High Rise Building Transportation

BUILDIN BUILDING G TRANSPORT TRANSPORTA ATION SYSTEM BFC 32603: MECHANICAL & ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

BUILDING TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM •

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System for conveying people in buildings The mechanical transportation transportation of people and goods is an energy-using service that needs the designer’s attention at the earliest stage of

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building design. System includes:   

Elevators (lifts) Escalators and Walkalators (moving walk) walk ) BFC 32603 Sistem Mekanikal & Elektrikal Emedya Murniwaty Bt Samsudin

BUILDING TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM •

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System for conveying people in buildings The mechanical transportation transportation of people and goods is an energy-using service that needs the designer’s attention at the earliest stage of

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building design. System includes:   

Elevators (lifts) Escalators and Walkalators (moving walk) walk ) BFC 32603 Sistem Mekanikal & Elektrikal Emedya Murniwaty Bt Samsudin

ELEVATORS (LIFTS) Elevator (Lifts) is a vertical transport equipment that efficiently moves people or goods between floors (levels, decks) of a building, vessel or other structure Two basic types: Hydraulic-lifting platform is pushed upward/downward by plunges Traction-Electric lifts •

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BFC 32603 Sistem Mekanikal & Elektrikal Emedya Murniwaty Bt Samsudin

ELEVATORS (LIFTS) •

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Passenger lifts are provided for buildings of over three (3) storey, or less if wheelchair movement is needed. Minimum standard is one lift for each four storey, with a maximum walking distance of 45m between workstation and lift lobby. Prestige requirement require higher standards (depends on the rent earning potential)


ELEVATORS (LIFTS) •

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Peak demand for lift service is assessed from the building size, shape, height and population. 25% of the population require transportation during a 5 min peak period. Congestion at peak travel times is minimized by arranging the lifts lobbies in a cul-de-sac of (2 lift doors on either side of a walkway, rather than in a line of four doors along one wall). Construction specifications of lifts are given in BS 5655: 1989 and BS Code of Practice 407:1972 Car speed for various travel distance (see table 1)

Table 1: Design lift car speed Floors

Car speed (m/s)

4

0.75

9

2

15

3

Over 15

5-7


Grouping of Lift in Cul-De-Sac Arrangements


Example of Elevator Layout •

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Elevator layout has great influences on building's functionality. The elevator must be installed in such a way that it is easy to use without affecting the performances.


Elevator Car Types Standard elevator car/cabin can be classified according to the number of entrances and their locations as follows: 1. Normal Cabin 2. Open Through Cabin 3. Diagonal Cabin

Standard Car Size •

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To prevent overloading of the car by persons, the available area of the car shall be limited and related to the nominal/rated load of the elevator. The number of passengers shall be obtained from the formula:

Number of passengers = rated load /75 Where 75 represent the average weight of a person in Kg. •

The value obtained for the number of passengers shall be rounded to the nearest whole number.


Car Dimension •

The following definitions for the car dimenstion are very important: Car Width (CW): The horizontal dimensions between the inner surfaces of the car walls measured parallel to the front entrance and at 1m above the car floor. Car Height (CH): The inside vertical distance between the entrance threshold and the constructional roof of the car. Light fittings and false ceilings are accommodated within this dimension. Car Depth (CD): The horizontal dimensions

between the inner surfaces of the car walls measured at right angles to the car width and at 1m above the car floor. BFC 32603 Sistem Mekanikal & Elektrikal Emedya Murniwaty Bt Samsudin

Zoning the Elevator •

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Office buildings of more than 20 stories are zoned in order to decrease transportation time and improve the rental rates. Zoning refers to dividing elevator service into several zones, and assign group of elevators for each zone. Unlike office buildings, a single elevator group is recommended for hotels 40 stories or less to give priority to the firsttime users and conveniences. Using a single group elevators, make less hassle for the passengers to select an elevator based on their destination floor, and is also more flexible than zoning. BFC 32603 Sistem Mekanikal & Elektrikal Emedya Murniwaty Bt Samsudin

