I EL TSTESTPLUS3( ACADEMI C) TEST1 Li s t eni ng Questions 1-10 Co mp mp l e t et h ef o r mb el o w. NOMO MORETHANTWOWO WORDSORANUMBER Wr i t e f orea c ha ns we r . Heal t hcl ubcust omerr esear ch
Example
Answer
Name:
Selina Thompson
1 Occupation:
2 Age group:
3 Type of membership:
4
years
Length of membership: m embership:
Recommended by Why joine:
"isits to club per month:
a!
Eight (on an average)
$ #acility use most:
Tennis courts #acility not use %&f any':
(because reluctant to (
)
Have Suggestions for impro)ements:
more *
Install +
in
the gym.
Open 1,
lat
4
years
Length of membership: m embership:
Recommended by Why joine:
"isits to club per month:
a!
Eight (on an average)
$ #acility use most:
Tennis courts #acility not use %&f any':
(because reluctant to (
)
Have Suggestions for impro)ements:
more *
Install +
in
the gym.
Open 1,
lat
er at ee!ends.
SECTION 2 Questions 11-16 doors ur v i v al Youwi l l hearat r ai nergi v i ngat al kt opeopl ewhowantt ol ear n out ski l l s.
Co mp mp l e t et h efl o wc h ar tb el o w. X A G,ne Choo s eSI ans wer sf r om t hebo xandwr i t et hec or r ec tl et t er , x tt o 1 1 6. q ues t i on s1
A
air
E
stick s
B
ash
C
eart h
F stones
G
wate r
D grass
Making a steam pit ig a pit
!rrange a row o"
%&ace
12
11
o#er the pit$
on top$
'ight the woo( an( &et it i t )urn out$
*emo#e
13
Insert a stick$
Co#er the pit with
14
%&ace wrappe( "oo( on top+ an( co#er it with 15
*emo#e the stick an( put
16
into the
ho&e$
Questions 1,-1 Choo s eTWO l et t er s ,AE. Whi chTWO c har ac t er i s t i c sappl yt ot hebambooo v en ? A
I t ’ ss ui t abl ef orwi ndyweat her .
B
Thefi r ei sl i tb el o wt heb ot t om e ndo ft h eba mb oo.
C
Theba mb ooi sc uti n t oe qu al l e ng t h s.
D
Th eo v e nh an gsf r o m as t i c k .
E
I tc ook sf oodbys t eami ngi t .
Questions 1.-20 A E. Choo s eTWO l et t er s ,-
Whi chTWO pi ec esofadv i c edo est hes peak e rg i v eabouteat i ngwi l df un gi ? A
Co ok i n gd oe sn ’ tma k ep oi s on ou sf un gi ed i bl e .
B
Edi bl ewi l df ungi c anbeeat enwi t houtc oo ki ng.
C
Wi l df ungi ar ehi ghl ynut r i t i ous .
D
Someedi bl ef ungi l ookv er ys i mi l art opoi s onousv ar i e t i es .
E
Fun gi whi c hc anno tbei dent i fi eds houl donl ybeeat eni ns mal l
quant i t i es .
SECTION / Questions 21-2 Youwi l l hearawomanc al l edPh oebe,whoi st r ai ni ngt obeat eac her ,t al k i ngt oher t ut or ,c al l edT on y ,aboutr es ear c hs heh asdonei nas c hool . A Choos et hec or r ec tl et t e r , ,BorC. Re se ar c hpr oj e ctona t t i t ude st owa r dss t udy 2 1 Ph oe be ’ sma i nr e as onf o rc ho os i n ghe rt op i cwa st h at A
herc l as smat eshadbeenv er yi nt er es t edi ni t .
B
i twoul dhel ppr epar eherf orherfi r s tt eac hi ngpos t .
C
s hehadbeeni ns pi r e db yapar t i c ul arbook .
22 Phoebe ’ smai nr es ear c hq ues t i onr el at edt o A
t heeffec toft eac herdi s ci pl i ne.
B
t hev ar i et yofl ear ni ngac t i v i t i es .
C
l ev el sofpupi l c onfi denc e.
2 3 Ph oe bewa smo s ts u r p r i s e db yh erfi n d i n gt h at A
genderdi dno ti nfl uenc ebeha vi ours i gni fi cant l y .
B
gi r l swe r emor en eg at i v ea bou ts c ho ol t h anbo y s .
C
bo yswer emor et al k at i v et hangi r l si nc l as s.
2 4 Re ga r d i n gt e ac h i n g,Ph oe bes a y ss h eh asl e ar n edt h at A
t eac her ss houl dbefl ex i bl ei nt hei rl es sonpl anni ng.
B
br i ght erc hi l dr enl ear nf r om s uppor t i ngweak erones .
C
c hi l d r env ar yf r om eac ho t heri nunpr e di c t abl ewa y s.
25 T onyi sp ar t i c ul ar l yi mpr es sedb yPhoebe’ sa bi l i t yt o A
r ec ogni s et hel i mi t at i onsofs uc hs mal l s cal er es ear c h.
B
r efl ec tonherownr e se ar c he xper i enc ei nani nt er es t i ngwa y .
C
des i gnhe rr es ear c hi ns uc hawa yast omi ni mi s edi ffic ul t i es .
Questions 26-/0 Wh atd i dPh oeb efi nddi ffic ul ta bo utt hedi ff er e ntr e se ar c ht ec hn i q ue ssh eu sed ? VE A G,ne Choo s eFI ans wer sf r om t hebo xandwr i t et hec or r ec tl et t e r x tt o 2 30. q ues t i on s 6-
Di ffic ul t i e s A Obt a i ni ngper mi s s i on B Dec i di ngonas ui t abl ef oc us C Conc ent r at i ngwhi l egat her i ngdat a Wor k i ngc ol l abor at i v el y D E Pr o c es s i n gd at as heha dg at h er e d F Fi ndi ngas ui t abl et i met oc onduc tt her es ear c h G Ge t t i nghol dofs ui t abl eequi pment Resear cht echni ques 26
Ob s er v i n gl e s s on s
27
I nt er v i ewi ngt eac her s
28
I nt er v i ewi ngpupi l s
29
Us i ngques t i onnai r es
30
T ak i ngp ho t o gr ap hs
SECTI ON4 Ques t i ons3140 Youwi l l hearanEn vi r onment al St udi esst udentgi v i ngapr es ent at i ona bouthi s pr oj ec tonsavi nganendanger edspeci esofpl ant .
Co mp l e t et h es e nt e nc e sbe l o w. Wr i t eNOMORETHANTWOWORDS f o re ac han swe r .
Sav i ngt hej uni perpl ant Back gr ound 31 J uni perwasoneoft hefir s tpl ant st ocol oni s eBr i t ai naf t ert he l as t
32 I t ss mok ei sv i r t ua l l y
,s oj uni perwoodwasus ed
asf uel i ni l l egal ac t i v i t i es . 33 Oi l sf r om t hepl a ntwer eus edt opr e v ent
s pr eadi ng.
3 4 No wad ay s ,i t sb er r i e sa r ewi de l yu se dt o
f o oda nd
dr i nk . Ecol ogy 35 J uni perpl ant sa l s osuppor ts ev er al s pec i eso fi ns ec t s and
Pr obl ems 36 I nc ur r entj uni perpopul at i ons ,r at i osoft he
ar epoor .
3 7 Ma n yo ft h eb us h esi ne a c hg r o upa r eo ft h es a mea g e s o
ofwhol epopul at i onsi sr api d.
