Wibt Wibt 4= Okglbstry _tuhgit‒s Cgoturg Leiuec
_OBGIOG 2 _tuhgit‒s Cgoturg Leiuec
| Wibt 4= Okglbstry
Oerca Masgpk L. Las`bta Eufust 4:58
LAHWCG 5
Cgeribif Oalpgtgiobgs •
Hgsorbdg kaw tkg Dakr Lahgc an tkg etal blpravgh Tutkgrnarh‒s Etalbo Lahgc.
•
Gxpcebi kaw tkg Uueitul Lgokeiboec Lahgc an tkg etal hgsorbdgs tkg gigrfbgs eih pasbtbais an tkg gcgotrais.
Tgoecc= Etalbo Lahgcs
(Maki Hectai, 5;:6) Etal bs e uibnarl sacbh spkgrg
(MM Xkalsai, 52:?) (igfetbvg okerfgs)
Tgoecc= Tutkgrnarh‒s Iuocger Etalbo Lahgc Hbsoavgrgh tkg iuocgus, e hgisg pasbtbvgcy okerfgh okerfgh ogitgr an tkg etal tkraufk tkg Fach Nabc Gxpgrblgit
•
Iadgc Zrbzg bi Okglbstry 52:;
Tgoecc= Tutkgrnarh‒s Iuocger Etalbo Lahgc
Tgoecc= Tutkgrnarh‒s Iuocger Etalbo Lahgc •
Bi tkg , tkg etal kes e hgisg pasbtbvgcy okerfgh iuocgus surrauihgh dy igfetbvgcy okerfgh gcgotrais
•
Xkg etal bs lastcy glpty speog eih bts less bs oaiogitretgh bi tkg iuocgus (oaisbstbif an pratais eih igutrais)
Tgoecc= Tutkgrnarh‒s Iuocger Etalbo Lahgc •
Kawgvgr, bt oauch iat gxpcebi wky lgtecs ar oalpauihs an lgtec fbvg ann okereotgrbstbo oacar wkgi kgetgh bi ncelg suok es bi nbrgwar`s. EOXB^BXBG_
Eiecysbs an Oacars= Xkg Etalbo _pgotrasoapg _gperetbai an Oacars
Gxobtetbai
Zrahuotbai an _pgotre ar Etalbo Nbifgrprbit Nbifgrpr bit
Gxelpcgs an Etalbo _pgotre
Kyhrafgi
Cbtkbul
Gxelpcgs an Etalbo _pgotre
Ibgcs Dakr‒s Gxpceietbais •
Bihbvbhuec cbigs bi tkg etalbo spgotre oarrgspaihs ta e wbtkbi tkg etal • Gcgotrais lavgh erauih tkg iuocgus bi e nbxgh obroucer ardbts • Ardbts erg caoetgh et hgnbibtg hbsteiogs nral tkg iuocgus eih bs ecsa `iawi es , wkgrg i bs i bs eiy wkacg iuldgr (5, 4, ?…) .
Iadgc Zrbzg bi Zkysbos, 5244
Ibgcs Dakr‒s Zceigtery Lahgc
•
Bi tkbs lahgc, gcgotrais lavg bi obroucer ardbts wbtkbi spgobnbo gigrfy cgvgcs erauih tkg iuocgus.
Kaw bs
prahuogh1
Xkg gxpceietbai dgkbih nbrgwar`s •
Ei etal fgts gxobtgh. Bt gigrfy cgvgc bi ei
gigrfy ta lavg ta e stetg.
•
Bt hggx hg gxob obtg tgss dy fbvb fb vbif if up tkg tkg gxtre gxtre gigrf gi grfyy dy an cbfkt ta bts gigrfy cgvgc ar stetg. Xkg gigrfy edsardgh/rgcgesgh verbgs es skawi dy bts oacar.
Kaw bs
prahuogh1
Xkg gxpceietbai dgkbih nbrgwar`s
Kaw bs
prahuogh1
Xkg gxpceietbai dgkbih nbrgwar`s
Edsarptbai an Gigrfy G[OBXGH G[OB XGH _XEXG, Wisted Wis tedcg cg
Gcglgits glbt okereotgrbstbo cbfkt.
(e) Kyhrafgi, (d) Igai, (o) Cbtkbul, (h) _ahbul, (g) Zatessbul
Gcglgits glbt okereotgrbstbo cbfkt. _traitbul Oecobul _ahbul Derbul Oappgr
Tgh Areifg Rgccaw Frggi Dcug
_uoogss eih Nebcurg an tkg Dakr Etalbo Lahgc •
Bt prghbotgh tkg kyhrafgi spgotrul.
•
Bt bitrahuogh tkg oaiogpt an hbsorgtg gigrfy cgvgcs, i (nbrst queitul iuldgr).
•
Bt wes iat sunnbobgit ta hgsorbdg etals (prghbot gigrfy cgvgcs) wbtk larg tkei aig gcgotrai.
Vevg Vevg-Zer -Zertb tboc ocg g Hu Huec ecbt btyy an Lettg Lettgrr •
Zrapasgh dy Caubg hg Drafcbg
•
_lecc pertbocgs an lettgr ley et tblgs hbspcey wevg-cb`g prapgrtbgs.
k lv
Iadgc Zrbzg bi Zkysbos, 5242
Wiogrtebity Zrbiobpcg •
Zrapasgh dy Vgrigr @erc Kgbsgidgrf
•
Bt bs blpassbdcg ta `iaw datk tkg caoetbai/pasbtbai eih vgcaobty an ei gcgotrai et tkg selg tblg
•
Hgibgs tkg passbdbcbty an gcgotrais lavbif bi hgnbibtg ardbts Iadgc Zrbzg bi Zkysbos, 52?4
_okrahbifgr Gquetbai •
E letkg letkglet letboe boecc gquet gquetbai bai tket tket us usgs gs hg Drafcbg‒s kypatkgsbs tket gcgotrai oei dg hgsorbdgh es e wevg
•
Wsgs e tkgargtboec eppraeok `iawi es
Iadgc Zrbzg bi Zkysbos, 52??
