HYBRID POWER GENERATION BY SOLAR –WIND Vaibhav R. Badukale, Akhil Wankhede, Uday Wankar,Yaduvendra kumar,Mishra,Akash Dahake Electrial Engg. Department,GCOCE Chandrapur RTMNU Nagpur Bypass Ballarsha Road, Chandrapur
[email protected] [email protected]
INTRODUCTION With the development of industry and agriculture, a great amount of energy such as coal, oil and gas has been consumed in the world. Extensive use of these fossil energies deteriorates a series of problems like energy crisis, environmental pollution and so on. Everybody knows that the fossil energy reserves are finite, some day it will be exhausted. It is possible that the world will face a global energy crisis due to a decline in the availability of cheap oil and recommendations to a decreasing dependency on fossil fuel. This has led to increasing interest in alternate power/fuel research
solar and wind power generation is very expensive. By far, it cannot be widely used. In
addition,
solar
and
wind
power
generation system affected by the changing of the weather very much, so it has obvious defects in reliability compared with fossil fuel, and it is difficult to make it fit for practical use the lack of economical efficiency .Because of these problems it needs to increase the reliability of energy supply by developing a system which interacts Solar and wind energy. This kind of system is usually called windsolar hybrid power generation system significantly alternated fossil fuel with big ecological problems.
such as fuel cell technology, hydrogen fuel, biodiesel, Karrick process, solar energy, geothermal energy, tidal energy and wind. Today, solar energy and wind energy have significantly alternated fossil fuel with big ecological problems. With the development of the science and technology, power generation using solar energy and wind power is gradually known by more and more people. And it is widespread used in many developed countries. The merits of the solar and wind power generation are very obvious-infinite and nonpolluting. The raw materials of the solar and wind power generation derived from nature, and wind power generation can work twenty-four hours a day, solar power generation only works by daylight. In addition, this kind of power generation has no exhaust emission and there is no influence to the nature. But it also has some shortcomings. Because of the imperfect of the technology, equipment of the
1. RENEWABLE ENERGY Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished). About 16% of global final energy consumption
comes from
renewable, with 10% coming from traditional biomass, which is mainly used for heating, and 3.4% from hydroelectricity. New renewable (small hydro, modern biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, and bio fuels) accounted for another 3% and are growing very rapidly. The share of renewable in electricity generation is around 19%, with 16% of global electricity coming from hydroelectricity and 3% from new renewable. The global search and the rise in the cost of conventional fossil fuel is making supply-demand of electricity product almost impossible especially in
some remote areas. Generators which are often used as an alternative to conventional power supply systems are known to be run only during certain hours of the day, and the cost of fueling them is increasingly becoming difficult if they are to be used for commercial purposes. There is a growing awareness
that
renewable
energy
such
as
photovoltaic system and Wind power have an important role to play in order to save the situation.
1.1 Solar Energy In India the annual global solar radiation is about 5 KWh/ sq m per day with about 2300-3200 sun-shine hours per year. Solar radiations represent
Figure 1.1 Electric Power Generation Using Solar Energy
1.2 Wind Energy
the earth’s most abundant energy source. The
Wind energy is another viable option. The
perennial source of solar energy provides unlimited
Wind Turbine Generator is designed for optimal
supply, has no negative impact on the environment.
operation at wind speed of 10-14 m/s. The Turbine
The solar photovoltaic (PV) modules convert solar
Generator starts at a cut-in speed of 3-3.5 m/s and
radiation from the sun into electrical energy in the
generates power at speeds 4.5 m/s and above. In India
form of direct current (DC). Converting solar energy
the best wind speed is available during monsoon
into electricity is the answer to the mounting power
from May to September and low wind speed during
problems in the rural areas. Its suitability for
November to March. The annual national average
decentralized applications and its environment-
wind speed considered is 5-6 m/s. Wherever average
friendly nature make it an attractive option to
wind speed of 4.5 m/s. and above is available it is
supplement the energy supply from other sources. 1
also an attractive option to supplement the energy
KWp of SPV generates 3.5-4.5 units (KWhr) per day.
supply. Wind generators can even be installed on
If we could install Solar Photovoltaic Cells much of
telecom tower at a height of 15-20 mt. with suitable
the rural exchange power needs could be met,
modification in tower design, taking into account
adequately cutting down harmful greenhouse gases.
tower strength . 1 KW WTG generates around 3 units
Figure 2.1shows electric power generation using
(KWhr) per day. Figure 2.2shows electric power
solar energy
generation from wind energy.
2. HYBRID The 'hybrid' part of the name refers to the fact that these power systems usually involve another form of energy production, such as use of solar panels or wind turbines. These power generators work in unison within the system to maximize fuel economy. To accommodate multiple sources of power, these systems involve a computerized controller, which controls operation, usage, and energy production. Figure 1.2 Shows Electric Power Generation
2.1 Need Of Hybridization
From Wind Energy.
