R . N o , Parameters
Sitting Sitting cross-leg cross-legged ged III side side lean leanin in post postur ure. e. comf comfor orta tabl bl erec erec spin spin po itio itio an heig height ht tror tror lo r.
R , N a , Parameters
5th
25th
0.5
Female
Mi
posi positi tion on leng length th
1009
630 630
posi positi tion on heig height ht
posi positi tion on leng length th th
floo floor) r)
1100
116
0,59
1009
91
1049
560 1049
06
98
1139
Male
Combined
(tou (touch chin in
1079
1340
Female
Lowe Lowe
0,58
Male
Female
05
0.59
Combined Mi
31 1049
Male
Combined
0.49
1210
809
Combined posi positi tion on heig height ht
Ratio
559
Female
Uppe Uppe
Mean
50th 19
Male
reac reache he side sidewa ways ys from from angi angina na
Max
Percentiles
Min
Uppe Uppe posi positi tion on leng length th
ar
0'31
480
0.31
28
0.59
Male Female
Combined
77 10
0.56 0.58
-~~___..!<
R.No.
(b crosss-le le ge Sltllllg cros heig height ht
in rect rect
st re back backwa ward rd comf comf rt
le
rm reac reac
5th pper pper posi positi tion on leng length th
Male Female
100
169
00
109
75th 79
pper pper posi positi tion on heig height ht
37
59 49
44
id
osit ositio io
Male
leng length th
50
osit ositio io
heig height ht
36
lo
it
(tou (touch chin in
th
th
69
tloo tloor) r)
289
Female
89
COillbmed
IN
00 549
19
MAle
87
46
419
Cornbined 234
60
Male
Female
06
1039
419
d19
30 id
0,62
1179 92
Female
23
023 on
150
Female
Combined 32
13
32
91
Male
Ratio
95th
6<10
Combined
31
spine and
Mean
No
230
fr
from from Floo Floo
0,34
55 52
72
0,34
03
59
529
56
64
54
599
67
529
589
32
78 29
529 39
409
47
549
359
Ll19
46
39
82
35
81
0.33 25
64
41
76
87
027
6L10
416
79
O.2b
R . N o . Parameters
in io
Sitt Sittin in
.N
f)
cr ss-l ss-l
Para Parame mete ters rs
ed in
ck ea in
post post re r.
ackw ackwar ar
comf comf rt
Max
Percentiles
Min
le
rm re ches ches fr
ri in
Mean
Ratio
51
0.32
50th pe
po itio itio
leng length th
Male
140
Female
130
236
pp
23
siti siti
id
i ti ti o
ig
le
th
429
30
239
Male
590
70
Female
67
Combined
59
Combined
529
249
69
85
97
id
23
siti siti
eigh eigh
posi positi ti (t
chin chin
th
le gt fl
r)
1099
1219
1460
1049
'159 1219
'190
1089
0.29 11
125
15
06 0,
99
Male
Combined
43
94
19
Female
238
90
539
20
61
84
43
93
89
9L
43 :>
Male Female
260
Combined
260
Male
35
Femalp
40
Ccrnbmed
50
36
79
49
34
53<1 99
56
79
19
449
519
57
62.9
66
0.31
64 92
622
3(
03
72
79
96
613
18
R,No
Squa Squatt ttin in
post postur ur
Subject .srts er ct an
tret tretch ch
ex ep in norm normal al
louc louche he
squa squa ting ting
osit ositio ion) n) on heel heel
In
Heights squa squatt ttin in
height
post postur ure, e,
241
ead, ead, quat quatti ti
42
in re
tret tret he
rrud-shoulder
knee height
im
fac
R,No.
±5D 5th Norma,1squatting height
MilllC Female
25th
50th
75th
95th
729 655
78;:]
859
Combined 24'1
rect rect squa squatt tt ng height
05
Male Female
799
Combined
1057
~3
<165
242
Female
Ratio
0.39
430
Combmed
559
Female Combined
.309
379
44 414
399
431 4<19
5~U
f_
t,
433
33
26
382
40
015
423
40
R . N c . Parameters
Defi Defini niti tion on
Maxi Maximu mu 245
Crotc Crotc
brie brief) f)
vert vertic ical al
ista ista ce from from th
floo floo to t h
rf ce
lett knee knee tile lett
heigh heigh
between Breadths to
elbow
dist distan ance ce
rela relaxe xe
dist distan ance ce
rela relaxe xe
Maxi Maximu mu
hori horizo zont ntal al
ista istanc nc
cros cros th
MaXi MaXimu mu posture.
oriz orizon onta ta
ista istanc nc
acro across ss th
MaXi MaXimu mu
hori horizo zont ntal al dist distan ance ce across th
late latera ra surf surf ce
th
el ows. ows.
late latera ra surf surfac aces es
tile tile kn es in rela relaxe xe
ef (nrne
ee hegh not meas measur ured) ed)
Mean
23
Male Female
ttin ttin
late latera ra surf surf ce of th heel heels. s.
R . N o . Parameters
2.44
sq
nm
nm
63
94
69
99
47 nm
nm
13
70
39
±SD
Ratio
42
0.24
nm
nm
Combined
24
Crot Crotch ch heig height ht
24
Male
21
28
44
Female
51
52
73
Combined
21
Male (relaxed)
24 (relaxed)
Female
35 26
32
40
Male
24
34
409
Female Combined
248
-'119 59
89
62
509
61
48
59
no
32
40
52
ANTH ANTHRO ROPO PO
34
OO
35
00
79
0.29 02
78 81
46 55
85 69
02 0.28
47
55
50
19
20
99
231
28
810
43
rt
0.27
50
0.
36
63 Combined
Or.!
0.26
90
Male
INOI INOIAN AN
71
51
Combined
72
49
ETRIC
366
D.12
R.No. Parameters Parameters
24 24
axim axim
vert vertic ic
ista istanc nc
from from th
fl or to th
uppe uppe most most surf surfac ac
Crot Crotch ch heig height ht etwe etwe
th
le s.
Breadths to elbow dist distan ance ce rela relaxe xe
247 dist distan ance ce
rela relaxe xe
axim axim Maxi Maximu mu posture,
oriz oriz
ta
oriz orizon onta ta
dist distan ance ce acro across ss th late latera ra surf surf ce of th ista istanc nc
cr ss th
late latera ra surf surf ce of th
el ows, ows, knee knee in rela relaxe xe sq
R,No. R,No. Parame Parameter ter
±SD 5th
left left knee knee height
ttin ttin
25th
50th
75th
Ratio
95th
Male
(nm not measur measured) ed)
nm
hm
nm
nm
nm
Combined h h
45
21
Female
51
136
52
Combined
24
El
to el ow
(relaxed)
Male
72
0.04
0.06
73 49
0.05
99 5q
300
Female
70
0.29
89
279
0.28
Combined 24
Kneeto Kneeto kn (relaxed)
Male Female
0.29 48 220
Combmed 48
o h distance
59
0,28
630
59
810 36
Female Combined
0,26
50
99
199
31
77
20
0.27 0.12
21
50
0.1
36
57
01/
Parameters
Defi Defini niti tion on
brie brief) f) big toes.
ra distance Depths Butt Butt
251
Butt Butt fo
most anterior xi um
to dist distan ance ce
Butt Butt
rizo rizont nt
fo
ista ista ce ro
foot
ri
to
heel heel dista distanc nc
R.No_
ro
to
knee knee leng length th
th re rr
st
mt of the uncom uncompre presse sse
buttoc buttocks ks to the
th
re
Ratio
Parameters
95th 24
110 distance
10
Female
Male
251 distance
25
13
04
415-
49
0.1<1
32
Comhined
50
15
26 49
439
Female
37
Combined
370
0,29 569
499
Male
48
Female
55
550 55']
48 77
55
65
59
0.32 0.29
0.26
Cornbmed
25
17
Male distance
Fpmale
88
Combined
78
19 100
25
19
24
0_09 17
214 2<10
1'16
38
~~~--
--
253
R,NO.
Parameters
efin efinit itio io
dire direct ctio io
brie brief) f)
ar
xpla xplain in
Squa Squatt tt ng in rect rect
with with fi ures ures in resp resp ctiv ctiv
ostu osture re vert vertic ic
Min
R.Na, Parameters
er
ea
re ch
Male
floor
ax
Mean
Ratio
±S
25th
50th
75th
95th
1299
1359
1399
1459
1580
1348
1289
1399
1435
125')
7'1
0.82
1330
86
0.82
Female
1090
1139
1209
1249
Combined
1085
1179
1269
1339
IN
ei ht fr
Percentiles
5th 253
ar
ra wh data data shee sheets ts
PA
0.82
254 2S~
R.No, Squatting an heig height ht
R,No,
54
Min
Parameters
Uppe Uppe
posi positi tion on leng length th
Uppe Uppe
posi positi tion on heig height ht
Percentiles
Male F'emale
55
From From floo floor, r,
74 30
Combined
47
Male
660
69
±SD
0,49
81
74
79 8'19
89
79
1129
1269
1030
1390
12
56
Mi
posi positi tion on leng length th
or
rd
rm re ch
0,6Ci
53
839
959
560
83
19
Combined 57
Mi
p os os it it i
ei ht
98
posi positi tion on leng length th
(tou (touch chin in
th
floo floor) r)
1259
1056
11'19
1320
1029
1129
1160
Male
84
0.6 0.63
61
1049 674
034
54 66
729
-809
1150
69
66
729
929
87
1070
939
Female Combined
0,65
33
Combined Lowe Lowe
1129
Male
Female
258
1059
Male Female
0.52
0,64
1057
Female Combined
Ratio
1029
1150
53 0.56
87
0.54
},btl
2G
Defi Defini niti tion on
R . N o . Parameters
quat quat in ac an
brie brief) f)
in fron fron lean leanin in os ur heig height ht ro loor loor
forw forwar ar
om or able able ar
Percentiles
R.No.
5th 25
pper pper posi positi tion on leng length th
Male
49
Female
660
61
Uppe Uppe posi positi tion on heig height ht
id posi positi ti
leng length th
or ar
reac reach. h.
ar
26
25
id posi positi ti
ig
er posi positi ti (tou (touch chin in
th
leng length th floo floor) r)
91
839
1009
1079
Female
96
1069
Combined
99
90 37
Female
1079
865
99
Female
90 10
Mal"!'
40
Female
77
Combined
77
38
89
1099
1189
1299
'1320
1149
1219
1309
1450
DATA
0.61
0.62 1319
1079
0.59
0.65
1'159
1269
1159
1269
_1
10
45
1009
146
1209
Male Combined
27
05
1219
Male Combined
lean leaning ing maxi maximu mu
958
69 68
1029
Male
Ratio 95th
69
Combined
26
reac reache he from from re rrno rrnosr sr po
1109
10
072 07
50
77
03
99 500
76
0.31
0.32
1350 1330
0.68
1350
0.67
.--~-=~----------~~\ 1767
,N
efin efinit itio io
Para Parame mete ters rs
Squatting ro fl
brie brief) f)
postur ure, e, comf comfor orta tabl bl N ec ec t post
reac reache he Side Sidewa ways ys from from s pi pi n e c en en tr t r e and
ar
Ratio
R , N o . Parameters 5th
26
pper pper posi positi tion on leng length th
Male
35
46
Female
25th
50th
55
62
54
619
75th 09
95th 82
1100 619
70
11
Combined
265
26
26
26
Uppe Uppe
Mi
posi positi tion on heig height ht
posi positi tion on leng length th
id posi positi tion on heig height ht
ower ower posi positi tion on leng length th (tou (touch chin in
th
floo floor) r)
126
1079
84
Male Female
720
Combined
720
86
94
1159 1099
98
1179
1190
78
Male Female
55
Combined
34
Male Female
310
Combined
310
Male
49
Fem~le
47
Combined
47
739
79
829
77
4'19
519
55
359
50
')49
519
559
549 50
639
53
61
669
(. ('
100
1057
12
0,65
838
10
OSI
84 83 56
67
74
60
63
66 74
73
1010
1120
609
744
68 56
0,65 0,66
94
87
68
126
1279
1139
930
85 85
. :. :. N P H " ' C
9,
0'
03
05 05
65
034 035
55
69
693
87
0.42
64
97
0.42
92
3~
~2
no
R,No Parame Parameter ter
Definition (brief)
Squa Squatt ttin in in si posi positi tion on an h e
R_No. Parameters Parameters
69
lean leanin in aslur aslure, e, comf comfor orta tabl bl from from floo floor. r.