Xkg Uueitul Lgokeiboec Lahgc Caubg hg Drafcbg‒s GCGOXTAI_ E_ VE^G
Vgrigr Vgr igr @erc @er c Kgbsg Kgbsgidg idgrf rf‒s ‒s WIOGTXEBIXR ZTBIOBZCG Grwbi Grwb i _okrahbifgr‛s _okrahbi fgr‛s _OKTAHBIFGT‛_ GUWEXBAI
Xkg Uueitul Lgokeiboec Lahgc •
Tgmgotgh tkg bhge an gcgotrais bi hgnbibtg ardbts erauih tkg iuocgus
•
Gcgotrais es e
•
Es e oaisgqugiog, gcgotrais oei dg nauih bi e ogrtebi rgfbai bi speog erauih tkg iuocgus oeccgh
•
_uoogssnuc bi gxpcebibif etalbo prapgrtbgs wkbok tkg Dakr‒s lahgc wes iat edcg ta gxpcebi
Xkg Uueitul Lgokeiboec Lahgc •
Hgsorbdgs tkg gcgotrai pasbtbai eih gigrfy tkraufk e letkg letkglet letboe boecc gquet gquetbai bai oecc oeccgh gh
•
Xkg lahgc prgobsgcy hgnbig gigrfy prgobsgcy, tkgrgnarg e cerfg uiogrtebity ai gcgotrai pasbtbai desgh ai tkg Wiogrtebity prbiobpcg
•
Gcgotrai bi ei etal bs hgsorbdgh dy sacutbai ta tkg _okrahbifgr gquetbai oeccgh ϋ .
Xkg Uueitul Lgokeiboec Lahgc
Xkg her`gr ei erge, tkg frgetgr bs tkg pradedbcbty an nbihbif tkg gcgotrai bi tket erge
Xkg Uueitul Lgokeiboec Lahgc •
Hgsorbdgs tkg rgfbai an speog erauih tkg iuocgus es oaisbstbif an skgccs ecsa skgccs ecsa prbiobpec prbiobpec ar lebi gigrfy cgvgcs . 5st 4ih ?rh 8tk 7tk >tk
@ C L I A Z
4 ; 5; ?4 7: 64
Xa hgtgrlbig lexblul iuldgr an gcgotrai pgr skgcc, wkgrg i bs i bs tkg nbrst queitul iuldgr
Xkg Uueitul Lgokeiboec Lahgc •
Xkg prbiobpec gigrfy cgvgcs ar skgccs ley kevg aig ar larg sudcgvgcs. Xkgsg sudcgvgcs erg essbfigh wbtk cgttgrs= s, p, h, n, eih f (eih sa ai…)
(spkgrboec) (prbiobpec) (hbnnusg) (nuihelgitec)
4 > 5: 58
5 ? 7 6
Ardbtec _kepgs eih Gigrfbgs • • • • •
Cawgst gigrfy ai geok cgvgc Nauih aicy aiog pgr gigrfy cgvgc _pkgrg skepgh _grbgs an oaiogitrbo spkgrgs
Ardbtec _kepgs eih Gigrfbgs • • • • •
Kbfkgr gigrfy tket s ardbtec Nauih stertbif et 4ih gigrfy gigrfy cgvgc cgvgc _ud-skgccs an tkrgg p tkrgg p ardbtecs ardbtecs pgr cgvgc Kaurfcess Kaurfcess skepgh ske pgh
Ardbtec _kepgs eih Gigrfbgs •
Ardbtec _kepgs eih Gigrfbgs •
Kbfkgr gigrfy tket s ar p ar p ardbtec ardbtec • Nauih stertbif et ?rh gigrfy cgvgc h ardbtecs pgr cgvgc • _ud-skgccs an nbvg h ardbtecs • Last 8 cgen ocavgr skepgh •
Ardbtec _kepgs eih Gigrfbgs •
Ardbtec _kepgs eih Gigrfbgs •
Kbfkgr gigrfy tket s, p ar p ar h ardbtec h ardbtec • Nauih stertbif et 8tk gigrfy cgvgc n ardbtecs • _ud-skgccs an sgvgi n ardbtecs • Leiy hbnngrgit skepgs •
Ardbtec _kepgs eih Gigrfbgs •
Oalperbsai an tkg Dakr eih _okrahbifgr Lahgc •
Hbsorgtg gigrfy cgvgcs wbtk hgnbibtg gigrfy vecug
•
Aicy ogrtebi vecugs erg eccawgh
•
Gigrfy bn cast ar febigh dy gcgotrais hurbif treisbtbai nral aig gigrfy cgvgc ta eiatkgr
Oalperbsai an tkg Dakr eih _okrahbifgr Lahgc
DAKT LAHGC
_OKTAHBIFGT LAHGC •
Vevgnuiotbais hgnbigs gigrfy eih pasbtbai an gcgotrai
@iaws hbsteiog/rehbus an gcgotrai wbtk ogrtebity
•
Okaasg ta hgnbig gigrfy an gcgotrai gcgo trai prgobsgcy prgobsg cy
@iaws gigrfy an gcgotrai
•
Gxeot pasbtbai bs iat `iawi
•
Gcgotrai bi ei erauih tkg iuocgus
•
•
Gcgotraibo Oainbfuretbai •
E wey an hbstrbdutbif gcgotrais bi hbnngrgit ardbtecs erauih tkg iuocgus an ei etal
Zrbiobpec queitul iuldgr, i
5 5s
Iuldgr an gcgotrais
_udskgcc hgsbfietbai
Gcgotraibo Oainbfuretbai •
= dubchbif an gcgotrais aig dy aig nral tkg cawgst gigrfy cgvgc nbrst
•
5s 4s 4p ?s ?p 8s ?h 8p 7s 8h 7p >s 8n 7h >p 6s 7h >p 6s 7n >h 6p ….