Sol ut i ons 38 Pl ant l i f ei st r i al l i ngno v el t ec hni quesac r o ss
ar easof
Engl and. 3 9 On eme as ur ei st oi n t r o du ce
40 Af ur t hers t epi st opl ant
f o rs ee dl i n gs .
f r om heal t h ybus hes .
Answerf orI EL TSPl us3-Li s t eni ngPr act i ceT est1 1. accountant
21. C
2. o#er
22. !
0
3. "ami&
23.
4. .3nine
24. !
5. (octor
25.
6. poo&
26. E
7. pa
27. 4
8. socia&
e#ents
28. !
9. air
con(itioning
29.
10. restaurant
30.
11. sticks
31. ice
12. stones
32. in#isi)&e
13. ash
33. in"ection
14. grass
34. 5a#our
15. earth
35. "ungus3"ungi
16. water
36. sees
17.
O* E IN EIT7E* O*E*
37. etinction
18.
O* E IN EIT7E* O*E*
38. &ow&an(
19. !
O* IN EIT7E* O*E*
39. she&ter
20. !
40. cuttings
O* IN EIT7E* O*E*
age
READI NG PASSAGE1 1 3.wh Y ous ho ul ds pe ndab ou t2 0mi n ut e sonQu e s t i o ns1 i c ha r eb as e donRe ad i n gPa s s a ge1 b el o w.
Reduci ngel ect r i ci t yconsumpt i onon t heI sl eofEi gg Back gr ound TheI s l eofEi ggi ssi t uat edofft heWes tCoas tofSc ot l and ,andi sr eac he db yf er r yf r om t he ma i nl an d.Fort h ei s l an dc ommun i t yofa bo utah un dr e dr e si d en t s ,i tha sa l wa y sb eene x pe ns i v e
t oi mpor tpr oduc t s ,mat er i al sands k i l l edl abourf r om t hemai nl and,andt hi shasenc our aged ac ul t ur eofs el f s uffic i enc yandc ar ef u lus eofr es our c es .T oda y ,al t h ought h ei s l andno w has mo s tmo de mc o n v e ni e nc e s ,CO2e mi s s i o nsp e rh ou s e ho l dar e2 0p er c e n tl o we rt h ant h eUK av er age,andel ec t r i c i t yus ei s50per c entl ower . WhenEi ggdes i gnedi t sel ec t r i c i t ygr i d,whi c hwasswi t c hedoni nFebr uar y2008,i tqui c kl y bec ameappar entt hati nor dert ok eept hec api t al bui l d i ngc os t sdo wn,i twoul dbenec es s ar yt o managedemand.Thi swoul dal s oal l owt hei s l andt ogener at emo stofi t sel ec t r i c i t yf r om r e ne wa bl es our c es ,mai nl ywa t e r ,wi n da nds ol a rpo we r .Th i sgo al wa so v er s ee nb yt h eEi g g He r i t ageTr us t( EHT) . Thet echnol ogy Ei g gma na ge sel e ct r i c i t yd ema ndma i n l yb yc ap pi n gt h ei n s t a nt a neo uspo wert h atc anbeus edt o fi v ek i l o wat t s( k W)f o rahous ehol dandt enk Wf orabu si nes s .I fus agegoesov ert hel i mi t ,t he el ec t r i c i t ys uppl yi sc utoffandt hemai nt enanc et eam mus tbec al l edt oc omeands wi t c hi tbac k onag ai n.Al l hous ehol dsandbus i ne ss esha v eener g ymoni t or s ,whi c hdi s pl a ycur r ent a ndc u mu l a t i v eel e c t r i c i t yus a ge ,a nds o un da na l a r m wh enc o ns u mp t i o nr e ac h esau s er d efi n ed l ev el ,us ual l ysetaf ewhundr edwat t sbel owt heac t ual l i mi t .Ther es ul ti st hatEi ggr es i dent shav e ak e ens en seo fh owmu chp owe rd i ff er en te l e ct r i c al a pp l i a nc esus e,an da r ec ar e f u l t omi n i mi s ee ne r g y c on s ump t i o n. De ma ndi sal s oma na ge db ywa r n i n gt h ee nt i r ei s l a ndwh enr e ne wa bl ee ne r g yg en er a t i o ni s l owert handemand,anddi es el gener at or sar eoper at i ngt obac ki tup-as oc al l ed‘ r edl i ghtda y’ , asoppos edt o‘ gr eenl i ghtda y s ’wh ent her ei ss uffic i entr ene wabl eener gy . Res i d ent st hent a ke s t epst ot empor ar i l yr educ eel ec t r i c i t ydemandf ur t hers t i l l ,orpos t ponedemandunt i l r e ne wa bl een er g yge ne r a t i o nh asi n cr ea se d. Ener gyus eont hei s l andhasal s obeenr educ edt hr oughi mpr o v edwal l andl of ti ns ul at i oni n homes ,ne w boi l er s ,s ol arwat erheat i ng,c ar s har i ngandv ar i ouss mal l ,ener gy s av i ngmeas ur es i nhous ehol ds .Ne w ener gysupp l i esar ebei ngde v el oped,i nc l udi ngs us t ai nabl yha r v e s t edf or es t s t os uppl ywoodf orhea t i ng . Ei ggHer i t ageT r us thasi ns t al l edi ns ul at i oni nal l ofi t sownpr oper t i esatnoc os tt ot het enant s , whi l epr i v at epr oper t i esha vepai df ort hei rowni ns ul at i ont obei ns t al l ed.Thes ameappl i esf or i ns t al l at i onsofs ol arwat erheat i ng,al t houghnotal l T r us tpr oper t i eshav er ec ei v edt hi sasyet . Th eT r u sta l s oop er a t e saGr ee nGr a nt ss c heme ,wh er er e si d en t sc ancl a i m5 0p er c en to ft h e c os tofequi pmentt or educ ec ar bonemi s s i ons ,upt oal i mi tof£300.Pur c has esi nc l udedb i k es , s ol arwat erheat i ng,s ec ondar ygl az i ng,t hi c k erc ur t ai ns ,andgr eenhous est ogr owf oodl oc al l y , r at hert hani mpor t i ngi t . Envi r onment albenefit s Pr i ort ot hei ns t al l at i onoft henewel ec t r i c i t ygr i dandr enewabl eener gygener at i on,mos t hous ehol dsonEi ggus eddi es el gener at or st os uppl yel ec t r i c i t y ,r es ul t i ngi ns i gni fi cantc ar bon emi s s i ons .Homeswer eal s opoor l yi ns ul at edandhadol d,i neffic i entoi l bur ni ngboi l er s ,orus ed c oal f orheat i ng. Thewor kbyt heEi ggHer i t ageT r us tt or educ eener gyus ehasr es ul t edi ns i gni fi c antr educ t i onsi n c ar bonemi s s i onsf r om t hei s l and’ shous ehol dsandbus i ne ss es .Thea v er ageannual el ec t r i c i t y u sepe rh ou se ho l di sj u s t2 , 16 0k i l o wat th our s( k Wh ) ,comp ar e dt oaUKa v er a gei n20 08of 4 , 1 98k Wh .Do me st i cc ar b onemi s s i o nsha v ef a l l e nb y47p er c ent ,f r o m8 . 4t o4. 45t o nn espe r y e ar .Th i sc ompa r e st oav e r a geUKh ou se ho l demi s s i o nso f5 . 5t o6t o nn esp ery e ar .The emi s si onss houl df al l ev enf ur t hero vert hene xtf ewy ear sast hesuppl yofwoodf orheat i ng i nc r eas es .