370
Male
270
pper pper posi positi tion on heig height ht
27
id posi positi tion on leng length th
id posi positi ti
heig heig
Male
490
Fem
1019
1060
158
1019'
1200
81
72
99
1099
1239
1300
993
67
70
99
49
724-
949
1034
1119
1190
94
999
1089
1214
1300
98
Female
20
Combined
10
779
Male
10
35
1019 19
po ti (t
hing hing th
le gt fl
r)
67
55
Female
27
569
1139
10
35
449
Male
650
Femdle
74
Combined
729
IN IA
D IM EN EN S O N
A NT HR OP OM OM ET ET RI C
67 96
829
889
96
44
1039
0.49
42
048
153
0,6
21
0.62 61
10
0.5'-'
90
10
IJ 5':1
95
106
IJ
59
I! 11
30
15
92
40
14
84
830
15
90
31
94
0_54
1049
89
OAT,~
1230
13
14
Male
Combined
er ct spin spin
1200 839
37
ri in
Ratio
509
Female
Combined
reac reache he si ew ys fr
Percentiles
Min
Uppe Uppe posi positi tion on leng length th
ar
1020 1160
21
88
53
8bD
98
(;5..:i
274 4 -
27~
-r;-I
R,Na R,Na Para Parame mete ters rs erec In erec i3XIS)
nd
ostu osture re ackw ackw rd comf comfor orta tabl bl o m floor.
ar
reac reache he fr
R,No
Mean
5th 274
275
pp
Uppe Uppe
276
posi positi tion on
leng length th
posi positi tion on heig height ht
si
27
it
ower ower
ig
osit ositio io
(tou (tou hing hing
th
le gt fl or
25th
ng
21LJ
Ratio
95th 136
100
"7
67
109
29
35
509
5.30
(119
Combined
10
30'_,
479
579
670
02
1009
1099
1279
1420
1011
15
1149
1300
1017
10
Male
67
759
Female
80
839
Combined
67
784
Male
24
309
Female
300
89
42
449
350
37
'150
18
10
lq
6b
06
2q
7110
47
47
54
639
02
5~'3
57
659
0.32
61
GS
<169
23
62
50
39
30
75
,,30
51 52
SOl]
39
bO
46<1
83
0.
~6
659
539
319
sr
062
39
32
Cornbmed
14
0.2
41
Male Femi1lr
1279 6/~9
Male Female
1099
1019
30
Combined
31
33
Male Female
Combined
27
spin spin (but (butto tock ck cent centre re
0_33
97
0.21 02
326 336
I'!lAL
83
97
071
R . N o . Parameters Sq
in
R.Na
back leaning postur posture, e, backwa backward rd floor, po itio itio an ei ht Fr
Parameters
Min
Uppe Uppe
posi positi tion on leng length th
Male Female
280
28
Uppe Uppe
Mi
posi positi tion on heig height ht
s it it io io n l e g t
12
50
75th
21
89
Combined
12
22 74
349
439
33
41
28
Mi
Lowe Lowe
s it it io io n h ei ei g
posi positi tion on leng length th
(tou (touch chin in
th
floo floor) r)
53
95th 699
94
94
699
14
.e
959
16
0,b2
57
12
0,3')
55
11
0,36
68 69
83
1069
'1,'49
1250
Combined
68
85
1079
1219
133D
Male
250
37
559
Female
36
399
51
979
55
23
Female
36
Cornbmed
23
64
990
':,29 44
52
59
Female
23
Combined
16
43
52
10
0.32
00
52
10
0.3<1
90
52
529
88
30
D-'IT/:\
027
03:>
88
Male
14
78
52 359
0,27
4Ll5
Male
809
0,27
940
Female
Male
14
89
439
Combined
28
Ratio
±S
5th 27
from from orig origin inal al erec erec
om or
1Ll
452
103
it)
481
121
03
. . _ - 284-
.,,"~ R,Na,
Parameters
Pron Pron
post postur ur
ubje ubject ct lies lies pr ne it palm palm ortabl bl feel together ami co orta wuhou
strarn:
ar
he t, bdom bdom n, high high knees tend tended ed rm an ha ds exte extend nd or ar ib lo in
to he
axim axim
hand, 285
rone rone leng length th
gras gras
height
Parameters
28
ro
(n 1 1 1 =
ed
75th
95th
2269
2535
1880
1996
2139
22D9
1854
1855
1989
2053
Combined
1854
1989
Female
nl11
2260
nm
r1rn
2610
2214
13 85
01 'I
Male
m ea ea s
50th
Fernille
284
Ratio
Perc Percen enti ti le
Min
2418
2610
2279
240:.1
32 12
32 2089
12
1.26
Ilm
nrn
Combined 286
Pron Pron
heig height ht
Male female
Cornbmed
40
317
29
42
30 37
40
38
0.23
382
074 0.23
43 46
-----
289 -
28
R.Na Parameters
brief)
Knee Kneeli ling ng post postur ur Subject
neel neel
re
it
ne
nd feet feet oget ogethe he
lo ki
trai traigh gh
he d, thrqhs ly
28
Knee Kneeli ling ng leng length th
28
Knee Kneeli ling ng heig height ht
Craw Crawli ling ng post postur ur rnaxrmurn, bo raig raight ht an a x r s of he trun trun
15
28
Craw Crawli ling ng leng length th
29
Craw Crawli ling ng heig height ht
in xi
er ical ical
RNo, Parameters
is ance ance from from he loor loor
28
28
Kneeling Kneeling lengt
Kneeling Kneeling heigh
Crawling Crawling lengt
Crawling Crawling heigh
+SD
25th
Ratio
50th
Male F·emale Combined
1074
1160
1364
1054
lOSS
IL89
Male Female
1104 1084
39
07
Combined
1084
71
074
1204
1231
1273
'1290
1166
73
07
1364
07
135)
U7
rvlale
Female Combined 29
01 th head head
[0
Percentiles
Min 5th
28
or
1009
'1010
1196
1098
Male
70
71
71
72
80
M EN EN S O N
DI
/\
07
048
853
803
O PO PO ME ME T
71 1,'0
1009
Female Combined
AN
1195
76
86
87
76
46
048
84
86
1024
80
61
04
AP
acti activi viti ties es Thei Theirr-ap appl plic icat atio io
woul woul
impr improv ov th rela relati tive ve desi design gn requ requir irem emen ents ts fo massuse massuse
an also also help help In pers person onne ne sele select ctio io he
fi te
ro ri te fo
th
owan owan s.
ce
ff ci
th tc.) tc.) in
cy
proc proced edur ures es pe
seof this this
ff re
si
th
se
fi ld
st
It
fr
ssib ssib
ma to form form
im te gu
io li
st fo
s, fo
ck il
th
inquir inquir rive rive
ta
.g to
cr
istr istr buti buti
se th
fety fety
co fort fort nd
ff re
ce ti
si
aI re
ir me ts
in
s.
-_
th atte attern rn sh ul
be se
to ethe ethe whil whil
te
desi desi ning ning To
ak an rt cl of th corr corr ct size size ti
01
ndiv ndiv du l'
ne d, th
indi indivi vidu dual al
own dirnensronal
'5
requirernen
impo import rtan ance ce Bu lo mass mass prod produc ucti tion on an use, use, prop proper er perc percen enti tile le (def (defin init itio io ti
an
tr
ta
is pres presen ente te
In
Id
allo allowa wanc nces es shou should ld be rons ronsid ider ered ed fr
th
tc
th
a l l Y desig
t-
applicati application, on, ti
Dr ensr ensron on
ll wanc wanc
nd move moveme ment nt rest rest icti icti ns
ue to wear wear ng of heav heav cl thes thes etc. etc.
desi design gn spec specif ific ic arti articl cles es eg prod produc uct, t, equi equipm pmen ent. t. furn furnit itur ure, e, mach machin in tool tools, s, etc. etc. shou should ld be oo ed nto. nto. Dime Dime si ns of equi equi me cons cons dere dere enab enabli li
or work work acce access ssor or esand esand
hile hile desi desi ni g, In or er to ac ie
easy easy andl andlin in
effe effect ct ve
ake Here Here
ny stan standa da
spac spac
ccom ccommo mo atio atio
equi equipm pm nt by movr movrnq nq with within in an ar un
fi
cook cookin ing. g.
or
shou shou layo layo
be an fo
th spac spac prov provid id d.
to to
t,
lrn by desiqner-arcluterts
ay by
opul opul tion tion then then th
ro er pe cent cent le va ue
nd vi ua work work surf surfac ac heig height ht sh ul perf perfor or
th ir co ki
task task with withou ou
th tota tota
cons consid id re pr bl ms an
'J
lL '~
um
im ns ons, ons,
Prop Proper er al owan owance ce unea uneasi si ess. ess.
"'lAL
11
well well
shou should ld be
8S
.,
.
-
yth
erce ercent ntil il
od heig height ht ma have have 75th 75th perc percen enti tile le ce il
an leng length th
5t
pe cent centil il
ir
foot foot leng length th
il le
so
ir
ct ix
st
co
population. ig diff differ eren en
it pe cent centil il
if
al es of diff differ eren en
ig
alue alue fo al th fe ture ture
of th
io huma huma
si
body body dime dimens nsio io le
el vant vant huma huma
imen imensi si ns
it
in le
ould ould fail fail to sati satisf sf al th othe othe di ensi ension onal al
desi design gn
be conc concei ei ed to acco accomm mm date date th
po ulat ulatio io
ke
il
st
to ards ards th
shou should ld be co side side ed fo
lo est, est, belo belo
th 5t
re gene gene ally ally cons consid ider ered ed asfrea asfrea
perc percen enti tile le with with th data data
ence ence thes thes
io high highes es
alue alue ab ve 95th 95th pe re tile tile
re norm norm ll
ne lect lected ed ig
ce
Figure 22: demand
i gh gh e
h ea ea d l oa oa d a n
o b l ru ru ct ct lo lo n lo
h an an d l oa oa d
le
le
e r e mi mi le le > a r t o b e 1 I5 I5 ed ed t o a vo vo i
iii
nl ss ther ther
W he he r
e t u o n en en te te ;
o nd nd iu iu o
do
ot
in
ar
of al di en io
sh ul
th
co si er d,
ti
ec us
he
th
highe highe
maxrrnurn
th
to
unwa unwant nted ed thin things gs te dirnensron.
ey nd thei thei reac reac
fr th re
fi
ns ring ring safe safety ty
Fo
esig esigni ning ng
oors oors
ti
Th
fth
tc., tc.,
to
fr
Smal Smalll-si size ze user user shou should ld also also be cons consid ider ered ed whil whil
ta desi design gnin in
thin things gs of easy easy reac reach, h, Thishas Thishas
te tu cons consid id rati rati
invo invo vi
huma huma
en eavo eavo r. Th
mean mean th
th
lowe lowe pe cent cent le va ue fo
FIgure 23' Lo er perc percen enti tile le valu values es ensu ensure re easy easy reac reach, h, asshow asshow ( le le ftft ) p r b l t h l at at c
fo ho ld
h or or te te r lo
re
ei or
g et et t
re cn (rgh
n a l cc cc or or d n g
In
th
a s o f r e c hi hi n
n do do w
l ci ci l
If th wind window ow si;: si;:.eh .ehas as 10 b e t ilil e a me me ,
t h f ix ix t r e f o t t
d es es ig ig ne ne d 5 0 f iill a
ts
lall
an shor shor pers person on
to fo
ty ty
if
an
qui
50
If a n
im
Slh) of
easi easi y.