Gcgotraibo Oainbfuretbai
5. Hgtgrlbig iuldgr an gcgotrais (gquec ta ]) 4. Ehh gcgotrais ta ardbtec bi biorgesbif ardbtec gigrfy. (cawgst ardbtec nbrst)
Gcgotraibo Oainbfuretbai
is4 (i-5)hx
i bs tkg pgrbah eih x bs tkg pasbtbai
Gxogpt nar tkg Fraup an Ou eih Or
is4 (i-5)h5 (i-4)n x
Gcgotraibo Oainbfuretbai •
_terts wbtk tkg igergst prgoghbif iadcg fes
5>_ 4;Ib
5s4 4s4 4p> ?s4 ?p8 5s4 4s4 4p> ?s4 ?p> 8s4 ?h;
PIg\ ?s4 ?p8 PEr\ 8s4 ?h;
LAHWCG 4
Cgeribif Oalpgtgiobgs •
Gxpcebi tkg narletbai an baibo eih oavecgit daihs.
•
Tgoafibzg hbnngrgit typgs an oalpauihs (baibo ar oavecgit) desgh ai tkgbr prapgrtbgs suok es lgctbif pabit, kerhigss, pacerbty eih gcgotrboec eih tkgrlec oaihuotbvbty.
•
Gxpcebi prapgrtbgs an lgtecs bi tgrls an tkgbr struoturg.
•
Gxpcebi kaw bais erg narlgh.
Tgoecc= Xkg Zgrbahbo Xedcg an Gcglgits Xypgs an Gcglgits=
Tgoecc= Xkg Zgrbahbo Xedcg an Gcglgits vgrtboec oaculis bi tkg pgrbahbo tedcg • Xgccs edaut tkg iuldgr an
Tgoecc= Xkg Zgrbahbo Xedcg an Gcglgits _pgobec Fraup Ielgs
5E= 4E= >E= 6E=
Ec`ecb Lgtecs Ec`ecbig Gertk Okecoafgis Kecafgis
Tgoecc= ^ecgiog Gcgotrais •
•
Gcgotrais tket pertbobpetgs bi daihbif nar tkg narletbai an oalpauihs
•
Nar lebi fraup gcglgits , tkg iuldgr an vecgiog gcgotrai bs gqubvecgit ta tkg fraup iuldgr. Dakr Etalbo Lahgc an Lefigsbul
Gcgotraigfetb Gcgotraigfetbvbty vbty (GI) (GI) •
Lgesurg an tkg tgihgioy an ei etal ta ettreot gcgotrai
•
^ecugs nar gcgotraigfetbvbty wes hgvgcapgh dy Cbius Zeucbif
•
Zgrbahbo Xrgihs nar Gcgotraigfetbvbty
biorgesbif
Baibz Baibzetba etbai i Gigrfy Gigrfy •
Lbiblul gigrfy igghgh ta rglavg aig ar larg gcgotrais nral e igutrec etal.
•
Aig gcgotrai bs rglavgh nral tkg etal aig et e tblg
•
Etal + Baibzetbai Gigrfy
↔
Etal+ + g-
Zgrbahbo Xrgihs nar Baibzetbai Gigrfy
Oalperbsai an Lgtecs vs. Iai-Lgtecs •
•
^ecgiog gcgotrais oei dg gesbcy rglavgh •
^ecgiog gcgotrais oeiiat dg gesbcy rglavgh •
Xgihs ta treisngr ar caasg gcgotrais
Xgihs ta ettreot ar febi gcgotrais
Cgwbs Gcgotrai-Hat _yldac •
E wey an rgprgsgitbif vecgiog gcgotrais
•
Xkbs syldac bs oalpasgh an tkg okglboec syldac an tkg gcglgit eih hats tket rgprgsgit tkg iuldgr an vecgiog gcgotrais.
Gcglgit Gcg lgit syldac sylda c
^ecgiog gcgotrai
Cgwbs Gcgotrai-Hat _yldacs
•
Gcglgits tket erg bi tkg selg fraup kevg tkg selg Cgwbs gcgotrai hat syldacs.
•
Xkg spgobnbo pasbtbais an tkg pebrgh eih uipebrgh hats erg
Okglboec Daihs Ettreotbvg narogs tket kach etals tafgtkgr bi oalpauihs
•
•
•
Xa ettebi last stedcg erreifglgit an gcgotrais (bsagcgotraibo ar selg gcgotraibo oainbfuretbai cb`g tkg iadcg fesgs) Daihbif tkg patgitbec gigrfy dgtwggi pasbtbvg eih igfetbvg pertbocgs
Aotgt Tucg •
Entgr daihbif, ei gcglgit tket febi ar casg ar skerg gcgotrai/s lust kevg ai bts vecgiog skgcc naccawbif tkg oainbfuretbai an tkg igergst iadcg fes.
•
Gxogptbais=
last
wkbok naccaws tkg hugt rucg. Bt lust kevg et ai bts vecgiog skgcc
Xkrgg Xypgs an Okglboec Daihs
Baibo Daih Oavecgit Daih Lgteccbo Daih
5. Baibo Daihbif •
Daihs tket aoour nral tkg nral gcgotrastetbo ettreotbais elaif bais.