World Trade Centre Building-Floor and Elevator Arrangement

Local elevators

ELEVATORS (LIFTS) _Hydraulic •

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Lifting platform is pushed upward/downward by plunges (ram) Liquid (oil/high pressure water) is forced into or withdrawn to create movement. A pump is used to control the liquid. Suitable for moderate car speed and fairly short travel (e.g. hospital) Speed range between 0.12m/s and 1m/s with maximum height 21m. Machine room are usually located at the lowest level. Types: Direct acting (holed) Suspended (hole less)


Hydraulic Elevator •

Hydraulic elevators are

supported by a piston at the bottom of the elevator that pushes the elevator up. •

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They are used for low-rise applications of 2-8 stories and travel at a maximum speed of 200 feet per minute. The machine room for hydraulic elevators is located at the lowest level adjacent to the elevator shaft. BFC 32603 Sistem Mekanikal & Elektrikal Emedya Murniwaty Bt Samsudin

ELEVATORS (LIFTS) _Hydraulic Direct Acting or Holed Type •

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single cylinder that bored into the ground with the cylinder having a depth that reaches the height of the plunger. They have a sheave that extends below the floor of the elevator pit, which accepts the retracting piston as the elevator descends. Some configurations have a telescoping piston that collapses and requires a shallower hole below the pit. Max travel distance is approximately 60 feet.


ELEVATORS (LIFTS) _Hydraulic Suspended or Hole less Type

They have a piston on either side of the cab.

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It can be divided to 3 different types as follows:

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a- Telescopic Hydraulic Elevators: •

In this configuration, the telescoping pistons are fixed at the base of the pit and do not require a sheave or hole below the pit and has 2 or 3 pieces of telescoping pistons. Telescoping pistons allow up to 50 feet of travel distance.

b- Non-telescoping (single stage) Hydraulic Elevators: •

It has one piston and only allows about 20 feet of travel distance.

c- Roped Hydraulic Elevators:

They use a combination of ropes and a piston to move the elevator. Maximum travel distance is about 60 feet. BFC 32603 Sistem Mekanikal & Elektrikal Emedya Murniwaty Bt Samsudin

Suspended type


Hydraulic Power Unit

Hydraulic Power Unit •

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The power unit shall be generously rated and shall operate with minimum noise and vibration. The unit shall be mounted on vibration insulators above the machine room floor. A silencer unit shall be fitted in the hydraulic system to minimize the transmission of pulsations from the pump to the car and the elimination of airborne noise. The hydraulic power unit consists of the following components: 1.

The Tank.

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Motor/Pump.

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Valve.

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Actuator. BFC 32603 Sistem Mekanikal & Elektrikal Emedya Murniwaty Bt Samsudin

Method of Operation

Method of Operation 1- For Direct Acting Type

The pump forces fluid from the tank into a pipe leading to the cylinder. When the valve is opened, the pressurized fluid will take the path of least resistance and return to the fluid reservoir. But when the valve is closed, the pressurized fluid has nowhere to go except into the cylinder. As the fluid collects in the cylinder, it pushes the piston up, lifting the elevator car. •

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When the car approaches the correct floor, the control system sends a signal to the electric motor to gradually shut off the pump. With the pump off, there is no more fluid flowing into the cylinder, but the fluid that is already in the cylinder cannot escape (it can't flow backward through the pump, and the valve is still closed). The piston rests on the fluid, and the car stays where it is. To lower the car, the elevator control system sends a signal to the valve. The valve is operated electrically by a basic solenoid switch (Actuator). When the solenoid opens the valve, the fluid that has collected in the cylinder can flow out into the fluid reservoir. The weight of the car and the cargo pushes down on the piston, which drives the fluid into the reservoir. The car gradually descends. To stop the car at a lower floor, the control system closes the valve again. BFC 32603 Sistem Mekanikal & Elektrikal Emedya Murniwaty Bt Samsudin

