International Relations ２: Notes
David Wessels
国際関係論２：ノート
デヴィッド・ウェッセルズ
Copyright © 2009 by b y David Wessels © 禁無断転載 David Wessels Sophia University 7-1 Kioicho, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 102-8554 Japan
〒102-8554
東京都千代田区紀尾井町 7-1 上智大学
http://www.sophia.ac.jp
International Relations ２: Notes
David Wessels
国際関係論２：ノート
デヴィッド・ウェッセルズ
2009
I NTERNATI ONAL RELATI ONS 2 Tabl e of Cont ent s For Fur t her Readi ng
2 E
Chapt er 1
I nt r oduct i on
3 E
Chapt er 2
I n Sear ch of Theor y
4 E
Chapt er 3
Real i sm
6 E
Chapt er 4
Peacekeepi ng Oper at i ons
8 E
Chapt er 5
Pl ur al i sm
10 E
Chapt er 6
The I dea of Human Ri ght s
12 E
Chapt er 7
Gl obal i sm
14 E
Chapt er 8
The Movement of Peopl e
16 E
and I nt er nat i onal Rel at i ons Chapt er 9
Gl obal i zat i on: Li ght and Shadow
18 E
Chapt er 10
Gover nance
20 E
Chapt er 11
An Axi s f or Theor y: Cooper at i on and Conf l i ct
22 E
Chapt er 12
A Human I mage of I nt er nat i onal Rel at i ons
24 E
Chapt er 13
Const r uct i vi sm
1 E
26 E
For Fur t her Readi ng *Paul R. Vi ot t i and Mar k V. Kauppi , I nt er nat i onal Rel at i ons Theor y: Real i s m, Pl ur al i s m, Gl obal i s m, 2nd ed. ( NewYor k: Macmi l l an, 1993) * Rober t O. Keohane and J oseph S. Nye, Power and I nt er dependence, 3r d ed. ( New Yor k: Longman, 2001) Shel don Ander son, et al . , I nt er nat i onal St udi es : An I nt er di sci pl i nar y Appr oach t o Gl obal I ssues ( West vi ew Pr ess, 2008) Edwar d Keene, I nt er nat i onal Pol i t i c al Thought ( Pol i t y Pr ess, 2005) Er i c O. Hanson, Rel i gi on and Pol i t i c s i n t he I nt er nat i onal Sys t em Today ( Cambr i dge Uni ver si t y Pr ess, 2006)
2 E
I nt er nat i onal Rel at i ons 2 Chapt er 1
I nt r oduct i on 1. The not es i n t he f ol l owi ng chapt er s ar e meant as l ect ur e not es f or t he second t er m of
an i nt r oduct or y cour se i n I nt er nat i onal
Rel at i ons at t he uni ver si t y l evel . di s t r i but ed s et
of
They f ol l ow on a pr evi ousl y
not es ent i t l ed “ I nt er nat i onal
Rel at i ons 1:
Not es, ” by t he same aut hor . 2. The f i r st t er m’ s f ocus was on t he hi st or y and concept s t hat ar e t he basi s of t he st udy of i nt er nat i onal
r el at i ons t oday.
These
bui l di ng bl ocks of cont empor ar y t heor y ar e t he f oundat i on f or t he sur vey of t heor i es and appr oaches t hat i s f ound i n t hese pages.
These
not es ar e not an exhaust i ve r epor t on al l cur r ent t heor i es, but a gui de t o t he appr oaches t hat t heor i st s of i nt er nat i onal r el at i ons t oday t ake t o t hei r f i el d. 3.
The
cat egor i es
“r eal i sm, ”
“pl ur al i sm, ”
and
“gl obal i sm”
cor r espond t o t he t hr ee “i mages” t hat Paul Vi ot t i and Mar k Kauppi us ed i n t he f i r s t , s ec ond, and t hi r d edi t i ons of t hei r t ext book I nt er nat i onal Rel at i ons Theor y: Real i sm, Pl ur al i sm, Gl obal i sm( t h e t hi r d edi t i on added t he wor ds “and Beyond” t o t he t i t l e) . a pedagogi cal
pur pose:
They have
t o pr ovi de a sui t abl e f r amewor k i n an
i nt r oduct or y cour se f or expl ai ni ng t he di ver se and compl ex t heor i es of
schol ar s.
Empi r i cal
cases
ar e
used
to
i l l ust r at e
t hese
cat egor i es. 4. At t he begi nni ng of t he 21st cent ur y, t her e i s wi despr ead use of concept s and i deas about i nt er nat i onal r el at i ons t heor y t hat do not f i t easi l y i nt o t he st andar d cat egor i es.