•
Ai tkg Zeucbif _oecg, tkg hbnngrgiog dgtwggi tkg gcgotraigfetbvbty an tkg lgtec eih iai lgtec lust dg frgetgr tkei 5.6 ΘGI 9
•
5.6 < GIlgtec ‟ GIiai-lgtec
Tgsucts bi tkg narletbai an , ei etal ar e fraup an etals passgssbif e igt gcgotrboec okerfg
5. Baibo Daihbif
Narletbai an bais • •
Zasbtbvgcy okerfgh spgobgs Lgtecs tket casg/s gcgotrais Casgs aig gcgotrai
• •
Igfetbvgcy okerfgh spgobgs Iai lgtecs tket febi/s gcgotrais
Febis aig gcgotrai
5. Baibo Daihbif •
Tgeotbai an Fraup 5 lgtecs wbtk Fraup 56 Iailgtecs
Cb
+
N
Cb+
N
Okgl Okglboe boecc Narlu Narluce ce==
Vrbtbif Okglboec Narluce an Baibo Oalpauihs 5. Vrbtg tkg syldacs an tkg lgtec nbrst naccawgh dy tkg iai-lgtec.
4. Wsg Wsg tkg tkg orbs orbsss-ora orass ss rucg rucg bi hgtg hgtgrl rlbi bibi bif f tkg tkg su suds dsor orbp bpts ts an geok gcglgit bi tkg oalpauih. Xkg supgrs sup grsorb orbpt pt an tkg tkg oetbai oetb ai dgoalg dgo algss tkg tkg sudsor sud sorbp bptt an tkg eibai eih tkg supgrsorbpt an tkg eibai dgoalgs tkg sudsorbpt an tkg oetbai. Vkgi tkg sudsorbpt bi tkg narluce oei dg hbvbhgh dy tkg selg iuldgr ta sblpcbny tkg narluce.
Ielbif Baibo Oalpauihs Fgigrec Tucg= Xa ielg dbiery ielg dbiery baibo oalpauihs 5. Ielg tkg lgtec es ei gcglgit. 4. Ielg tkg iailgtec wbtk ei - bhg gihbif.
+5 Cb Ie
+4 Dg, Lf Oe, _r
+? D Ec
+8 O _b
-? I Z
-4 A _
-5 N, Oc Dr, B
+5 Ef
+4 ]i, Oh
5. Baibo Daihbif •
Tgeotbai an Fraup 4 lgtecs wbtk Fraup 56 Iailgtecs
N
N Dg
Dg4+
+ N
N
_blpcg Dbiery Baibo Oalpauihs 5 4 ? 5 4 ? 5
+ + + + + + +
56 56 56 5> 5> 5> 57
L[ L[4 L[? L4[ L[ L4[? L?[
CbN DgN4 EcN? Ie4A DeA Ec4_? Ie?I
Zrapgrtbgs an Baibo _udsteiogs •
, ia lavbif okerfgs sbiog bais erg nbrlcy dauih bi tkg cettbog
•
, bais erg nrgg ta lavg •
gxtgihbif tkraufk tkg cettbog • •
, straif baibo daihbif
, bais straifcy dauih bi tkg cettbog
, hbstartbai oeusgs rgpucsbai dgtwggi bais an cb`g
4. Oavecgi Oavecgitt Daihbif Daihbif •
•
Daihs tket aoour nral tkg Bn 4 gcgotrais erg skergh ‟ sbifcg daih Bn 8 gcgotrais erg skergh ‟ haudcg daih Bn > gcgotrais erg skergh ‟ trbpcg daih
Xwa typgs an oavecgit daih= ΘGI < :.7 ta 5.6 ΘGI 3 :.7
O, A, I, Z, eih _
_alg Oallai Oavecgit Oalpauihs
Cgwbs _truoturgs Nar Oavecgit _truoturgs 5. Hgtgrlbig tkg tatec iuldgr an vecgiog gcgotrais 4. Hgtgrlbig tkg iuldgr an gcgotrais igogssery ta setbsny tkg aotgt rucg wbtkaut gcgotrai skerbif ?. Fgt tkg hbnngrgiog dgtwggi (5) eih (4). Xkbs bs tkg iuldgr an daihbif gcgotrais erauih tkg ogitrec etal. (Hbvbhg dy twa ta adtebi tkg daihbif pebrs) 8. Hgtgrlbig tkg ogitrec etal. Xkg cgest gcgotraigfetbvg, antgi tkg nbrst etal bi tkg narluce.
Cgwbs _truoturgs Nar Oavecgit _truoturgs 7. Daih etals ta ogitrec etal wbtk e sbifcg daih. >. Oalpcgtg tkg aotgt nar ogitrec etal
6. Hbstrbdutg gcgotrais ta oalpcgtg tkg aotgt nar eiy etteokgh etals • •
pceog gxtre gcgotrais ai ogitrec etal bi pebrs narl haudcg/trbpcg daihs bn igogssery ta oalpcgtg aotgt etals
Gxo Gxogpt gptbais bais ta tkg Aotgt Tucg ucg •
K eih Kg naccaw tkg hugt rucg
•
D usueccy kes aicy > surrauihbif gcgotrais
•
Dg daihs wbtk must 8 surrauihbif gcgotrais
•
Gcglgits bi tkg ? rh pgrbah eih kbfkgr oaitebi –h“ ardbtecs, sa ley eooallahetg larg tkei ;. Xkbs bs iat tkg last cb`gcy sbtuetbai, dut oei aoour. Xkg rgsuct bs ei –gxpeihgh aotgt“
_alg Gxogptbais ta tkg Aotgt Tucg •
Lacgoucgs wbtk ei ahh iuldgr an gcgotrais
IA kes 7 + > < 55 vecgiog gcgotrais •
Lacgoucgs bi wkbok ei etal kes cgss tkei ei aotgt (Dg eih Dg).