As the non renewable sources of energy are going to exhaust in the nearby future so there is a necessity to preserve the sources of energy and
1.3 Appropriate Geographical Region:
should invent the alternative to save this energy. As
1.3.1 Solar:
this non renewable form of energy is energy is sun
In India the annual average solar radiation of
energy so we should use solar energy. This method
5 KW h/sq m per day with about 2300-3200 sunshine
of sourcing can be very well adapted in villages
hours per year is available in most parts of the
where till now in some areas electricity is not
country except some pockets in north-east. As such
available. So the solar energy and wind energy there
solar power (SPV) decentralized system can be
can be used for various household purposes, street
considered for the telecommunication network in
lightning. This saves non renewable like coal. So in
rural areas in most parts of the country.
this way, the hybridization purpose is very well
1.3.2 Wind:
achieved and proves efficient. So the hybridization technique is a need for now days as well as for the
The southern and western coastal areas are the ideal location for wind generators. For the
upcoming days.
telecommunication network in rural areas in states
2.2 Different Hybrid Power Technologies
like Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Gujarat, Maharashtra
1. Solar-wind hybrid.
and parts of Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya
2. Solar-diesel hybrid.
Pradesh where the annual average wind speed of 5-6
3. Wind-hydro hybrid.
m/s is available, installation of hybrid solar-wind
4. Wind-diesel hybrid.
power system can be an attractive option to supplement the energy supply.
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2.2.1 Solar-Wind Hybrid Power System
the engine is needed, it starts automatically and runs
Hybrid Wind-Solar System for the rural
at the minimum RPM to provide maximum fuel
exchanges can make an ideal alternative in areas
economy. Running the engine slower, and shutting
where wind velocity of 5-6 m/s is available. Solar-
the engine off when loads are low, results in dramatic
wind power generations are clear and non-polluting.
fuel savings, lower maintenance and increased engine
Also they complement each other. During the period
life.
of bright sunlight the solar energy is utilized for charging the batteries, creating enough energy
3.1 Components of the hybrid generator:-
reserve to be drawn during night, while the wind
1. Solar panel
turbine produce most of the energy during monsoon
2. Controller
when solar power generation is minimum. Thus the hybrid combination uses the best of both means and can provide quality, stable power supply for
3. D.C. generator 4. Batteries 5. DC to AC converters
sustainable development in rural areas. These systems are specifically designed to draw 48 volts DC power output from the solar cells/ wind turbines and combine them to charge the storage batteries. The system does require availability of diesel generator, though for much reduced number of hour’s operation. It is also designed to give priority to solar and wind power so that operations of generators can be minimized to the extent possible.
3.2 Working The solar panel and wind turbine produces DC power to charge the batteries and run the inverters when needed .The inverter converts the stored DC power to unstable AC electrical energy . Having battery storage also helps the generator to absorb load spikes. The controller monitors the system starting and stopping engine as need. Because hybrid generators already have an inverter and battery storage, energy from wind or solar power can
3. HYBRID GENERATOR Hybrid Generators generally have reduced
be connected directly to the generator for increased efficiency.
fuel consumption, reduced maintenance, and provide
Solar power is the most abundant alternative
highly reliable electric power, as compared with non-
energy source available. Wind power and hydro
hybrid generators. This is due to a difference in the
power are the next most abundant alternative energy
way which it is operated, when compared to
sources. One disadvantage of solar power systems is
traditional generators. Most engine driven electric
they require the sun to generate alternative energy.
generators run continuously and at a high /fixed RPM
No sun means no energy. Solar power systems are
this results in significant quantities of fuel being
most efficient when sunlight is focused for maximum
consumed even if the loads are low.
exposure. Efficiency also increases in regions where
A hybrid generator automatically shuts the
sunlight is readily available. The second most readily
engine off when demand is low. When power from
available source of alternative energy, wind power, suffers similar disadvantages. No wind means no
energy. Wind power generators require wind speeds as low as 3 miles per hour to operate. Wind power
4. CHOICE OF COMPONENT
efficiency increases with the speed and duration of
4.1 Choice of components for 1000 Watt
the wind. Hybrid generator systems can be constructed
Load:
either as grid-assisted or grid-inter-tied and off-grid.