Method of Operation 2- For Indirect Acting (Suspended) Hydraulic System Type •

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Water or any hydraulic fluid at a high pressure is admitted into the fixed cylinder of the jigger. This high pressure hydraulic fluid pushes the sliding ram to move towards left side as shown in the figure. When the sliding ram moves towards the left side, the distance between the fixed and movable pulleys increases and thus the cage is lifted up. When the water or the hydraulic fluid under high pressure inside the cylinder is released, then the distance between the two pulleys decreases and thus the cage comes down. Thus the suspended-type hydraulic lifts are more popular than direct type lifts.


ELEVATORS (LIFTS) _Hydraulic Advantages Eliminating rooftop structure ( power pack at low level) Small machine room & can be located at some distance from the shaft Load imposed on the shaft is far more less ----offering structural cost economies No brake or gear necessary No pulleys of driving sheave No counterweight and a larger lift car can sometime be used for a given well size Extremely accurate floor levelling can be achieved Acceleration and travel is very smooth • •

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Simplification of shaft’s structural design BFC 32603 Sistem Mekanikal & Elektrikal Emedya Murniwaty Bt Samsudin

ELEVATORS (LIFTS) _Electric Principle components- lifting platform, lifting machinery, counterweight cables. 

Gearless

Geared •

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location of gear between motor & drive sheave small motor provide gear reduction ratio (efficient & comfort) employed for medium speed & medium height application used in buildings with greater height & greater lifting capacity

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ascend (upward movement) heights for gearless are limited by technology feasibility & cost limitation

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the net ascent distance will be limited by factors of mechanical performance capabilities

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some commercially available gearless elevators can move up at rates more than the speed suggested in the table 2


Basic Components •

The standard elevators will include the following basic components:

1. Car. 2. Hoist way. 3. Machine/drive system. 4. Control system. 5. Safety system.


ELEVATORS (LIFTS) _Electric Table 2: Electric Lift Specifications HEIGHT OF ACENT Ft(m)

NUMBER OF STOPS

SPEED Ft/min (m/s)

LIFTING CAPACITY Lbs (kg)

Geared

To 300 (90)

30

300-500 (1.5-2.5)

2000-4000 (900-1800)

Gearless

To 500-750+ (150-230+)

30-80

500-1200+ (2.5-6.0+)

2000-4000 (900-1800)


Gearless Mechine

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It used in high rise applications whereby the drive motor and drive sheave are connected in line on a common shaft, without any mechanical speed reduction unit located between the drive motor and drive sheave. Generally, Gearless machines are used for high speed lifts between 2.5 m/s to 10 m/s and they can be also used for lower speeds for special applications. Their sizes and shapes vary with load, speed and manufacture but the underlying principles and components are the same.

Gearless Components

Geared Machine •

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It used in low and mid rise applications. This design utilizes a mechanical speed reduction gear set to reduce the rpm of the drive motor (input speed) to suit the required speed of the drive sheave and elevator (output speed). Generally, geared machines are used for speeds between 0.1 m/s and 2.5 m/s and are suitable for loads from 5 Kg up to 50,000 Kg and above. Their sizes and shapes vary with load, speed and manufacture but the underlying principles and components are the same.

Geared Machine Components

Types of geared machine drive according to location of installation A- The drive machine located directly over top its hoistway or shaft is commonly referred to as “Overhead traction”


Types of geared machine drive according to location of installation B- The drive machine located at a basement is commonly referred to as “basement traction”


Types of geared machine drive according to location of installation C- The drive machine located at the side of the hoistway is commonly referred to as an “offset traction” as in the below image

Note: Basement and offset applications require additional deflector sheaves to properly lead suspension ropes off the drive sheave and to the car top or counterweight.

Types of Electrical Traction Drive Systems The electrical traction drive can be grouped into several categories based on the motor type and its control as follows: A- Geared traction control, which includes: •

Single speed AC motor.

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Two speed AC motor.