Soc i a lbe ne fit s Thec ompl et i onofEi gg’ sel ec t r i c i t ygr i dhasmadeas i gni fi cantdi ffer enc et ot hei s l and’ s r es i dent s ,f r eei ngt hem f r om dependenc eondi es el g ener a t or sandpr o vi di ngt hem wi t h as t abl eandaffor dabl epo wers uppl y .Ar el i abl eel ec t r i c i t ys uppl yhasbr oughti mpr o vement si n o t herar ea s,f ore x ampl e,be t t ert r eat mento fdr i nk i ngwat eri ns omehous es ,and t heel i mi nat i onoft hec ons t antnoi s eofdi es el gener at or s .I mpr o vedhomei ns ul at i onandheat i ng ha sa l s oy i e l d edbe ne fit s ,ma ki ngi tmor eaff or d ab l et ok ee ph ome sa tac o mf o r t a bl et e mp er a t ur e. Oneoft hei nc ent i v esf orc appi ngel ec t r i c i t yus e,r at hert hanc har gi ngdi ff er entamount s a c c or d i n gt ous a ge ,wa st oma k ea c c es st oen er g yeq ui t a bl e .Ev e r yh ou s eh ol dha st h es a me fi v ek Wc ap,i r r es pec t i v eofi nc ome,s odi s t r i but i ngt hea vai l abl er es our c esequal l yac r os st he i s l and’ spopul at i on. Economi candempl oymentbenefit s Ei gg’ sel ec t r i c i t ygr i ds uppor t sf ourpar t t i memai nt enanc ej obsont hei s l and,andr es i dent shav e al s obee ne mp l o y edf o rb ui l d i n gwo r kt oi mpr o v eT r u s t o wn edho us esa ndot h er bui l di ngs .Li k ewi s e,t hes t ar tofor gani s edhar v es t i ngofwoodf orheat i nghasc r eat eds ev er al f or es t r yj obsf orr es i dent s .Apar t t i me‘ gr eenpr oj ec tmanager ’ pos thasal s obeenc r eat ed.A wi derec onomi ci mpac thasc omef r om ha vi ngar el i abl eandaff or dabl eel ec t r i c i t ys uppl y , whi c h hasenabl eds ev er al ne w bus i nes s est ost ar tup,i nc l udi ngr es t aur ant s ,s hops ,gues thous esan d s e l f c a t e r i n ga c c ommo da t i o n.AsEi g gh asbe c omek n ownf o rc u t t i n gc a r b one mi s s i o nsan d pr ot ec t i ngt heen vi r onment ,ani nc r eas i ngnumberofv i s i t or sha vec omet ot hei s l andt ol ear n abouti t swor k ,br i ngi ngaf ur t herec onomi cbenefi tt ot her es i dent s .
Questions 1-, Ans wert heques t i onsbel ow. ORA NUMBER Choo s eNOMORETHANTWO WORDSAND/ f r o mt hepa ss ag ef or
e a c han s we r . 1
Appr oxi mat el y ho wman ypeopl e l i v eonEi gg?
2
Whatpr opor t i on o faUKh ou s eh ol d ’ sel ect r i ci t yconsumpt i on doesan
Ei g ghousehol dconsume?
3
Apar tf r om wi ndandsun,wher edoesmos tofEi gg’ sel ec t r i c i t ycome
f r o m?
4
Whatde t heamountofel Ei g g’ shou se ho l d sa r e vi c emea sur es ect r i c i t y
u si n g?
5
Wh enr e ne wa bl ee ne r g ys u p pl i e sa r ei nsuffici ent ,
whatbacks t hem up?
6
WhathasEHTpr ovi dedf i nal l t hehousesi t r e eofc ha r g e
owns ?
7
Whi chga r de ni nga i d di dsome
Ei g gi nhabi t ant scl ai mg r a n t s f or ?
Questions -1/ Dot hef ol l o wi ngs t at ement sag r eewi t ht hei nf or mat i ongi v e ni nReadi ngPas s ag e 1?Wr i t e TRUE
i ft hes t at ementagr eeswi t ht hei nf or mat i on
FALSE
i ft hes t at ementc ont r adi c t st hei nf or mat i on
NOTGI VEN i ft her ei sn oi nf or mat i onont hi s 8
El ec t r i c i t ywasavai l abl e f ort he fir s tt i me o nEi g g
whe nane wgr i d wasswi t chedon. 9
Ei gg’ scarbonemi ssi ons ar enowmuchl ower
t ha nbe f or e. 10
Wood wi l l s oonbet he mai n
sourceofhe at i ng o nEi g g. 11
Ei ggi squi e t e r asar es ul tofha vi ng
anewel ect r i ci t ysuppl y. 1 2
u seofe xt r ael ect r i ci t y.
We l l offhousehol ds payhi ghe rpr i ce s f ort he
13
Thenewel ec t r i c i t ygr i d has
c r eat eda ddi t i ona lempl oymentoppor t uni t i es o nEi g g.
READI NG PASSAGE2 4 2 6,wh Y ous ho ul ds pe ndab ou t2 0mi n ut e sonQu e s t i o ns1 i c har eba s edon
Re a di n gPa s s a g e2b e l o w:
Changei nbusi nessor gani sat i ons AThef or c est hatoper at et obr i ngaboutc hangei nor gani s at i onsc anbet houghto f a swi n dswh i c har ema nya ndv ar i e d-f r o ms ma l l s u mme rb r e ez e st h atme r e l y di s t ur baf e w paper s ,t omi ght yho wl i nggal eswhi c hc aus ede vas t at i ont os t r uc t ur es andoper at i ons ,c aus i ngcons equentr eor i ent at i onofpur pos eandr ebui l di ng. Some t i mes ,ho we v er ,t hewi ndsdi edo wnt ogi v eper i odsofr el at i v ec al m,per i odsof r el at i v eor gani s at i onal s t abi l i t y .Suc haper i odwast heagr i c ul t ur al age,whi c h Go od ma n( 1 99 5)ma i n t a i n sp r e v a i l e di nEu r o pea ndwe s t e r ns o c i e t i e sa sawh ol e unt i l t heear l y1700s .Dur i ngt hi sper i od,weal t hwascr eat edi nt hec ont e xtofan agr i c ul t ur al l ybas edsoc i et yi nfl uenc edmai nl ybyl oc al mar k et s( bot hc us t omer andl abour )andf ac t or sout s i depeopl e ’ scont r ol ,s uc hast heweat her .Dur i ngt hi s t i me,peopl ec oul df ai r l ywel l pr edi c tt hec y cl eofac t i v i t i esr equi r edt omai nt ai nl i f e, ev eni ft hatl i f emi ghtbeatl i t t l emor et hans ubs i s t enc el ev el .