Some of t hese- - f or exampl e,
gl obal i zat i on and gover nance- - ar e al so i nt r oduced i n a manner s ui t abl e f or t hi s cour s e. 5. Thi s second t er mcour se, t her ef or e, moves f r omgener al concept s t o t he t heor i es t hat empl oy t hose concept s and t o new i deas t hat ar e bei ng used t o under st and t he changi ng pat t er ns of gl obal pol i t i cs and i nt er nat i onal r el at i ons .
3 E
I nt er nat i onal Rel at i ons 2 Chapt er 2
I n Sear ch of Theor y 1. I nt er nat i onal r el at i ons i s t he obj ect of our st udy, wher eas t he f i el d ( or di s ci pl i ne) of i nt er nat i onal
r el at i ons ( al s o known as
“i nt er nat i onal r el at i ons t heor y” or “I . R. ”) i s what we know about t hat obj ect t hr ough our i deas and i nt el l ect . *The hi st or y of t hought pr ovi des cl ues f or our st udy. * We can f i nd out what we need t o st udy by consi der i ng what peopl e t hr oughout t he wor l d ar e i nt er est ed i n. * A br oad ( or gener al ) under st andi ng and knowl edge of par t i cul ar t hemes ar e bot h needed. *To communi cat e how we under st and i nt er nat i onal r el at i ons, l anguage, concept s, and t heor i es ar e essent i al . 2. A r evi ew of some key concept s used by t heor i st s: *The st at e and ot her act or s *Mi l i t ar y secur i t y, economi c i nt er dependence, pr ot ect i on of human r i ght s, ot her goal s *The f or ei gn pol i cy of st at es *The i nt er nat i onal syst em *Nor ms of act i on 3. Vi ot t i and Kauppi summar i ze wi del y known t heor i es of t he f i el d t hr ough
t hr ee
“i mages”
of
i nt er nat i onal
r el at i ons:
r eal i sm,
pl ur al i sm, gl obal i sm. *Par t i cul ar t heor i es, t o a gr eat er or l esser degr ee, f i t t hese i mages. *Some t heor i es ar e ecl ect i c, and r esear ch based on t hem f i t s sever al of t he i mages. *The i mages t hemsel ves ar e not speci f i c t heor i es.
Rat her ,
by usi ng t he i mages i n a t heor et i cal way, we can under st and i nt er nat i onal r el at i ons bet t er . * The t hr ee i mages over l ap t o some ext ent . common r oot s i n t he hi st or y of t hought .
4 E
They shar e some
I nt er nat i onal Rel at i ons 2 Chapt er 3
Real i s m 1. Assumpt i ons * Anal yt i c uni t : s t at e i s t he pr i nc i pal ac t or . * Vi ew of ac t or : s t at e i s uni t ar y ac t or . * Behavi or al dynami c : i n i t s f or ei gn pol i c y, t he s t at e i s a r at i onal act or seeki ng t o maxi mi ze i t s own i nt er es t or obj ec t i ves . *I ssues: nat i onal secur i t y i ssues ar e most i mpor t ant . 2. Precursors *Thucydi des, Machi avel l i , Hobbes *Gr ot i us: mai nt enance of or der bet ween st at es t hr ough nor ms of i nt er nat i onal l aw *Cl ausewi t z: a st at e’ s mi l i t ar y obj ect i ves ar e i mpor t ant , but s ubor di nat e t o l ar ger pol i t i c al obj ec t i ves . *E. H. Car r : The Twent y Year s’ Cr i si s: 1919- 1939 3. Power *Def i ni t i on: sever al el ement s ( 1) Absol ut e power and r el at i ve power ( 2) St at i c power and dynami c power ( 3) Resour ces and out comes * Meas ur ement ( 1) Char act er i s t i cs ( capabi l i t i es ) of t he s t at e ( e. g. , Mor gent hau’ s) ( 2) Mat er i al f ac t or s , ps yc hol ogi c al f ac t or s ( 3) I s i t r eal l y pos s i bl e t o pr es ume a uni t ar y st at e? ( 4) Uni ver sal measur ement s of power ; power r el at ed t o t i me, pl ace, and i ssue
6
E
4. Syst em *The concept of bal ance * Sys t em as di s t r i but i on of c har ac t er i s t i c s vs . s ys t em as i nt er act i on * I s t he i nt er nat i onal s ys t em a l ar ge c ol l ec t i on of bi - s t at e r el at i ons ( dyadi c s t r uc t ur e) or a c ondi t i on of t he whol e? *Anar chy and t he st r uct ur e of i nt er nat i onal r el at i ons * The pr i nc i pl e of s el f - hel p *Rousseau’ s st ag hunt f abl e 5. Vul ner abi l i t y: i mbal ance bet ween st r ong and weak act or s *Mi l i t ar y ( sci ence and t echnol ogy, weapons, or gani zat i on, s cal e, l eader s hi p) *Exampl es: t he Russi an bor der ; t he U. S. A. i n Lat i n Amer i ca *Economi c f act or s ( f ood, oi l , advanced t echnol ogy) : exampl es of t he Gr eat Depr essi on and t he Mi ddl e East *The hegemoni c st at e: a sour ce of peace and st abi l i t y, or an obj ect of f ear and envy?