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Variable voltage AC motor (VVAC).

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Variable voltage, variable frequency AC motor ( VVVFAC).

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Variable voltage DC motor(VVDC).

B- Gearless traction drives , which include: •

Variable voltage DC motor ( VVDC).

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Variable voltage, variable frequency AC motor( VVVFAC). BFC 32603 Sistem Mekanikal & Elektrikal Emedya Murniwaty Bt Samsudin

ELEVATORS (LIFTS) _Electric Principles of Operation

Single wrap traction

Roping Arrangements

-geared machines or -gearless (lower speed) Double-wrap traction -the use of diversion puller increases the risk of rope slip -Double-wrap pulley reduces the frictional area of rope with the diving sheave -used on high speed and heavily loaded elevators.

ELEVATORS (LIFTS) _Electric • • • •

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Size depends on the size & speed of car, type of door Pit must permits over travel & water tight with proper drainage Buffer sits to the base (spring /oil) to reduce impact Allowing air to escape below & above moving car to prevent air pressure building + smoke vent with unobstructed openings No other services should accommodate shaft Constructed of reinforced concrete / brickwork ---sufficient strength to carry load & superimposed loads Fire resistant ---< one hour


ELEVATORS (LIFTS) _Electric Lift Doors Two sets of doors are required at lift entrances; 1. Car doors fitted to the lift car 2. Landing doors fitted to the lift shaft enclosure (open metalwork enclosures are no longer allowed) Landing doors must be made of solid incombustible materials ---reduce fire risk & ensure safety of passengers Landing doors must have no means by which an authorized person can open them from a landing Door may be of the following type 1. two-leaf side opening 2. Two leaf centre opening 3. Single-leaf side opening •

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ELEVATORS (LIFTS) Location Considerations •

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Location of building entrances ---should be located in the central area, or if not, should be centralized Grouping ---better group than spread, reduces installation cost Staircase location ---demand of lift reduced if passengers pass stairs first before lift Departmental stores ---easily seen & accessible to encourage visits to upper floors Hospitals ---bed lifts required near operating theatres Lobbies ---desirable & large enough to allow traffic visible from entrance hall


ELEVATORS (LIFTS) Number of Lifts The number & size of lifts must be related to following: 1. Population of the building 2. Type of building occupancy 3. The starting & finishing times of population 4. Number of floor and heights 5. Position of building in relation to public transport services.

Population When clear figure is unobtainable Estimation 1.Net floor area 2. Population density per sq meter. Example: General office building population density of one person per 10m ² of net floor volume

ELEVATORS (LIFTS) Round Trip Time The time in sec taken by a single lift to travel from the ground floor to the top floor, including stops, and return to the ground floor. •

Flow rate A percentage of the total population requiring lift service during a 5 min peak period Survey (10% -25%) will require lifts during 5 min peak demand hour If no info available ---assume 12% for speculative buildings & 17% for unified buildings •

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ELEVATORS (LIFTS) Interval (s) •

Expressed in seconds & represents the round trip of one car dived by the number of cars in a common group system

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Provides a criterion for measuring the quality of service

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Average waiting time; theory half, practice ¾


ELEVATORS (LIFTS) Example (checking the lift performance) A 15 storey office block has a net floor area above ground level of 8000m². Assuming 17% of the total population using the lift during 5 min peak time, starting times ad a population density of one person per 10m² of net floor area, calculate the flow rate and from tables, find lift speed, number and capacity of lift. Check the quality of service form the table.


