IMPACT OF THE WORLD CONSTITUTIONS ON THE FRAMING OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION (Term (Term paper towards the fullment of assessment in the subject of Constitutional Governance II)
CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNANCE II (PROJECT)
Submitted B!
Submitted T"! Ms. Aakanksha
Kumar B.B.A. LL.B. (Hons.) (II Semester) Roll No. !"
Faculty of Law NL#$ %o&h'ur
N#ti"$#% L#& U$i'eit* J"d+,u Wi$te Sei"$
(J#$u#-Ju$e)
Acknowledgement It woul& not hae een 'oss*le w*thout the k*n& su''ort an& hel' of my teachers$ 'arents an& fr*en&s. I woul& l*ke to e+ten& my s*ncere thanks to all of them. I am h*,hly *n&ete& to Ms. Aakanksha Kumar$ Faculty of Law$ for the*r ,u*&ance an& constant su'er*s*on as well as for 'ro*&*n, necessary *nformat*on re,ar&*n, the research work - also for the*r su''ort *n com'let*n, *t. I woul& l*ke to e+'ress my ,rat*tu&e towar&s my 'arents for the*r k*n& coo'erat*on an& encoura,ement wh*ch hel'e& me *n com'let*on of th*s 'ro/ect. I woul& l*ke to e+'ress my s'ec*al ,rat*tu&e an& thanks to the I0 Staff for 'ro*&*n, all necessary fac*l*t*es for carry*n, out th*s work. I thank all memers of the L*rary Staff for 'ro*&*n, me the ass*stance anyt*me nee&e&. My thanks an& a''rec*at*ons also ,o to my atch mates *n &eelo'*n, the 'ro/ect an& 'eo'le who hae w*ll*n,ly hel'e& me out w*th the*r a*l*t*es.
Harsh Sal,*a
Research Methodology SUBJECT . 1onst*tut*onal 2oernance II TOPIC . Im'act of the 3orl& 1onst*tut*ons on the Fram*n, of In&*an 1onst*tut*on
0he researcher has a&o'te& a 'urely &octr*nal metho& of research from oth 'r*mary an& secon&ary sources. Ma/or*ty of research work has een &one *a research work &one y e+'erts. 4ther sources are l*ke ar*ous works y learne& authors has also een referre&. 0he metho&olo,y a&o'te& *n th*s work y me *s h*stor*cal$ cr*t*cal$ an& analyt*cal$ re*ews on te+t ooks$ statutes$ /ournals$ case laws an& scholarly works 'ul*she& on the *nternet.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
0he a*m of th*s 'ro/ect *s to analyse the *m'act of the worl& const*tut*ons on the In&*an 1onst*tut*on.
SOURCES OF DATA
Follow*n, secon&ary sources of &ata has een use& *n th*s 'ro/ect5 Books 3es*tes Art*cles
METHOD OF WRITING
0he metho& of wr*t*n, followe& *n the course of th*s 'ro/ect *s 'r*mar*ly analyt*cal.
MODE OF CITATION
0he researcher has followe& mo&e of c*tat*on as 'er Harvard Blue Book 19 th Edition throu,h the course of th*s 'ro/ect.
Scope 0he 'ro/ect tr*es to analyse an& &eterm*ne 6 • •
0he nature of the In&*an 1onst*tut*on. Influence of Amer*can Le,al 1ommun*ty on the m*n&s of framers of the In&*an
•
1onst*tut*on. Im'act of the well&ef*ne& &emocracy of Br*ta*n. Influence ma&e y Austral*an$ South Afr*can$ Ir*sh an& some other worl& const*tut*ons
•
*n the mak*n, of the In&*an 1onst*tut*on. 1om'arat*e analys*s of In&*an 1onst*tut*ons w*th some ma/or worl& const*tut*ons.