7
E
I nt er nat i onal Rel at i ons 2 Chapt er 4
Peacekeepi ng Oper at i ons 1. The wor d “peace” i s used i n many l anguages t o i ndi cat e a r ange of ac t i vi t i es and c ondi t i ons r el at ed t o i ndi vi dual s , f ami l i es , soci et y, and i nt er nat i onal mat t er s. * The Hebr ew wor d “shal om” i s a f amous gr eet i ng of peace. *”Peace” i s par t i cul ar l y cont r ast ed t o i nt er st at e war and conf l i ct . * L i ber at i on, s ol i dar i t y, s t r at egy f or val ue at t ai nment 2. ”Peace r esear ch” and “conf l i ct r esol ut i on” ar e f i el ds deal i ng wi t h i ss ues of peace i n an academi c or r esear ch envi r onment . * The causes of war *Ear l y r esear ch: Q. Wr i ght , P. Sor oki n, L. Ri char dson *J ohan Gal t ung’ s t heor y of “i mper i al i sm” *Negat i ve peace ( absence of war ) and posi t i ve peace ( ec onomi c wel f ar e, s oc i al j us t i c e, pol i t i c al f r eedom) *Speci al condi t i ons of t he Col d War , condi t i ons af t er t he Col d War *A wi de r ange of pol i ci es: f r om pr epar at i ons f or war and det er r ence st r at egy t o di sar mament and peacef ul r es ol ut i on of conf l i ct s *Post - Col d War i ssues: pr event i ve di pl omacy and conf l i ct pr event i on 3. Nor mat i ve posi t i ons on peace and war * Paci f i sm * Hol y war *J ust war : j us i n bel l o, j us ad bel l um *Condi t i ons f or j ust war : j ust cause; compet ent aut hor i t y; c ompar at i ve j us t i c e; r i ght i nt ent i on; l as t r es or t ; pr obabi l i t y of s uc ces s; pr opor t i onal i t y
8
E
4. Peace- bui l di ng * Conf l i ct r es ol ut i on *Measur es of conf i dence bui l di ng and secur i t y bui l di ng *Cont r ol of t he ar ms t r ade *Economi c conver si on ( f r om mi l i t ar y t o ci vi l i an use) * Ar ms cont r ol , di sar mament 5. Uni t ed Nat i ons peacekeepi ng oper at i ons *Means avai l abl e t o t he Uni t ed Nat i ons ( Cf . : Bout r os Bout r os- Ghal i , An Agenda f or Peace ( J ul y 17, 1992) and Suppl ement t o An Agenda f or Peace( J anuar y 3, 1995) : Pr event i ve di pl omacy Peacemaki ng Peace- keepi ng Pos t - c onf l i c t peac e- bui l di ng Di sar mament Sanct i ons Enf or cement act i on *Consul t at i on bet ween t he U. N. and nat i onal gover nment s; cooper at i on bet ween t he U. N. and r egi onal or gani zat i ons ( exampl es) : Consul t at i on Di pl omat i c suppor t Oper at i onal suppor t Co- depl oyment J oi nt oper at i ons *Uni t ed Nat i ons Peacekeepi ng Oper at i ons ( PKO) Cont empor ar y peacekeepi ng oper at i ons J apan and peacekeepi ng f or ces
9
E
I nt er nat i onal Rel at i ons 2 Chapt er 5
Pl ur al i sm 1. Assumpt i ons *Anal yt i c uni t : st at e and nonst at e act or s ar e i mpor t ant . *Vi ew of act or s: st at e di saggr egat ed i nt o component s; some may oper at e t r ansnat i onal l y. *Behavi or al dynami cs: f or ei gn pol i cymaki ng and t r ansnat i onal pr ocesses i nvol ve conf l i ct , bar gai ni ng, coal i t i on, and compr omi se—not necessar i l y r esul t i ng i n opt i mal out comes. *I ssues: mul t i pl e agenda wi t h soci oeconomi c or wel f ar e i ssues as, or mor e, i mpor t ant t han nat i onal secur i t y. 2. Precursors *J ohn Locke and l i ber al i sm * 19t h cent ur y ut i l i t ar i ani s m * I nt er es t gr oup