el
hi
alue alue peop peop
ca ha dl
If ther ther
is no spec specif ific ic requ requ reme rement nt
il
Average"
an
whet whethe he
it
In10
IS
er ge alue alue shou shou exam exampl ple, e, whil whil 50
lw ys be cons consid ider ered ed
conc concep eptu tual alis isin in
perc perc ntil ntil
erce erce tile tile
no
lb
he gh
lu s, so ha
li dl
whil whil
desi design gnin in
clas classi sica ca
comm common on coun counte te heig height ht f o r - gene genera ra purp purpos os be cons consid ider ered ed beca becaus us
or spec specif ific ic need need
he heig heig
he
use, use, th
ei ht diff differ eren ence ce of pe pl
be adju adjust st
acco accord rdin in ly
through by
/~
user« of ilvpr"ge consideis user«
Figure 24: p er er so so n o f
e/ ie
( r g ht ht ) t h s a
e ig ig ht ht s t o s st st . ( L f t
ch ir
15
fo
hese
strong ng enou enough gh ro c ar ar r a v r a i,stro th
or lo
e ig ig l It person"
bu
---~
,t valu values es tend tendin in
towa toward rd
hiqh hiqher er leve levels ls even even th
high highes es limi limits ts shou should ld be cons consid ider ered ed alon alon
with with he al ow nces nces fo th ar ic essupp essupp se to be carr carrie ie by th peop peop asot er sa et allo allo ance ance so ha
work work
hi co ld be an adde adde
over over oa in
beyo beyond nd th
on oard oard asw ll
lift lift's 's capa capaci city ty is rule rule
ut
co side sidera ra io
Cons Consid id ra ions ions fo regu regula la
perc percen enti tile le
hi
an ne
ropriate
diHere diHerent nt perc percen enti ti Ie values values 50
male~female thro thropo po etri etri
da
ar ob aine aine
pr sent sented ed sepa separa ra el
sepa separa ra el fo
re uire uire thes thes sepa separa ra
scop scop
or such such di is on of jobs jobs exclu exclusi si el fo
pr do
nant nantly ly
or ex
pl
al
al
po ulat ulatio io
oi
reac reachi hi
or emal emal ow rd
al
an data data fo
emal emales es an so etim etim esig esigni ni
also also
sepa separa ra el fo
an fe al s, fo gene genera ra purp purpos os s,
po ul tion tion da gero gero sl
95t
ovin ovin
part part
an equi equipm pmen ent, t,
-
considered
In
IS
Ma
9 5t 5t h
e rc rc en en titi l
F e a l 9 5t 5t h
e rc rc e
t h g hh- t i g ie
Preferred seat breadth t h h ig ig he he r f e ~ l In t u
Figure 25
Data Data md be o bt bt ai ai ne ne d f ro ro m
b e c on on s d er er e
no he
to cc
d at at e
exam exampl ple, e, wh re
cons cons dere dere
(F
st
l le le s o r f e th
as acco acco
e op op l
l f'f' 5 T h w he he r
od tion tion
i gh gh e
f re re e c c
th
t h g hh- th th ig ig h
v al al u a n
a lu lu e I nc nc !l!l Jd Jd in in 9 d at at I
i st st an an c d is is ta ta n
l lo lo wa wa nc nc e
r op op e
(= avoi avoi
l lo lo w n c s ,
reac reach) h) is conc concer erne ne
nrne nrne co cern cern iswhen iswhen
dirnensron
anth anthro ropo po etri etri
esig esig in
25
alue alues, s, rres rrespe pect ctiv iv di
whet whethe he nsio nsio
type type of data data comp comput utat atio ion. n.
hese hese re coll collec ec ed ro prov provid ided ed here herewi wi
In
al
fe al
ho ld
taken
sour source ces. s. Th
arti articl cl
ssem ssembl bl
toge togeth ther er like like mach mach ne to ls to s,
comp comp ex elec electr tron onic ic
rt cl or sto
ti ro uc desi desi
ea
ma be efin efined ed
tech techno nolo logy gy toge togeth ther er
th
It Will Will serv serv
proc proc ss here here y,
it
th he
purp purpos ose. e. Henc Hence, e, of rts, rts, scie scienc nc an
prod produc uc of aest aesthe heti ti acce accept ptan ance ce an func functi tion onal al valu valu
isdevel isdevelop oped ed
Spec Specif ific ic rang ranges es of prod produc ucts ts each each with with thei thei rele releva vant nt deve develo lopm pmen enta ta rich richne ness ss ar desc descri ribe be eans eans of spec spec fi term termin in logy logy as common common prod produc uc
In
limi limite te
sens sens
desi design gn
cons cons me
oods oods ma be cons cons dere dere
ts th
ts th
to as furniture. Spec Specia ia stru struct ctur ures es fo stor storag ag
ta
an othe othe item item used used fo spec specif ific ic purp purpos oses es ca
also also be call called ed furniture.
ti
equipment
personal
equipment, Simi Simi ar
ther ther
re othe othe
ro ucts ucts such such as mach mach ne tool tool
arch archit itec ectu tura ra comp comp nent nent
us
th
In
prod produc ucts ts an text textil iles es
appa appare rel. l. etc. etc. san fe
ill
Quit Quit ofte ofte
th se do no
pp ar to have have oo
inno innova vati tive ve prod produc ucts ts we use, use, inco incorp rpor orat atin in
ac epta eptanc nc valu valu with with th
al th
T HR O O M
RI
IM
ON
FOR
R GO NO MI C
us rs What What ve
best best SCie SCient ntif ific ic prin princi cipl ples es In
ti
ND
th th
< ;I ;I G
PRACTICC
norm normal ally ly rest restri rict cted ed by the
nn
unct unctio io al elem elemen en
av to be ouse ouse
I'1e I'1eseco second nd ener ener tion tion de ai
il
prov prov
up
Th
of he fu ct onal onal elem elem nts, nts, desi design gn de
,aft ,after er geLt geLtin in conf confir ir atio atio lopm lopm nt
abou abou th
Sbas Sbased ed on fu ct on foll follow ow ir ar modi modifi fied ed acco accord rdin ingl gly. y.
on
esth esthet etrc rcs. s.
well well as
ti it
al
in orde orde
serv serv It
nt nded nded unct unctio io
ca ct phys physic ical al beha behavi viou ou ra or aest aesthe heti ti
mism mismat atch ches es
01
ct nd imit imitat atio io th desi desi he
of hu an bein beings gs roce rocess ss Th fi al
hese hese di ensi ensi ns coul coul
rodu roduct ct woul woul
be usab usab
be ncor ncorpo pora rate te
pr perl perl
an acce accept pt bl an woul woul
nt
prov prov de
sers sers he faci facili lity ty of us ng it fr ely, ely, safe safely ly an sa is yrnq yrnqly ly
(Kre (Krel' l' el t, 19 1) fo safe safety ty as we an hr po etrr etrr
an
asfo functio functiona na reas reason ons. s. Henc Hence, e, ap ropr ropria iate te
biom biomec echa hani nica ca ap lica lica ions ions ar
eces ecessa sary ry or
hu
co pa ible ible
desi desiqn qned ed prod produc uc
fo co
on use, use, hous hous hold hold arti articl cles es uten utensi si co
an sick sickle le etc. uId
10
If al hese hese
pres pressi sion on
nd
in
Th re ucta uctant nt us
bang bangle le etc. etc. th
aL
he requ requ re
riou riou sa et
di
comp compre ress ssed ed stre stretc tche he
th wris wris circ circum um er nce, nce,
assass-pr pr duce duce (F g. 7)
an
he sa
seat seat be ts stra stra
nten nten ed
slun slun
cros cros
deta detail il
dust dustry ry
IS
du to nonnon-ma matc tc
50
hole hole
re ul
sers sers ca adju adjust st he leng leng
inte interv rval al so ha t h r s acco accord rdin in
indi indi du
be appl appl ed or ix ng he ad us ab li
he shou should ld
an othe othe simi simila la thin things gs with with diff differ eren en
tr
fing finger er posi positi tion on meta metaca carp rpal al circ circum umfe fere renc nces es over over
it
cons cons dera derati tion on
anth anthro ropo po
nsio nsions ns
asks asks an helm helmet et
50th 50th perc percen enti tile le valu values es ma be cons consid ider ered ed
perc perc ntil ntil
nu
fo carr carryi ying ng ar ic es ha gi
ne ds
li it
or
side sidewa ways ys
tc
circ circum umfe fere renc nces es
_L
Figure 26 Figure 27 percen percentil til
ta
It
wrist wrist circum circumfer ferenc enc
od circ circum um er nces nces ar
se wh
desi design gnin in
rope rope al ow nces nces an prov prov sion sion or ncre ncre
.e keep keep ng th ar
as betw betwee ee
stre stre ched ched forw forwar ard, d,
he enco encode de an deco decode der. r.
nt
pers person onal al co er ng an cl thin thin shou shou
be
de cons consid ider erin in
Here Here he ar ou
if
rlgure 28' Hanr Hanr csrr csrrie iec! c! arti articl cles es e.q. e.q. SlIitf"J<;t'S for whicll Le
s u c es es e
wi ab
for
1101
stior! person
make
the heigh heigh
if ea.sy
m U 5 1 fit tile tile lowe lowe
fOI
ha
so
/0
perc percem emde de knuckle
,-,my
Ri
hen)!]!
IW/CdS('
elso 5U1tS (I tall perso.,
portion must
PUI
dime dimens nsio ions ns
ar
oses oses
ossi ossibl bl
dded dded co si erat eratio ions ns
by It
/4 to
/2 IS
Figure 29'
to
THE'
SWItches an
th spec speces es u: between.
IE
dy arru arru
---~
Ergo Ergonom nomic ic Princ Princip iples les inc Human Human compat compatibi ibilit lit
through:
friendly relationship
handling eo semant semantic ic applic applicati ations ons
and
Produc Produc reliab reliabili ility ty and safety through
th
he
ar
fo oper operat atio iona na ease ease unnecessary ba
parts
unsafe unsafe things things abou abou prob probab able le haza hazard rd whil whil by spec spec fi
ns ruct ructio ions ns on
U511lg
ow to us
he syst system em ffic ffic en ly
Ergon Ergonom omic ic crit criteri eri
ergo ergono nomi mi
crit criter eria ia ma be cons consid ider ered ed aesthe aesthetic ticall all
hu an bo
stru struct ct ra
appeal appealing ing an
imit imitat atio ions ns
he form form shou should ld be acco accord rdin in
he pr duct duct ge
etry etry an
he
ser' ser'
anth anthro ropo po etry etry must must fit each each othe othe fo ensu ensuri ring ng safety aswel as bett better er function.
aul
co figu figura rati tion on of he ov
INDI INDIAN AN
en
uman uman body body .e it sh ul
xi so ha
ANTIANTI-IROP IROPOM OMET ET
rc
ax
um
chan chanic ical al
I~ ,UNO ,UNOMI
sync sync roni ronise se wi dvan dvanta ta
DESIGN
PRACTlc,
coul coul
he hu an na ural ural be ac ie ed
---._
In
th
st re ty
s, al
th th
reco reco ce ve
no
dg
th
se
im la th
an
tici tici at
be
ap ro riat riat
viou viou al
lica licati ti
atte attern rn
of urfa urfa
orma orma
se
en
co ur an va ed urfa urfa
th an to ct
in ic to
in
simi simila la
te tu es in th
th fo ca ti
in
ag in
rt cl
ti
fa ty op rati rati
s,
le
usin using! g! oper operat at ng
op rate rate
rodu rodu
ay
us in tt nt ve
rati rati
fa ts
ma indu induce ce inju injuri ries es an acci accide dent nts. s. Simp Simple le smal smalll-si size ze erat erat na outp outp
refe refere renc nc
nd
nd re at vely vely bi ge
er en
fe tu es
inst instea ea of main mainta tain inin in ve ents ents
th
om ti
swit switch ches es fo smal smal
iz co tr ls fo
ri
hich hich
an li
me ge cy th
ug cr
dy co la se
cont contro roll lled ed coor coordi dina nati tion on of exte extens nsio io an flex flexin in
mbs, mbs,
trun trunk, k, To to
r-
er te
ch ne
fo operation, in pr fe en
to ti
n" co tr
n i mu mu m
siti siti
her
in
th
In
rg ncy, ncy,
ell ances '1 aco ents
du
simila simila activitie activities. s.
oper operat atin in
an func functi tion on fe
mate mate
ch mica mica s.
feat feat re
us
eq iq
corn corner ers, s, expo expose se poin pointe te
serssh serssh ce
ge ck
rt or op
jur
fini finish sh e.
by an unsa unsafe fe
sh rp ed
appe appear aran ance ce an prot protru rusr sron ons, s, that that norm normal ally ly caus caus
accidents.
to under understa stand nd by th
user users. s.