•
Introduction 4n /0 %anuary 789$ the ulk of the In&*an 1onst*tut*on took effect. In the 'rocess of fram*n, the 1onst*tut*on$ a &ocument conta*n*n, oer 79$999 wor&s$ In&*an :Foun&*n, Fathers: :ransacke& all the known const*tut*ons of the worl&. 4er a 'er*o& of nearly three years$ the 1onst*tuent Assemly ass*&uously a&o'te& an& re/ecte& 'ro*s*ons from other const*tut*ons *n an effort to frame a const*tut*on wh*ch woul& create an& 'resere a const*tut*onal &emocracy *n In&*a 3*th *n&e'en&ence$ the const*tuent assemly coul& moe ahea& w*th *ts work$ ha*n, marke& w*th t*me s*nce early *n the year. By then$ the assemly ha& ecome essent*ally a 1on,ress ;arty Bo&y (*t ha& a few commun*sts an& *n&e'en&ents)$ ecause most of *ts or*,*nal Musl*m Lea,ue memers ha& o'te& for ;ak*stan$ 1on,ress Musl*ms rema*ne&. 0he most *m'ortant e+ce't*ons to th*s one 'arty com'le+*on were a &o
*t was the ;ro*s*onal$ or ?om*n*on$ ;arl*ament le,*slat*n, for the new nat*on. 0he 1onst*tut*on Assemly that &rafte& the worl&=s lon,est &emocrat*c const*tut*on e,an *ts work *n New ?elh* *n ?ecemer 7@. 0he framers &rew for the 1onst*tut*on=s 'ro*s*ons from three sources. 0he 2oernment of In&*a Act$ 78$ 'asse& y ;arl*ament *n Lon&on was the foun&at*on &ocument. 0he Act estal*she& a 'arl*amentary system$ conta*ne& ast a&m*n*strat*e &eta*l for the structure of ,oernment$ estal*she& a central*
&ocuments of two &eca&es earl*er. Nehru ha& &rafte& th*s resolut*on$ wh*ch sa*& that the In&*an #n*on$ whose *nte,r*ty was to e ma*nta*ne&$ &er*e& *ts author*ty an& 'ower from the In&*an ;eo'le. It &eclare& that there shoul& e Csecure& to all the 'eo'leD/ust*ce$ soc*al$ econom*c an& 'ol*t*cal> eEual*ty of status$ of o''ortun*ty an& efore the law> free&om of thou,ht$ e+'ress*on$ el*ef$ fa*th$ worsh*'$ ocat*on$ assoc*at*on an& act*on$ su/ect to law an& 'ul*c moral*ty. 0he resolut*on also calle& for a&eEuate safe,uar&s for m*nor*ty$ &e'resse& an& Cackwar& classes$ an& un&er&eelo'e& an& tr*al areas. 0he th*r& source from wh*ch the framers &rew for the 1onst*tut*on=s 'ro*s*on was the other const*tut*ons *n the worl&. 0hey *nclu&e&$ 'art*cularly$ fun&amental r*,hts an& a o&y of soc*al an& econom*c &es*&erata calle& &*rect*e 'r*nc*'les. 0herefore$ the framers of the In&*an 1onst*tut*on ransacke& the to' most const*tut*on of the worl& an& emo&*e& ,reat features *n the In&*an 1onst*tut*on. In th*s way$ ma/or worl& const*tut*ons *m'acte& on In&*an 1onst*tut*on. 0hrou,hout the 'ro/ect$ we shall &*scuss the aout the *nfluences ma&e y worl& const*tut*ons *n ast.