l i ber al i s m and Amer i c an pol i t i c s *J ames Madi son, Al exi s de Tocquevi l l e, Ar t hur Bent l ey, Davi d Tr uman, Loui s Har t z *Har ol d Lasswel l , Rober t Dahl 3. Deci si on maki ng t heor y *Behavi or al i sm ( Snyder , Rosenau) *Per cept i ons and t he psychol ogy of smal l gr oups: why do deci si on maker s under t ake i r r at i onal act i ons? *Gr aham Al l i son’ s t hr ee model s: ( 1) Rat i onal act or model ( 2) Or gani zat i onal pr ocess model ( 3) Bur eaucr at i c pol i t i cs model *The i nt er act i on of i nt er nat i onal pol i t i cs and domest i c pol i t i cs ( 1)
10 E
Li nkage pol i t i cs ( Rosenau)
I nt er nat i onal Rel at i ons 2 Chapt er 6
The I dea of Human Ri ght s 1. I nt er nat i onal bi l l of human r i ght s *Uni t ed Nat i ons Char t er ( 1945) : Pr eambl e; Ar t i cl es 1, 55, 56 *Uni ver sal Decl ar at i on of Human Ri ght s ( 1948) : Pr eambl e and 30 Ar t i cl es *I nt er nat i onal Covenant on Economi c, Soci al , and Cul t ur al Ri ght s ( adopt ed 1966; i n f or ce 1976) *I nt er nat i onal Covenant on Ci vi l and Pol i t i cal Ri ght s ( adopt ed 1966; i n f or ce 1976) +Fi r s t Opt i onal Pr ot oc ol ( i ndi vi dual pet i t i ons ) +Second Opt i onal Pr ot ocol ( abol i t i on of deat h penal t y) 2. Ac t i vi t i es of t he Uni t ed Nat i ons *Promot i on and pr ot ect i on by i nt er nat i onal or gani zat i ons * Human Ri ght s Commi ssi on of t he Economi c and Soci al Counci l * 1503 Pr ocedur e * Wor l d Conf er ence on Human Ri ght s ( Vi enna Decl ar at i on and Pl an of Act i on, J une 1993) *Of f i ce of t he Uni t ed Nat i ons Hi gh Commi ss i oner f or Human Ri ght s ( 1994) *Est abl i shment of t he Uni t ed Nat i ons Human Ri ght s Counci l ( 2006) 3. Human r i ght s di pl omacy *The Hel si nki Pr ocess *For ei gn pol i cy of Pr esi dent Car t er * Ti ed ai d *Char t er of Par i s f or a New Eur ope ( 1990)
12 E
4. I nt er nat i onal pr ot ect i on of human r i ght s * I nt er nat i onal l aw: par t i c ul ar t r eat i es *Regi onal i nt er nat i onal or gani zat i ons +Eur ope: Eur opean Convent i on on Human Ri ght s and Fundament al Fr eedoms ( si gned 1950; i n f or ce 1953) ; Eur opean Commi ssi on of Human Ri ght s; Eur opean Cour t of Human Ri ght s +The Amer i cas : Amer i can Convent i on on Human Ri ght s ( adopt ed 1969; i n f or ce 1978) ; I nt er - Amer i can Commi ss i on of Human Ri ght s; I nt er - Amer i can Cour t of Human Ri ght s +Af r i ca: Af r i can Char t er on Human and Peopl es’ Ri ght s ( Banj ul Char t er ; adopt ed 1981; i n f or ce 1986) ; Af r i can Commi ssi on on Human and Peopl es’ Ri ght s *The r ol e of nongover nment al or gani zat i ons ( NGOs) 5. Uni ver sal i t y and par t i cul ar i t y of human r i ght s * Can t her e be “Asi an human r i ght s” ? *I sl am and human r i ght s *Can t her e be a mor at or i um on human r i ght s? ( di ct at or i al r egi mes f or economi c gr owt h and ot her r easons) * Ri ght s and r es pons i bi l i t i es 6. Human r i ght s and human secur i t y ( st at ement of t he pr obl em) : Humans bei ngs al ways seek secur i t y.
Unt i l now, st at es
guar ant eed t he secur i t y of t hei r peopl e t hr ough mi l i t ar y act i ons. Def ense and war pr event i on wer e t hought t o be a pr i nci pal r ol e f or t he st at e.
