GRAMMA
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AND
VOCABULARY for fo r C A M B R I D G E ADVANCED AND PROFICIENCY
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RICHARD SIDE
and
GUY WELLMAN
GRAMMAR AND
VOCABULARY for fo r CAMBRIDGE ADVANCED A N D PROFICIENCY
lift
RICHARD SIDE
and
GUY WELLMAN
GRAMMAR AND
VOCABULARY for fo r CAMBRIDGE ADVANCED A N D PROFICIENCY
Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world www. longman-elt.com
© Pearson Education Limited 1999 he right o! "ichard #ide and Gu$ %ellman to be identi!ied as authors authors o! this %or& ha'e been asserted b$ them in accordance with the Cop$right( )esigns and *atents Act +, All rights reser'ed no part o! this publication ma$ be reproduced( stored in a retrie'al s$stem( or transmitted in an$ !orm or b$ an$ means( electronic( mechanical( photocop$ing( recording( or otherwise without the prior written permission o! the *ublishers.
First published 1999 Second impression 2000 ISBN 0 !2 "19#$ ! Acknowledgements
%esi&ned b' First Edition Illustrations b' Noel Ford (o)er desi&n b' *ndre+ ,li)er Pro-ect mana&ed b' (hristina .use /he publishers +ould lie to than the follo+in& for their ind permission to adapt ecerpts from ori&inal tets /x!ord oda$ 3passa&e4 pa&e 2956 he ndependent( from article b' 7illiam 8artson4 1$129: 3passa&e on &lobal +armin&4 pa&e 1$$56 1ewswee& 2$1119!: 3passa&e on t+ins4 pa&e 1156 ;uartet Boos4 from #udan b' N 7orral 7orral 319!05 3passa&e4 3passa&e4 pa&e 1$56 Seeer and 7arbur&4 7arbur&4 from 1either Here 1or here b' Bill Br'son Br'son 319915 3passa&e 3passa&e on tra)ellin& tra)ellin& in Europe4 Europe4 pa&e 156 Pen&uin4 from Citiens b' Simon Schama4 Schama4 p21 3passa&e4 3passa&e4 pa&e 19"5 Set in
#
Contents
311
Syllabus map
Vocabulary SECTION 4 Possibilit'4 probabilit' and certaint'
Int!"u#t$!n
i#
SECTION 5 ,bli&ations E&am
!
Un$t !n% pa#t$#% '
Problem tenses
#0
1#
Enty t%st
1:
OVERVIEW
1!
SECTION
I
20
SECTION
2
22
SECTION
3
2"
SECTION 4
Un$t (!u
#2
Modal verbs 2 Enty t%st
#2
OVERVIEW >
#$
SECTION ) Intention4 +illin&ness4 fre?uenc'4
Present Perfect ,ther Perfect forms (ontinuous forms /he future Necessit'4 dut' and and ad)ice
SECTION з
Vocabulary 2# 2!
SECTION 2 *bilit'4 permission
Special uses of should modals in the past
SECTION з
$0 $2 Stati)e )erbs
SECTION 5
"
habit
Vocabulary Fre?uenc' :" SECTION 5 SECTION 4 Fre?uenc'
*bilit'4 ?ualit' and
achie)ement 7
SECTION 3 (ollocation an introduction
E&am pa#t$#% -
:!
C!0
E&am pa#t$#% ) Un$t ($.% Un$t t*!
Subjuncti Subjunctives ves and Unreal Past; Passives
$2 $$
Enty t%st
Conditionals
Enty t%st
OVERVIEW
OVERVIEW
SECTION
I
SECTION
SECTION
2
SECTION 2
SECTION
3
SECTION 3
SECTION 4
!0 !1 !2 !"
I
Sub-uncti)es and Anreal Past
Liel' conditionals in the past4 present and future *&ents *&ents and ob-ects ob-ects +ith the passi)e $" Infiniti) Infiniti)es es and -ing -ing form
Anliel' conditionals in the present and future
passi)es $# Structures +ith get and ha'e $! Not usin& the passi)e
Past conditionals
transiti)e "0 to intransiti)e
!!
Vocabulary
90
"2
92
"" "# "! SECTION 5
@erbs +e commonl' use in the passi)e
9" SECTION 4
Vocabulary SECTION 5
SECTION 3 Phrasal )erbs6 )erb > preposition E&am pa#t$#% +
E&am pa#t$#% / Un$t t,%%
Modal verbs 1
9#
Enty t%st
"!