Impact of the British Constitution 0he Br*t*sh 1onst*tut*on *s ma&e u' of statute law$ common law$ an& conent*ons. 0he Br*t*sh Im'er*al*sts rule& oer In&*a for oer !99 years. #n&er the *nfluence of 'er'etual stru,,le for *n&e'en&ence s*nce G8"$ the Br*t*sh rulers hae een ,ra&ually sett*n, u' re'resentat*e *nst*tut*ons to a''ease In&*an lea&ers. 0hese *nst*tut*ons attracte& the attent*on of lea&ers of t*mes an& were owne& when *n&e'en&ence was conferre&. Bes*&es some of the*r conent*ons an& *nst*tut*ons cons*&ere& useful for runn*n, of our &emocrat*c set u'$ were a&o'te&. The following were some of such institutions and practices adopted by us and duly adapted to the genius of our country: Parliamentary System
of Government
;arl*amentary system of 2oernment wh*ch 'ro*&es for const*tut*onal hea& of the state an& also real hea& of the ,oernment *s an *m'ort from 2reat Br*ta*n. 0hey hae monarch as the nom*nal hea& of the state ! an& 'r*me m*n*ster$ the electe& hea& of the ma/or*ty 'arty *n the lower house as the hea& of the ,oernment en/oy*n, the real 'owers. 3e ha& o'te& for Re'ul*c *nstea& of monarchy. Hence$ ;res*&ent was to e nom*nal hea& of the state (a const*tut*onal hea&) an& ;r*me M*n*ster electe& hea& of the ma/or*ty 'arty (now a coal*t*on) as the hea& of the ,oernment. 0he 1ounc*l of M*n*sters hea&e& y the ;r*me M*n*ster *s collect*ely res'ons*le to the lower house *n oth the countr*es. Speaker
of Lok Sabha
#n&er the Br*t*sh 1onst*tut*on$ *t *s ment*one& as the S'eaker of House of 1ommons un&er Art*cle !(). 0he s'eaker of the Lok Saha l*ke h*s counter'art *n 2reat Br*ta*n *s neutral *n 'ol*t*cs *n the house. He *s to e non'art*san. Howeer unl*ke Br*ta*n S'eaker he &oes not ,et sentence of e+*le from 'ol*t*cs. He rema*ns a 'artyman outs*&e the house. Hence unl*ke the Br*ta*n$ the In&*an s'eaker chan,es when the other 'arty comes *n 'ower. In #.K. Conce a 1 Ment*one& un&er Art*cle ! to @ *n ;art ! of 1ha'ter ! of the unwr*tten const*tut*on of #n*te&
K*n,&om 2 #n&er Art*cle *n ;art of 1ha'ter ! of the 1onst*tut*on of #n*te& K*n,&om
s'eaker always a s'eaker 'r*nc*'le *s followe&. 0hat *s not the case *n In&*a. For e+am'le Manohar %osh* was the s'eaker *n the 'rece&*n, Lok Saha &om*nate& y N?A le& y B%;. ;r*or to the const*tut*on of th Lok Saha$ Som Nath 1hatter/ee a Mar+*st su''orte& y the 1on,ress an& other memers of #;A (#n*te& ;art*es All*ance) ha''ene& to e the s'eaker. Bicameralism
L*ke 2reat Br*ta*n In&*a has o'te& for B*cameral*sm. Lok Saha (the lower house) l*ke *ts counter'art$ the House of 1ommons *n #.K. *s more 'owerful than Ra/ya Saha (the #''er House). House of Lor&s @ the #''er House *n #.K. an& the Ra/ya Saha the #''er House *n In&*a are secon&ary chamers oth *n 'owers$ an& *nfluence. Concept of Rule of Law
L*ke #.K. In&*a has o'te& for the conce't of Rule of Law. JEual*ty efore law 'rea*ls *n oth the countr*es. 0hou,h we hae o'te& for ;arl*amentary form of 2oernment as *n #.K.$ yet we hae not hes*tate& to moul& *t accor&*n,ly to our c*rcumstances.