But af t er t he Col d War , t hr eat s t o secur i t y ar e t hought
t o ar i s e f r om c i vi l
( i nt er nal
or
domes t i c )
war s ,
t er r or i s m,
vi ol at i ons of human r i ght s, economi c i nst abi l i t y, and pr obl ems of i dent i t y and ot her mat t er s , r at her t han f r om c l as s i c i nt er - s t at e ( i nt er nat i onal ) war s.
We see human bei ngs r at her t han st at es as t he
cent er of secur i t y t heor y. of t hi s new wor l dvi ew.
13 E
Human r i ght s ar e an i mpor t ant concept
I nt er nat i onal Rel at i ons 2 Chapt er 7
Gl obal i s m 1. Assumpt i ons * Anal yt i c uni t s : c l as s es , s t at es , s oc i et i es , and nons t at e act or s oper at e as par t of wor l d capi t al i st syst em. *Vi ew of act or s: i nt er nat i onal r el at i ons vi ewed f r om hi s t or i c al per s pec t i ve, es pec i al l y t he c ont i nuous devel opment of wor l d capi t al i sm. *Behavi or al dynami c: f ocus i s on pat t er ns of domi nance wi t hi n and bet ween soci et i es. *I ssues: economi c f act or s ar e most i mpor t ant . 2. Precursors *Kar l Mar x: hi st or i cal devel opment of capi t al i sm, t he pr ol et ar i an r evol ut i on *J ohn A. Hobson: capi t al i sm l eads t o i mper i al i sm, whi ch br i ngs on s t r uc t ur al expl oi t at i on. * V. I . L eni n: i mper i al i s m as t he hi ghes t s t age of capi t al i sm 3. Theor i es r el at ed t o t he gl obal i sm i mage * Dependency t heor y Moder ni z at i on ( i ndus t r i al i z at i on) br i ngs on expl oi t at i on and dependency. The anal ysi s of cas es i n Lat i n Amer i ca *Wor l d- syst em t heor y I mmanuel Wal l er st ei n’ s di st i nct i on bet ween “wor l d empi r e” and “wor l d economy. ” Fr om ar ound 1500 A. D. , we have ent er ed t he age of t he ( capi t al i st ) wor l d economy. I nequal i t i es ar i s e f r om t he di vi s i on of l abor and t he di st r i but i on of pr oduct i on.
14 E
4. Change * The i dea of c yc l es ( c yc l i c al pat t er ns ) i n t he hi s t or y of i nt er nat i onal r el at i ons St r uc t ur al i nt er pr et at i ons of hi s t or y The hypot hesi s of t he r i se and f al l of t he gr eat power s *Changes i n t he i nt er nat i onal economy Changes i n t he r ank or posi t i on of act or s and r egi ons Gr owt h and cont r act i on of capi t al i sm * Change i n t he wor l d c api t al i s t s ys t em i t s el f The r ol e of i deas; t he poss i bi l i t y of r evol ut i on Soc i al i s m as a s ubs t i t ut e New pol i t i cal agenda: a t hi r d way? 5. Quest i ons f or eval uat i on * Can i deas change t he wor l d? * I s t her e a r ol e f or cr i t i cal t heor y t o pl ay i n i nt er nat i onal r el at i ons t heor y? *What i s t he r el at i ve wei ght of t he i nt er nat i onal st r uct ur es and domest i c condi t i ons ( st at e, soci et y, economy) i n under devel opment ? *How can we compar e t he ef f ect s of mi l i t ar y, pol i t i cal , economi c, and cul t ur al cont act s among peopl es, st at es, and r egi ons? *Can an under st andi ng of “gl obal i sm” hel p us t o eval uat e cont empor ar y “gl obal i zat i on”?