ou
R GO GO NO NO M C S
Of
DE GN OF
R OD OD UC UC TS TS ,
QU ME EN NT
AN
AC
OR
inte intend nded ed
cl ss
us om rs
In th
nati nati n,
Desi Design gn proc proces es by
feat featur ur
when desi design gn proc proces es when
spec specif ific ic
tions
esig esigni ni
--~-
in urr
uip
easl b : h t
gu idehnes
practrces,
buil Man-made buil
envi enviro ronm nmen en
~m In
aut
local:
ti
ark
--_-
Inte Interm rmed edia iate te
Th
gene genera ra
situ situat atio ions ns
envi enviro ronm nmen ent: t:
ar
It
IS
th
an modify
rs
IS
desrred IS
consideratrcn
Loca Loca buil buil spac spac
II
any
in
se
be
ld
bou ndaries. While While desi design gnin in plac plac unit units, s, th
sp indi indi id al
ir or
stations, it
im
ir
it be
ci
in
only consideration
work
cc space space requir required ed fo
ic
ie r.e. l u r n i t u r e .
sp equi equipm pmen en
efin efined ed as th imme imme iate iate opti optimu mu
an rnachmes,
personal an
work
etc collection
la
IS
diff differ eren en together to serv serv
multiple
type type
sing single le purp purpos ose, e,
Inco Incorp rpor orat atin in
Ergo Ergono nomi mics cs Anth Anthro ropo pome metr tr
BaSi BaSica call lly,in y,in an syst system em eith either er exis existi ting ng or new, new, th be th
prim prim sp
he foll follow owin in
Whom Whom
cons consid ider erat atio ion, n, Acce Access ssor orie ies, s, mach machin in sh
ll must must be
ques questi tion on
le in ende ende
nswe nswe ed
sersWi sersWith th th ir
an se
or
an
th faci facili liti ties es avai availa labl ble. e.
in
human human compat compatibil ibility ity
iv
ar aids aids
an product/system.
account,
10
equi equipm pmen en
li
hile hile desi design gnin in
asic asic li itat itatio ions ns
Into
ther ther
ig
ence ence desi design gn shou should ld be base base
th
ti
on
th uma
th mach machin ines es cons consol oles es etc. etc. an
thos thos
Incl Includ udin in
spac spac requ requir irem emen en
th
fo free free move moveme ment nt
ta
fe ture ture
of "m dern dern desi design gn
th rele releva va
subj subjec ect' t' sc enti entifi fi
ri cipl ciples es
ul
plie plied, d, th se t.
edes edesig igni ning ng an ex stin stin
nes, nes, th
se
it
hi
at ra
im tati tation on
an faci facili liti ti
shou should ld be
duly duly cons consid ider ered ed in each each part partic icul ular ar case case si
in
work work sp ce ca rang rang fr
dr vers vers nd
th
ss ng rs to desi design gnin in
ti
desi design gn
ffic ffic s,
ehic ehicle le inte inte iors iors
exte exteri rior or fo
me or fa tory tory inte interi ri rs
nd xt ri rs etc. etc.
ty
hanc hanc th
user users' s' sati satisf sfac acti ti
an
th nd will will
chie chieve ve mpro mprove veme ment nt
in th
vera vera co fo
of
ta
In th
te
comp compon on nts. nts. Er
nomi nomi
or
ac esso esso
rr cipl ciples es
th
laya laya vita vita role role
sp ce Depe Depe ding ding
th cont cont xt of
shou should ld be sele select cted ed an inco incorp rpor orat ated ed into into desi design gnin in
si
ctiv ctivru rues es
il
su
In Inte Interf rfac acin in
an ppro ppropr pria iate te matc matc
th
ody, ody, th
si
ork, ork, th se prin princi ci le
spec specif ific ic arti articl cles es
betw betw en th
se
n-bu n-buil il
ll as ta
yste yste
ll en ance ance cont cont xtua xtua
iv g, prod produc ucti tivi vity ty
ll as ro id
jo
sati satisf sf ctio ction, n,
th hysi hysi lo ic emph emphas asis is shou should ld
co fo ts
In an
yste ystem, m,
In th case case of nd stri stri co si
re
ta in
Into Into
or
eubu eubuck ck Kr emer emer bita bitati ti
ed
reas reas th
cc un It volu volume me
th
Th
so
nsta nsta lati lati ttac ttac me ts
97
av
quip quipme me supp supp rt
an
---~-
dequ dequat at
as
clea cleara ra ce fo sp cifi cifi
991, 991, ha comp compil il
bo
nfor nfor atio atio
ov ment ment
to ar
on earl earl er rele releva va
erfo erform rmin in
or
ti
st ti
ts inte intend nded ed
co cept cept
nd thei thei
t'
fo fe
te
stat statio io
desi desi ns to Im rove rove
sers sers sati satisf sfac acti tion on
rodu rodu tivi tivity ty
oc upat upatio iona na
safe safety ty an
ti over overal al huma huma Fo
to
comp compat atib ible le solu soluti tion ons. s.
xa ple, ple, in indu indust stri ri
perf perf rm nc
engi engine neer er ng conc conc rns, rns, th
link links, s, In ustr ustr al hy iene iene
work work envi enviro ronm nmen en
ar
se to
safe safety ty haza hazard rds. s. Othe Othe rela relate te ndus ndustr tr al psyc psycho holo logy gy
li inat inat
pl nt ay ut with with it faci faci itie itie
safe safety ty an oc upat upatio iona na th ca se
ealt ealt
heal health th conc concer er ro lems lems
an tile tile in th
nd occu occu atio ationa na
disc discip ipli line nes, s, i.e. i.e. indu indust stri rial al rela relati tion ons, s, beha behavi viou oura ra scie scienc nces es an
re once oncern rned ed main mainly ly
it
Impr Improv ov ng th work work
rg nisa nisati tion on
nd
to workers. th ev rthe rthele le
us fu to
el
mpro mprove ve
es gns. gns. Fo sett settin in
th
gu deli deline nes, s, many many rese resear ar
In
desrqn,
emph emphas asis isin in
fad
th
fo
spac spac ar vita vita This This pres presen en disc discus ussi sion on will will deal deal with with sele select ctiv iv ergo ergono nomi micc-an anth thro ropo pome metr tric ic nc udin udin se
nput nput
fr
nd exam exam ning ning th
irre irresp spec ecti tive ve of th Thes Thes
ot er
il ensu ensu
modified.
fo
sych sych -phy -physi siol olog ogic ic
eS gnin gnin
ndiv ndiv dual dual
ro ucts ucts
an phys phys ca dime dime si ns
th
arra arra ging ging In ia
spec specif ific ic requ requir irem emen ents ts fo spec specif ific ic task task th
to
is plin plines es
cons consid ider erat atio ions ns
th
oper operat ator or
IS
th
Sa
sers sers
th phys physio iolo logi gica ca cost cost post postur ures es an
th work work with within in safe safe im ts Work Work th
em nd awkw awkw rd
Iorce,
hysi hysica ca th
te Post Post re
do te
fo
iffe iffere re
uman uman acti activi viti ti
tu colu column mn
abno abnorm rmal ally ly
vari vari us
uscu usculo losk skel elet etal al
us ng vari variet etie ie of body body supp suppor orti tive ve de ices ices
te
If th
iffe iffere re t, unev unev
such such that that th vert verteb ebra ra
IS
ress ress re on th
mt avsr avsrte te ra
is rder rders. s. Th more more this this is eg ecte ecte
th
disk disk ca pr duce duce re te th
th th
te
ta
void voided ed Th se co ld be ac ie ed by ro er ev ce fo
oo
bo
ostu ostu re
seve severi rity ty
es gn deve deve opme opme
se ts be s,
or
surf surfac aces es
supp suppor orti tive ve
cc ssor ssor es of pers person onal al ti
In Its
In qurck
fatigue
In
at Generally, it th
clos clos -t -n rmal rmal susp suspen ende de
unwa unwant nted ed move moveme me t, in uc
elbo elbo
posi positi ti n, belo belo
th
eart eart leve leve Task Task de an in
qu ck fati fati ue also also t, tradit tradition ional al
in
In
to
ta
ta
to
noth nother er musc muscle le ro p, asther asther free free bo
ts
ar no supp supp rtiv rtiv
stru stru tura tura (f rn ture ture etc) etc) rest restri rict ct on
move moveme ment nt
ts
imbing imbing .g. th
withm
th
ei ht than than that that cons cons dera dera le stre stress ss
quic quic fati fatigu gu
is expe experi rien ence ce
Ios
EcHl>O",OM'L
D,,~IGN
ORAL
/3
to
/2
efforts. With
to more more
air
IILe
--~-
hysi hysi lo ical ically ly obvi obviou ousl sl
ccor ccor in ly
be comf comfor orta tabl bl
an
if he desi design gn
hi
ay
pers person onal al feel feelin in ov
en
F ee ee l n g
si
le clea clean, n, co
en en plac plac
of comf comfor ort, t, priv privac acy, y, attr attrac acti tive vene ness ss reli reliab abil ilit it inte interp rper erso sona na
nter nterac ac ions ions an
ork, ork, gi ng
an safe safety ty free freedo do
brin bringi ging ng ou
ar ou
hi de
feelings,
o f P e o na na l T e
eryb erybod od occu occupi pi
spac spac
is ody. ody. This This as desc descri ribe be
or it
em orar orar
or perm perman an nt in isib isible le
om er 1969 1969 as an nd idua idual' l'
acco accoun un hi phys physic ical al char charac ac er st cs th
layo layout ut of
or
eq ip
ou dari daries es arou around nd
pers person on
nt
erri erri ory. ory.
nd he IS
fo excl exclus usiv iv use. use.
he in rusi rusion on of stra stra gers gers un an ed pers pers ns an In
Figu Figure re 30 (Lefti Form Formal al (mid (middl dle) e) se i-in i-inio iorm rme! e!
an
(rig (right ht info inform rmal al meet meetin inqs qs
imen imensi sion on hi own, own,
he pr senc senc
hi spac spac is rese resent nted ed an shou shou
wher wherev ever er poss possib ible le
HI
woul woul
fa tors tors
hrou hrough gh prov prov ding ding
ncou ncoura ragi gi
psychologica
ar cons consid ider ered ed thes thes
acce accept pted ed
Beha Beha iour ioural al spac spac dime dimens nsio io
us rs
imen imensi sion on
oi ed
({_erO
Flgvre 31
Form Formal al an
Some Someti ti es furn furnit itur ur mo if
fe ling ling
(flg (flgh! h!
plac plac me
atte attern rn
pers person onal al pa
meetin meetings, gs, (Fig. (Fig. 30-31 me ting ting
info inform rmal al 9ro( 9ro(ll ll arra arrang ngem emen ents ts
la es
It ma
ma
nd th
ls
plac plac
ar al
us
to ex ress ress terr territ itor oria ia ity. ity. This This call call
be av ou asso associ ci te
used used asa efen efensi sive ve barr barrie ie etwe etween en tw
pers person on
he
deal deal
re anti antici ci ated ated
ca be seen seen clea clearl rly'by y'by othe others rs ma cr
Inte Intera ract ctiv iv
pace pace
nd info inform rm
Be nett nett 1977 1977). ). In formal ff
In such such case casesth sthes es ty es of boun boun ar
info inform rm l, frie frie dl
form formal al
In
th xpec xpecte te
it
te
barr barrie iers rs re bene benefi fici ci l. Fo
ree discussion discussion
free free rran rrange geme me ts of fu nitu niture re
posi positi tive ve pers person onal alis is
wh re on
tmos tmos he e.
refe refere renc nc
Four Four conc concen entr tric ic beha behavi viou oura ra zone zone have have been been conc concei eive ve by Hall Hall base base on Amer Americ ican an soci social al beha behavi viou oura ra obse observ rvat atio ions ns duri during ng th
1960 19605, 5, Thes Thes coul coul be inco incorp rpor orat ated ed in spac spac desi desiqn qn
in term term of soci social al inte intera ract ctio io from from pers person on to perper-so son. n. The Ca ualual-pe pe sona sona
450
zone zone of cl se rela relati tion onsh sh p, acce accept pt sfo
The Soci Soci l- on ulta ultati tive ve to
In busi busine ness ss an
1200
form form
natu nature re plac plac ng
es
defe defens ns ve feat feat re Igno Igno in
tt
2200 mm
1200 rnrn.