3 Art*cle ! of the Br*t*sh 1onst*tut*on
4 Art*cle " of the Br*t*sh 1onst*tut*on
Imprint of USA 0he 1onst*tut*on of #SA ha& tremen&ous *nfluence on the In&*an 1onst*tut*on. L*ke #SA$ In&*a o'te& for wr*tten const*tut*on. 0hou,h ours= *s a hu,e &ocument unl*ke that of Amer*can 1onst*tut*on wh*ch *s too r*ef wr*tten const*tut*on$ the follow*n, features hae st*ll een a&o'te& from Amer*can 1onst*tut*on. Preamble: Spirit
of the Indian Constitution
Jer s*nce the format*on of the #n*te& States of Amer*ca$ l*eral &emocrac*es *n the worl& hae 'ut a 'reamle to the*r const*tut*on. 0h*s *s *n kee'*n, w*th the /ur*st*c tra&*t*on oer the worl& accor&*n, to wh*ch le,*slat*ons are 'reface& y a statement of *ts o/ect*es 'r*mar*ly to ,u*&e the e+ecut*e an& the /u&*c*ary *n the *nter'retat*on an& 'ro'er a''l*cat*on of law. A const*tut*on e*n, the Su'reme Law of a country a statement of *ts o/ect*e *s of 'rofoun& *m'ortance. A'art from the *&eals for wh*ch the 1on,ress was str**n,$ const*tut*onal 'rece&ents also un&erl*ne& the nee& for lay*n, &own o/ect*es. 8 In the 1onst*tut*on of #n*te& States of Amer*ca the 'ur'ose of the #n*on was la*& &own as e*n, to Cestal*sh /ust*ce$ *nsure &omest*c tranEu*ll*tyDan& our 'oster*ty 0he Ir*sh 1onst*tut*on ha& also emo&*e& nat*onal ,oals *n *ts 'reamle. In these c*rcumstances *t was 'erha's *ne*tale that the J+'erts 1omm*ttee a''o*nte& y the 1on,ress *n %uly 7@$ to 're'are mater*al for the Assemly shoul& hae turne& *ts m*n& to the formulat*on of Co/ect*es. In wor&*n,$ the 4/ect*es Resolut*on eentually moe& *n the const*tuent assemly y Nehru closely followe& the &raft &eclarat*on frame& y the comm*ttee. 0hus$ l*ke #SA we hae also 'ro*&e& ;reamle of the 1onst*tut*on wh*ch *s a 'art of the const*tut*on. 4ur const*tut*on commences l*ke that of Amer*can 1onst*tut*on$ w*th the wor&s$ C3e the 'eo'le ofD *.e. In case of #SA$ *t *s the 'eo'le of #SA$ *n our case$ the 'eo'le of In&*a.
5 Select ?ocuments $ '. !9
6 I*&.$ I$ @(**)$ '. !"7
The language of the preamble is as follows:
3J$ 0HJ ;J4;LJ 4F IN?IA$ ha*n, solemnly resole& to const*tute In&*a *nto a S4JRJI2N S41IALIS0 SJ1#LAR ?JM41RA0I1 RJ;#BLI1 " an& to secure to all *ts c*t* LIBJR0 of thou,ht$ e+'ress*on$ el*ef$ fa*th an& worsh*'> J#ALI0 of status an& of o''ortun*ty> an& to 'romote amon, them all FRA0JRNI0 assur*n, the &*,n*ty of the *n&**&ual an& the un*ty an& *nte,r*ty of the Nat*on G> IN 4#R 14NS0I0#JN0 ASSJMBL th*s twentys*+th &ay of Noemer$ 7@7$ &o HJRJB A?4;0$ JNA10 AN? 2IJ 04 4#RSJLJS 0HIS 14NS0I0#0I4N.