15 E
I nt er nat i onal Rel at i ons 2 Chapt er 8
The Movement of Peopl e and I nt er nat i onal Rel at i ons 1. The movement of peopl e i n human hi st or y * Human or i gi ns and movement * Agr i cul t ur e, ci vi l i z at i on, l anguage, hi s t or y * Epi demi cs and ger ms 2. Pr i or t o moder n i nt er nat i onal r el at i ons *Cl assi cal Gr eece * The Roman er a *The Age of Di scover i es 3. Moder n i nt er nat i onal r el at i ons * St at es and t er r i t or y * L and, c i t i es , popul at i on, t r ans por t , pr oduc t i on *Medi ci ne, sci ence, t echnol ogy 4. The nat i on- st at e and i mmi gr at i on *Tr ends f r om t he 19t h cent ur y *War and di spl aced per sons, exi l es * Labor mi gr at i on and economi c devel opment * I nt er nal movement and i nt er nat i onal movement 5. I nt er nat i onal r ef ugee pr ot ec t i on and ai d i ns t i t ut i ons i n t he 20t h cent ur y *Fr i dt j of Nansen af t er Wor l d War I * The Uni t ed Nat i ons Hi gh Commi ss i oner f or Ref ugees ( UNHCR) af t er Wor l d War I I * Exi l es and t he movement of peopl e dur i ng t he Col d War * Expanded r ol e of t he UNHCR *The Ber l i n Wal l ; t he Hel si nki Pr ocess ( CSCE) and t he movement of peopl e; movement of peopl e i n 1989 * Ref ugees af t er t he Col d War
16 E
6. Mi gr at i on and l abor mi gr at i on *Cont r ol s over l eavi ng and ent er i ng count r i es * The EU and t he movement of peopl e ( Amst er dam Tr eat y) *Mul t i nat i onal ent er pr i ses and l abor mi gr ant s *St at e boundar i es and domest i c soci et y 7. Cont empor ar y i ss ues *Gl obal i zat i on and t he movement of peopl e *Asyl um seeker s * An et hi cal cr i s i s * Sec ur i t y and s oc i al s t abi l i t y *Mi gr ant l abor and nat i onal i t y l aws *Ter r or i sm and human r i ght s
17 E
I nt er nat i onal Rel at i ons 2 Chapt er 9
Gl obal i zat i on: Li ght and Shadow 1.
What i s gl obal i zat i on? *Mat er i al aspect s Communi cat i on and t r anspor t at i on Manuf act ur i ng and f i nance Movement of peopl e and goods St andar di zat i on I nst i t ut i onal l i nks Ecol ogi cal commons *I mmat er i al aspect s Cl oseness of i dent i f i cat i on and val ues Cul t ur al ( i ncl udi ng l i ngui s t i c) s i mi l ar i t i es Symbol s of pol i t i cs and or gani zat i on Shar ed i deas and i deol ogi es
2.
Thr ee t ypes of gl obal i zat i on ( based on Rober t Kudr l e) *Communi cat i on gl obal i zat i on Economi c ef f ect Cul t ur al ef f ec t Compar i son ef f ect *Mar ket gl obal i zat i on Tr ade Capi t al mobi l i t y Labor mobi l i t y Opt i ons f or st at es * Di r ect gl obal i z at i on The envi r onment al “commons” Ot her publ i c goods: “exi st ence val ue” Labor r i ght s and human r i ght s Enf or cement pat t er ns and i ss ues
18 E
3.
I nt er nat i onal r el at i ons and gl obal i z at i on *Fr om sover ei gnt y t o t r anssover ei gnt y Ter r or i sm Cr i mi nal gangs I nf ec t i ous di s eas e New act or s, new nor ms, new r egi mes, new net wor ks *I nt er nat i onal
or gani zat i ons at t he end of t he t went i et h
cent ur y St at es and beyond I nt er nat i onal ci vi l s er vi ce I nt er act i ons wi t h nongover nment al or gani zat i ons Ref or m of t he Uni t ed Nat i ons New r ound of negot i at i ons i n WTO Gover nance by i nt er nat i onal conf er ences * Ci vi l soci et y Mul t i nat i onal cor por at i ons NGOs Par t i ci pat i on and democr at i zat i on 4. Eval uat i ng gl obal i zat i on: l i ght and shadow *Rescue f r ompover t y vs. i ncr easi ng gap bet ween r i ch and poor *Advanced medi cal t r eat ment vs. epi demi cs on a gl obal scal e *Pol i ci es t o pr ot ect t he envi r onment vs. gl obal envi r onment al pol l ut i on and war mi ng *The good and bad si des of t he i nf or mat i on soci et y
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I nt er nat i onal Rel at i ons 2 Chapt er 10
Gover nance 1.
Hi st or i cal backgr ound *Eur ope’ s syst em of st at es *Fr om empi r es t o decol oni zat i on *Emer gence of uni ver sal i nt er nat i onal or gani zat i ons i n t he 20t h cent ur y *Rel i gi ous gr oups *Busi ness cor por at i ons *Al l i ances and r egi onal or gani zat i ons
2.
Concept s *Gover nabi l i t y and gover nance * Good gover nance *I nt er nat i onal gover nance *Gl obal gover nance * Regi mes * Cogover nance
3.