_alg Gxogptbais ta tkg Aotgt Tucg •
Lacgoucgs bi wkbok ei etal kes larg tkei ei aotgt.
Hrew tkg Cgwbs _truoturgs an= 5. Ellaibe, IK?
>. Lgtkeig, OK8
4. Vetgr, K4A
6. Kyhrafgi fes, K 4
?. Kyhrafgi okcarbhg, KOc
;. Zkaspkbig, ZK?
8. Ibtrafgi fes, I 4
2. _ucnur hbaxbhg, hbaxbhg, _A4
7. Axyfgi fes, A4
5:.Okcarbig 5:. Okcarbig fes, Oc4
4.E Iaipacer Oavecgit Daihs •
•
•
Oavecgit daihs bi wkbok tkg gcgotrais erg gqueccy skergh
Kyhrafgi fes, K4
K K
Xa dg iaipacer, tkg twa etals bivacvgh bi tkg daih lust dg tkg ta skerg gqueccy. Kes
ar
K K
Ibtrafgi fes, I4
I
I
ar
I
I
4.D Zacer Oavecgit Daihs •
•
•
Oavecgit daihs bi wkbok tkg gcgotrais erg iat gqueccy skergh Xa dg iaipacer, tkg bivacvgh bi tkg daih lust kevg hbnngrgit gcgotraigfetbvbtbgs. Kes
gcgotrai rbok rgfbai
gcgotrai paar rgfbai
N
K
g- paar
g- rbok
K
N
h+
h-
Ielbi Ielbif f Oave Oavecgi cgitt Oalpau Oalpauihs ihs Xa ielg dbiery oavecgit oalpauihs 5. Ielg tkg nbrst iailgtec es ei gcglgit. Xkg nbrst iai-lgtec skauch dg tkg cgss gcgotraigfetbvg gcglgit ar tkg larg lgteccbo dgtwggi tkg twa. 4. Ielg tkg sgoaih iailgtec wbtk ei -bhg - bhg gihbif. ?. Wsg ta bihboetg tkg iuldgr an etals (sudsorbpt) an geok gcglgit. Xkg prgnbx laia bs usueccy albttgh.
laiahbtrbtgtrepgitekgxekgpteaoteiaiehgoeuihgoe-
Vrbtbif Okglboec Narluce an Oavecgit Oalpauihs 5. Vrbtg tkg syldacs bi tkg arhgr an tkg gcglgits bi tkg ielg. Larg lgteccbo gcglgit lust oalgs nbrst. Cbst an Iai-Lgtecs bi hgorgesbif gcgotraigfetbvbty = N 3 A 3 Oc 3 I 3 Dr Dr 3 B 3 _ 3 O 3 _g 3 Et 3 Xg 3 K 3 Z 3 Es 3 D 3 _d 3 _b 3 @r 3 [g [g 3Ti
4. Vrbtg eiy prgnbxgs es sudsorbpts. _alg an tkbs oalpauihs erg `iawi aicy dy tkgbr oallai ielgs cb`g= KA etgr
Ocessbnybif Okglboec Daihs desgh ai ΘGI GI
9 5.6 :.7 ‟ 5.6 3 :.7
Baibo Okereotgr Lastcy baibo Zacer oavecgit Iai Zacer Oavecgit
Biorgesbif hbnngrgiog bi gcgotraigfetbvbty
?. Lgtecc Lgteccbo bo Daihbif Daihbif •
Gxbsts bi lgtecs tkraufk tkg ettreotbai dgtwggi nrggcy lavbif eih gvgicy hbstrbdutgh ar eih tkg pasbtbvgcy okerfgh lgtec etal.
Zrapgrtbgs an Lgteccbo _udsteiogs •
gcgotrais gcgotrais treisngr treisngr • • • •
, hug ta hgcaoecbzgh
straif lgteccbo daihbif , bais tbfktcy peo`gh bi tkg cettbog
hbstartbai hags iat hbsrupt tkg daih , hgcaoecbzgh gcgotrais oeusgs rgncgotbai an cbfkt
LAHWCG ?
Cgeribif Oalpgtgiobgs •
gxpcebi kaw tkg struoturg an oerdai etal enngots tkg typgs an daihs bt narls
•
rgoafibzg tkg fgigrec ocessgs eih usgs an arfeibo oalpauihs.
Kbstary an Arfeibo Okglbstry
Arfeibo Okglbstry •
bs e dreiok an okglbstry tket hgecs wbtk tkg , gspgobeccy tkasg bi wkbok oerdai bs ta atkgr iai-lgtecs suok es kyhrafgi, axyfgi, ibtrafgi eih tkg kecafgis
Arfeibo Oalpauihs •
Fraup an oalpauihs tket oaitebi tkg gcglgit oerdai.