450
fo
th
isco iscour urse se of th
zone zone
mini minima ma cont contac act, t,
soci social al
inte inte ru tion tion
ti ubli ubli
3500
zone zone dist distan ance ce betw betwee ee
3500 mm
7500
fu limit,
IS
th
ti the crow crow
re
he
pu li sp ech, ech, nnou nnounc ncem emen ents ts
tc.. tc.. ta unno unnoti tice ced. d.
PR
em nstr nstrat atio ions ns in thea theatr tr ca
_ _
to
mi
In
il
co cept ceptua ua isin isin th
work work sp ce di ensi ensi ns de endi ending ng on th
ntic ntic pate pate
phys physic ical al
or
plac plac an
ppro ppro ri te re uire uire ents ents fo
person personal al intera interacti ction. on.
Inte Intera ract ctiv iv
arra arrang ngem emen en
NonNon-ey ey cont contac act, t, back back-t -too-ha hack ck sitt sittin in te
or sitt sittin in
in serr serrie ie rank rank side side by side side al gene genera rall ll
ti
sociofugal ar ange angeme me
of pace pace Th
sociopetsl arra arranq nqer erne nent nt (Fig (Fig 32), 32), an ti (Phe (Pheas asan ant, t, 1986 1986). ). Base Base on prio prio kn wled wledge ge acco accord rdin in
to th
osit ositiv iv or egat egativ iv
Figure 32. (Lef (Left) t) Soao Soaofu fuga ga
Hu an grou grou
an
eati eating ng arra arrang ngem emen ents ts
Inte Inte acti acti ns amon amon
(fig (fight ht soao soaope pete te
ould ould be ma
peop people le In that that part part cu ar cont contex ext. t.
arrangements.
smerective
or atio atio
ta
It
th Ss
formed by
by
sth
four four pers person ons:(Jam s:(James es 1951 1951 ny cont contex ext, t, th sa
ma
ir cons cons dere dere
with with
ppro ppro riat riat
um
hysi hysica ca
ir ensi ensi ns
ta fo si pers pers ns ar un
tabl tabl
to ethe ethe
IS
th th te
ti
-~--
tten ttenda danc nc
Th same same
ay be pr ct se
in part part es soci social al gath gather er ng
rece rece tion tions, s, etc.
stud studio ios, s, offi office ce layo layo ts an
SexSex-re rela late te
vari variat atio ions ns ma also also be cons consid ider ered ed Fema Female le come come clos closer er to on anot anothe he t h a n
Indi Indi be ng soci soci -cul -cultu tura ra ly
nd fema female le ta ks free freely ly
ot wide widely ly ve in
wa ting ting
iffe iffere rent nt work
pl ces, ces, e.
sp ce
ve
an
re s,
onse onserv rv tive tive in natu nature re cl se co tact tact betw betwee ee
ma es
ccep ccepte ted, d, un es spec spec al oc al inte intera ra tion tion occu occurs rs To erfo erform rm
en ra offi office ce situ situat atio ion, n, se ar te work work ar as With With adeq adequa uate te th
females.
re
ri
gn
li
on
ti te
th
In
th
plac plac whil whil
sitt sittin ing, g, stan standi ding ng and/ and/or or stan standi ding ng
In
ip rest rest post post re
ccor ccor in
to
th
iswill iswill
Us Work Work cont contex ex anal analys ysisises isisesse sent ntia ia befo before re star starti ting ng th actu actual al desi desiqn qn work work That That is In orde orde to
th ti
fo
ti
te To I i n d egs, egs, task task anal analys ysis is
re uire uire
ac ordi ording ngly ly Thes Thes woul woul To unde unders rsta tand nd th
be
an anth anthro ropo pome metr tr ee in
it
matc matche he sh ul
feel feelin in
be co si er
of psyc psycho ho-p -phy hy io ogic ogic
oper operat atio iona na comf comfor or requ requir ired ed an th free free-m -mov ovin in fu
tu
comf comf rt
spac spac requ requir irem emen en to
sgo an ly ed Eachwo Eachwork rk cont contex ex dema dema ds Dire Direct ct bs rvat rvatio ion, n,
spec specia ia se of anth anthro ro omet ometri ri
ue tion tion aire aire enqu enquir ir es an work work stud stud
f'HAL liCE
etho etho
constderations.
re to be fo lo ed
an it diff differ er nt
od
ar
iffe iffere rent nt work work co pone ponent nt
hoto hotogr grap ap ic reco record rd of th tech techni niqu ques es of
ried ried
ac ivit ivit
atur ature, e,
coll collec ecte ted. d. Thes Thes will will help help th
ar hand handle le
resp respec ecti ti el
pa tern terns, s, eith either er by stil stil ph togr tograp aphy hy or by usrnq film
ay be usef useful ul tool tool
or reco record rd ng an
anal analys ysts ts to unde unders rsta tand nd th
here hereby by an lysi lysi
rele releva vant nt desi design gn dime dimens nsio ions ns that
conceptualised. Th desi design gn of obje object cts, s, e.q. e.q. chai chairs rs tabl tables es benc benche hes, s, book book-s -she helv lves es disp displa lays ys mach machin ines es an
to
ak
work work stat statio io
od
ip
nd
le
nt
to ensu ensure re ease ease of oper operat atio io
corr correc ec outr outrea each ch valu values es in orde orde to avoi avoi unne unnece cess ssar ar obst obstac acle les. s. Th numb number er an
an th
as
e . o ns ns i move moveme ment nt or
an
traf traffi fi
cong conges esti tion on
o f physical
on
etc.,
spac space. e.
Func Functi tion on
huma huma
olum olum
felt as pers pers na erri errito tory ry an th
re uire uire en
nclu ncludi di
ario arious us phys phys ca reac reac
al es
ke up
If
individual work work stat statio ion. n.
ti
of th
tipt tiptoe oe
rt ca ar
nd allo allo ance ance
reac reac (inc (inc ud ng
xt nd
or re spac spac abov abov
ha
er ic
rm re ch wi
rais rais
or over overhe head ad clea cleara ranc nce) e) Th
body body
otal otal ar
-
(0'0".1 0 ".1 plan plan Ml) sagl
al plane
v-
:J
left
-r ea ea c
ar
HD D"" zo zo n ta ta l r ea ea c a r
Figure 3;): T h
h et et re re t
lZ 1, VX
VX
YY3 2 '
h u a n space envelope.
2Z 2, VX
Th
r ef ef er er en en c
to th
e nt nt ra ra l
he
horizon lal ar
points X , Y Z etc represcn:
ar
c ; In diffe differe rent nt plane plane a r
ch
r ea ea c a rc rc s a t h ou ou ld ld e
the comfortable
V F (V (V = v er er titi ca ca l a r
uc
arm reac reache he at
r ee ee c p ai ai l]l] ! a n
le el ar at
pp
V XY XY Z
back
fl
id
ow
ev
t!
F = t oo oo t) t) .
ta th ca
In
of th
ta
in
st re bu
ly th
rm ea
le gt
lu
In the
leaning
"l ne st itti itting ng
post post re Th ostu osture res. s.
vert vert ca
rm
orre orresp sp
hile hile sitt sitt
im la
di
he ghts ghts
cr ss le
rm re ch
ngth ngth
ed
th
itti itting ng
wh le sq
st re
co si
re
tt g, th sp ce ol me
an he ghts ghts
cc unte unte
ld
fo in ea rn
positions.
th
th ee di en io al
P h ys ys ic ic a
pa
to
erat erat
hand fo vari variou ou reac reache hes, s, by th hand
b ou o u n da da r e s
Prov Provis isio ions ns fo seve severa ra easi easily ly acce access ssib ible le isla island nd of priv privac ac with with
clea clearl rl mark marked ed flow flow of
th rovi rovide de
feel feel ng
obse obse ve th ff
or
so
priv privac ac
tten ttenti tion on
cr
k, le se
in
to
ef ed
cr
se self self reli relian an e.
It is
rk pl ce re an isadve isadvers rs
te
If th se id
re su po ed to be ross rossed ed occa occasi si
th cr ss
ally ally th
th
he ht sh
ld
ve
mrn For regul regular ar
ou
ke
tw en
/3 and
/2
-- ...........
IS
1355
111m
or
stan stan in
pers pers
san
th
si
rati rati ns
or
cont contex ex
Wher Wher
walk walkin in
perc perc ntil ntil
an
eman eman
lati lati
ovem ovem nt
15
span span akim akimbo bo le gt
peop people le wi wa
ir
ay be allo allo ed fo
abre abreas as in he aisl aisles es When When on
sing single le erso erson. n.
ccas ccasio iona na ly be ng
esig esigns ns fo ha dica dicapp pped ed pers pers nn l,
ar co
or
carr carryi ying ng ou thei thei resp resp ct
functi function ons, s,
tc
Postur Postural al consid considera eratio tions ns
en ronm ronm nt
ep nd on th
se i-st i-stan an in
(i.e (i.e
it
os ural ural adap adap atio atio
hi rest rest), ), ying ying
osit ositio ions ns an an upri uprigh gh he
st be
MHIT:
requ requ re to perf perf rm
ct al work work cond condit itio io s, an aint aintai ai ed
fA
arie arieti ties es of asks asks
rest rest ng
requ requir ires es prop proper er stru struct ctur ur
hile hile su port ports, s,
-._,---
If
etc.: pose Co
Sitting Standing Supine Kneeling Crawling
um
it
anthropornetrk
If
In
hus
DI
AN
R OP OP OM OM ET ET R
M EN EN S O N
F H( H( ,( ,( )N )N OM OM I
E~ (,
P RA RA C I
982
----_
Figure 34:
o wn wn wa wa r
ab
Th
de
pe ar
ro
ac
erce ercent ntil il
per, per, midd midd
ac ig
ts or
ad oo et en
se ecti ecti ns of rela relate te
ow
nd
posi positi ti ns
ar
ai
ix iz
at
/7elgl7l" of
av ll
bu
gr sp "rea "reach ch va ues" ues"
nd eg re ch s,
ay
50lh percemtt»
onsi onside dere re
.g co fort fort bl acco accord rd ng to .g
vehrcle inte inte io
il
tr ve ling ling in
ta ding ding post post re
th t, fo
t,
th
Anth Anthro ropo pome metr tric ic
cons consid ider erat atio ions ns fo seat seatin in IS
r~st r~st
nd to
equi equire reme ment nt What Whatev ever er th
type type
ea with with
th re ar vari variet et es cons consid ider erat atio ions ns
back backre re ts si
pend pendin in
an some some
usually
th vari variou ou cont cont xtua xtua on
re ls
ei
evel evelop op d.
aest aesthe heti tics cs etc,
physrcal te
Figure
35, Probl Problem em
faced faced du
mismat atch ch of h u m a n to mism
b od od y a n
seating
-
th an hrop hropom omet etry ry of he us rs shou shou vari variat atio ions ns alon alon etai etai
firs first, t, foll foll we
by ynar ynarru ru
imen imensi sion onal al
with with task task cont contex extu tual al beha behavi viou oura ra dema demand nds, s, Th sele select ctio io of anth anthro ropo pome metr tric ic
an th
re evan evan desi design gn feat featur ures es wo ld
arie ariety ty of work work surf surf ce
nd spac spaces es
used used in omes omes offi office ces, s, tc
de
cons cons dere dere
static
ep nd on hese hese requ requ re en s,
eats eats fo ge eral eral purp purpos os
incl includ ud
nder nder he ca eg ry of spec specia ia se ts lo
lo ed as an al er ativ ativ
or us
se en ar work work e.g, e.g,
IS
IS
belo belo
co
seat seatin in
chai chairs rs
rrsn rrsnqe qe en
alan alan Charr conc concep ep (Fig (Fig 36
90 decr decree ees. s.
he or ar
incl inclin in
severa ra adva advant ntag ages es towa toward rd It ha seve
body
supp suppor orti ting ng IS
awai awai ed an
ossi ossi le enef enef oa effe effect ct
Figure 36: B a a l
c ha ha i
Here Here he gene genera ra
re bein bein
test tested ed
c cn cn ce ce p
uman uman di
be disc disc ssed ssed ns ea
nsio nsions ns re ated ated
ak ng ex
pl
spec spec fi
of evel evel ty
ar se
of he seat seatin in de ce woul woul of ar ou cont contex ex ua
requi rernents. rernents.