Supreme Court of India: Chief ppellate uthority ! Saviour of the Constitution
The Supreme ourt of !ndia which is the chief appellate authority in the country is the counterpart of the "merican Supreme ourt# 0he su/ect matter of /u&*c*ary *s enshr*ne& un&er Art*cle III of the Amer*can 1onst*tut*on. Both are the sa*ours of the 1onst*tut*on an& ,uar&*an of Fun&amental R*,hts. Both 'ossess /u&*c*al re*ew author*ty wh*ch has turne& them *nto th*r& chamers. %u&*c*al oeract**sm of In&*an Su'reme 1ourt *s com'arale w*th /u&*c*al &es'ot*sm of Amer*can Su'reme 1ourt. In&e'en&ence of /u&*c*ary *s cons*&ere& the hall mark of /u&*c*al system *n oth the countr*es. It *s cons*&ere& of the ma/or *m'act successfully ma&e y the Amer*can 1onst*tut*on on In&*an 1onst*tut*on. 7 Sus. y the 1onst*tut*on (Fortysecon& Amen&ment) Act$ 7"$ s. !$ for :S4JRJI2N
?JM41RA0I1 RJ;#BLI1: (w.e.f. 7"") 8 Sus. y s. !$ **&.$ for :un*ty of the Nat*on: (w.e.f. 7"")
Power and Status of "ice # President
0he 'owers an& status of *ce;res*&ents *n oth the countr*es *s almost the same. In In&*a$ howeer$ the *ce;res*&ent *s the e+off*c*o cha*rman of the Ra/ya Saha ut that *s not the case *n #SA. Bes*&es *f ;res*&ent of #SA &*es *n off*ce$ the *ce'res*&ent ecomes the ;res*&ent for the rema*n*n, 'er*o& of ;res*&ent*al tenure. In In&*a$ the *ce;res*&ent can hol& the off*ce *n case of acancy t*ll the ;res*&ent *s electe&. He can en/oy th*s tenure &ur*n, acancy of off*ce ma+*mum for s*+ months. In other wor&s$ the const*tut*on of In&*a makes *t ol*,atory to reelect the ;res*&ent w*th*n s*+ months of ;res*&ent*al acancy. 0h*s clearly reflects &e*at*on from Amer*can 'ract*ce su*t*n, our c*rcumstances. $undamental Ri%hts
Many As*an countr*es reflect$ &*rectly an& *n&*rectly$ the *nfluence of the Amer*can B*ll of R*,hts an& the *nst*tut*on of /u&*c*al re*ew$ 7 no other nation has had a polity more receptive to the $undamental %ights enshrined in the "merican onstitution& nor a 'udiciary more conscientious in its attempt to guard those rights& than !ndia# As ?r. Ame&kar$ the ch*ef arch*tect of the In&*an 1onst*tut*on$ rem*n&e& h*s collea,ues *n the 1onst*tuent Assemly &eates$ :there *s noth*n, to e ashame& of *n orrow*n,. 0hus$ the In&*an 1onst*tut*on conta*ns$ w*th somewhat ,reater s'ec*f*c*ty$ all of the fun&amental r*,hts ,uarantee& *n the merican Bill of Ri%hts. 4f all the fun&amental r*,hts *ncor'orate& *nto the In&*an
1onst*tut*on$ the r*,ht to CeEual 'rotect*on of the laws 9 has een$ *n many res'ects$ the ,uarantee of ,reatest *m'ortance to the 'eo'le of the worl&=s lar,est &emocracy. Similar oncepts of E(uality in !ndia and the )nited States: Both the Amer*can an& In&*an 1onst*tut*on ,uarantee to eery 'erson CeEual 'rotect*on of laws. 0he #n*te& States 1onst*tut*on 'ro*&es th*s ,uarantee *n the fourteenth amen&ment.