BT omai nt ai nt heme t eor ol ogi c al met aphor ,s t r ongerwi ndsofc hangebl e wt obr i ng i nt heI ndus t r i al Rev ol ut i onandt hei ndus t r i al age.Agai n,ac cor di ngt oGoodman,t hi s l as t edf oral ongt i me,unt i l ar ound1945.I twaschar ac t er i s edbyas er i esof i n v en t i o nsandi n no v at i o nst h atr e du ce dt h en umb ero fp eo pl ene ed edt owor kt h e l andan d,i nt ur n,pr o vi dedt hemeansofpr oduc t i on ofhi t her t or ar el yobt ai nabl egoods ;f oror gani s at i ons ,s uppl y i ngt hes ei nev er i n c r e as i n gn umb er sb ec a met h ea i m.T oal a r g ee x t e nt ,d ema ndan ds u pp l y wer epr edi c t abl e,enabl i ng.c ompani est os t r uc t ur et hei ror gani s at i onsal ongwhat Bur n sandSt al k er( 1 966)des c r i bedasmec hani s t i cl i nes ,t hati sassy s t emsof s t r i c thi er ar c hi c al s t r uc t ur esandfi r m meansofc ont r ol . ssi t uat i onpr ev ai l edf ors omet i me,wi t hdemands t i l l c omi ngmai nl yf r om CThi t hedomes t i cmar k etandor gani s at i onss t r i v i ngt ofi l l t he‘ s uppl ygap’ .Thust he mos tdi s t ur bi ngen vi r onment al i n flu enc eonor g ani s at i onsoft hi st i mewast he dema ndf orpr oduc t s ,whi c hout s t r i ppeds uppl y . Thes ay i ngat t r i but edt oHenr yFor d t hat‘ Youc anha vean yc ol ourofc ars ol ongasi ti sbl ac k’ ,gi v esafl av ouroft he s uppl y l eds t at eoft hemar k et .Apar tf r om an yt ec hni c al di ffic ul t i esofpr oduc i ng di ffer entc ol our sofc ar ,For ddi dnotha vet owor r yaboutc us t omer s ’ c ol our pr ef er enc es :hec oul ds el l al l t hathemade.Or gani s at i onsoft hi sper i odc anbe r egar dedas‘ t as k o r i ent ed’ ,wi t heffor tbei ngputi nt oi nc r eas i ngpr oduc t i ont hr ough mor eeff ec t i v eandeffic i e ntpr o du ct i o np r o ce ss es . DAst i mepas sed,t hi sf a vour abl eper i odf oror gani s at i onsbegant odec l i ne.I nt he neoi ndus t r i al age,peopl ebec amemor edi s c r i mi nat i ngi nt hegoodsandser v i c es t he ywi s he dt obu yan d,a st e ch no l o gi c al ad v an ce me nt sbr o ug hta bo ut i nc r eas edpr o duc t i v i t y , s uppl yov er t oo kdemand.Compani esbeg an,i nc r eas i ngl y , t o l ookabr oadf oraddi t i onal mar k et s . EAtt h es amet i me,or g ani s at i onsf ac edmor ei nt ens i v ec ompe t i t i onf r om a br oa df or t he i ro wnpr od uc t sa nds er v i c es .I nt h eWe s t ,t hi sd ev e l o pme ntwa sac c omp an i edby as hi f ti nf oc usf r om manuf ac t ur i ngt os er v i c e,whet hert hi smer el yaddedv al uet o manuf ac t ur edpr oduc t s ,orwhet heri twasser v i c ei ni t sownr i ght .I nt heneoi ndus t r i al ageofwes t er ncount r i es ,t heemphas i smo v edt o war d saddi ngv al uet o good sa nds er v i c es-whatGoodmanc al l st hev al ueor i ent edt i me,a sc ont r as t e dwi t h t het as k -or i ent edandpr oduc t s / s er v i c es or i ent edt i mesoft hepas t . FT oday ,i nt hepos t i ndus t r i al age,mos tpeopl eagr eet hator gani s at i onal l i f ei s b ec omi ngev e rmo r eun ce r t ai n ,a st h ep ac eofc han gequ i c k en san dt h ef u t ur e b ec o me sl e s sp r e di c t a bl e .Wr i t i n gi n19 99 ,Na dl e ra ndTu s hma n,t woUSa c ad emi c s , s ai d:‘ Poi s edont heev eoft hene xtc ent ur y , wear ewi t nes s i ngap r of ound t r ans f or mat i oni nt hev er ynat ur eofourbus i nes sor gani s at i ons .Hi s t or i cf or c eshav e c on ver gedt of undament al l yr es hapet hes cope,s t r at egi es ,ands t r uc t ur esofl ar ge ent er pr i s es . ’ Atal es sgener al l ev el ofanal y s i s ,Gr aemeLeac h,Chi efEc onomi s tat
t heBr i t i s hI ns t i t ut eofDi r ec t or s ,c l ai medi nt heGuar di annews paper( 2000)t hat :‘ By 2020,t heni net ofi ver atr ac ewi l l beex t i nc tandpr es entl ev el sofs el f empl oy ment , c o mmu t i n ga ndt e c hn ol o gyu s e,a swe l l a sag ea nds exg ap s ,wi l l h av ec ha ng ed bey ondr ec ogni t i on. ’ Ac cor di ngt ot hear t i c l e,Leac hant i c i pat est hat :‘ I n20y ear s t i me,20 25pe r c entoft hewor k f or c ewi l l bet empor ar ywor k er san dman ymor ewi l l befl ex i bl e,. . .25per c entofpeopl ewi l l nol ongerwor ki nat r adi t i onal offic eand. . . 50per c entwi l l wor kf r om homei ns omef or m. ’ Cont i nu i ngt ous et he‘ wi ndsof c hange ’me t aphor ,t hee xpec t at i on' sofdamagi nggal ef or c ewi ndsbr i ng i ngt heneed f orr ebui l di ngt hatt ak est heoppor t uni t yt oi nc or por at ene wi deasandwa ysofdoi ng t hi ngs . GWhet heral l t hi swi l l happeni sar guabl e.For ec as t i ngt hef ut ur ei s al wa y sf r aughtwi t hdi ffic ul t i es .Fori ns t anc e,Mann er mann( 1998)s eesf ut ur es t udi es aspar tar tandpar ts ci enc eandnot es :‘ Thef ut ur ei sf ul l of s ur pr i s es ,unc er t ai nt y ,t r endsandt r endbr eak s,i r r at i onal i t yandr at i onal i t y ,andi ti s c hangi ngandes c api ngf r om ourhandsast i megoesby . I ti sal s ot her es ul tof a ct i on smad eb yi n nu me r a bl emo r eo rl e s sp owe r f u lf or c es . ’ Wh ats ee msc er t ai ni s t hatt heor gani s at i onal wor l di sc hangi ngataf as tr at e-ev eni ft hedi r ec t i onof c hangei snotal wa yspr edi c t abl e.Cons equent l y ,i ti sc r uc i al t hator gani s at i onal man age r san dd ec i s i o nma k er sar ea war eof ,a nda bl et oa na l y s et h ef a ct or s whi c ht r i ggeror gani s at i onal c hange.
Questions 18-1 A G. Readi ngPassage2hasSEVEN p ar ag r aphs ,-
Whi c hpar agr aphcont ai nst hef ol l owi ngi nf or mat i on? A G. Wr i t et hec or r ec tl et t e r ,14
somespeci ficpr a bo utb us i n es s e san dwo r k i n g e di c t i ons
pr ac t i c es 15
r ef er enc et ot heway companyempl oy eeswer e
us ual l ymanaged 16
awar ni ng f orbus i nes sl e ade r s
17
t hedes cr i pt i onofaner anot a bl e f or
t h er el at i veabsenceofchange 18
areason wh yc us t ome rs a t i s f a ct i onwa sn otahi gh
pr i or i t y
Questions 1.-2/ 9 2 3 andt Lookatt hef ol l owi ngc har ac t er i s t i c s( Ques t i ons 1 ) hel i s tofper i odsbel ow. A Mat c heac hc har ac t er i s t i cwi t ht hec or r ec tper i od , ,BorC. A Wr i t et hec or r ec tl et t e r , ,BorC. NB et hanonce. Youma yus ea nyl e t t e rmor 19
as ur pl us o fg oo ds .
