INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS A PRACTICAL APPROACH USING ATMEL MICROCONTROLLERS Dr. Hossam Eldin Mostafa
2017
Outline 1- Motivation 1 Motivation and Inspiration 2- Embedded 2 Embedded Systems Overview 3- Parts 3 Parts of an Embedded System 4- Embedded Systems Processors Processors 5- A 5 ATMEL TMEL Microcontrollers Microcon trollers 7- Practicing 7 Practicing with Atmel AVR Microcontrollers 6- Practicing 6 Practicing with Atmel 8051 Based Microcontrollers.
1- Motivation and Inspiration Why Would I Attend This Seminar? What Should I Gain from Learning Embedded Systems? - Self Satisfaction (you are not alone). - Learn how systems work and become aware of the new technologies. - Design impressive course projects and successful graduation projects - Add something practical to your CV to get better job opportunity in the field in your country or abroad. abroad. - Convert your ideas into working prototypes so that you will be able to present them to investors. - Make your own product and start your own business.
If you hear, you forget If you see, you remember If you do, you understand
t i f e n e B
INSPIRE (Great)
If a man can write a better book, preach a better sermon, or make a better mousetrap, than his neighbor, though he build his house in the woods, the world will make a beaten path to his door.
DEMONSTRATE (Superior) EXPLAIN (Good) TELL (Average) Effort - Information
Some Inspiration Silicon Valley, San Jose, California
ADOBE
ORACLE
GOOGLE
INTEL
HP
AMD
EBAY
YAHOO
APPLE
HP: Success Story - Hewlett Packard (HP) is the world's largest information Technology Company. Its foundation is called the Birthplace of Silicon Valley. - On a quiet, tree-lined residential street near Stanford University, the HP Garage stands today as the symbol of innovation and the entrepreneurial spirit. - College friends Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard pursued the dream of a company of their own. They were graduated from Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University in 1935. - The two men blazed a trail at the forefront of the electronics revolution. They started HP in a Garage in Palo Alto California in 1939. - They started with HP200A, a precision audio oscillator, which was purchased in large quantities by The Walt Disney Company. http://www.hp.com/go/garage/
Bill and Dave: 1950 (left) - 1989 (right)
HP Garage: 1939 (left) - 2005 (right)
Bill and Dave with Dr. Frederick Terman, the Stanford University Professor who encouraged his students to start up their electronics companies, instead of joining established firms (1970).
HP Garage Sign
Procter & Gamble (PG) P&G was founded in 1837 by two men who met by chance. William Procter, emigrating from England, who was a candle maker, and James Gamble, arriving from Ireland, who was a soap maker. http://www.pg.com/en_US/downloads/media/Fact_Sheets_CompanyHistory.pdf
MathWorks MATLAB was created in the late 1970s by Cleve Moler, prof. of computer science department at the University of New Mexico. He designed it to give his students access to Matrix Operation without the need to learn Fortran. Jack Little, an engineer, was exposed to it during a visit Moler made to Stanford University in 1983. Recognizing its commercial potential, he joined with Moler and rewrote MATLAB in C and founded The MathWorks in 1984 to continue its development. http://www.mathworks.com/company/aboutus/founders/
Microsoft
Bill Gates, the world's wealthiest person from 1995 to 20 17 ($80,000,000,000) Why did he leave The study at Harvard (oldest university in the USA) without getting an academic degree in 1975? Why did he establish Microsoft in 1975? The reason is: Building a microprocessor kit !!!!!!!!!!!!! Wait for the whole story at the end of this seminar
2- Embedded Systems Overview • Computing systems are everywhere • Most of us think of “desktop” computers PC’s - Laptop- Mainframes - Servers
• But there’s another type of computing system Far more common...
• Embedded computing systems - Computing systems embedded within electronic devices. - Hard to define. Nearly any computing system other than a desktop computer. - Billions of units produced yearly, versus millions of desktop units. - Perhaps 50 per household and per automobile.
Processors are here
and here
and even here
Embedded Systems Examples
• List of Embedded Systems Anti lock brakes Auto focus cameras Automatic teller machines automatic toll systems avionic systems battery chargers camcoders cell phones cellphone stations cordless phones digital cameras electronic card readers electronic toys Factory control systems Fingerprint identifiers Home security systems Medical instruments Video game consoles Washers and dryers VCY - DVD Players
Modems MPEG Decoders Network Cards Network Switches/Routers ON-board Navigation Pagers Photocopiers Point of sale systems Portable video games Printers Satellite phones Scanners Microwave ovens and dish washers speech recognizes stereo systems Teleconferencing systems Television Temperature Controllers And the list goes on . . . . .