Se
surf surfac ac
invo involv lvin in
th stat static ic aswel as th dyna dyna ic dime dimens nsio iona na vari variat atio ions ns have have to be inco incorp rpor orat ated ed
rest rests, s, Curv Curv ture ture
of si ting ting surf surfac ac ar
ovem ovem nt of he ccup ccup nts. nts.
(cro (crosssec sssec ion) ion) an aI
he atta attach ch ents ents
ac
nd rm
Seat Seat
idth idth on th vari variou ou
ut depending sitt sittin in
post postur ures es of
mid-truqh-tc-tlnqh
75th
alue alue
95th
il si reel reel
distance,
the
the hip breadth,
Seat
But to
1h
and he 50
nd ront ront
iddl iddl
r n d --tt h q h -t -t o -t -t h q h
d is is ta ta n ce ce .
said that
lhe
Seat Seat dept dept at
SOtil percentile
shank. 1/
Flqure 37. N ar ar ro ro w
s ec ec tItI On On a
C U Iv Iv e u r
less less than than Lh butt buttoc ockk-po popi piit itea eall llen engt gth, h,
restrict« iroo butioil;
centret ndqe, w a h c u cv cv e tu tu r e / () () t h e s ea ea ! p ,
8 0 d ec ec re re e
,rlovf-'trlE'nl
r es es tr tr ic ic t t h e cc cc om om m o a e titi o
Furrnusre
mil(ie
Lhlld
or
1,)/
Iwo
,1 (Iw(/
petscns.
wltl/
oersoo
Seat Seat heig height ht
dl oUI1d
th
HI
heig ht
ght
rt sl
90'
IS
130"
'.
-,
3D'
,d .d 50th 50th %·d. %·d. occe occepu pual al hi
tl
~Oth 0 : 1 / . , . 1 1 ( 1 mid-shoulder
';01h ·II~ ·II~ acro acrorm rmon on li 1 5t 5t h " I.I. ·l ·l l u pp pp e r um um ba ba r hi
Str,
l ow ow e r l um um b a
tu
io
Seal Seal Dept Dept
115' I Q
7 0, 0, 1 D O m m f re re e ey bod. bod.
Figure 38.' P a ra ra llll e r el el at at io io ns ns h i
b e tw tw e e
a v 1 11 11 0 f ~ n h~l1~
(Uf',ed
m o ve ve me me n
, a c c Q m m o d a t E " pcp!11m
suace
trunk an
s ha ha nk nk , h u m a
dimenSIOnal c o
eu
1 1 1 0 10
lo 1 t : " 9 movement movemen t
general searing
ce (Fah (Fahns ns ro
1993 1993
assi assistve stvers rsat atil il
hu an
emen emen as re uire uire
wh le usin usin
seat seat
Ba co
s,
If no back back rest rest
requ requir ired ed
ip
Stru Struct ct rall rall
back backre re
issupp issuppos osed ed to sh re th
pper pper body body
ei ht
he
th sitt sittin in
ngle ngle
th
pe ding ding on th
ar ou
ostu osture re adop adopte te
fo vari vari us acti activi viti ti
nd ls co si er ng
iIl
th
th
t,
ti th
tu
fi
ir
Thor Thorac acic ic supp suppor or ts es angl angl
is,a is,ar. r. un
05-1 05-1
degr degr es
orma ormall ll this this
fr
ei ht shou should ld be acco accord rdin in
to one' one'
fo Fo th
or than than
tu
30 degr degree ee hi
ngle ngle
os tion tion ca se exce excessst ssstre ress ss on th
neck neck-r -r late late
th th
ti in
is rovi rovi ed to
HI
ccom ccommo mo at
th tr
th
ead. ead.
on ider ider ng norm normal al head head move moveme ment nts, s, th
th heig height ht
it back back
narr narrow ow groo groo
arre arrest st he re
sc in th
re
y,
ov ment ment
ra
no pref prefer erab able le
It,
surf surfac ac
Fo an
us
ot be slip slippe pery ry
seat seated ed pers person on's 's indi indivi vidu dual al spac spac requ requir irem emen ents ts hi func functi tion onal al huma huma it shou should ld also also ensu ensure re he psyc psycho ho og
of terr territ itor or al sp ce feel feelin ings gs On shou should ld cons consid ider er
ui
an xt
Sl'~ Sl'~ akrm akrmbo bo dist distan ance ce fo late latera rall ll~9 ~9 de"l de"lIe IeIi IiOI OI I~ealan[e
(With
:'o:a~c~,,:v"
T O 1 .3 .3 0 _ m~ m~ I . .
Maximu Maximu 75111
..
-
::
..
_.
:: :. .
rionta rionta wort ,url ,urlac ac
-liP
-"
from from lean leanin in
.,
sr
oept oepth. h. from from r ea ea (
e1
SRP(S SRP(Sea ea refe refere renc nc
1000 rnm
------+I+--
Sideclearance 7 5 1 n %·il~ Sid leal'l leal'lll1 ll1 ar
Figure 39
reac reac leng length th from from ~R
Scbe Scbern rnet et«: «: diag diagra ra
of spac spac clea cleara ranc nc
fo
EHG,
seared seared person person
NOMI
DE IG
~RP,
l ~n ~n ~\ ~\ 1
~J!imary vvf)(k ,"
_
~ckwa,d ~ckwa,d clp.a,,,ncr clp.a,,,ncr
1-----
volu volume me istake istake
PR CTIC CTIC
poin point) t)
and
ce 15
lo
eof
li
il
il
ld
come
Le room room
be exte extend nded ed to th
ao nu n. an coul coul
ld co
be este este co fort fortab ably ly on th floo floor. r.
hi exte extend nded ed
IT1m,
ly
ic free free fo le
ig
ibia ibia
it
is
ovem ovem nt
r a rs rs e o k n e e hr.grl
F ig ig u r 4 0 . F re re e l e g r oo oo m ,
se
'f
If one (BO-TIl
tand tand or
-+
butt butt ck dept dept
nd high high thic thickn knes es
in stan standi ding ng post postur ur
espe espect ctiv ivel el
--
SitSit-st st nd
ostu osture re
III
IS
If
norm normal ally ly with within in
ip 50
e.q for jo
is es enti enti l.
F,·qure 4·/
ip rIC',!
h r a a m et et r i d i m
ha
sks
Ilsi
fO!"
positron artivrty
aI
drmensions
In train train comoer comoertm tmen. en.s, s,
,[
[)E'I'~", PRf.(
etr.,
In ce tain tain case cases, s, peop people le pe form form some some spec specif ific ic task task whil whil s,
ll
consid ider ered ed at be cons
sitt sittin in io
1200 1200 mm
perc percen enti tile le le el eg
in cros crosss-le legg gged ed an
le
le
so
no hind hindra ranc nc
IS
to free free le mo emen ement. t. orsitti orsitti
in
ow adja adjace cent nt to
diame diamete te circ circle le is of subje subject ctiv iv pref prefer eren ence. ce. Peop People le also also us an stru structu cture re behind st
so
cost cost effe effect ctiv iv post postur ur
id
anal analys ysis is reve reveal al that that this this type type
Impr Improv ovem emen ent, t, th
sa
ct
de elop elop en is no usef useful ul
st
ence ence fo wo
acce access ssor orie ie ma no alwa always ys be effe effect ctiv ive, e,
Peop People le ar also also seen seen srttmq sk su le height
it
ll ll
that that post postur ur 'fro 'fro
ce floo floo
such case cases,the s,the etc. In such
yi si
io
kn lu
su
mm to 20
mm spec specia ia allo allowa wanc nc
asdesc asdescri ribe be
below. Some Someti time mes, s,
squa squatt ttin in
post postur ur
be In
dema demand nd
postur ure, e, depe depend nding ing trus post III
it
im
io
sa
ce
it
arie arie
im
ig
se
s.
work wo rk surf surfac aces es
st
sc
le
lt su
Figure 42
tu
faul faulty ty w o r k surfac surfac
and bodv-s bodv-suop uopott ottive ive
f ur ur ni ni tu tu r e
d eS eS i gn gn .
in horizontal specified
of (Fig (Fig 43), 43), Tile Tile primary work
be th
be given
person on work workin in single pers
th
at
able able woul woul
50th 50th perc percen enti tile le
44).
row,
o f e ac ac h
Maximum
Ma ar
reac reac ar
..landing
with one
reaCI re aCI1LO 1LOne ne In
Honzontill work ,>pace or at on
ax n ~
',
Prirn" Prirn"ry ry wor~ wor~ I\m no '"
I1Dr I1Drrl rlld ldll ll .I
live
Coro Corona na
"S
ClIIII
en
standing
reach i l ,;alldrng
BOll, BOll, hands hands arc
Sec.onrlary work work /one /one
7 1} 1} - I O O m
le3111flg
pillow-dactylion length,elbow pp e level, u pp
<11chell
rr
a x a l a n 9 '('( ' o f 3 0
-,
plan plan
pIBne~ e~ Mid sag ita pIBn
Figure
4~,
noazomet
w or or k z on on es es .
K~
at
FI9ure 44.' From From work workmg mg spac spac ctee cteere renc nc work work zone zone
21
th
co er
zo
t ab ab l
shou should ld be
In
nne wltli lile p llll l7 l7 ld ld l
on e w O l k r on
r la la pp pp in in g o f p n a l
e at at e p ro ro bl bl e
su
e.q, e.q, offi office ce wo k, ls prov provid ides es
ea in
of th
eadi eading ng writ writin in
co nter nters, s, etc. etc. ha been been foun foun
Wris Wris supp suppor ort. t. If heav heav
an task task in ol in
anua anua lift liftin in
th
sati satisf sfac acto to il
task task of tran transp spor ortm tm
clos clos insp inspec ectt tton on like like rtic rticle le bein bein
heig height ht
obje object ct
look looked ed at clos closel el an
il
Figure 45: Pref Prefer erre re
ccep ccep ed
ic
ii
of
(50 /0 minu minute te atte attent ntio io
elbo from th elbo
It
heig height ht
to
le
nendlttu;
It
10 20Umrn
perce percent ntil il
valu values es
co fort fortab able le uppe uppe ar
reac reac le el or lean lean ng an ge in
easyacc easyacces ess.Fo s.Fo skil skil ed jo s,
sa percen percentil til
value) value)
ay also also be cons consid ider ered ed
Figure 46' C o f or or ta ta bl bl e u p e r a t 200 mm lo
r ea ea c
f o gettmy
so
sto
ig 46
i ls ls y r re re s
nd ow
or
I l r f c e ~llOlI!t1be al arol arolln ln
stan standi ding ng pers person on
ane ai ki horizo horizonta nta
Id
15 co
st
matt matter er of gene genera ra conv conven enie ienc nce, e, it tr area area
In ti ll
ta ti
at ro
gr es it ho ld
fa
radu radu ly be
re th
ser. ser.
By
vert vertic ic
or
surf surf ce ca
si
ed To ensu ensu
co fo ta
reac reac
nd visi visi n, It
ay
vertical (Fig 47).
ensu ensu
fr
sp ce
fr nt
th
tr ct res. res.
Ar
po e c 1 s ta ta nd nd m
---_
bo h ea ea d 1 0 I nw nw ar ar d indrnation at every 200 rn
\;:-_
AL W OR OR K
VERn
UR
id position, e ng ng t stra straig ight ht vert vertic ical al
ow wa incl inclin inat atio io
Figure 47: S ch ch e e t dista distanc nc
d ia ia gr gr a
represent comiottsbte e re re c s ta ta nd nd in in g a n
If
or
of
rate rate
b en en d e t i nt nt e v el el s
A.B,C,D A.B,C,D,E ,E an
01
evet evet 20
e.b. e.b.c. c.d, d,
f(ontal ertn reac reache he of vert vertic ical al uppe uppel, l, mJdd mJddl! l!?,lo ?,lowe we an lowest posmons resoecuvet» for
l ea ea ni ni n
f o w ar ar d p os os tu tu re re s
surf surf ce Inte Inte ig
o m head to waist
1 0 I nw nw a r every 200 rum
e ue ue l a n operational teac teac
ed fo
cc sion sion in
Se
U RV RV A U R
eg re re e i n a r 10 d eg
curv curved ed vert vertic ical al work work surt surtec ec
over over head and b e o w w a is is t f o e a
PO'11
up
rt
ou
se te
to exce exce
th
irs
also also ns re comf comf rt
pe co fo ta le an
il
in
e.