(1) Determine the Flow rate Flow rate – allowing 17% of population from total building occupants •

8000m2/10m2 ×17/100 =136 persons during 5 min peak demand period From Table 1: The nearest handling capacity is 137 persons for 24 passenger car using 4 cars with speed of 2.50m/s. (2) Determine the Travel distance and speed Assuming floor-to-floor height is 3.3m, the lift travel = (15-1) storey x3.3m height =46.2m travel distance. From table 2, the nearest travel for offices is 45m which requires speed of 2.5m/s. (speed ok!) (Ground floor is not included) Table 1 Table 2

137

(3) Determine the number capacity of lift, Waiting time and minimum number of lift. •

From table 1, for 24-passenger cars may be installed having a handling capacity of 137 and interval of 41s

Table 3

Table 4

Result for Quality of service Refer table 1 (green box) interval=41s From table 3 - interval 41s ---satisfactory for offices - calculate the waiting time : (3/4 x interval= 31s) From table 4 15 storeys/ 4 lift = 3.75 storey/lift~ near to 4 nos required ---satifactory

Commercial Dumbwaiter

ESCALATOR •

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Staircases that could move upward or downward operate continuously during hours of occupancy Mostly deployed in pairs installed to a building to support the lift services For example; basement to ground floor where traffic is light; to avoid the need for lift to serve low demand


ESCALATOR •

An escalator is a moving staircase – a conveyor transport device for

carrying people between floors of a building. •

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Escalators are powered by constant-speed alternating current motors and move at approximately 1 –2 feet (0.30 –0.61 m) per second. The maximum angle of inclination of an escalator to the horizontal floor level is 30 degrees with a standard rise up to about 60 feet (18 m). Modern escalators have single piece aluminum or steel steps that move on a system of tracks in a continuous loop. Direction of movement (up or down) can be permanently the same, or be controlled by personnel according to the time of day, or automatically be controlled by whoever arrives first, whether at the bottom or at the top (the system is programmed so that the direction is not reversed while a passenger is on the escalator). BFC 32603 Sistem Mekanikal & Elektrikal Emedya Murniwaty Bt Samsudin

ESCALATOR 1. Bottom; step return idler sprockets, step chain safety switches & curves sections of the rack 2. Centre; carries all straight track sections which connect the upper & lower curved sections 3. Top; driving motor, driving sprockets, electrical controller and emergency breaks

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top

centre

ESCALATOR-basic component

The Escalator consists of the following components: Landing Platforms. Truss. Tracks. Steps. Handrail. Escalator Exterior (Balustrade). Drive system. Auto-Lubrication System. Braking system. Safety devices. • • •

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Landing Control Station

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A control station at both upper and lower landings is provided which includes a key-actuated directional starting safety switch and a key actuated stop switch. The control station is located in the newel end skirt deck at the ends of the balustrades.

A Code compliant emergency stop station is provided at each end of the escalator. The emergency stop is located in accordance with governing Code requirements and is co vered by a transparent cover and alarm. Starting of the escalator in normal continuous operation mode shall only be poss ible using a dedicated key switch at upper and lower ends. (Some units have key switches at one end only.)

ESCALATOR Escalator vs Elevators • Travel between floors occur much rapidly in lifts • traveling vertically in medium / high-rise building are more practical in elevators • Elevator assemblies occupy less space • Enable movement by wheelchair-bound, stretcher (in case of an emergency) BFC 32603 Sistem Mekanikal & Elektrikal Emedya Murniwaty Bt Samsudin

Advantages •

The benefits of escalators are many:

They have the capacity to move large numbers of people. •

They can be placed in the same physical space as one might install a staircase.

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They have no waiting interval (except during very heavy traffic).

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They can be used to guide people toward main exits or special exhibits

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They may be weatherproofed for outdoor use.

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They can help in controlling the traffic flow of people For example, an escalator to an exit effectively discourages most people from using it as an entrance, and may reduce security concerns.


