CONTENT
PAGE
CONTENT
1
INTRODUCTION OF AIR POLLUTION
2
DEFINATION OF AIR POLLUTION
3
CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION
4
TYPE OF AIR POLLUTION
5-7
WAYS TO SOLVE AIR POLLUTION
8
PICTURES, GRAPHS AND CHARTS OF AIR POLLUTION
9 - 11
CASE STUDY CONCLUSION AND WAYS TO CONTROL
12
CASE STUDY ON MALAYSIA AIR POLLUTION
AIR POLLUTION CONCLUSION
13 ± 14
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1
AIR POLLUTION INTRODUCTION TO AIR POLLUTION
Air is the ocean we breathe. Air supplies us with oxygen which is essential for our bodies to live. Air is 99.9% nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor and inert gases. Human activities can release substances into the air, some of o f which can cause problems for humans, plants, p lants, and animals. We need air to breathe because every living organism needs clean air in order to survive. In our daily life we need 30lb of air, 15lb of water and 1.5lb of food. Human being can live about 5 weeks without foods, 5 days without water and 5 minutes without air. Air is the atmosphere or mixture of gases surrounding the earth to a height of about 300 feet, which all people and land animals breathe. It is colorless and tasteless and is made up of about 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and most of the remainder is small quantities of other gases such as carbon dioxide, ozone, hydrogen, helium and other gases that do not burn up. There is also water content in the air which varies up to 4%, especially in the tropics. There may also be some sulfur compounds present due to industrial pollution. Oxygen is a colorless, tasteless, gaseous element which forms 1/5 of the earth's atmosphere. Most oxygen is made up of two atoms which form one molecule.
2
DEFINATION OF AIR POLLUTION
Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or cause damage to the natural environment or built environment, into the atmosphere.air contaminants including smoke, soot, dust,
dust, ashes, debris, solid particle of any kind, including dust, gases, vapors, mist, odor,
and radioactive radioactive materials emitted from from the combustion of fuel and materials like or the usage of o f the products as
a
source
of
heat or electricity from the
synthesis, resolution or any other
material recovery and that may be prescribed by the minister as the materials can affect the health or life environment. PARTICULATE MATTER
Particulate matter is a particle-particle that exist in the atmosphere whether solid or liquids. The main particle for this particulate matter is aerosol which is a small tiny liquid or a 100 micro meter solid. DUST
Dust is solid particles. Its expand using gravity. FLYING ASH
This type of smooth solid particle is produced by combustion process for example coal fire from electric power po wer station. FUMES
Fumes are the solid particles that formed when water vapor condenses.fumes can be frozen and sometimes linked. FLUID PARTICLES
Fluid particles can also be called ca lled fog or mist.
3
CAUSES AIR POLLUTION
i.
Automobile Exhaust
ii.
Draily Activities
iii.
Contains hydrocarbons, particulates, carbon dioxide and oxides of nitrogen and sulfur that contribute to air pollution.
Our daily activities also can cause air a ir pollution for example we use our car to work, school and travels everyday and t he gases from the car can cause air pollution.
Open burning
Open burning one of five causes of air air pollution. Mankind do open burning when they burn all the rubbish without choosing which one is suitable for burning.
4
TYPES OF AIR POLLUTION
1. Carbon monoxide ( CO) 2. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) 3. Particulate Matter 4. Lead (Pb) 5. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 6. Ozone 7. Other toxic waste
CARBON MONOXIDE
Is a colorless, odorless, non-irritating but very poisonous gas. It is a product by incomplete combustion of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust is a major source of carbon monoxide.
SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO2)
Sulfur dioxide (also sulphur dioxide) is the chemical compound with the formula SO2. It is produced by volcanoes and in various industrial processes. Since coal and petroleum often contain sulfur compounds, their combustion generates sulfur dioxide unless the sulfur compounds are removed before burning the fuel. Further oxidation of SO2, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as NO2, forms H2SO4, and thus acid rain. Sulfur dioxide emissions are also a lso a precursor to particulates in the atmosphere. Both Bot h of these impacts are cause for concern over the environmental environmenta l impact of these fuels.
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PARTICULATE MATTER
Particulates, alternatively known to as particulate matter (PM) or fine particles and also called soot, are tiny subdivisions of solid matter matt er suspended in a gas or o r liquid. In contrast, aerosol refers to particles and/or liquid droplets and the t he gas together. Sources of particulate matter can be man made or natural. Air pollution and water pollution can take the form of solid particulate matter, or be dissolved. Salt is an example of a dissolved contaminant in water, while sand is generally a solid so lid particulate.