The gover nance agenda * Envi r onment —sust ai nabl e devel opment * Ref or m of i nt er nat i onal or gani z at i ons *I nt er vent i on when human r i ght s ar e vi ol at ed * Bor der s and t he movement of peopl e *Cr i mi nal j ust i ce—t he I nt er nat i onal Cr i mi nal Cour t *NGO net wor ks and i nt er nat i onal deci si on- maki ng *Peacebui l di ng and peacekeepi ng * I nt el l ec t ual pr oper t y r i ght s *St r uct ur es f or wor l d t r ade and f i nance * Human and pl ant genet i cs
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I nt er nat i onal Rel at i ons 2 Chapt er 11
An Axi s f or Theor y: Cooper at i on and Conf l i ct 1. Lear ni ng by cont r ast and compar i son *The same human behavi or can have di f f er ent meani ngs i n i nt er nat i onal r el at i ons *Di al ect i cal t hi nki ng pr ocess: we l ear n f r om opposi t es *We of t en vi ew cont empor ar y wor l d pol i t i cs i n t er ms of an axi s wi t h pol es: hi gh pol i t i cs/ l ow pol i t i cs; power / val ues; cooper at i on/ conf l i ct 2. A t r adi t i onal way of l ooki ng at i nt er nat i onal r el at i ons i s t hat of an ar ena i n whi ch nat i on- st at es ar e engaged i n conf l i ct , st r uggl e, compet i t i on. *The East - West conf r ont at i on af t er Wor l d War I I *The Nor t h- Sout h per spect i ve on t he i nt er nat i onal pol i t i cal economy *Game t heor i st s speak of zer o- sum games and non- zer o- sum games 3. Common symbol s and nor ms i n moder n i nt er nat i onal r el at i ons ar e usef ul f or cooper at i on. *Mut ual r ecogni t i on of sover ei gnt y *Di pl omat i c pr ot ocol and behavi or *I nt er nat i onal cust omand t r eat i es: t he l aw of i nt er nat i onal soci et y *Est abl i shment and gr owt h of i nt er nat i onal or gani zat i ons 4. The r el at i onshi p of t he U. S. S. R. and U. S. A. dur i ng t he Col d War demonst r at es t he compl ex char act er of i nt er nat i onal i nt er act i ons. *They changed f r om al l i es t o enemi es, t hen ent er ed i nt o a per i od of dét ent e. Then, af t er anot her per i od of t ensi ons i n t he l at e 1970s and ear l y 1980s, t hey f i nal l y br ought an end t o t he Col d War ( “Fr om Yal t a t o Mal t a”)
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and i n t he C. S. C. E. t hey adopt ed t he Char t er of Par i s f or a New Eur ope. *Mut ual r ecogni t i on of “spher es of i nf l uence” dur i ng t he Col d War *Avoi dance of di r ect ar med conf l i ct : Cuba mi ssi l e cr i si s; pr oxy war s *Common ef f or t s at ar ms cont r ol and di sar mament 5. New pat t er ns *Conf l i ct s and gover nance af t er t he Col d War *Cooper at i on and conf l i ct af t er Sept ember 11, 2001 6. Economi c cooper at i on *Pol i cy coor di nat i on among maj or count r i es t hr ough O. E. C. D. and G- 7 ( G- 8) Summi t s *Use of i nt er nat i onal i nst i t ut i ons ( e. g. , Wor l d Bank, I . M. F. , G. A. T. T. , W. T. O. ) af t er Wor l d War I I *Recogni t i on of conver gence of i nt er est s or common i nt er est s i n cooper at i ve behavi or or r egi mes *Regi onal economi c or gani zat i ons di spl ay bot h cooper at i on and compet i t i on. *The
f i nanci al
cr i si s
of
2008- 2009
and
subsequent
i nt er nat i onal negot i at i ons on a new i nt er nat i onal f i nanci al r egi me 7. Mi l i t ar y and pol i t i cal af f ai r s *Tr adi t i onal pat t er ns such as t he bal ance of power and al l i ances exhi bi t bot h conf l i ct and cooper at i on. *Hegemoni c power : Pax Romana / Br i t t ani ca / Amer i cana, et c. *The Conf er ence on Secur i t y and Cooper at i on i n Eur ope ( C. S. C. E. ; Or gani zat i on f or Secur i t y and Cooper at i on i n Eur ope, or O. S. C. E. , si nce 1995) shows t he i nt er t wi ni ng of cooper at i ve and conf l i ct ual r el at i onshi ps. Can i t be a model f or ot her r egi ons? *Expansi on of NATO and NATO’ s cooper at i ve r el at i onshi p ( par t ner shi p) wi t h Russi a
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I nt er nat i onal Rel at i ons 2 Chapt er 12