ESCALATOR Capacity Step width between 600mm ~ 1.2m Carrying capacity depends on speed & width of thread Ex ; 1m will allow 2 people to stand side by side,1.2m for air terminals & railway stations to allow passenger to pass easily when carrying luggage,2m for departmental store with heavy traffic • • •

ESCALATOR Location Easily seen area to maximize usage Example; in departmental stores, escalators are located to be possible to see over a wide area of the floors so as to encourage sales Arrangement Many arrangements may be used depending upon the standard of service required and cost •

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Multiple parallel

Crisscross layout Parallel Layout


Spiral Escalator

Dimension for Escalator ANSI A17.1 sets the following limitations on escalator steps (Fig. 16.8): i)

Minim inimu um depth epth of tre tread in direction of travel :15 3 ⁄ 4 “

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Maxi Maximu mum m ris rise e betw betwee een n tre tread adss :8 :8 1 ⁄ 2 “

iii) iii) Widt Width h of trea tread d : 24”- 40” iv) iv) Maxi Maximu mum m dist distan ance ce betw betwee een n handrail centerlines: width between balustrades plus 6 in with not more than 3 in on either side of the escalator (see Fig. 16.8b)

ANSI : ‘‘American National Standard Safety Code for Elevators, Dumbwaiters, Escalators and Moving Walks

ESCALATOR Guidelines for design: 1.Estimating how many escalators may be needed. 2. Placement locations for escalators. 3. Placement format for escalators 4. Sizing issues for placing escalators


WALKALATORS/MOVING WALKWAY •

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A moving walkway sometimes called Travelator, Horizontal Escalator is a slow moving conveyor mechanism that transports people, across a horizontal or inclined plane, over a short to medium distance. Moving walkways can be used by standing or walking on them. They are often installed in pairs, one for each direction.


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Moving walkways, usually found in airports, are designed to move people over long distances, usually between different terminals. Moving walkways are similar to an escalator. The only difference is that the steps lay flat, like a conveyor belt. Passengers are able to move from gate to gate or from one baggage area to the next. Moving walkways, like elevators and escalators, offer a smooth and convenient ride for people while providing outstanding energy efficiency for commercial building operators.

BFC 32603 Sistem Mekanikal & Elektrikal

Types of Moving Walkway •

Moving walkway can be classified by:

I. According To Inclination Angle II. According To the Flat Moving Surface III. According To the Speed


Inclination Angle

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a- Zero degrees inclination “Horizontal” Moving Walkways.

b- Up to 15 degrees inclination “Inclined” ” Moving Walkways. An inclined moving walkway is used in airports and supermarkets to move people to another floor with the convenience of an elevator (namely, that people can take along their suitcase trolley or shopping cart, or baby carriage) and the capacity of an escalator. •


Flat Moving Surface Moving Belt Moving Walkway These are generally built with mesh metal belts or rubber walking surfaces over metal rollers.

The walking surface may have a solid feel or a "bouncy" feel.

Pallet Type Moving walkways A continuous series of flat metal plates mesh together to form a walkway. Most have a metal surface, though some models have a rubber surface for extra traction.

Speed Moving walkways have two basic styles according to the flat moving surface: a- Slow- speed Standard type •

The speed of these walkways is determined by the need for safety upon entry and exit, which generally limits it to approximately half normal walking speed, or 30 – 40m/min. The slow speed of the walkway causes impatience, and passengers often walk on the walkway itself or on the adjacent floor rather use the slower walkway.

b- High-speed walkways •

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Required additional safety procedure (holding to the side rail and shopping cart/baby carriage/suitcase is not allowed) allowing for a large number of passengers, (up to 10,000 per hour), whereas the transportation zone was narrower and fast moving. Widely used in airports, tunnels BFC 32603 Sistem Mekanikal & Elektrikal Emedya Murniwaty Bt Samsudin

High Speed Walkway

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On entering, there is a 10 m acceleration zone where the "ground" is a series of metal rollers. Riders stand still with both feet on these rollers and use one hand to hold the handrail and let it pull them so that they glide over the rollers. The idea is to accelerate the riders so that they will be traveling fast enough to step onto the moving walkway belt. Riders who try to walk on these rollers are at significant risk of falling over. At the exit, the same technique is used to decelerate the riders. Users step on to a series of rollers which decelerate them slowly, rather than the abrupt halt which would otherwise take place.

Walkway Components

High Rise Building Transportation

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