20
anemphasi sonpr oduc t i onquant i t y.
21
t h epr owor ox i mi t yofcons umer st kpl aces.
22
af ocus o nt h equal i t y o fg oo ds .
23
ne wproducts andnewwaysofwor ki ng.
Li s tofper i ods A Theagr i c ul t ur al age.
B Thei ndus t r i al age. C Theneoi ndus t r i al age.
Questions 28-26 Co mp l e t et h es u mma r yb e l o w. Y Choo s eONEWORDONL f r o mt h ep as s a gef o re ac han s we r . Bus i ne ss esi nt he2 1s tc ent ur y I ti sgener al l yagr eedt hatc hangesar et ak i ngpl ac emor equi c kl ynow,andt hat or gani s at i onsa r ebei ngt r ans f or med.Onel eadi ngec onomi s ts ugges t edt hatb y 2 02 0,u pt oaqu ar t e ro fe mp l o y e eswo ul db e24
o fa l l e mp l o y ee swo ul dbeb as edi nt h e25
a ndha l f
.
Al t h oug hp r e di c t i on sc anb ewr o ng ,t h es pe edo fc ha ngei sno ti nd ou bt ,a nd b us i ne s sl e ad er sne edt ou nd er s t a ndt he26
i nfl uent i al .
READI NG PASSAGE3
t hatwi l l be
2740,wh Y ous ho ul ds pe ndab ou t2 0mi n ut e sonQu e s t i o ns i c har eba s edon
Re a di n gPa s s a g e3b el o w.
Thecr eat i onofl ast i ngmemor i es
Man ys t udi esoft hebr ai npr oc es sesunder l y i ngt hecr eat i onof memo r yc on so l i d at i o n( l a s t i n gmemo r i e s)h av ei n v ol v e dg i v i ngv a r i o ushu manan d ani mal s ubj ec t st r eat ment ,whi l et r ai ni ngt hem t oper f or m at as k .Thes eha v e c ont r i but edgr eat l yt oourunder s t andi ng. I npi one er i ngs t udi esus i nggol dfi s h,Ber nar dAgr anofff oundt hat pr ot ei ns ynt hes i si nhi bi t or si nj ec t edaf t ert r ai ni ngc aus edt hegol dfi sht of or getwhat t he yhadl ear ned.I not here xper i ment s ,headmi ni s t er edpr o t ei ns ynt hes i si nhi bi t or s i mme di at el ybe f o r et hefi s hwe r et r a i n ed .Th er ema r k abl efi nd i n gwa st ha tt h efi s h l ear nedt het as kc ompl et el ynor mal l y ,butf or goti twi t hi naf ewhour s-t hati s ,t he pr ot ei ns ynt hes i si nhi bi t or sbl oc k edmemor ycons ol i dat i on,butdi dnoti nfl uenc e s h or t t e r m me mo r y .
Th er ei sno we x t e ns i v eev i d en cet h ats ho r t t e r m me mo r yi ss par edbyma nyk i n dso f t r eat ment s ,i nc l udi ngel ec t r oc onv ul s i v et her apy( ECT) ,t hatbl oc k memor yc ons ol i dat i on.Ont heot herhand,andequal l yi mpor t ant l y ,neur os c i ent i s t I v a nI z qu i e r d of o un dt h atman ydr u gt r e at men t sc anb l o cks ho r t t e r m memor y wi t houtbl oc k i ngmemor ycons ol i dat i on.Con t r ar yt ot heh ypot hes i sputf or war db y Ca na di a np s y c ho l o gi s tDo na l dHe bb ,i n19 49 ,l o ng t e r m me mo r yd oe s no tr equi r es hor t t e r m memor y , andv i c ev er s a.
Suc hfi ndi ngss ugges tt hatoure xper i e nc escr eat epar al l el ,andpos s i bl yi n dependent s t agesofmemor y ,. eac hwi t hadi ffer entl i f es pan.Al l oft hi sev i denc ef r om c l i ni c al andex per i ment al s t udi ess t r ongl yi ndi c at est hatt hebr ai nhandl esr ec entandr emot e memo r yi nd i ff er e ntwa y s ;bu twh ydo esi td ot ha t ?
Weob vi ous l yneedt oha v ememor yt hati sc r eat edr api dl y :r eac t i ngt oanev e ra nd r api dl yc hangi ngen vi r onmentr equi r est hat .Fore xampl e,mos tc ur r entbui l di ng c odesr e qui r et hatt hehei ght sofal l s t epsi nas t ai r c as ebeequal .Af t ert ak i ng ac oupl eofs t eps ,upo rd own,wei mpl i c i t l yr emembert hehei ght soft hes t ep s a nda ss umet h att h eo t he r swi l l b et h es ame .I ft he ya r en ott h es ame ,wea r e v er yl i k el yt ot r i pandf al l .Lac koft hi ski ndofr api dl ycr eat edi mpl i c i tmemor ywoul d b eb adf o ru sandf o ri n su r a nc ec omp an i e s,b utp er h ap sg oodf o rl a wy e r s .I two ul d beofl i t t l ev al uet ousi fwer emember edt hehei ght soft hes t epsonl yaf t eradel a yof manyhour s,whent hememor ybecomesconsol i dat ed.
Th eh ypo t hes i st ha tl a st i ngmemor yc ons ol i dat ess l o wl yov ert i mei ss uppor t ed pr i mar i l ybycl i ni c al andex per i ment al ev i denc et hatt hef or mat i onofl ongt er m memor yi si nfl uenc edbyt r eat ment sanddi s or der saff ec t i ngbr ai nf unc t i oni ng.Ther e ar eal s oot herk i ndsofe vi denc ei ndi c at i ngmor edi r ec t l yt hatt hememor i es c ons ol i dat eo vert i meaf t erl ear ni ng.Av iKami andDo vSagi r epor t edt hatt he per f or manc eofhumans ubj ec t st r ai nedi nav i s ual s ki l l di dnoti mpr ov eunt i l ei ght hour saf t ert het r ai ni ngwasc ompl e t ed,andt hati mpr o v ementwasev engr eat e rt he f ol l owi ngday .Fur t her mor e,t hes ki l l wasr et ai nedf ors ev er al y ear s .
St udi esus i nghumanbr a i ni magi ngt os t udyc hangesi nneur al ac t i v i t yi nduc edby l ear ni ngha veal s or epor t edt hatt hec hangesc ont i nuet ode vel opf orhour saf t er l ear ni ng.I nani nnov at i v es t udyus i ngf unc t i onal i magi ngoft hebr ai n,Rez a Sh ad me hra ndHe nr yHo l c ombex a mi n edb r a i nac t i v i t yi nse v er al br a i nr eg i o ns s hor t l yaf t erhumansubj ec t swer et r ai nedi namot orl ear ni ngt as kr equi r i ngar m and h an dmo v emen t s .Th eyf o undt h atwh i l et h ep er f o r ma nc eoft h es ubj e ct s r emai neds t abl ef ors ev er al hour saf t erc ompl et i onoft het r ai ni ng,t hei rbr ai nac t i v i t y di dnot ;di ff er entr egi onsoft hebr ai nwer epr edomi nant l yac t i v eatdi ffer entt i mesov er aper i odofs ev er al hour saf t ert het r ai ni ng.Theac t i v i t yshi f t edf r om t hepr ef r ont al c or t e xt ot woar eask no wnt obei n vol v edi nc ont r ol l i ngmo vement s ,t he mot orc or t e xandc er ebel l arc or t e x.Cons ol i dat i onoft hemot ors ki l l appear ed t oi nv ol v eac t i v at i onofdi ffer entneur al s ys t emst hati nc r eas edt hes t abi l i t yoft he br ai npr oc es sesunder l y i ngt hes ki l l .