9 See L. Beer$ 1onst*tut*onal*sm *n As*a (7"7).
10 CNo state shall &eny to any 'ersonDthe eEual 'rotect*on of the laws. #.S. 1onst*tut*on
Amen&ment I$ Sect*on . 11 0he fourteenth amen&ment 'ro*&es th*s ,uarantee e+'ressly. 0he &ue 'rocess ,uarantee of the
F*fth Amen&ment has een hel& to *ncor'orate the eEual 'rotect*on ,uarantee of the fourteenth amen&ment$ thus arr*n,$ for e+am'le$ a&erse rac*al &*scr*m*nat*on y the fe&eral ,oernment. See Bolling v Sharpe& *+, )#S# +9, -19.+/
0he In&*an 1onst*tut*on uses *&ent*cal lan,ua,e *n Art*cle @$ ut 'ro*&es ,reater am'l*tu&e to the ,uarantee of eEual*ty y *nclu&*n, the 'hrase CeEual*ty efore the law. ! 0he 'hrase 0e(uality before the law has *ts or*,*n *n the Jn,l*sh Rule of Law. CJEual*ty efore the law *s a ne,at*e conce't wh*ch *m'l*es that no 'erson shall hae r*,ht to assert s'ec*al 'r**le,es efore the law. 1onersely$ *t *m'l*es that all 'ersons shall e ent*tle& to eEual treatment un&er one formulat*on of the law. 0hus$ th*s 'hrase *m'l*es oth that no 'erson shall e aoe the law an& that there shall e an asence of ar*trar*ness *n the law. &udicial Review
0he In&*an 1onst*tut*on 'ro*&es for /u&*c*al re*ew of le,*slat*e an& e+ecut*e act*ons at the State an& Fe&eral leels$ 'arallel*n, "rticles !!! and !2 of the )nited States onstitution. 3*th*n the law of In&*a$ the 1onst*tut*on *s su'reme. As *n the #n*te& States$ the In&*an Su'reme 1ourt$ a''arently follow*n, %ohn MarshallOs reason*n, *n 3arbwy v# 3adison& has asserte& an& estal*she&$ as a matter of law$ the f*nal 'ower to *nter'ret the const*tut*on5 4n const*tut*onal Euest*ons$ the Su'reme 1ourt *s the last aenue of a''eal.O Althou,h In&*a formally a&o'te& the 4estminster model $ the In&*an 1onst*tut*on was frame& only after h*,h leel consultat*ons w*th Amer*can le,al scholars$ reference to Amer*can const*tut*onal te+t$ an& s'ec*al attent*on to early Amer*can Su'reme 1ourt &ec*s*ons. Influence of the 'S Supreme Court (ecisions ! of Consultation with the merican Le%al Scholars) &ud%es
?ur*n, the consultat*on$ %ust*ce Frankfurter su,,este& to Mr. Rao that the u*Eu*tous :&ue 'rocess: clause of the f*fth an& fourteenth amen&ments e e+clu&e& from the In&*an 1onst*tut*on. He was of the o'*n*on that th*s clause was :un&emocrat*c$: s*nce *t ,ae a few /u&,es the 'ower to eto le,*slat*on enacte& y the re'resentat*es of the 'eo'le. %ust*ce Frankfurter also foun& fault w*th the clause for 'lac*n, an unfa*r ur&en u'on the /u&*c*ary. onse(uently& the words 5due process5 does not appear in the !ndian onstitution# As a foreseeale result of th*s &el*erate om*ss*on$ there hae een no &ec*s*ons str*k*n, &own econom*c or soc*al le,*slat*on on the ,roun&s of :sustant*e &ue 'rocess.: Howeer$ there *s a ,uarantee of procedural &ue 'rocess foun& *n Art*cle /12 ?r. %essu' an& ;rofessor ?owl*n, su,,este& to Mr. Rao that the fe&eral ,oernment e ,*en 'ower to le,*slate on su/ects 12 Art*cle @ 'ro*&es that Cthe State shall not &eny to any 'erson eEual*ty efore the law or the
eEual 'rotect*on of the law w*th*n the terr*tory of In&*a.