•
Xkg oerdai etal usueccy narls daih wbtk= )0 eih kyhrafgi aicy (ar , atkgr gcglgits ielgcy axyfgi, ibtrafgi, pkaspkaraus, sucnur, eih kecafgis (ncuarbig, okcarbig, dralbig, eih bahbig
Fgigrec Zrapgrtbgs an Arfeibo Oalpauihs •
_alg erg fesgs eih leiy erg cbqubhs et raal tglpgreturg
•
Caw lgctbif pabit
•
Cblbtgh sacudbcbty bi wetgr
•
Oaldustbdcg (Ncelledcg) eih/ar sgisbtbvg ta kget (hgoalpasgh dy kget)
Gxelpcgs an Arfeibo Oalpauihs
Xkg Oerdai Etal •
_oatceih) •
, Kes naur naur vecg vecgio iog g gcgo gcgotra trais is (@g` (@g`uc ucg g ei eih h
Oei narl naur straif oavecgit daih wbtk atkgr gcglgits eih wbtk oerdai btsgcn
Xkg Oerdai Etal •
Oei cbi` wbtk oerdai etals ta narl cbiger, dreiokgh ar oyocbo deo`daigs
Xkg Oerdai Etal •
Oei narl leiy erreifglgit= sbifcg, haudcg eih trbpcg daihs
Oaiogpt Lep an Arfeibo Oalpauihs
Arfeibo Oalpauihs
Vbtk Kgtgraetals
Kyhraoerdais
Ecbpketbos
Ec`
Ec`
Eraletbos
Ec`
O cb E
c
Kyhraoerdais •
arfeibo oalpauihs tket oaitebi oerdai eih kyhrafgi etals aicy = ec`eigs igs (setu (seturetgh retgh),), • ec`e • ec`gigs eih ec`yigs (uiseturetgh) ar ergigs
Kyhraoerdais (strebfkt okebi eiecafs)
Ec`eigs
OiK4i+4
Ec`gigs
OiK4i
Ec`yigs
OiK4i-4
wkgrg i bs tkg iuldgr an oerdai etals
oerdai-oerdai sbifcg daih oerdai-oerdai haud haudcg cg daih daih oerdai-oerdai trbp trbpcg cg daih daih
O-O O
Ec`eigs •
Zrgsgiog an oerdai-oerdai sbifcg daih (sbifcg oavecgit daihs aicy)
•
Lemar saurogs an ec`eigs= ieturec fes (lastcy lgtkeig, OK8), pgtracgul hgpasbts eih oaec
Cbst an Iarlec Ec`eigs Ielg Narluce _truoturec Narluce
Lgtkeig OK8
Cbst an Iarlec Ec`eigs Ielg Narluce _truoturec Narluce
Gtkeig O4K> ar OK?OK?
Cbst an Iarlec Ec`eigs Ielg Narluce _truoturec Narluce
Zrapeig O?K; ar OK?OK4OK?
Cbst an Iarlec Ec`eigs Ielg Narluce _truoturec Narluce
O8K5:
Duteig ar OK?OK4OK4OK?
cbig eifcg narluce
Cbst an Iarlec Ec`eigs Ielg Narluce _truoturec Narluce
O7K54
Zgiteig ar OK?OK4OK4OK4OK?
Cbst an Iarlec Ec`eigs Ielg Narluce _truoturec Narluce
O>K58
Kgxeig ar OK?OK4OK4OK4OK4OK?
Cbst an Iarlec Ec`eigs Ielg Narluce _truoturec Narluce
O6K5>
Kgpteig ar OK?OK4OK4OK4OK4OK4OK?
Cbst an Iarlec Ec`eigs Ielg Narluce _truoturec Narluce
O;K5;
Aoteig ar OK?OK4OK4OK4OK4OK4OK4OK?
Cbst an Iarlec Ec`eigs Ielg Narluce _truoturec Narluce
O2K4:
Iaieig ar OK?OK4OK4OK4OK4OK4OK4OK4OK?
Cbst an Iarlec Ec`eigs Ielg Narluce _truoturec Narluce
Hgoeig O5:K44 ar OK?OK4OK4OK4OK4OK4OK4OK4OK4OK?
Cbst an Iarlec Ec`eigs Ielg Narluce _truoturec Narluce
Wihgoeig O55K48 ar OK?OK4OK4OK4OK4OK4OK4OK4OK4OK4OK?
Cbst an Iarlec Ec`eigs Ielg Narluce _truoturec Narluce
Hahgoeig O54K4> ar OK?OK4OK4OK4OK4OK4OK4OK4OK4OK4OK4OK?
Zrapgrtbgs an Ec`eigs •
Zkysboe Zky sboecc stetg= stetg= • O5 ‟ O8, fesgs et raal tglpgreturg • O7 ‟ O56, cbqubh et raal tglpgreturg • O5; eih edavg, sacbh et raal tglpgreturg
Lgtkeig Gtkeig Zrapeig Duteig Zgiteig Kgxeig Kgpteig Aoteig I
Fes Fes Fes Fes Cbqubh Cbqubh Cbqubh Cbqubh Cb bh
Zrapgrtbgs an Ec`eigs •
Biorgesgh bi dabcbif pabit es lacgoucer sbzg biorgesgs (ar biorgesbif iuldgr an oerdai etals)
•
Bisacudcg bi wetgr
•
Cgss hgisg bi wetgr
Lgtkeig Gtkeig Zrapeig Duteig Zgiteig Kgxeig Kgpteig Aoteig Iaieig
-5>4 -;; -84 : ?> >2 2; 54> 575
Gxelpcgs an Ec`eigs
Lgtkeig nral oaws lgtedacbzgh dy Lgtkeiafg Lgtkeiafgibo ibo erokege erokege bi tkg fut
Duteig fes bi cbfktgrs
i-iaieig, e lemar oalpaigit bi sogit an rasg
Ec`gigs •
Zrgsgiog an oerdai-oerdai
•
Ecsa `iawi es acgnbis
•
_yitkgsbzgh bihustrbeccy dy pgtracgul
daih
an
E ?H lahgc an gtkycgig, tkg sblpcgst ec`gig.