The choice of 1000W is a sample case and
Grid assisted systems will use both electrical grid and
this can be extended to any required capacity. To
alternative energy sources. The electrical energy
achieve a solar power capacity of 1000watts the
provided from these multiple sources will then be
capacities of Solar panel, Charging Controller, bank
stored in battery systems. There is an advantage to
of battery and Inverter are determined. The values
grid-assisted alternative energy sources, when the
cannot be picked abstractly and hence, their ratings
wind does not blow, or the sun does not shine, the
and specification have to be determined through
electrical system will still be storing power in the
calculations in other for the system to perform to
battery system. In these systems, hybrid generators
required specifications. For this design 12 hours was
operate as a method to reduce utility costs. Off-grid
assumed for the duration of the operation and the
systems on the other hand are designed to provide
calculations is done as indicated below:
alternative energy sources that are completely
4.1.1 Solar Panel:
separate from grid power. Hybrid generators in this
Total load = 1000W
case are the sole method of electrical input to the
Period of operation or duration = 12 Hours
battery storage system.
Then, Total Watt-Hour = 1000×12= 12000w-hr
The typical layout of the power plant is as shown in
The period of the solar panel exposed to the sun = 8
below
Hours (Averagely between 9am and 3pm) Therefore solar panel wattage = 1200 -ℎr/8ℎr=1,500 . Hence solar panel of 1,500W will be needed for this design. If solar panel of 150W is to be use the number of panels to arrange in parallel to achieve 1,5000 Watt will be: No of panel =1500 /150 =10 This shows 10 of 150 Watt solar panel will be required for this design
Figure 3.1. Layout of the Power Plant .
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4.1.3 Battery capacity: Given that the total load P= 1000W and Operational period = 12 Hours Watt/hour capacity = 12,000 W-hr To make the chosen battery to last long it is assumed that only a quarter (¼) of the battery capacity will be made used of so that it will not be over discharged therefore hence the required batter capacity will be 12, 000 × 4 = 48,000 W/h Now the choice of battery hour depends on A-H Figure 4.1.1 Solar panel
rating of the storage battery. For example, for 200AH, 12V battery the number of batteries that will
4.1.2 Charging Controllers:
be needed is 48000200=240 batteries. Also for a
For this design of 1000W solar power supply P=IV
1500AH, 12V batteries the number of batteries that
Where
will be needed is 480001500 = 32 batteries. Hence,
I is the expected charging current and
for this design and to avoid too much weight and
V is the voltage of the battery and = 12 V
occupying unnecessary space, 15000AH 12V battery
P is the power supply rating= 1000W
should be used, Therefore the total number of storage
Hence I =
battery required for 1000W solar power supply
=100012=83
.
Since the value 83.3 A Charging controllers is not
system = 32
readily available in the market then 1000A charging controller will be used.
Figure 4.1.3 Solar Battery
4.1.4 Inverter Since the total load is 1000W it is advisable Figure 4.1.2 Charge Controller
to size the required inverter to be 1500W as designed for solar panel ratings. Hence 1500W pure sign wave inverter is recommended in other to prolong the lifespan of the inverter. .
1. Very high reliability (combines wind power, and solar power) 2. Long term Sustainability 3. High energy output (since both are complimentary to each other) 4. Cost saving (only one time investment) 5. Low maintenance cost (there is nothing to replace) 6. Long term warranty 7. No pollution, no noise, and deadly against
Figure 4.1.4 Solar Inverter
environment pollution 8. Clean and pure energy
5. APPLICATIONS
9. Provides un-interrupted power supply to the equipment
The standalone system can be used, since it can be deployed anywhere with minimum space
10. Provide clean, green, reliable, pollution free, low
utilization. The capacity of standalone system ranges
emission and distributed technology power
from 500VA to 5KVA.
11 The system gives quality power out-put DC to charge directly the storage battery or provide
For large scale commercial and industrial
AC.
applications, separately mounted wind turbine and
12. The system can be designed for both off-grid and
solar panels are used to engineer the required
on grid applications.
capacity requirements can be accommodated.
13. Efficient and easy installation, longer life
Typical applications include: 1. Hotels
7. DISADVANTAGES
2. Business (Institutions and Government)
The disadvantages of power generation by
3. Large Estate Houses
solar-wind are as follows :
4. Factories and manufacturing facilities
1. Large number of harmonics is produced.
5. Commercial Power generation
2. Initial investment is more.
6. Street lighting
3. Large space is required for larger generations 4. Wind energy systems are noisy in operation; a large unit can be heard many kilometers away. 5. Efficiency is less than conventional power plants.
6. ADVANTAGES As the technology of solar collectors and small wind turbine generators has advanced in past decades, so has the industry in terms of efficiency in manufacturing and fabrication technologies, as well as direct labour cost.
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8.CONCLUSION 1. By this project many villages can be lighted. For villages which are much away from the construction site of large power generating stations such as hydro and nuclear can be provided power.
2. Also to satisfied the increasing demand of electricity with clean hybrid power station by solar – wind can be used.
REFERENCES 1) www.solarserver.com/ 2) www.windpower.org 3) http//:www.scientific.net 4) W.W.S. Charters. “Solar and Wind Power Technologies”. CSC Technical Publication Services No 187, Commonwealth Science Council. (1985).