P!0%ss t%st )
OVERVIEW
"9
3testin& contents of Anits 1 5
SECTION i
Predictin&
SECTION 2 /rue4 untrue4 possible present
0 2
and past
:0 :2
"
CONTENTS
В
SECTION 2 Each and e'er$ 148 Un$t s$&
100
SECTION з
Linking clauses Enty t%st
SECTION 4 ;uantifiers much( man$( a lot o!( 152 4a5 !ew( 4a5
)1)
/ime and .eason
SECTION 2 .esult and Purpose
(oncession clauses
SECTION з
)1+ )1)12
Vocabulary SECTION 4 Epressin& purpose and effect
10!
*&reein& or not
110
SECTION 5
E&am pa#t$#% 2
В
Adjectives and adverbs
Vocabulary SECTION 6 *mount and etent 156 SECTION 3
=roups of and
parts of 158 E&am pa#t$#% 5 160
В
Un$t t%n 162
oun clauses Enty t%st
1#2
OVERVIEW
1#$
SECTION i
/hatclauses
1#"
SECTION 2 7hclauses
1##
SECTION з
Enty t%st
))-
OVERVIEW
))/
*d-ecti)e structures6 ad-ecti)e or ad)erbD
SECTION 5 An$( some( somewhere( an$where( an$where( 154 etc
))+
11"
Un$t s%.%n
SECTION i
little( most
)11
OVERVIEW SECTION i
/nes( another( other4s5( one 150 another( each other
11#
/oinfiniti)e and -ing clauses
1#!
SECTION 4 .eference this( that( these( those 1:0 such so
Vocabulary SECTION 5 Nouns from from phrasal )erbs
1:2
SECTION # La Lac4 shorta&e and ecess
1:"
E&am pa#t$#% )1
1:#
122
P!0%ss t%st +
1:!
)+-
3testin& contents of Anits 1 105
SECTION 2 In)ersion after ne&ati)e ad)erbs
11!
SECTION $
)+1
Vocabulary SECTION 4 %ifferences and similarities SECTION 5
Sentence ad)erbs
E&am pa#t$#% 3
В
)+2
12!
Un$t %$0,t
ouns and articles articles Enty t%st
)+4
OVERVIEW
)+5
SECTION i Asin& the or no article
1$0
SECTION 2 Sin&ular4 plural4 uncountable
1$2
SECTION $ (lassif'in&
1$"
SECTION 4 *d-ecti)es and )erbs as nouns
1$#
Vocabulary SECTION 5
В
Sin&ular4 plural uncountable common phrases
1$!
SECTION # (ompounds
1"0
E&am pa#t$#% 4
1"2
Un$t n$n%
!eterminers and "ronouns "ronouns Enty t%st 1""
OVERVIEW 1" SECTION i All( both( the whole( whole( neither( either( 1"# no( none
1""
67
Int(od$)t*on A+O-T T.IS +OO/ %ho is this hoo& !or> /his boo is for an' ad)anced student of En&lish but it is particularl' rele)ant to people stud'in& for the (ambrid&e (ertificate in *d)anced En&lish 3(*E5 or the (ertificate of Proficienc' in En&lish 3(PE5 eams 7e assume that an'bod' usin& this boo has a reasonable no+led&e of and abilit' to use En&lish4 at least up to (ambrid&e First (ertificate standard
%hat sort o! grammar is in this boo&>
T8E ENTRY TEST
Each Anit be&ins +ith an Enty t%st? Each eercise in this test is related to one of the =rammar Sections +ithin the Anit If 'ou ha)e difficulties +ith an eercise4 there is a crossreference to the rele)ant Section +hich +ill pro)ide all the eplanation and practice 'ou need ,n the other hand4 if 'ou find the eercise eas'4 it ma' mean that 'ou are perfectl' competent in that area of &rammar and 'ou ma' +ish to i&nore that Section T8E OVERVIEW
/he O.%.$%* pro)ides a summar' of the &rammar +hich students in ad)anced classes should alread' be familiar +ith For eample4 +ith relati)e clauses 3see Anit 115 'ou should alread' no+ about the differences bet+een definin& and nondefinin&
/his boo co)ers the main areas of En&lish &rammar at ad)anced le)el and concentrates on areas 'ou need to pass the eams It loos4 for eample4 at )erb and noun structures4 ad)erb and ad-ecti)e structures4 and +a's of linin& comple sentences and tets It also pro)ides information on st'le and re&ister4 for eample +hether some structures are more t'pical of +ritten or spoen En&lish *lthou&h &rammar and )ocabular' are ob)iousl' important in all areas of the ad)anced eams4 special attention is &i)en to structures +hich are fre?uentl' tested in Paper $ Ase of En&lish For eample4 modal )erbs 3see Anits $ and "5 and relati)e clauses 3see Anit 115 ha)e occurred in )irtuall' e)er' Paper $ in the (PE eam in recent 'ears Some areas of &rammar4 such as relati)e clauses and determiners 3see Anit 01& occur most fre?uentl' in the cloJe test 3see pa&e 1" belo+54 +hile modal Perfects are )er' common in sentence &apped sentences the practice eercises in the boo reflect this ,ther areas of &rammar4 such as articles 3see Anit !54 ma' cause 'ou more difficult' in Paper 2 (omposition *&ain4 the practice eercises in the boo reflect this