-
Bend Bendin in
-
rk
If
supposed
ean rs
If
us of hori horizo zont ntal ally ly revo revolv lvin in
seat seat ma prov provid id
Envi Enviro ronm nmen en al
ac or
anth anthro ropo pome metr tric ic
appl applic icat atio ions ns
orma orma ly th
le
phys physic ical al imit imit ti
an
ncep ncep
s. It ls
comf comfor orta tabl bl
as to op rate rate
reac reache hes. s.
comm comm nica nicati tion on clea cleara ranc nces es af ec in
or
sp ce
sign sign
ho ld co er "vis "visua ua
al
it
le ranc ranc
cl aran arance ce th
bili bility ty
th se seo th
erat erat on
II
comm commun unic icat atio io
link link whic whic
to
isver nece necess ssar aryin yin
work work plac place, e, th
th
dist distan ance ce betw betwee ee ti
peop people le ta
Lp an. th th li
si ht (Hl.S).
ta th
fi s30
HL
anything
15
movement. tt na sw th th Inco Incorp rp rate rate
th
case case
ou e-bu e-buil il in
nd ot
Figure 48: er
IN
pe li
littmq th
rail rail pers person on
'5
er
dd
nt rior riors. s.
t o w e r leve leve to se th
pt1f{T·nhll:.' /Ifl 9Sl'~pt1f{T·nhll:.'
50111
Of'rI
h~
""/11!)e
5 1 1 1 /ll?rr~III.I)e
lip
IlL
\~I
FlgUTf' 49: C om om m u nr nr ca ca t o na na l
right) suggests
c le le ar ar an an c
etietnetes for
effective
l< Js J s s c ov ov er er e in g l<
c ou ou n e rs rs ,
ef
e xp xp l< l< J in in s the limblrom
and (rTilOdle soa
verbal communlLallOtT
At coun counte te s, so etim etimes es tr nspa nspare rent nt ba rier rier ar affi affixe xe
to allo allo
is
peop people le to se th ough ough co
le
kw
ia st
in
tall is
in
isWO ld co
Roughly It of
/3
le 2/
boar board, d,
if
ss in
HLS.
cl no ic
io
ic
st
le
In
ca
ig
la
faci facili lita tate te easy easy eadi eading ng Fig. Fig. 50
Figure 50 (tel (telt) t) Disp Displa la of an arti articl cle. e. kepi a l Figure 51 (ngh (nght) t) Antb Antbro ropo pome metr tru: u:
p o i uo uo n 01 1/3
Visu Visualciee alcieers rsnc nc
Isrh Isrhl" l"mM mMi( i("j "j
Ana'
21
e lo lo w t h e y l e e l
sloping f lo lo o r s e at at llll l
arr'mgemenf.
us no forget
ne
ha he
ma
IS
th cornrnuruty
part
no
transparent. Seating arrangements must
back back seat seat isnot bs ruct ructed ed by he ig re of hall,
cine cinema ma hall hall or an audi audito tori rium um th
peop people le asse assemb mble le ther there, e, even even when when chai chairs rso ' f a
th
Simi Simila la size size ar used used in al perc nt le he 95th perc peop people le of
height
occu occupi pied ed by pe pl wh
IS
he seco second nd ro
lo ring ring
ou
de
nd
wher wher
ey he gh ca s e t h trn, hs view
rant 0'
as ul ip ie
to
the 5th percentile ca
II
that be
belo belo
ew ng evel evel ro
erso erso of 5t perc perc ntil ntil
ca
lower
to asce ascert rt in il
slop slop
th whol whol
floo floori ring ng an
unit unit (Fig (Fig 5 1 ) , this
similar-Si similar-Sized zed sealscould
be used,
tJu
be cons consid id red, red,
it
he
au
In
of he fr nt rows rows
th
ligh ligh ly qr ater ater an so ew at es ensu ensure re clea clea
II
s. il ty or al th
peop peop
ga he ed here here
rcr norse.
give give
du
over over an
impo import rtan ance ce ceil ceilin in
disp disple leas asin in
smal smal spac spaces es ar pron pron
accu accu ul te subs subs ance ance
ik
ox
ases ases
odou odours rs Such Such spac spaces es In
deslg Il arranqernents. ll
in tion tion play play
ts wn ro
in sp ce perc percep epti tion on
he posi positi tion on ng
illurrunatron
sli din Dark Darkne ness ss make make
give give spac spac appe appear ar psyc psycho holo logi gica call ll
clos closer ert h a n
Inst Instal alla lati tion on of Iiqh Iiqh sourc sourcesare esare nece necess ssar ar Th prop proper er appl applic icat atio io resp respec ec to
NDI
'1
atur atur
dayl daylig ight ht Fo qett qettrn rn
effi effici cien en an
of thes thes wo Icfen Icfensu sure re
even evenne ness ss of gene genera ra illu illumi mina nano non. n.
pp icat icatio io
colo colo rs (w th du emph emph si
loor loor an
ther ther surf surf ces, ces,
ay be gi
seas season onal al varr varrat atio ions ns also also Infl Influe uenc nc sour source ce shou shou
be iven iven
sigrwl'icoflt 1nere \5 flO sigrwl'icoflt
Norm Normal al y, it
ag
roup roup Th
alue alues) s) on he wall walls, s,
du cons cons dera derati tion on
ence ence ad erse erse en iron iron en al
this.
ue consideration,
om ai or
seen seen ha
more more spac spac than than
co ou refl reflec ec ance ance
hi
esig esigni ni
we
nd
on an
high high
of
ceil ceilin in
rson rson
oriz oriz ntal ntal
imen imensi sion on
obse observ rver er To
fo
clos closer er wall wall an
high higher er wave wavele leng ngth th
(M urre urrel, l, 1965 1965). ). I co ours ours
Ba icpr
such such asth
ay he
colo colo
ip
harm harmon on
us be
or
ocat ocatio ions ns of
riou riou co po en
be consid considere ered. d.
EN
ut he sa
in resi reside dent nt al
in redu reduci cing ng heir heir ob rusi rusi
arch arch itec itectu tura ra deta deta
HI
qu
ay be ap li d.
it aest aest etic etic deco decora ra io soot soothi hing ng at osph osph re
Savinar.
erso erso al spac space, e, repo report rted ed acco accord rdin in
II
avel avelen engt gt
spac spaces es
well well kn wn situ situat at on
be near nearer er th
ig er
an thei thei
such such work work spaces
of
larg larger er floo floo spac spac de
ac or
ccom ccom odat odatio io
ch ract racter er Fo crea creati ting ng
in aine aine
gn
an
he us rs he conv conv ni nc
buildi
of ra spor spor
List all
considered: importance
principle:
import import nce Freq Freque uenc nc ear
of us prin princi cipl ple: e: gr up ng of he
he nten nten ed us rs such such asty in
caused by "sta "stati ti Func Functi tion onal al indi indica ca or
roup roup
of si
anni anni
an te pera peratu ture re cont contro rols ls
of patt patter er th
step step by-s by-ste te
es an co pu er
la co pone ponent nts, s, spec spec fi
be as clos clos as ossi ossi le
whil whil sequ sequ nc
ac
clos closer er to th
yp st
work work
prin princi cipl ple: e:
re ct rs shou shou
ompo ompo en s, spec specif ific ic work work equi equipm pmen en
layo layout ut
it
le itim itimat at
ll In
cont contro ro
in co nect nectio ions ns
an th ir tc
empe empera ra ur
gr up
perper-fo form rmin in
pera perati tion on wi
some some serv servic ices es or task tasks, s, prov provid idin in ad
Simi Simila la
ntag ntag
work wo rk space layout pr cedu cedure re
ncor ncor orat orat
iter iterns ns
iaIlnlllg
ll
effe effect ctiv iv
work work spac spac layo layout ut
ma be cons consid ider ered ed as foll follow ows: s:
an C: Foll Foll
D:
la
he cycl cycl of layo layout ut de he pr cess cess an
equi equi
en
na encl enclos os re aroun aroun Co side sidera rati ti ns fo
shou should ld
or
ot er cons consid ider erat atio ions ns
perf perf rman rmance ce
work work sp ce
we
or
ev nts, nts, func functi tion ons, s,
IN
vera vera
lopm lopmen en
an
roun roun
make make th
th syst syst
phas phases es over overla la requ requ re ents ents
he layo layout uts, s, Just Just
step step
pace pace ay
or work work ar
arra arrang ngem emen ents ts dram dramat atic ical ally ly re uc syst syst
uman uman ef ic ency ency an sa ety. ety.
spac spac
lessqu lessquan an itat itativ iv
etin etings gs an th
ha work work
like like ccur ccurri ri
HCO~lO lOMI MI
lace lace desr desr n, Th
ee
ei he re ul rl or at sh rt
DES" DES",N ,N
PRAl
of he work work otic otices es
hese hese
Wor
st
on
ov
su
oc
ov
op or ov
ob op
wo
om
on
on we
on
mu
control
or on
on
Wh
hove
or
wo
o rm rm a
on
to
or on
on
on
or
ot
on
mp
out peop people le pret preter er
xi
o nm nm e os
of wo
si
ot
on
w ho ho l
In
oo
of
ma
ma
od or
o -o -o c Wo
ma
wi
on
on
oc Up
ou
ou
od
m po po r
o nm nm e
or
ma
performance. Wor
on
ma
ma
od
of
sex
ma ng
wi Ma
st
mi
me
ms of
on
or
of
ol
os
me
on
ma on
o ns ns h
ma
ma
on
of
ys
He
wo
om on
on
or pr
on on
ou
on
om or
of nt
op mu on
on
mo
y,
or on
We
ou
os op
or ec
on
om
mi on
pror y.
y , p ro ro v s io io n s,
ov
ou
we
or of
or
on
e cu cu r e d
me
on
ot
wh
qu
on xt
ot
we
ys
es
o ns ns i
ou
st
o f h e u ssee r a r
or so
on
o rm rm a
wo
ma
on
wo o nm nm e
of
me SI
wi
ma
pe
ou o pp pp o
op
om
o po po m
om
ma
qupm
h e b eh eh av av io io u a l c ha ha rraa c e r s t
ou
on
of
me
ma
ow
xt
non-nord
ol
rnanikrns
ma
wi
op
mi
wi
ou
op
ot
In
o rm rm a o n ou
ma
or
ov
Re of
QU ov
ma
xi
Huma Huma
comp compat atib ibil ilit it
info inform rmal al
cont contex ext, t,
Syst System em effi effici cien ency cy ensured:
ain
tI
MANIKINS In th
prec preced edin in
el ctio ctio
disc discus ussi sion on th
whil whil
impo import rtan ance ce of anth anthro ropo pome metr tric ic data data with with rele releva vant nt perc percen enti tile le
once oncept ptua uali lisi si
an
es gn base base
huma huma
im ns onal onal mode mode made made of diff differ eren en mate materi rial al ar fo nd
phys physic ical al im ns on
ha
sefu sefu fo desi desi ni g, redesiqrunq
ti poss possib ible le info inform rmat atio io
abou abou accu accura rate te body body cont contou ours rs prop propor orti tion on
an rang rang of move moveme ment nt
th
parts,
huma huma
body body Th se 2-D and 3-D
an ki
re orma ormall ll
scales, e.q. 1:5,
se in
:1
ts ti
ti
diff diff re
perc percen enti tile le
diff diff re
rn nikm nikm
im ns on ma
re ui ed effe effect cts. s. Fo
us
To fu fi th ne fo gett gettin in
esig esig dr wi
destqns,
fo th se mi ed dime dime si na
resp respec ecti tive ve desi desi
ir en io s. Some Someti time mes, s,
purp purp ses, ses, tr ns aren aren fl
in
mate materi ri
ar
ma
used used fo ard
ts Th re ar
um ro
im tati tation on
in si
ma ik ns
om ar
it
th
ve sati sati
um
ff te tu these these marukm marukm
In
ergo ergono nomi mi
desi design gn prac practi tice ce an
eval evalua uati tion on
limite ted. d. IS limi t.
th
fo
Th us of mani manikr krns ns In
clot clot es an
or
eeti eeting ng othe othe
be atta attain ined ed an th s.
ill, ill,
Reac Reac
he rele rele an di
us be reme reme bere bere
alue alue an so
ener eneral al requ requir irem emen ents ts of dres dres
nsio nsio
fo
esig esig eval eval atio atio
esig esig
Fo ergo ergo omic omic
ay be achi achiev eved ed us ng
that that it
he dyna dyna
drmensrons
ch th
shnn shnnka kaqe qe
paid paid whil whil
si
In
thrs
II
uSing
ropo roport rt cnat cnat
rawi rawi qs of
:1 scal scal of he 5t
perc percen en il
th
50th 50th perc percen en il
(a
erag erag ),
_5 dat.a
mostly
In
yfo co ld
ad WI
he know know edge edge of he
aSIC aSIC echn echniq ique ue
~RbO",0MII
of scul sculpt ptur ure. e.
of he In ia
ad lt popu popula lati tion on
al -fem -fem le co bine bined, d, Heights qltL~t~
lG~}
ty"
16
N.l_,o
15,3
TI''',"',
'11_-.0.1
C~lvi: el
1101
M)d~ll(I\IIIIf'1
~ll./IR
ACrG1TI1cn
1J144
5upril <"i!.ef"IIiP
134c'
1p
,,'dPIJI~
Upcm ~,rnb,,' ~,rnb,,'
M?,,:.:~rm,ll)
bcdv I 1 r l ! d t : h l ,
r eell ai ai ~
'' ' '
b19
----::-?l7'-::-=-31
10
~1j.t1i
£'[}{}W
/\bd{J
rn r n . 3 1 e:i\' [:,r1',IOI"1
IN'rll',l IOWf11
1 ' l Ir , lJ a .