ty'*cally 'ro*nc*al *n nature$ *f these su/ects ecome of nat*onal *m'ortance. 1ou'le& w*th what Mr. Rao 'erce*e& to e *nsens*t**ty on the 'art of Amer*can courts earl*er *n th*s century to :'ul*c nee&s *n the soc*al or econom*c s'here.: 0he a&*ce of %essu' an& ?owl*n, has *nfluence& the In&*an framers to *ntro&uce a numer of *nnoat*ons not foun& *n the Amer*can :mother:O &ocument. For e+am'le$ the eEual*ty 'ro*s*ons of Art*cles 8()$ 8(@)$ an& (@)$ as well as certa*n &*rect*e 'r*nc*'les$ namely Art*cle 30 as ment*one& aoe$ a comm*tment to :'referent*al treatment: or :'rotect*e &*scr*m*nat*on: as the most effect*e means of el*m*nat*n, ast *neEual*t*es *n In&*an soc*ety. "nother illuminating e6ample of the influence of early )#S# Supreme ourt decisions upon the framing of the !ndian onstitution is "rticle 7+# 0h*s art*cle rea&s as follows5 ;roh**t*on of em'loyment of ch*l&ren *n factor*es$ etc. No ch*l& elow the a,e of fourteen shall e em'loye& to work *n any factory or m*ne or en,a,e& *n any other ha
,reatest e+tent 'oss*le room shoul& not e left w*th*n the four corners of the In&*an &ocument$ for *nter'retat*ons wh*ch woul& o''ose the *ntent of the framers. ?es'*te hero*c an& e+haust*e efforts to ach*ee the ,oal of s'ec*f*c*ty$ the In&*an /u&*c*ary has often een reEu*re& to su''ly mean*n, to the fun&amental r*,hts art*culate& *n 1ha'ter III of the In&*an 1onst*tut*on. 1h*ef amon, r*,hts reEu*r*n, *nter'retat*on has een the Art*cle @ ,uarantee of :eEual 'rotect*on.: The !ndian 'udiciary has& again& turned to the "merican legal community and to the )nited States Supreme ourt for guidance#
Canadian Inuence $ederal Structure of the Government
3e hae o'te& for Fe&eral structure of 2oernment on 1ana&*an 'attern. L*ke 1ana&a$ we hae ma&e centre more 'owerful. 4ur Fe&eral structure *s terme& as Cuas*fe&eral *.e. Fe&eral w*th un*tary *as. 1ana&*an centre *s ery 'owerful$ so *s the case w*th In&*an #n*on ,oernment. S'ec*al 'owers hae een accor&e& to the #n*on ,oernment for all 'oss*le eentual*t*es. 0he &**s*on of the su/ects etween the centre an& the un*ts an& the 'ro*s*on of l*sts *s to a ,reat e+tent on 1ana&*an l*nes. 0he 1ana&*an const*tut*on 'ro*&es for l*sts of le,*slat*e 'owers$ central an& 'ro*nc*al. 0he res*&uary 'owers hae een ,*en to the centre. 0he In&*an 1onst*tut*on refers to three l*sts 6 #n*on$ State an& 1oncurrent. 0he res*&uary 'owers hae een entruste& to the centre. J*&ently In&*an 1onst*tut*on has C1oncurrent L*st an a&&*t*onal l*st> the rest of &**s*on of 'owers seems to e s*m*lar to the 1ana&*an 1onst*tut*on.
Australian Constitution’s Impact Concurrent List Pattern
In &raw*n, u' an elaorate concurrent l*st$ the fathers of In&*an 1onst*tut*on followe& the Austral*an 'attern. #n&er the Austral*an 1onst*tut*on$ the su/ects *n the concurrent l*st are 7. In In&*a 1oncurrent l*st ha& " su/ects to e,*n w*th. 0hey were *ncrease& to 8! suseEuently. 0he metho& of resolut*on of &*s'utes etween the centre an& the state has also een taken from Austral*a (Art*cle !8 y the In&*an 1onst*tut*on).