%hat sort o! 'ocabular$ is in this boo&> *t ad)anced le)el4 there is an enormous amount of )ocabular' to learn No boo can hope to co)er it all It is also much more difficult to predict )ocabular' +hich +ill occur in the eams /his boo focuses on areas of )ocabular' that are useful in a +ide ran&e of situations4 e& a&reein& and disa&reein&4 fre?uenc'4 problems and solutions4 startin& and endin&4 etc 7ords that combine fre?uentl' +ith others are a particular focus /his in)ol)es a consideration of collocation 3see Anit 1#5 as +ell as +hat &rammatical structures +e can use +ith c ertain +ords Each Anit has t+o Sections dedicated to )ocabular'4 but there is also a lot of )ocabular' in the =rammar Sections &roups of +ords often share similar &rammatical patterns4 e& )erbs that are commonl' follo+ed b' thatclauses or toinfiniti)e structures 3see Anit 1"254 or )erbs that are commonl' follo+ed b' it > clause 3see Anit 1225 /he Sections often end +ith eamples of common phrases and idioms +hich use the &rammatical structures @ocabular' Sections complement the precedin& =rammar Sections +here possible4 +hilst others deal +ith separate topics /he S'llabus map 3pa&es 201 sho+s this Some of the &rammar or )ocabular' in the boo ma' be formal or used in limited contets4 thou&h lan&ua&e that +ould normall' be considered specialised4 such as le&al or technical -ar&on or academic or literar' usa&e4 is not included because it is not tested in the eams
8o+ can use this boo&> /here are man' different +a's to use this boo Kou can use the C!nt%nts or Syllabus map to loo up a particular area of &rammar or )ocabular' that 'ou +ant to stud' ,r4 'ou ma' +ant to stud' c omplete Anits in the order in +hich the' appear Se)eral options are a)ailable to 'ou .eferences +ithin the Sections +ill point 'ou in the direction of eplanations of related areas of &rammar or )ocabular' in other Sections or Anits
12
pa&e "!
Tut, an" p!ss$b$l$ty
/rue H untrue6 epressin& opinions6 &i)in& reasons6
epressin& anno'ance
P%"$#t$n0 (ertaint'6 possibilit'6
N%#%ss$ty: "uty: a".$#% Must( ha'e to( should( needn7t( don7t ha'e to
epressin& opinions
etc6 other )erbs for necessit' and
ad)ice Lielihood bound to( etc6 improbabilit' Obl$0at$!ns Le&al H institutional4 moral4 personal obli&ations6 freedom of choice P!ss$b$l$ty: p!bab$l$ty: #%ta$nty
Unit four Grammar Modal 'erbs 2 OVERVIEW
pa&e #2 iG Int%nt$!n: (%;u%n#y: ,ab$t Intention H refusal6 offers H re?uests6 fre?uenc'
2 2 2 2
Ab$l$ty: p%m$ss$!n
Can Could ) was were able to theoretical possibilit'6 permission6 re&ister
Should; m!"als $n t,% past Special uses of should modals in the past6 modal Perfects F%;u%n#y *d)erbs and phrases6 ad-ecti)es6 habits and trends Ab$l$ty: ;ual$ty an" a#,$%.%m%nt
%ependent prepositions6 collocation6 connotation6 metaphor
3
SYLLABUS MA'
3
Unit five
Grutntnur #ub8uncti'es and 9nreal *ast Conditionals
pa&e !0 iG Sub7un#t$.%s an" Un%al Past Present and Past sub-uncti)e6 Anreal Past 2 L$<%ly #!n"$t$!nals @erb forms6 will won7t in 3Hclauses6 miin& time references6 false conditionals -$
OVERVIEW
Sub-uncti)es6 Anreal Past6 c on di ti ona ls 6 when and i! alternati)es to i!