3- Parts of an Embedded System EMBEDDED SYSTEM
USER I/O
MEMORY
PROCESSOR
HARDWIRED UNIT Application-specific logic Timers A/D and D/A conversion • • •
ENVIRONMENT 8
- Actuators mechanical components (e.g., valve) Controlled by Analog to Digital Converters - Sensors input data (e.g., accelerometer for airbag control) Converted by Digital to Analog Converters - Processing Data conversion, storage, Decision-making
Parts of a Digital Camera Digital camera chip CCD CCDpreprocessor
Pixel coprocessor
D2A
A2D lens JPEGcodec
Microcontroller
Multiplier/Accum
DMAcontroller
Memorycontroller
Display ctrl
ISAbus interface
UART
LCDctrl
4- Embedded Systems Processors Microprocessor
s r o s s e c o r P d e d d e b m E
Microcontroller
FPGA/CPLD
DSP
ASIC Microprocessors
Tens of Companies, Tens of Types Intel - Motorola - AMD - Zilog . . . . . Microcontrollers Tens of Companies, Hundreds of Types Intel - Atmel - Microchip - Motorola - Cypress . . . . . FPGA/CPLD (Field Programmable Gate Arrays/ Complex Programmable Logic Devices) Few Companies, Tens of Types Xilinx - Altera - Actel. DSP (Digital Signal Processors) Few Companies - Tens of types Texas Instruments - Analog Devices - Motorola. ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) Tens of Companies, Hundreds of Types
5- ATMEL Microcontrollers Why ATMEL?
- Best Flash Memory in the World. - Very Cheap - Very Secure - Contains Hardware Multiplier - Very Fast, one MIPS per MHz - Provides 8, 16, and 32 bit microcontrollers. - Variety in packages (from 6 pins to 128 pins) - Reliable (Schneider chose Atmel AVR ATMEGA128 to be the main and only processor of their family of PLCs) - Rich in peripherals (Ports - Timers - Counters - ADC DAC - PWM - UART - USB - CAN - I2C - SPI - Ethernet) Check the newest ATmega128RFA1 AVR with built in 2.4GHz Wireless Zigbee Transceiver.
A. 8051 Based Microcontrollers Classical AT89CXXXX Family Ex: AT89C4051 & AT89C52
In System Programmable AT89SXXXX Family Ex: AT89S4051 & AT89S52
Single Cycle AT89LPXXXX Family Ex: AT89LP6440 & AT89LP214 & AT89LP4052
B. AVR Based Microcontrollers Classical AT90S Family AT90S8515 & AT90S8535
Powerful ATMEGA Family ATMEGA8515 & ATMEGA16 & ATMEGA8 & ATMEGA128
Small ATTINY Family ATTINY2313 & ATTINY15
USB AT90USB Family AT90USB162 & AT90USB82 & AT90USB1287
Super ATXMEGA Family ATXMEGA16 & ATXMEGA32 & ATXMEGA128
AVR32 Family AT32UC3A0128 & AT32UC3A0256
C. ARM Based Microcontrollers
ARM7 AT91SAM7 Family AT91SAM7S128 & AT91SAM7S512 & AT91SAM7X128
ARM9 AT91SAM9 Family AT91SAM9260 & AT91SAM9263
CORTEX SAM3U Family SAM3U1C & SAM3U2C & SAM3S4C
Internal Structure of A Microcontroller Input Output Ports Timers
Flash Program Memory
Interrupts Serial Port
CPU SRAM Data Memory
PWM USB Device USB Host Ethernet Controller
EEPROM Memory
ADC / DAC
I2C
SPI
Example: ATMEL AT89S52 Microcontroller 40 DIP package
Physical Chip
Physical Pinout
Logical Pinout
Requirements for Working with Microcontrollers Specific (depends on the used microcontroller)
General (does not depend on the selected microcontroller)
A. Software Requirements 1- Assembler or C Compiler 2- Downloading Software
B. Hardware Requirements 1- Microcontroller Chip 2- Programmer 3- Development Board 4- PC 5- Power Supply 6- Serial or USB Module 7- Quartz Crystal 8 - I/O Interfaces