Ther ei sal s oe vi denc et hatl ear ni ngi nduc edc hangesi nt heac t i v i t yofneur onsi n t hec er ebr al c or t excont i nuet oi nc r eas ef ormanyda ysaf t ert het r ai ni ng.I nan ex t ens i v es er i esofs t udi esus i ngr at swi t hel ec t r odesi mpl ant edi n t heaudi t or yc or t e x,Nor manWei nber gerr epor t edt hat ,af t erat one ofs pec i fi cf r eq uenc ywaspai r edaf e wt i meswi t hf oo t s hoc k ,neur onsi nt he
r at s ’ audi t or y c or t e xr es pondedmor et ot hats pec i fi ct oneandl es st oot hert onesof ot herf r equenc i es .Ev enmor ei nt er es t i ngl y ,t hes el ec t i v i t yoft heneur ons ’r es pons et o t hes pec i fi ct oneus edi nt r ai ni ngc ont i nuedt oi nc r eas ef ors ev er al day saf t ert he t r ai ni ngwast er mi nat ed.
I ti snoti nt ui t i v el yobv i ouswhyourl as t i ngmemor i escons ol i dat es l owl y .Cer t ai nl y , onecanwonderwhywehaveaf or m ofmemor yt hatwehavet or el yonf ormany hour s ,da y soral i f et i me,t hati ssos us c ept i bl et odi s r upt i ons hor t l yaf t eri t i si ni t i at ed.Per hapst hebr ai ns y st em t hatc ons ol i dat esl ongt er m memor yov ert i me wasal at ede v el opmenti nve r t ebr at eev ol ut i on.Mor eo v er ,ma y bewecons ol i dat e me mo r i e ss l o wl ybe c a us eo u rma mma l i a nb r a i n sar el a r g ea nd enor mous l ycomp l e x .Wec anr eadi l yr ej ec tt he sei deas .Al l s pec i esofani ma l s s t u di e dt od at eh av ebo t hs ho r t a ndl o ng t e r m memo r y ;an da l l ar es us c ept i bl et or et r ogr adeamnes i a.Li k ehumans ,bi r ds ,bees ,an dmol l us c s ,as wel l a sfi shan dr a t s ,ma k el o ng t e r m memor ys l o wl y .Co ns ol i d at i o no fmemor y c l e ar l yemer ge dear l yi nev ol ut i on,andwasc ons er v ed.
Al t hought her es eemst obenoc ompel l i ngr eas ont oc onc l udet ha tabi ol ogi c al s y s t em s uc hasabr ai nc oul dno tqui c k l ymak eal as t i n gmemor y , t hef ac ti st ha t a ni mal br a i n sdono t .Thu s,me mor yc on so l i da t i onmu s ts er v es omev er yi mp or t a nt adapt i v ef unc t i onorf unc t i ons .Ther ei scons i der abl ee vi denc es ugges t i ngt hatt he s l o wc ons ol i dat i oni sadapt i v ebec aus ei tenabl esneur obi ol ogi c al pr oc es ses oc c ur r i ngs hor t l yaf t erl ear ni ngt oi nfl uenc et hes t r engt hofmemor yf ore xper i enc es . Th ee x t e ns i v eev i d en c et h atme mo r yc a nb ee nh an c ed ,a swe l l a si mp ai r e d,b y t r eat ment sadmi ni s t er eds hor t l yaf t ert r ai ni ng,pr ov i desi nt r i gui ngs uppor tf or t hi sh ypot hes i s .
Questions 2,-/1 A Choos et hec or r ec tl et t e r , ,B,CorD. 2 7 Ex p er i me nt sb yBer d es c r i b edi nRea di n gPa s sag e3i n v ol v e d nar dAgr anoff
A
i nj ec t i nggol dfi shatdi ffer ents t agesoft hee xper i ment s .
B
t r ai ni nggol dfi sht ododi ffer entt y pesoft as k.
C
us i ngdi ff er entt y pesoft r eat mentongol dfi s h.
D
c ompar i ngt heper f or manc eofdi ff er e ntgol dfi s honc er t ai nt as k s.
28 Mostfindi ngs f r om r ec en ts t udi e ss ugges tt hat A
d r u gt r e at men t sd ono tn or mal l ya ffe cts ho r t t e r m me mo r i e s.
B
l o ng t e r m me mo r i e sb ui l du po ns h or t t e r m me mo r i e s .
C
s h or ta ndl o ng t e r m me mo r i e sa r ef o r me db ys e pa r a t ep r o c es s e s .
D
ECTt r e at me nta ffe c t sb ot hs h or t a ndl o ng t e r m me mo r i e s .
29 I nt hefif t hparagraph,wh atd oe st h ewr i t e rwan tt os ho wb yt heexampl eof s t a i r c as es ? A
Pr o mp tme mo r yf o r ma t i o nu nd er l i e st h ep er f o r ma nc eo fe v er y d ay
t a s k s . B
Rout i net as k sc anbec ar r i edoutu nc ons c i ous l y .
C
Ph y si c al ac c i dent sc ani mpai rt hef u nc t i onofmemor y .
D
Compl e xi nf o r mat i ons uc ha sr e gu l a t i o nsc ann otb er e t a i n edb y
t hememor y . 30 Observat i ons aboutmemor ybyKamiandSagi A
c as tdoub tone xi s t i ngh ypot he ses .
B
r el at edo nl yt os hor t t er m memor y .
C
we r eb as edo nt a sk si n v ol v i n gh ea r i n g.
D
c on fir me do t he re x pe r i men t a lfi ndi n gs .
3 1 Wh atd i dt h ee x p e r i me ntb yShadmehrandHol comb s how? A
Di ff er entar easoft hebr ai nwer eac t i v at edbydi ff er entt as k s.
B
Ac t i v i t yi nt hebr ai ngr adual l ymo vedf r om onear eat oot her
a r e a s . C
Subj ec t sc ont i nuedt ogetbet t eratat as kaf t ert r ai ni nghad
fi ni s he d. D
t a s k .
T r eat men tgi v ent os ubj ec t si mpr o v edt hei rper f or manc eona
Questions /2-/6 Dot hef ol l o wi ngs t at ement sag r eewi t ht hev i e wsoft hewr i t eri nReadi ngPas s ag e3? Wr i t e YES
i ft hes t at ementagr eeswi t ht hev i ewsoft hewr i t er
NO
i ft hes t at ementc ont r adi c t st hev i ewsoft hewr i t er
NOTGI VEN
i fi ti si mpos s i bl et osa ywhatt hewr i t ert hi nk saboutt hi s
32
Th et r ai n i n gwh i c hKami a ndSa gi ’ ss ub j e ct swer e
g i v e nwa sr e pe at edo v ers e v er a ld ay s . 33
Ther at si nWei nber ger ’ sst udi esl ear nedt o
as s oc i at eac er t ai ns oundwi t has pec i fi cex per i enc e. 34
Ther es ul t sofWei nber ger ’ ss t udi esi ndi c at edt hat
t hes t r engt hoft her at s ’l ear nedas soc i at i onsi nc r eas eswi t ht i me. 35
I ti seas yt os eet heev ol ut i onar yadv ant ageoft he
wa yl a s t i n gmemo r i e si nhuma nsa r ec r e at ed . 36
t ha ni nman yot h ers pe ci e s.