Vocabulary
Unl$<%ly #!n"$t$!nals
@erb forms6 would in if
clauses6 !... are to were to
4
Past #!n"$t$!nals @erb
4 4
M%tap,! (ompound ad-ecti)es and nouns6 sin&le P%($&%s an" su(($&%s
forms6 would ha'e... would ha'e omittin& i! etc
+ords6 idiomatic phrases
(han&in& meanin&6 prefies in noneistent +ords6 suffies and part of speech6
suffies chan&in& meanin&
Unit six Grammar :in&ing clauses OVERVIEW
/'pes of clause6 reasons for use6 position
Vocabulary
pa&e 100 -G T$m% an" R%as!n /ime clauses E'er since( etc6 .eason clauses because( etc
2 2
R%sult an" Pup!s% .esult clauses so( etc6 Purpose clauses in order to(
etc
C!n#%ss$!n #laus%s Position of linin& +ords6 bac&round information6 unepected contrast
2
Pup!s% an" %((%#t
2
A0%%$n0 ! n!t Not
Purpose H intention6 result4 cause and effect &i)in& in6 +ei&hin& thin&s up6 &i)in& in
Unit seven Grammar Ad8ecti'es and ad'erbs OVERVIEW
Position of ad-ecti)es and ad)erbs6 ad)erbs from ad-ecti)es6 ad)erbial phrases
Vocabulary
pa&e 11" -G A"7%#t$.% stu#tu%s *d-ecti)es after nouns6 structures after ad-ecti)es6 late( latel$( etc 2 In.%s$!n *fter ne&ati)e ad)erbs6 uses $ Ma<$n0 #!mpa$s!ns (omparati)es6 similarities6 double comparati)es6 preferences6 as li&e as i! though " D$((%%n#%s an" s$m$la$t$%s (ollocation6 s'non'ms6 modifiers6 linin& phrases6 idiomatic phrases G S%nt%n#% a".%bs %efinition6 uses
Unit eight Grammar 1ouns and articles OVERVIEW
(ountable H uncountable a an( the( or no article6 other determiners
pa&e 12!
1 the
1
S$n0ula: plual: un#!untabl% *l+a's plural6 uncountable +ith
-s collecti)es6 here is are
uncountable H countable $ Class$(y$n0 .eferrin& to &roups plural4 the( a ; an special &roups " A"7%#t$.%s an" .%bs as n!uns he unemplo$ed( the supernatural( etc6 &erunds +ith H +ithout the S$n0ula: plual an" un#!untabl% (ommon phrases on !oot( in all weathers( etc C!mp!un"s Noun
Vocabulary
he +ith nouns al+a's sin&ular6 nouns +ithout articles6 &eneral or specific addin&
The ! n! at$#l%
> noun6 ad-ecti)e > noun6 ad-ecti)e > ad-ecti)e6 other combinations
Unit nine Grammar
)eterminers
pa&e 1"" and
pronouns OVERVIEW
Pronoun ) determiner6 usin& determiners toðer6 sin&ular4 plural4 uncountable6 common phrases
Vocabulary
6 7
Ases6 common phrases Each an" every %ifferences in meanin& H use6 sin&ular H plural6 common phrases One an" another, other(s), one another, each other Ases6 common phrases =uant$($%s> much, many, (a) few, %t#? *rticles6 use in ne&ati)es H ?uestions6 formalit'6 common phrases 5^ Any , s ome , somewhere, anywhere, %t#? Ases6 common phrases all, both, the whole, neither, either, no, none
6
Am!unt an" %&t%nt
6
G!ups !( an" pats !(
Etent and de&ree6 +ords epressin& ?uantit' %escribin& &roups6 informal phrases6 collocation
Unit ten
Grammar 1oun clauses OVERVIEW
%efinition6 t'pes6 position
pa&e 1#2 Tnat@#laus%s *fter nouns H ad-ecti)es H report )erbs6 as sub-ect6
omittin& that comparison +ith relati)e clauses IVn@#laus%s Ases6 +ith prepositions6 +ith infiniti)es6 whether and i! eclamations T!@$n($n$t$.% an" -in #laus%s Sentence position6 differences6 addin& sub-ects6
common phrases R%(%%n#%> this, that, these, those; such; so
/ime H distance6 referrin& bac6
common phrases
Vocabulary
N!uns (!m p,asal .%bs Position of particle6 transiti)e H intransiti)e6 noun )
phrasal )erb
La#<: s,!ta0% an" %&#%ss /he ha)es6 /he ha)e nots
Unit eleven Grammar "elati'e clauses OVERVIEW
%efinin& H nondefinin&6 relati)e pronouns6 position of pronouns
Vocabulary
pa&e 1!2 iG W!"s us%" *$t, %lat$.% p!n!uns Prepositions6 relati)es after pronouns H determiners H wh- +ords 2 Om$tt$n0 %lat$.% p!n!uns 7hen to omit6 replacin& clauses6 descripti)e clauses $G N!m$nal %lat$.% p!n!uns %efinition6 uses6 follo+ed b' toinfiniti)e6 what before a noun6 contact clauses 4 R%(%%n#% *!"s /'pes of reference specif'in&4 arran&in&4 focusin&4 etc 5_ P!bl%ms an" s!lut$!ns
Facin& problems4 findin& solutions4 etc6 collocation6 idiomatic phrases
Unit twelve
pa&e 19#
Grammar Emphasis
iG F!nt$n0 %efinition6 uses6 frontin& noun clauses6 introduction phrases 2 Int!"u#t!y There an" It %umm' sub-ects6 it > clause H > report )erb6 referrin& for+ard
OVERVIEW
2
Stress H intonation6 stron&er +ords6 repetition6 sentence ad)erbs6 passi)es6 other &rammatical chan&es
Vocabulary
Emp,as$s us$n0 What, All an" It %hat ! All am going to do is ... etc.; t was im who ran into
the o!!ice.