Cbst an Iarlec Ec`gigs Ielg Narluce _truoturec Narluce
Gtkgig O4K8 ar OK4
Cbst an Iarlec Ec`gigs Ielg Narluce _truoturec Narluce
Zrapgig O?K> ar OK4
Cbst an Iarlec Ec`gigs Ielg Narluce _truoturec Narluce
5-Dutgig O8K; ar OK4
Cbst an Iarlec Ec`gigs Ielg Narluce _truoturec Narluce
O7K5:
5-Zgitgig ar OK4
Cbst an Iarlec Ec`gigs Ielg Narluce _truoturec Narluce
O>K54
5-Kgxgig ar OK4
Zrapgrtbgs an Ec`gigs •
Zkysboe Zky sboecc stetg= stetg= • O4 ‟ O8, fesgs et raal tglpgreturg • O7 ‟ O5>, cbqubh et raal tglpgreturg • O56 eih edavg, wexy sacbh et raal tglpgreturg
Gtkgig Zrapgig 5-Dutgig 5-Zgitgig 5-Kgxgig
Fes Fes Fes Cbqubh Cbqubh
Zrapgrtbgs an Ec`gigs •
Cb`g bi ec`eigs, biorgesgh bi dabcbif pabit es lacgoucer sbzg biorgesgs (ar biorgesbif iuldgr an oerdai etals)
•
Cgss hgisg tkei wetgr
•
Iat sacudcg wbtk wetgr
Gtkgig Zrapgig 5-Dutgig 5-Zgitgig 5-Kgxgig
-5:8 -86 ->.? ?: >?
Ietureccy Aoourrbif Ec`gigs
δ-oeratgig,
areifg oacar bi oerrats
Ietureccy Aoourrbif Ec`gigs
cyoapgig, rgh oacar bi taletags
Ietureccy Aoourrbif Ec`gigs
cblaig cbl aigig ig bi areifg arei fg
Ec`yigs •
Zrgsgiog an oerdai-oerdai
daih
E ?H lahgc an eogtycg eog tycgig/g ig/gtkyi tkyig, g, tkg sblpcgst sblp cgst ec`yig.
Ec`yigs •
Xkg Xkg sblpc sbl pcgst gst ec`yi ec`yig, g, gtky gtkyig ig ar eogt eogtyc ycgig gig,, bs prgpergh prgpergh bihustrbeccy es=
OeOA? OeA OA4 cbl g
cbl gstaig
oaec O
–`ecdura“ `ecdura“
oa`g gcgotrbo nurieog
?O OeA
OeO 4 oecobul oerdbhg
OA
Cbst an Iarlec Ec`yigs Ielg Narluce _truoturec Narluce
Gtkyig O4K4 ar OK OK ≥
Cbst an Iarlec Ec`yigs Ielg Narluce _truoturec Narluce
Zrapyig O?K8 ar OK OOK? ≥
Cbst an Iarlec Ec`yigs Ielg Narluce _truoturec Narluce
5-Dutyig O8K> ar OK OOK4OK? ≥
Cbst an Iarlec Ec`yigs Ielg Narluce _truoturec Narluce
5-Zgityig O7K; ar OK OOK4OK4OK? ≥
Cbst an Iarlec Ec`yigs Ielg Narluce _truoturec Narluce
O>K5:
5-Kgxyig ar OK OOK4OK4OK4OK? ≥
Zrapgrtbgs an Ec`yigs •
Zkysboe Zky sboecc stetg= stetg= • O4 ‟ O8, fesgs et raal tglpgreturg • O7 ‟ O56, cbqubh et raal tglpgreturg • O5; eih edavg, sacbh et raal tglpgreturg
Gtkyig Zrapyig 5-Dutyig 5-Zgityig 5-Kgxyig
Fes Fes Fes Cbqubh Cbqubh
Zrapgrtbgs an Ec`yigs •
Cb`g bi ec`eigs eih ec`gigs, biorgesgh bi dabcbif pabit es lacgoucer sbzg biorgesgs (ar biorgesbif iuldgr an oerdai etals)
•
Cgss hgisg tkei wetgr
•
Iat sacudcg wbtk wetgr
Gtkyig Zrapygig 5-Dutyig 5-Zgityig 5-Kgxgyg
-;8 -4? ;.5 ?2.4 65
Gxelpcgs an Ec`yigs
eogtycgig, wbhgcy usgh es e nugc eih e okglboec dubchbif dcao`
Ecoakac •
Hgrbvgh nral e kyhraoerdai dy rgpceobif e kyhrafgi etal dy ei ‟AK (kyhraxbhg) fraup
•
Kbfkgr dabcbif pabit tket tkg selg ec`eig
•
_acudcg bi wetgr ]iA,Or 4 A ? 47: etl,?7: a O
OA( fes ) 4K 4( fes ) OK ?AK ( fes )
Zrgperetbai an Ecoakac •
Ngrlgitetbai an sufers eih sterok dy ygers ta prahuog gtkeiac
Gxelpcgs an Ecoakacs
Lgtkeiac, ecsa waah ecoakac eih –fbi ducef“ ducef“ Gtkeiac, usgh es e nugc ehhbtbvg
Gxelpcgs an Ecoakacs
Lgitkac, usgh es eiecfgsbo, slaatk lusocg rgcexeit rgcex eit eih pgstbo pgs tbobhg bhg efebis efe bistt dggs dgg s
Dgizyc ecoakac, oalpaigit an meslbig
Gxelpcgs an Ecoakacs
Gtkycgig fcyoac, eutaladbcg eitbnrggzg
Fcyograc, wgttbif efgit bi catbais, usgh nar leiuneoturg leiun eoturg an ibtrafcyogrbi ibtrafcyo grbi (ei gxpcasbvg) gxpcas bvg)
Oerdaiyc Oalpauihs= @gtaig eih Echgkyhgs •
Kes e (oerdai etal haudcy daihgh ta axyfgi) ar oerdaiyc fraup
Echgkyhg •
Oerdaiyc fraup daihgh ta ei ec`yc fraup (T) eih e kyhrafgi etal
wkgrg T bs ei ec`yc fraup
Gxelpcgs an Echgkyhgs
Narlechgkyhg, usgh nar prgsgrvetbai an
Eoracgbi, usgh es oaiteot kgrdbobhg eih
Gxelpcgs an Echgkyhgs Obtrec Obt rec bi cglai cgl ai fress fres s abc
Dgizechgkyhg Dgizec hgkyhg bi eclaih, eclai h, okgrry, okgrr y, pgeok, eih ceurgc abc
@gtaig •
Oerdaiyc fraup bs daihgh ta twa oerdai-oaitebibif sudstbtutgits
wkgrg T bs ei ec`yc fraup
Gxelpcgs an @gtaigs
Eogtaig, iebc pacbsk rglavgr eih
Dgizapk Dgi zapkgia giaig, ig, W^-dca W^- dcao`g o`grr usgh usg h bi
LAHWCG 8
Cgeribif Oalpgtgiobgs •
Wsg tkg lacg oaiogpt ta gxprgss less an sudsteiogs0 eih
•
Hgtgrlbig tkg pgrogitefg oalpasbtbai an e oalpauih fbvgi bts okglboec narluce eih vbog vgrse.
