4/44.25 dia

U’cut 1/1.5wide X 0.7/1 deep

19/18.95 dia.

A

263


T MC

Failure Mode & Effects Analysis

A Design potential FMEA is an analytical technique utilised primarily by a Design Responsible Engineer/Team as a means to assure that, to the extent possible, potential failure modes and their associated causes/mechanisms have been considered and addressed. End items, along with every related system, subassembly and component, should be evaluated. In its most rigorous form, an FMEA is a summary of an engineer’s and the team's thoughts (including an analysis of items that could go wrong based on experience and past concerns) as a component, subsystem or system is designed. This systematic approach parallels, formalises and documents the mental disciplines that an engineer normally goes through in any design process.


264

132

T MC

Failure Mode & Effects Analysis The Design potential FMEA supports the design process in reducing the risk of failures by: A] Aiding in the objective evaluation of design requirements and design alternatives. B] Aiding in the initial design for manufacturing and assembly requirements.

C] Increasing the probability that potential failure modes and their effects on system and vehicle operation have been considered in the design/development process.

265


T MC Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing

Practical exercises


266

133

T MC CONTENT Component Drawing Review Basics Callout Evaluation Sub-Assembly Reference Critique of existing drawings Assembly – Drawing callout development Sheet Metal [Structural fabrication components]

267


T MC

Part 1 Component Drawing review [Basics]


268

134

T MC

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

269


TMC

Basic Fitment

?


135

TMC


Yes, only when balance of feature is at MMC[Rule271 #1]

T MC

95


272

136

T MC

4 SURFACES

MI N.

BOTH SIDES

291


TMC

Bolt MMC Fixed Fastener

? 292 Tony M Consulting Pty. Ltd

146

TMC

Female Part

Male Part

Unilateral tolerance from MMC

?

Unilateral tolerance from MMC

Note! True Position callout is not required 293


T MC

Part 3 Component Drawing review [Sub-assembly reference]


294

147

TMC

Floating Fastener

? ?


TMC

Equivalent to “ Fixed Fastener”


148

TMC Fixed Fastener ?


TMC

?


149

T MC

?

Fixed Fastener ?

?

Housing interchangeability NOT required

Fixed Fastener ?

299


T MC

Bolt Dia MMC Ø 8.00

Functional Parts will NOT be rejected. Option 2 Tony M Consulting Pty. Ltd

Functional Parts [u/s dia] will be rejected. Option 1

300

150

T MC

Improved drawing based on FUNCTION Functional Datum?

Functional Datum?

301


T MC Functional Requirements defined


302

151

T MC

R 100 90º incl.

3X R 20

Functional Requirements defined

Functional Datums?

303


TMC

Part 4 Critique of existing Drawings


152

TMC


TMC BEWARE! Do NOT use same I/D letters for different situations.

[Static Application] Use “ True Position” Note! ‘M’ required on Datums A & B

308


154

TMC

STATIC APPLICATION

Use “ True Position” Is this the correct FUNTIONAL DATUM? 309 Tony M Consulting Pty. Ltd

TMC 60º


155

TMC


TMC

Part 5 Assembly [Drawing callout development]


156

TMC

Function Loss Matrix Refer ISO/QS 9000 PPAP Manual

1) List all the Features of the Component/system/assembly. 2) Indicate which features have a DATUM function 3) Determine the Criticality/Severity Rating if those features are OUTSIDE the Specification [L-Low, M-Medium or H-High] 4) Indicate each feature’ s dependence [datum reference] 5) Indicate the control symbol(s) appropriate to each feature 6) Review the Matrix 313 Tony M Consulting Pty. Ltd

TMC


Component/Sub-Assy. Pt. No. Datum Feature

Prim

Seco n


Siz e

Positio n

Shap e


Sec. Datum

‘A’ Surface ‘B’ Hole ‘C’ Hole ‘D’ Thicknes s ‘E’ Width Etc.


157

TMC

St ub Be A ar xle in & gs

Hub

Studs

Wheel Rim

Brake Disc

Wheel Nuts

315


Wheel Studs

Bearing Dias

TMC

A-B

110 PCDia

Wheel Hub


158

TMC

Wheel Hub

5x H7 Ø 14

110 PCDia

C


TMC Ø 14 g8 (press fit)

M12 x 1.0

A

Ø 18.00 +/- 0.5 Free form


159

TMC

Brake Disc

[Rotating Function]

5x H9 Ø 14

110 PCDia

Control for other rotating surfaces

C

319


TMC

WHEEL [Rotating Function]

75º incl. 5x Ø 17


160

TMC

14.8+/-0.2

5.5/ 5.0

75º incl.

5x Ø 17

Enlarged View Wheel Nut Location

15.5/17.0

321


TMC 18 A/F Hex. Stock

25/24 2.4/2.2

75º incl.

M12 X 1.0

Ø 17

WHEEL NUT 322 Tony M Consulting Pty. Ltd

161

TMC

Part 6 Sheet metal [Structural fabrication components]


TMC ?

?

? ? ? ?

?

?


162

TMC ?

?

?

?

?

Note! All Geometric Controls to be inspected while Workpiece is constrained on Datum Target Areas A1-A3 & B1-B2


TMC

325

?

?

?

?

? ? ?

? ?

?


163

TMC

Note! Only the Geometric callouts are displayed. Coordinates are taken from CAD File.

? ?

?

?

?

? ?

?

?

?

327


TMC ?

?

?

? ? ?

? 328 Tony M Consulting Pty. Ltd

164

TMC ?

?

?

?

? ?


TMC

?

?

? ?

?

330


165

GD&T Book Complete

Recommend Documents