L on gt e r m me mo r i e si nhu ma nsa r emo r es t a b l e
Questions /,-80 A l Co mp l e t et h es umma r yus i ngt h el i s to fwo r d s , ,bel ow Longt er m memor y Va r i ou sr e sea r c he r sh av ee x ami n edt h ewa yl a s t i n gmemo r i e sar ef or me d. Labor at or yex per i ment sus ual l yi nv ol v et eac hi ngs ubj ec t st odo s o me t h i n g37
andt r eat i ngt hem wi t hmi l del ec t r i cshoc ksor
dr ugs .Ot hers t udi esmoni t orbeha vi ouraf t eral ear ni nge xper i enc e,orus e s ophi s t i c at edequi pmentt oobs er v ebr ai nac t i v i t y . Ther es ul t sar egener al l yc ons i s t ent :t he ys ho wt hatl as t i ngmemor i esar et her es ul t ofa38
andcomp l e xbi ol ogi c al pr oc es s .
Thef ac tt hathumansshar et hi st r ai twi t hot hers pec i es ,i nc l udi ng ani mal swi t h39
br ai ns ,s ugges t st hati t
d e v el o pe d40
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i nourev ol ut i onar yhi s t or y .
B eas
C &arge
D &ate
E &ength
F ne
G recen
H sm
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w
t&
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Answerf orI ELTSPl us3-Readi ngPr act i ce Test1 1. 100
21. !
2. 0:
22. C
3. water
23.
4. energ 5. (iese&
monitors
generators
24. temporar 25. home
6. insu&ation
26. "actors
7. greenhouses
27. !
8. ;!'SE
28. C
9. T*
29. !
10. NOT
4I=EN
30.
11. T*
31.
12. ;!'SE
32. NOT
13. T*
33. >ES
14. ;
34. >ES
15.
35. NO
16. 4
36. NOT
17. !
37. ;
4I=EN
4I=EN
18. C
38. E
19. C
39. 7
20.
40. !
WRI TI NG T ASK1 Yo us h ou l ds p en da bo ut2 0mi n ut e so nt h i st a s k . Thet abl ebel ow showst her esul t sofsur veysi n2000,2005and2010aboutone uni v er si t y . Summa r i s et hei nf or ma t i onbys el e ct i nga ndr e por t i ngt hema i nf e at ur e s,a nd mak ec ompar i sonswher er el e vant . Wr i t eatl eas t150wor ds .
Pe r c e nt a geofs t ude nt sgi v i nggoodr a t i ngsf ordi ffe r e nta spe ct sofauni v er s i t y
200
200
0
5
T ea chi ngqua l i t y
65
63
69
Pr i ntr e sour c es
87
89
88
El e ct r oni cr e s our c es
45
72
88
Range ofmodul esoffer ed
32
30
27
Bui l di ngs/ t eachi ngf aci l i t i es
77
77
77
2010
Ti p Ma k es u r ey o uu nd er s t a nde x a c t l ywh att h ev i s ual s hows .I nt hi st as k,t hefi gur esi nt het abl e: • • •
r el at et oj us toneuni v er s i t y , ar ef r om t hr eedi ffer ents ur v e y s, i ndi c at echangesi nst udentat t i t udes . Yougett hi sk e yi nf or mat i onf r om t wos our c es :t hefi r s ts ent enc eoft het as ki t s el fand t het i t l eoft hev i s ual ( s ) .
• • • •
•
ForT as k1,t hesec ondpar toft her ubr i ci sal wa y st hesame. St a r twi t ha ni n t r o du ct o r ys ent en cewh i c hs umma r i s eswh att h ev i s ual sho ws. Don' ts i mpl ycop ydo wnwhat ' si nt her ubr i c-t hi si sawas t eofy ourt i me. T ak es omet i mebef or ey ous t ar twr i t i ngt ol ookf oran yi mpr o vement s ,r educ t i ons ,fl uc t uat i onsands i mi l ar i t i es . Repor tt hemos ts t r i k i ngpoi ntfi r s t . I nt hi st as k,i ti spr obabl yt hatt her ewasagr eati mpr ov ementi ns t udent s ' opi ni onsof t heuni v er s i t y ' sel ec t r oni cr es our c es .
• •
Gi v edat at osuppor tt hecl a i msy oumak e-c i t i ngs pec i fi c p e r c ent a ge s. Bu ty o ud on ' tne edt oquo t e e x ac tfi gur esf ore ver ypoi nt-y ouwi l l gai nmar k sf ors ho wi ng t haty ouc anbes el ec t i v e. Do n' twr i t et o omu c h:1 50 2 00wor d swi l l b ee no ug h.Yo uwo n' tb eg i v e na nye xt r am ar k sf orwr i t i ngal ong erpi ec e,andy ouneedt ol ea v eenought i mef orT as k2.
WRI TI NG T ASK2 Yo us h ou l ds p en da bo ut4 0mi n ut e so nt h i st a s k . Wr i t eaboutt hef ol l owi ngt opi c . Somesayt hatbecausemanypeopl ear el i vi ngmuchl onger ,t heageatwhi chp e opl er e t i r ef r om wor kshoul dbe r a i s edc ons i de r a bl y . Towhatext entdoyouagr eeordi sagr ee? Gi v er ea so nsf o ry o ura ns we ran di n cl ud ea nyr el ev ant exampl esf r om yourownkno wl e dg eo re x pe r i e nc e. Wr i t eatl eas t250wo r d s . Ti pf ort a sk2 •
• •
•
•
Bec l e arwh i c hs pec i fi caspect oft het as ky ouneedt odi s cus s .I nt hi st as k ,y ouneedt ot a l kaboutwhe t hert heag eof r e t i r emen ts hou l dber ai s edandi fs o,whe t heri ts houl dbeb ya-s mal l orl ar g eamount . Thes ec ondl i neo ft het as ki nT as k2di ff er sf r om papert opaper . Youc oul dgi v ey ourpoi ntofv i ewandt henpr o vi dei l l us t r at i onsand e v i d en ce t os uppor tt hi sopi ni on. Or ,y oucoul dex pl or ebo t hsi desoft heques t i onandt hengoont o gi v ey ouro wnopi ni on ande x pl ai nt hear gument sy oufi ndpar t i c ul ar l yper s uas i v e . Wr i t eu s i n gp ar a gr a ph sa ndma k es u r ee ac h par agr aph hasac l earc ent r al t opi c . -
SAMPLEANSWER WRI TI NG TASK1 Th et a bl es ho wst h ec h an gei nat t i t ude, ov ert eny ear s ,ofs t udent satapar t i c ul aruni v er s i t yt odi ffer entas pec t sofi t sac ademi c pr ov i s i on. Fi r s t l y ,t hemos ts t r i k i ngs etofs t at i s t i c sr el at et oappr o v al f orel ec t r oni cr es our c es .Th er ewasashar pi nc r eas e i nt h en umb ero f s t u den t sgi v i ngt h es er e so ur c esag oo dr a t i ng,par t i c ul ar l yi nt hefi r s tfi v ey ear s :f r om 45p e r c e n t i n2000,t o72p e r c e n t i n20 05 , and88p e r c e n t i n20 10 .Th er ewa sal s oanov er al l i mpr o vementi nr at i ngsf ort eac hi n gqual i t y ,t hought hei nc r eas e wasr e l at i v el ys mal l ( 65p e r c e n t i n2000r i s i ngt o69per cent i n20 10 )a ndt h er ewa sadec l i ne i nt hei nt er i m( 63p e r c e n t i n2 00 5) .Th er ewa s al s oafl uc t uat i oni nat t i t udest opr i ntr es our c es ,r i s i ngf r om 87p e r c e n t t o89p e r c e n ti nt hefi r s tfi v ey ear sandt henf al l i ngb yonep e r c e n t i n2010.Goodr at i ngsf ort heuni v er s i t y ' sbui l di ngsandt eac hi ngf ac i l i t i eswer ei dent i c alt hr oughout ,at77per c ent .Fi n al l y , t her ewer epoorr at i ngsatt hebegi nni ngoft heper i od f ort her a n g e o fmo du l e so ff e r e d( 3 2p e r c e n t i n2000)andt he ygo twor s e, f al l i ngs t eadi l yf r om t o30p e r c e n t i n20 05and27p e r c e n t i n20 10 .