A Human I mage of I nt er nat i onal Rel at i ons 1. Cul t ur es ar e essent i al f or peopl e l i vi ng t oget her , i n smal l gr oups, i n l ar ger communi t i es, and at t he l evel of i nt er nat i onal soci et y. *Human l anguages pr ovi de a basi s f or shar ed di scour se. *Thought , i magi nat i on, and i deas pr ovi de common meani ngs. *Val ues uni t e peopl e acr oss space and t i me, t hr ough communi t i es based on r el i gi on, pol i t i cs, and wor l dvi ews. 2. Soc i al cons t r uct i vi s m of f er s a vi ew of i nt er nat i onal r el at i ons ( and ot her soci al i nt er act i ons) t hat emphasi zes human agency. *St r uct ur es ar e seen not as gi vens but as pr oduct s of human t hought and wi l l . *St at es, i nt er nat i onal or gani zat i ons, busi ness ent er pr i ses, and ot her associ at i ons ar e al l const r ucted i nst i t ut i ons. *Thi s hi ghl i ght s f actors di f f er ent f r om mat er i al condi t i ons, r esour ces, and capabi l i t i es. *Pr ef er ences and i nt er est s ar e changeabl e, and i ndeed r ef l ect deeper human meani ngs and val ues. 3. Di scour se, r het or i c, and l anguage ar e means by whi ch we under st and and shar e human meani ngs and val ues. * Tr adi t i onal r het or i cal di s t i nct i ons Logos: t he r eal m of r at i onal under st andi ng ( of t he mat t er i t s el f ) Et hos: t he mor al val ues of j udgment and choi ce ( of t he subj ect )
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Pat hos: emot i onal aspect s of di scour se ( i n i nt er act i on wi t h ot her s) *A post - moder ni st f or m of deconst r uct i on may separ at e var i ous meani ngs f ound i n t ext s and subt ext s. *Language i s r el at ed t o our knowl edge of t he wor l d, whi ch i n t ur n i s r el at ed t o how we act i n t he wor l d. 4. Epi st emol ogi cal cri t i ques of i nt er nat i onal r el at i ons t heor y over l ap wi t h subst ant i ve cr i t i ques of wor l d pol i t i cs. *”Cr i t i cal t heor y” i dent i f i es a l i nk bet ween knowl edge and power . *Posi t i vi sm has emphasi zed t he r ol es of l ogi c and sci ence i n pr esent i ng a uni f i ed vi ew of empi r i cal r eal i t y. *Her meneut i cs and i nt er pr et at i on chal l enge nar r ow concept s of sci ent i f i c knowl edge and a f al se di chot omy bet ween f act s and val ues. *Some f emi ni st under st andi ngs of i nt er nat i onal r el at i ons chal l enge unexami ned soci al pat t er ns and abst r act not i ons of i deol ogy, and encour age vi ews based on human equal i t y and human r el at i onshi ps. *A r enewed i nt er est i n t he nor ms and i deas t hat shape gl obal pol i t i cs af f ects nor mat i ve i nt er nat i onal r el at i ons t heor y t oday. 5. I dent i t y pol i t i cs *The quest i on of gl obal cul t ur e *I nf or mat i on, knowl edge, and val ues * Pol i t i cal i ns t i t ut i ons at s ub- nat i onal , r egi onal , and gl obal l evel s * Ci vi l s oci et y *A human i mage f or our wor l d
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I nt er nat i onal Rel at i ons 2 Chapt er 13
Const r uct i vi sm 1. The three “images” of international relations discussed in these Notes offer distinct ways of envisioning the actors, issues, and dynamics of global interactions. *The analysts’ presuppositions and primary questions affect their descriptions and explanations and conclusions about world events. *Global agents and academic analysts may have shared or diverse perceptions of trends in politics, economics, society, culture, and so on. 2. From the 1980s, many scholars have examined international relations from another approach that may be loosely called constructivism, or social constructivism. *Some of the main subjects that constructivists examine are: ideas, norms, rules, ways of knowing, identities. *They see a process in which humans reflect together in social groups and thereby construct (common) meaning for their words and actions. *A reflexive, interactive process between the agents’ thoughts and their actions generates meaning for the agents and their actions. *The process of constructing a human reality is happening in many fields, and so this point of view is not restricted to a narrow consideration of “international relations” apart from other human (social) activities. *Prominent scholars of international relations who are regarded as constructivists include: N. Onuf, F. Kratochwil, J. G. Ruggie, A. Wendt. This is a loose category covering many different approaches. 3. The constructivist emphasis on epistemology contrasts with substantive questions found in some other approaches, for example, security, order, development, environment. *How are people’s expectations and values about these substantive issues formed? *What do agents (political leaders, social groups, or observers) perceive
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