Irish Constitution’s Inuence (irective Principles of State Policy
0he &*rect*e 'r*nc*'les of state 'ol*cy hae een a&o'te& from Ir*sh 1onst*tut*on. In the Irelan& 1onst*tut*on$ these 'r*nc*'les are t*tle& as C?*rect*e ;r*nc*'les of Soc*al ;ol*cy un&er Art*cle @8 of 1ha'ter III. In*t*ally$ Irelan& orrowe& th*s feature from the 1onst*tut*on of %a'an. +lectoral Colle%e: ,he System of +lection of President of India
0he system of elect*on of ;res*&ent of In&*a throu,h s'ec*ally const*tute& Jlectoral 1olle,e has een &rawn from Ir*sh 1onst*tut*on. #n&er the Ir*sh 1onst*tut*on *t *s enumerate& un&er Art*cle ! of 1ha'ter III t*tle& C0he ;res*&ent. Representation of ,alent in Ra-ya Sabha
Re'resentat*on of talent *n the Ra/ya Saha (to the e+tent of !) has een a&o'te& from Ir*sh Re'ul*c (S*nea& J*reaun). In case of In&*a$ these ! ment*one& memers nom*nate& are to e &rawn from 'ersons ha*n, s'ec*al knowle&,e or 'ract*cal e+'er*ence *n res'ect of matters l*ke sc*ence$ art$ l*terature$ or soc*al ser*ce.
Impact of Constitution of apan Balance between Parliament and &udiciary
A alance etween ;arl*amentary soere*,nty an& /u&*c*al su're macy has een ma*nta*ne& on the l*nes of the 1onst*tut*on of %a'an. Law .akin% Procedure
0he law mak*n, 'roce&ure la*& &own *n the In&*an 1onst*tut*on has also een cons*&eraly *nfluence& y the 1onst*tut*on of %a'an.
13 #n&er Art*cle 87$ 1ha'ter I of the %a'an 1onst*tut*on
South Africa’s Inuence ,he Procedure of Constitutitonal mendment
0he 'roce&ure of 1onst*tut*onal amen&ment an& also the metho& of elect*on of the memers of Ra/ya Saha hae een &rawn from the 1onst*tut*on of South Afr*ca.
Inuence of !eimer Constitution of "ermany +mer%ency Powers
0he emer,ency 'owers este& w*th ;res*&ent of In&*a are on the l*nes of s*m*lar 'owers conferre& on the ;res*&ent of 2erman Re'ul*c accor&*n, to art*cle @G of 3e*mer 1onst*tut*on of 2ermany. In&*an 1onst*tut*on framers reforme& l*ttle the emer,ency 'owers as these are s'ec*f*cally cate,or*
Conclusion 0he *nfluence& ma&e y the other const*tut*ons *n the worl& as ment*one& *n the 'rece&*n, 'a,es make *t crystal clear that the In&*an 1onst*tut*on *s not only the outcome of the &el*erat*ons *n the 1onst*tuent Assemly or a ?raft 1onst*tut*on sk*lfully &rafte& y the le,al e+'erts an& *ntellectual ,*ants ut also *s the len& of e+ecut*e or&ers an& &ecrees of the e+ecut*e$ the enactments y the re'resentat*es of the In&*an c*t*
Bi#liography St#tute
0he 1onst*tut*on of In&*a 0he 1onst*tut*on of #n*te& States of Amer*ca 0he 1onst*tut*on of the 3e*mar Re'ul*c of 2ermany (777) 0he 1onst*tut*on of #n*te& K*n,&om 0he #SSR 1onst*tut*on 0he 1onst*tut*on of Irelan& 0he 1onst*tut*on of %a'an 0he 1onst*tut*on of Austral*a 0he 1onst*tut*on of 1ana&a 0he 1onst*tut*on of South Afr*ca 0he French 1onst*tut*on Te#tie
M ;ylee$ 1onst*tut*on of the 3orl&$ @ th J&*t*on (!9!) Webite
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