6. Practicing with Atmel AVR Microcontrollers 6.A.1 Software Requirements: Assembler AVRSTUDIO free Assembler from ATMEL http://www.atmel.com/dyn/products/tools_card_v2.asp?tool_id=2725
6.A.1 Software Requirements: C Compiler CodeVision (recommended) : http://www.hpinfotech.ro/ Or IAR C Compiler: www.iar.com (You may download limited visions from the internet) Advice You should learn C language very well in order to be professional in Embedded Systems
A flasher Code Using Assembly and C Languages for ATTINY2313
C (flasher.c)
Assembly(flasher.asm) ;THIS PROGRAM IS USED TO TEST ATTINY2313 ; LED IS CONNECTED TO PORT PORTB.0 ;THROUGH 100 ;OHM THE LED WILL FLASH ;EVERY ONE SECOND .device at90s2313 ; Device is AT90S2313 .include "TN313def.inc" .def temp = r16 .def dly= r17 .def delcnt= r18 ; Loop Counter DELAY: clr delcnt ;Init Loop Counter loop1: dec delcnt nop brne loop1 dec dly brne loop1 ret RESET: ldi temp, LOW(RAMEND) out SPL, temp ; Initialize SPL sertemp out DDRB ,temp ; PORTB = all outputs out PORTB, temp loop: cbi PORTB, PB0 ldi dly, $FF ; Initialize delay of about 65 ms rcall DELAY ; Number of cycles = 1026 * del + 4 sbi PORTB, PB0 ldi dly, $FF ; Initialize delay of about 65 ms rcall DELAY ; Number of cycles = 1026 * del + 4 rjmp loop ; Repeat forever
//THIS PROGRAM IS USED TO TEST ATTINY2313 //LED IS CONNECTED TO PORT PORTB.0 //THROUGH 100 OHM THE LED WILL FLASH EVERY //ONE SECOND include #define LED PORTB.0 void delay(); void main(void) { PORTB = 0x00; DDRB = 0xFF; while (1) { LED = 1; delay(); LED = 0; delay(); } } void delay() { unsigned int x,y; for(x = 0; x<1000; x++) for(y = 0; y<100; y++); }
After assembling flasher.asm , or compiling flasher.c, the machine language file flasher.hex is produced as shown. Flasher.hex (from flasher.asm)
Flasher.hex (from flasher.c)
:020000020000FC :0E00000013C0FECFFDCFFCCFFBCFFACFF9CF60 :1000000011C0189518951895189518951895189564 :10000E00F8CFF7CFF6CFF5CFF4CFF3CFF2CFF1CFC6 :1000100018951895189522272A950000E9F71A9542 :10001E00F0CFEFCFEECFEDCF0000F894EE27ECBB94 :10002000D9F708950FED0DBF0FEF07BB08BBC098C0:10002E00E5BFF8E1A4B7A77FA4BFF1BDE1BD8DE0A8 :0C0030001FEFF1DFC09A1FEFEEDFF9CFE9 :10003E00A2E0ED938A95E9F780E8A0E6ED938A9524 :00000001FF :10004E00E9F7E6E2F0E085919591009761F0A591D0 :10005E00B59105901590BF01F00105900D92019795 :10006E00E1F7FB01F0CFE0E0E3BBE0E0E4BBE0E072 :10007E00E5BBEFEDEDBFC0E8D0E000C0E0E0E8BBCF :10008E00EFEFE7BBC09A04D0C09802D0FBCFFFCFF2 :10009E0015D000E010E0083EE3E01E0760F420E01B :1000AE0030E02436E0E03E0718F42F5F3F4FF9CFE3 :1000BE000F5F1F4FF0CF07D0249608953A932A93DF :1000CE001A930A9308953B812A8119810881089514 :00000001FF
This file must be downloaded into the flash memory of the ATTINY2313 microcontroller using the download software and the programmer.
6.A.2 Software Requirements: Download Software We have three methods depending on the hardware of the used programmer. a- If you have MEGAPRG Parallel Port Programmer Use the ChipBlaster software from inside CodeVision C Compiler. This supports a large category of AVR Microcontrollers. http://www.hpinfotech.ro/ Or using the software that comes with MEGAPRG.