9~5
lm;:ll.mtE'-f
911
BUi.tl)(~ I-')(!er'lc;;ron ot ro:!dlU~
&"
8,3.1
"I r,l,o th
(,Olen
(j,1\1\€'llI1\ilr\W.1
IIr-nLl
.1.L..
--
1q)llla~d
lo"glh
1I
I
II
g", 7(1
~_'_(Y1_,"
Body Figure
MANIKINS
p e c en en td td e
h um um a
b o d y d im im e n s io io n s
MedII]
! 1 ' a llll e o h j'j' . i
Idtrrill rf'f'lIenhr"
of th SCALE
In ia
adul adul popu popula la io
le-f le-fem emal al
co bine bined, d,
1:10 mm Heights
'Y~
fi
Noel
C.er'Jltill
14
Mld·~hl}tJldpr
1448-: 1444
i\(JOrnlofl
II
S ' .l.l p l
. .lerpwr
ow
09
Abdorrr
[] oxten oxten on
104/ 104/ .... .... VVill~l
'0
--
935
T'(Xlldl1tl'!
91
8utto(~
86)
8·17
Q~
radJU!..
(!luLeal
1/1
!.(nuuJIi.'
00
perc percen enli lile le huma huma
I.p
body body dime dimens nsio ions ns
!?);H7.n"iIOn
Crot-h
837
8~
Figure
Lower k J r l i b d f
t ·A ·A e d l i
rUI
row
f Y l:l: a l e o
llJ
Ldt~! rJ r!"1~fI·pol\J~
~---
of th SCALE
nd an =0
1.10
dult dult popu popula la ion. ion.
aleale-fe fema male le co bine bined. d.
mm
Heights llJl
~I
'Str1IoJtr_'
4'7
ro--
D Q «apul. : : :. 1 P r . . . ~ 1 1 n
~94
25
2S--l---
~I
OC
U pP pP t
1{JO~
Abrlo'lw'a!
%'>1
Ll
Or
rlh"w
P11Pnt;.lr)r,
Wa,,,
gg~
LQW~r
8~9
T I~ I~ , m l" l" 1 Hunrxk P X I !f!f ' l
33:
1,,;rll0dr
. .... .nr1
!c.::l
"'"II) at
75
Crot Crotch ch anrt anrt Gluteal
69£
KI1cc<1e
"6T
MIU-Ddt~ll"
'"I9
POP"'"d
fddlU1
'06
l 1 i :) 0
/2
Body ,CI9(Hf'
MANIKINS
perc percen enti tile le huma huma
b o d d im im e n s io io n s
~'ecJ ~'ecJldl ldl me IOQlu~ IOQlu~
malloolu,
lurrow
he ndia ndia SCALE
du
op la ion, ion,
al -f
al
co bi ed
1 : 1 0 mm
Heights 1619
5~,}turt'
'SO?
yr
'470
Neel.
147G
1381 1357
illS
'3J7
rl~fC)al ' H vlvl o ;-;- "
Mld·~h')1 d o 1 - " 5 u p ltlt l s . te te rm rm . llll 1 ' Aunnll(\ti
o·
OC-l175- " 1 1 1 1
1093 ,Ql1 'OU9
SCql~'l,Jlll
',t~JIIIU"1
UPPN lcmber
Elbow
r....bdo r n I n a l
e x te te r t ~ 1 0 1 "
96,
W(j.I~r
895
Lowe,luml].;)'
S49
Troche-iter B u rr rr o c e x te te n si si o n
832
78"
01
760
rokll
696
K!luerle
57
(Jdl·.J~
c l n d GIL.Jleal
'lJITOW
rndll£iO~lJ' L at at t't' fd fd llll 1" 1" \a \a llll €{ €{ Jl Jl u
O()
Figure 55 50 perc percen enti tile le huma huma
body body duti dutien enst ston on
r:r:
th
In an du
lati lati
le fe
co
ne
1:10 mm
SCALE
Heights 146~
i3C,'t
Staturr-
r,,"O
1301
~el"
127~
Thr"dl
Ccrvrca! '216
Mld·
11 al
Auotnl(,)f"I
, D 7
;...
sternorr
Ti ')lJb
0 1 5 ca ca nu nu l
'Sternum
MaXlflrur'!' b c : r d y b re re aD aD t I e o l ~ 1 (f'O
103,
lip 01 Jdlll'
615
UD'.L~ GI\Jt~,a1 'LII rrw~
b.L::!
Kmnil",,1-'
! }j }j 4
! Hr ty li li o
74
6\
48
1)0
f'9l1(e
6 : 5 pcru pcru:n :nrl rlle le huma huma
MANIKINS
body dimensions.
-'~(Jl.1"",I eolus at
c)
molllc-nl~
----
o f h e I nd nd ia ia n a du du l p o pu pu la la t o n , m a le le - e m a SCALE
c o rn rn b n ed ed .
mm
Heights f'
13~S
' I~ I~ ( !
30
N"'~
un
TO'Q"'
l~ 1-
t t =' =' I . . .1 . : - 1
n-sno
!lIE; 1}1S
/'\uofnlon
T i l > of >,"PIJld
1017
Sub
1070
9 Vi/.lXImLJI""
!Jorl'l !Jorl'l Lir'rl Lir'rlll ll r~lilXl!l'd
UIc!e!
~llpjn ...~rt ~rt'LIIn
s.le l1urri
f7wer lurub-r
76
Trocharuer
?L"l6
Bullock
7{)3
r,
€'XlIPI1'5fon
ot racius
_ C Imen 5·Jt:·
G2
41
JI,'
-r-
G.lll~a1
r~JlIIW'''
xnuckle
, J p ar ar el el ' Pnplll€al
ra
mallcQlu~
00
Body weight 40 Kg. Figure
DI
perc percen enti tile le huma huma
AN
ME
body body dime dimenS nSio ions ns
D IM IM E
FOH
GO OM
DE GN
--------
dy
ovem ovem nt
ange ange
Wh
ikin ikin
join join move moveme ment nt
(Fig (Fig 58-6 58-61) 1) th ug
hese hese rang ranges es a r - e
re
ar in acro acroba bati tics cs an spor sports ts shou should ld be cons consid ider ered ed Appr Approp opri riat at ma be leve levell lled ed on th
40°
XlenSI()I~
.'
Lumbar extension
40
Hip extension
Lumbar bending le "--
o t t io io n
...-
10'_
40"
20"
70"
45"
90°
n b a I le le x io io n
Kne Ilexio Ilexio Silting 90'
hi
45~
40°
Head Ile)(IOI1
_(Q:Y' .....
;...
Shank rotation knee
stop stoppe pers rs and! and! or ma king king
mani maniki kinn-pa part rts. s.
--(jJ), ......
le
Le
ba
le hip
essis: at
fill,€,
SOu
2S'
ront
Down Lateral
latera!
Medial
45" 5"
-.
90"Wlth s h a n k rotation ix e d s h an an k Q U A L f ix
-
1_
Figure 58, Scbe Scbeme met« t« ciia ciiagr gram am show showmg mg move moveme ment nt rang rangp: p:
In
norr norrns ns cond condit itio ions ns
(let (lett) t) >Ian >Iandi ding ng Iron Iron elev elevet etio ion, n,
(ngh (nghtJ tJ stan standi ding ng Side Side elev elevat atio io
Ad~JClion
45"
I/-=___'~ right
Figure 59, S ch ch em em e t coro corone ne plan plan
MANIKINS
an
d ia ia or or am am s s ho ho w in in g m o v em em e n
tenqe«
head head rotation, (rig (right ht body body rotation
(Iell) forear forear n or or m a ! c on on d ilil lo lo n5 n5 , (Iell)
movettwni
In
th
____,,_,_.
-
r,~
H y pe pe r e x te te ns ns io io n 1 0 back
Flgt Flgtlr lr
60 Sche Schema mati ti
(mid (middl dle) e) uppe uppe ar
diag diagra rams ms show showin in move moveme ment nt
In
ovem ovemen en
t h s ag ag llll a
Idng Idnges es in norm normal al coru coruhu huon ons, s, (/ it) ar
i an an e ( r g ht ht ) 3 60 60 " a r
r ot ot at at io io n
Suom Suomat atro ro
LJln"H
flex flexIO IO at ti,e elbow.
Pron Pronat atio io
65" blenslon
80" Flexion
Figure
Sche Sche atic atic diag diagra rams ms show showin in
(mid (middl dle) e) palm palmar ar flex flexio io
an
move move en
exte extens nsio ion, n, (rig (right ht
rang ranges es il norm normal al cond condiu iuor or«, «, (lef (left) t) palm palmar ar devi deviet etio ion, n,
tist tist rota rotati tion on
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5-
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fo dime dimens nsio ions ns of spac spac fo huma huma
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ic
io
sc
acti activi viti ties es (196 (1969) 9)
ch ld
se
IS
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se
ir
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fT
Hi
oo
INDEX
fo
-
nt ri rs and
om
AdJu AdJust stab abil il ty
134
-range
-dir -direc ec
-rests, 127
04
Behaviou ral
meth method od
-ind -indir irec ec
17
meth method od
-mea -measu suri ring ng
proc proced edur ur
15
-methodology
-postural
16
consideration
-smoothening
freq freque uenc nc
15 dist distri ribu buti tion on
25
Body Body plan planes es
Anthropometry -Amel'ican
an 34, 99
-weight -a plic plicat atio io
guid guid
96
Body Body Soma Somato toty type pe -activity
-in India
12
patterns
-cross-legged -finger
70
-sratic
59-61 -squattmq
83-84
Bure Bureau au of Indi Indian an Stan Standa dard rd
(815,
14,
~...--
-
-d
ensi ension on st nd ng
0-42 0-42 -sta -stand nd ng 38-3 38-3 -app -apphc hcat atio ions ns
11
-erg -ergon onom omic ic aspe aspect ct
-sittinq 62-65 Clea Cleara ranc nc (als (als se al ow nces nces
121, 121,
106106-10 10
-implications rn
25
-pro -produ duct cts, s, equi equipm pmen en -c rn ur ra io
13
acce access ssor orie ie
pers pers ns 11
alue alue (spa (space ce ee in
39
Dimensions
pers person onal al spac spac
Disp Dispro ropo port rtio iona nate te deve develo lopm pmen enta ta
Educ Educat atio iona na inst instit itut utes es an -arc -archn hnec ec ural ural
102102-10 10
37
-psy -psych ch lo ical ical be we Co ou re lect lect nc
an
deal dealin in
10
ec iv
gro
139
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13
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10
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13 95
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52
138
13
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65
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96
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82-83 30 Hidden psycholoqical
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