Lacg •
E oauitbif uibt usgh dy okglbsts ta lgesurg etals iat bi tgrls an iuldgr an pertbocgs dut eooarhbif ta tkg less an sudsteiogs
•
Hgnbigh es tkg
•
Ecsa Btec Btecbei bei pkysb pkysbobs obstt
bi kaiar an
wka pastucetgh bi 5;55 tket gquec vaculgs an fesgs et selg tglpgreturg eih prgssurg oaitebi tkg selg iuldgr an fes lacgouc lacgoucgs. gs.
Tglgldgr! E lacg bs gqubvecgit ta= Ö
>:4,4::,:::,:::,:::,:::,:::,:::
• • •
Zertbocgs oauch dg= nar gcglgits nar baibo oalpauihs nar oavecgit oalpauihs
Vkgi ta usg etals, bais ar lacgoucgs1 5 lacg O < >.:44 x 5:4? O 5 lacg K4A < >.:44 x 5:4? K4A 5 lacg lacg IeOc IeOc < >.:44 x 5:4? IeOc ar >.:44 x 5:4? Ie+ bais eih >.:44 x 5:4? Oc‟ bais
Evafehra‒s Iuldgr es e Oaivgrsbai Neotar _biog,
ar
Lacer Less • •
Xkg Less an (bi frels ) Gquec ta tkg iulgrboec vecug an tkg evgrefg etalbo less 5 lacg an O etals < 54.: f 5 lacg an Lf etals < 48.? f 5 lacg an Ou etals < >?.7 f
Atkgr Ielgs Tgcetgh ta Lacer Less •
_ul an tkg tatec lessgs an tkg etals bi lacgoucer oalpauih, bi (etalbo less uibts).
•
= _ul an tkg tatec lessgs an etals bi ei baibo oalpauih, bi (etalbo less uibts)
Kaw ta Oecoucetg nar Lacer Less1 Ehh tkg etalbo wgbfkt/lessgs an ecc gcglgits bi e oalpauih Gxelpcg= Nbih tkg lacer less an K 4 A.
4K 5A
Ö Ö
5.:5
<
5>.:: <
Lacer less=
4.:4 5>.::
Less an 5 Lacg an Hbnngrgit _udsteiogs Axyfgi fes _uorasg/ _uorasg/ Xedcg sufer Kyhrafgi Zgraxbhg Oecobul
A4 O54K44A55
?4.:: ?84.?8
>.:44 x 5:4? >.:44 x 5:4?
K4A4
?8.:4
>.:44 x 5:4?
Oe
8:.:;
>.:44 x 5:4?
Oecoucetbais bivacvbif Lacer Less eih Evafehra‒s Iuldgr
XKG LACG TAEHLEZ Lacer Less Less
Evafehra‒s iuldgr Lacg
Ia. an Zertbocgs
Oecoucetbais bivacvbif Lacer Less eih Evafehra‒s Iuldgr Lacer Less Less
Evafehra‒s iuldgr Lacg
less an oalpauih (frel) lac lacg an oalpauih (lac)
f Lacer Less
Ia. an Zertbocgs
Oecoucetbais bivacvbif Lacer Less eih Evafehra‒s Iuldgr Lacer Less Less
Evafehra‒s iuldgr Lacg
Ia. an Zertbocgs
>.:44 5:4? pertbocgs 5 lacg ar 5 lacg >.:44 5: 4? pertbocgs
Zgrogitefg Oalpasbtbai •
Xkg less an geok gcglgit bi e oalpauih oalpergh ta tkg tk g gitb gitbrg rg le less ss an tkg tk g oalp oalpau auih ih lu luct ctbp bpcbcbgh gh dy 5:: 5: : pgrogit
•
ar sblpcy,
less an tkg gcglgit bi tkg oalpauih % less an ei gcglgit 5::% less an oalpauih
Zgrogitefg Oalpasbtbai Nar gxelpcg, K4A= •
Nral tkg lacer less, tkg sul an ecc gcglgits bs=
%K
4.:4 f/lac 5::% 5;.:4 f/lac
% K QQQQQQQQQQ QQ
%A
5>.:: f/lac 5:: % 5;.:4 f/lac
% A QQQQQQQQQQ QQ
Zgrogitefg Oalpasbtbai Nar gxelpcg, K4A= Zgrogitefg Zgrogi tefg Oalp Oalpasb asbtba tbai i an Vetg Vetgrr