MEGAPRG Parallel Programmer Supported Devices Classical AVRs : AT90S2313 - AT90S2323 - AT90S2343 - AT90S4433 - AT90S8515 - AT90S8535 - ATmega169 ATmega103 - ATmega161 - ATmega163 - ATmega323 - ATmega48 - ATmega8 - ATmega88 - ATmega16 ATmega165 - ATmega168 - ATmega168P - ATmega32 - ATmega128 . ATMEGA AVRs : ATmega1284P - ATmega48PA - ATmega8A ATmega88PA ATmega8515 ATmega16A ATmega162 - ATmega165P ATmega168PA - ATmega328P - ATmega32A - ATmega324P - ATmega324PA ATmega644PA - ATmega325 - ATmega325P - ATmega3250 - ATmega3250P - ATmega644 - ATmega64 ATmega645 - ATmega6450 - ATmega640 - ATmega128A - ATmega1280 - ATmega2561 - ATmega2560 ATtiny AVRs : ATtiny13 - ATtiny2313 - ATtiny24 - ATtiny25 - ATtiny26 - ATtiny44 - ATtiny45 - ATtiny48 ATtiny84 - ATtiny85. CAN AVRs :AT90CAN128 - AT90CAN32 - AT90CAN64 LCD AVRs :ATmega3290P - ATmega329P - ATmega169P - ATmega329 - ATmega3290 - ATmega649 USB AVRs : AT90USB1286 - AT90USB1287 - AT90USB162 - AT90USB646 - AT90USB647 - AT90USB82 ATmega16U2- ATmega16U4 - ATmega32U2 - ATmega32U4 - ATmega8U2 RF AVRs : AT86RF401 MEGAPRG supports 5v and 3.3v AVR devices
b- If you have AVRUSBPRG USB Programmer Use ATMEL’s free software AVRSTUDIO 4. It is downloadable from: http://www.atmel.com/dyn/products/tools_card_v2.asp?tool_id=2725 This programming software programs all types of AVR microcontrollers and it is upgradable for new devices. c- If you have USBMOD or UARTMOD Modules You can use the Self Downloader Software which programs ATMEGA16, ATMEGA32,ATMEGA162, ATMEGA64, ATMEGA64 microcontrollers with built in Loader software. Contact HYPERES (www.hyperes.com) for more details. Here you can program the controller and obtain serial communication for debug and test.
AVRUSBPRG Supported AVRs Classical AVRs : AT90S1200 - AT90S2313 - AT90S2323 - AT90S2343 - AT90S4433 - AT90S8515 - AT90S8535 ATmega169 ATmega103 - ATmega161 - ATmega163 - ATmega323 - ATmega48 - ATmega48P - ATmega8 ATmega88 - ATmega88P ATmega16 - ATmega165 - ATmega168 - ATmega168P - ATmega32 - ATmega128 ATtiny11 - ATtiny13 - ATtiny15 - ATtiny26 - ATtiny44 ATMEGA AVRs : ATmega1284P - ATmega48PA - ATmega8A ATmega88PA ATmega8515 ATmega16A ATmega162 - ATmega165P ATmega168PA - ATmega328P - ATmega32A - ATmega324P - ATmega324PA ATmega644PA - ATmega325 - ATmega325P - ATmega3250 - ATmega3250P - ATmega644 - ATmega64 ATmega645 - ATmega6450 - ATmega640 - ATmega128A - ATmega1280 - ATmega2561 - ATmega2560 ATtiny AVRs : ATtiny12 - ATtiny13A - ATtiny2313 - ATtiny24 - ATtiny24A - ATtiny25 - ATtiny261 - ATtiny43U ATtiny44A - ATtiny45 - ATtiny461 -ATtiny48 - ATtiny84 - ATtiny85 - ATtiny861 - ATtiny88 CAN AVRs :AT90CAN128 - AT90CAN32 - AT90CAN64 - ATmega16M1 - ATmega32C1 - ATmega32M1 ATmega64M1 Lighting AVRs : AT90PWM1 - AT90PWM2 - AT90PWM2B - AT90PWM2B - AT90PWM3 - AT90PWM3B AT90PWM3B LCD AVRs :ATmega3290P - ATmega329P - ATmega169P - ATmega329 - ATmega3290 - ATmega649 - ATmega6490 USB AVRs : AT90USB1286 - AT90USB1287 - AT90USB162 - AT90USB646 - AT90USB647 - AT90USB82 ATmega16U2- ATmega16U4 - ATmega32U2 - ATmega32U4 - ATmega8U2 Battery Management AVR: ATmega16HVA - ATmega16HVB - ATmega32HVB RF AVRs : AT86RF401 AVRUSBPRG supports also all the different voltages and speed grades versions of the listed devices.
d- If you have AVRJTAGPRG You can program AVR types with JTAG Interface such as ATMEGA16, ATMEGA32, ATMEGA128. Note: This programmer currently is not available from HYPERES, it will be available in the near future.
Answer
January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics Search GOOGLE for BILL GATES OPEN LETTER TO HOBBYISTS INTERVIEW WITH BILL GATES
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