2
N!m$nal$sat$!n %efinition6 uses6
ha'e a tal&( ma&e a comment( etc
Subst$tut$n0 !n% p,as% (! an!t,% Asin& ad)erbs H nouns H ad-ecti)es H phrases6 multiple chan&es 6 Int%ns$(y$n0 an" %mp,as$s$n0 *d-ecti)es6 collocation6 ad)erbs of de&ree6 ea&&eration6 ad)erbials4 etc
Unit thirteen Grammar "eported speech OVERVIEW
=rammar H )ocabular' chan&es6 orders H ?uestions6 fleible chan&es
pa&e 212 iG T%ns%s $n %p!t%" sp%%#, /enses of report )erb6 reportin& past H present tenses6 reportin& modal )erbs 2 R%p!t stu#tu%s /'pes of clause6 infiniti)e and -ing impersonal reports6 summarisin&6 personal comments
Vocabulary
3
=u!t$n0: %p!t$n07an" $nt%p%t$n0
3
C!mmun$#at$n0 7a's o! speain&6 phrasal )erbs6 idiomatic phrases
.eferrin& directl'6 doubtin&6 interpretin&
Unit fourteen Grammar Verb complementation l
pa&e 22" Gi
)erb > describin& noun H ad-ecti)e $ V%bs p%p!s$t$!nal a".%b$al p,as%s @erbs of mo)ement H
OVERVIEW
/ransiti)e H intransiti)e6 structures after )erbs6 lin )erbs
Ase6 )erbs al+a's H commonl' reflei)e6 meanin& chan&es 2 V%bs tnat@#laus%s an" a"7%#t$.%s @erb > thatclause6
R%(l%&$.% an" %#$p!#al .%bs
position6 )erb > phrase H > ad)erb H > wa$
"
D%p%n"%nt p%p!s$t$!ns @erb H ad-ecti)e H
noun > preposition6 prepositional phrases
3_ E&p%ss$n0
pa&e 2$!
Unit fifteen
<= V%bs (!ll!*%" by in
Grammar Verb
2 V%bs (!ll!*%" by $n($n$t$.% @erb > toinfiniti)e ! to be ! Perfect Infiniti)e H
complementation 2 OVERVIEW
Asin& t+o )erbs6 preposition > -ing
! $n($n$t$.%
%ifferences6 perfect -ing )erb > -ing or bare infiniti)e
bare infiniti)e6 !or 6 ob-ect $ V%bs (!ll!*%" by as %efinin& a role or function6 as 6 noun H ad-ecti)e6 definin& ob-ects6 similar structures 4 C!mp%t$t$!n: !pp!s$t$!n: "$sa0%%m%nt (ollocation6 +ord formation6 prepositions
Stat$n0 %n"$n0 #%at$n0 "%st!y$n0 (ommon phrases6 phrasal )erbs
Ac&nowledgements T"is #ook is dedicated to $o"n Ecersle' T"e aut"ors would like to t"ank t "e !ollowing% Sue and William& Sall' and Claire !or t"eir untold (atience) $o"n Eckersle' !or "is generosit' and su((ort) Cli*e& $udit" and t"e sta!! and students at +EET Language Centre& +ournemout") T"e sta!! and students o! T"e Eckersle' Sc"ool o! Englis"& O,!ord)