WRI TI NG TASK2 Cu r r ent l y , i nman yc ount r i es ,t heageatwhi c hpeopl es t oppai dwor kt endst obebe t ween55and65.I nt hepas t ,wi t hf e w peopl el i v i ngbe y ondt heageof80,i twasr ar ef o ran y bo dyt oe nj o ymor et h an20y e ar sofr e t i r emen t .Fl o we v ern owa da y s ,t h atfigur e i smuchmor el i k el y t obe30,orev en40y ear s .Thi si sof t enc i t edasar eas onf orr e qui r i ngpeopl et owor kt oal at erage. Adv oc at esoft hi spoi ntofv i ewc l ai mt hati ti se xt r emel y e xp en si v et os up po r t p eo pl ef ors ol ongi nr et i r ement .Pens i onsar epai df orpar t l ybypeopl ei nt hei rwor k i ngl i v es ,b u tt o da ype ns i o ns c he me su su al l yy i e l df a rl e ssmo ne yt ha nn ec es s ar ybe ca us et he y we r ed es i g ne dt omai nt ai n peopl ef ormuc hs hor t erpe r i ods .I nc r eas i ngl y , i ti sar gued, t hebu r d enf a l l sony oun ge rpe op l ewh oen du pwo r k i n gh ar d ert opa yf o rt heen j o y me ntandr el ax at i onoft heol di nt hei rex t endedr et i r ement .Thi s ,t heysay ,i sf undament a l l y unf ai r . Al t houghIacknowl edge t hev al i di t yoft hi sar gument ,Ibel i ev ei ti sout wei ghedbyt w over ypower f ul c ount erar gument s .Fi r s t l y , whenol derpeopl er et i r el at ert heydepr i v e y oungpeopl eoft heoppor t uni t yt owor kandde vel oppr of es si onal l y .Sec ondl y , Ibel i e v e t hatpeopl ear en' tj us tv al uabl emember sofs oc i et ywhent he yar eear ni ngmone y . Re t i r e dpe opl ec anc ont r i but e agr eatdeal t hr oughs har i ngi nf ami l yr es pons i bi l i t i essu c haschi l dc ar e,andal s oi nt hewi dercommuni t y , b ydo i n gv ol unt ar y wor k .It hi nkwe s ho ul dmai nt ai n t hec ur r entr e t i r ementageandal l o w peopl et ofl our i s hi ndi ff er entwa y swh ent h e yfi n i s hpa i demp l o y me nt .
SPEAKI NG PART1 Th ee x ami nerwi l l as ky ouques t i onsabouty our s el f ,s uc has :
T el l meabouty ourc ount r y . What ’ st heweat herl i k ei ny ourc ount r y ? Wh i c ht i meo fy e ardoy o ut h i n ki sbe s ti ny o urc ou nt r y ?Wh y ? Ha v ey ouv i s i t e dman ydi ff er e ntp ar t so fy o urc ou nt r y ?Wh y / Wh yno t ? Nowl et ’ st al kabouty ourf ami l y . Doy o us h ar eah ou s ewi t ha n yofy o u rf a mi l y ?Wh o? Domos tpeopl ei ny ourf ami l yl i v ei nt hes amet o wnorv i l l age? Wh end i dy o ul a s tha v eaf ami l ypa r t y ? Wh i c hp er s oni ny o urf a mi l yar ey o umo s ts i mi l a rt o?Ho w?
PART2 Thet opi cf ory ourt al kwi l l bewr i t t enonac ar dwhi c ht hee xami nerwi l l handy ou.Rea di tc ar ef ul l yandt henmak es omebr i ef not es . De sc r i beapl a cei na not he rp ar toft hewor l dt ha ty ouwoul dl ov et ov i s i ti nt he f ut ur e. Y ous h o ul ds a y :
wh a ty o uk no wa bo utt h ep l a c eh o wy o uk no wa bo uti th o wy o uwo ul dgot h er e ande xpl ai nwh yy ouwoul dl o v et ov i s i tt hatpl ac e. Whowoul dy o ugot ot hatpl ac ewi t h?Doy o uenj o yt r a v el l i ngg ener al l y ?
PART3 Onc ey ourt al ki nPar t2i sov er ,y oure xami nerwi l l as ky ouf ur t herques t i onsr el at edt ot h et op i ci nPar t2 .Th ee x ami n erma yas k y out os pe akab outt h es ep oi n t s . Th i n kab ou tt hei s s ue san dan swe rt hequ es t i o ns .
L et ’ sgoo nt od i s c u s sTVp r o gr a mme sa bo uto t h erp l a c es . Wh atk i n dso fTVp r og r a mmeab outdi ff er e ntp l a ce sar emo s tp op ul a ri ny ou rc oun t r y ? Ca np eo pl el e ar nmo r eab ou tg e og r a ph yf r o m TVt h ant h e yc a nf r o mb oo k s ?Wh y / W h yno t ? Doy out h i n kTVp r o gr amme sa bo utdi ff er e ntp l a ce sen co ur ag epe op l et ot r a v el t he m s e l v e s ?Wh y / Wh yn o t ? Nowl et ’ st al kaboutv i s i t i ngot herc ount r i es . Forwhatr eas onsdoy out hi nki nt er nat i onal t r av el hasi nc r eas edi nr ec enty ear s ? Somepeopl es a yi t ’ si mpor t antf orpeopl et ofi ndoutaboutano t herc ount r ybef or et h e yvi s i ti t .Doy ouagr ee? Ho w us ef ul i si tf orpeopl et ounder s t andt hel anguag eoft hec ount r i est he yv i s i t ?Wh y ? Nowl et ’ scons i dert het our i s mi ndus t r y . Do est ou r i s mp l a yabi gpa r ti nt h ee co no myo fy o urc ou nt r y ?Ho w? Whatk i ndsofun pr edi c t abl ef ac t or sc anha v eaneg at i v eeff ec tont het our i s mi ndus t r y ?