LEAD (Pb)
Lead
is a main-group element with symbol Pb (from Latin: plumbum) and atomic
number 82. Lead is a soft, malleable poor metal. It is also counted as one of the heavy metals. Metallic lead has a bluish-white color after being freshly cut, but it soon tarnishes to a dull grayish color when exposed to air. Lead has a shiny chrome-silver luster when it is melted into a liquid. Lead is a poisonous substance to animals. animals. It damages the nervous system and causes brain disorders. Excessive lead also causes blood b lood disorders in mammals. Like the element mercury, another heavy metal, lead is a potent neurotoxin that accumulates both in soft tissues and the bones.
NITROGEN DIOXIDES (NO2)
Nitrogen
dioxide is
the chemical
compound with
the formula NO 2.
One
of
several nitrogen oxides, NO2 is an intermediate in the industrial synthesis of nitric acid, millions of tons of which are produced each year. This reddish-brown toxic gas has a characteristic sharp, biting odor and is a prominent air pollutant. Nitrogen dioxide is a paramagnetic para magnetic bent molecule with C2v point group symmetry. OZONE(O3)
Formed in the atmosphere by reaction of nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and sunlight.
6
TYPES OF AIR POLLUTION
There are many types of air pollution that can be a health threat inside the home just as it is a threat outside the home. Each varying type of air pollution is generally linked to a specific cause.Most of us have been educated at one point in our life about outdoor air pollution. Acid rain and smog are well known kno wn terms, especially on the west coast of o f the United States. Smog is the result of emissions that is trapped in rain and fog, causing a serious health threat to those under the smog. One day of heavy smog can be about the same as sitting in a room with 12 chain smokers for one year.The greenhouse effect, which we all associate with the phenomenon of global warming, is generally caused by the release of gases. Methane gas is one of the main causes of the greenhouse effect. Methane, which is often associated with fecal waste, is actually a threat to the health of the o zone layer as well. Most destructive methane gas comes from the methods used to extract natural gas from the earth to use in the heating of homes and businesses. The methane gas that is released under these circumstances is quite potent and has the potential to deplete the ozone to a significant degree. The combustion of waste products is another main offender when it comes to the release of methane gas. These two contributors to the release of dangerous levels of methane are facing strict governmental regulation to help keep the ozone layer intact. The burning of fossil fuels is a large factor in creating other types of air pollution. We burn fossil fuels for heat, energy, and occasionally as an alternative power source. When we burn fossil fuels we release a toxin known as sulphur dioxide. Crude oil and coal are the two main fossil fuels that contain sulphur dioxide that is released into the atmosphere when burned. Unfortunately, this toxin is dangerous to humans and can be released during the cultivation of coal, which is one of the causes of lung problems among coal workers. This gas sticks to air molecules and can be a significant cause of smog.
WAYS
TO SOLVE AIR POLLUTION
1. Avoid Second-Hand Smok e ±
Passive smoke is produced by smokers but can harm non-smokers non-smokers as well. Try to avoid areas that are filled with smoke and ask smokers to smoke outdoors. 2. Check For Radon ±
Radon arises naturally from from the ground and could cause fatal fatal lung cancer. Purchase a testing kit to find out if the radon rado n level in your home is dangerously da ngerously high. 3. Don't Smok e
When you smoke, you not only harm yourself but also create problems for other people's health. 4.
Don't Use Wood Stoves
Wood stoves emit large amounts amounts of CO indoors. This can build up in your your home and create a dangerous health r isk. 5.
Drive Less
Cars are one of the largest largest sources of air pollution. You should carpool or take public public transportation whenever possible. po ssible. 6.
Have Plants
Plants can absorb some dangerous chemicals that are polluting your air. In doing so, they reduce your risk of getting sick. . Look For Asbestos ±
Many old homes still contain asbestos from when when they were built. Asbestos can get into into your lungs, stomach, stomach, and chest, causing problems that can prove fatal. As a result, result, you should look around your home for asbestos that is crumbling or loose and re move it. 8.
Minimize Air Conditioning ±
If you you can avoid avo id air-conditioning, air-conditioning, do so. By keeping windows and shades shut, you may be able to avoid needing air conditioning, which will mean using less energy. 9.
Use Efficient Appliances ±
To cut down on energy usage, buy energy-efficient home appliances. Less energy usage will not only decrease pollution, it will decrease your energy bill too.
8
PICTURES, GRAPHS AND CHARTS OF AIR POLLUTION
9
10
11
CASE STUDY CONCLUSION AND
WAYS
TO CONTROL
Air pollution is mostly contributed by the human activities. There are many causes of air pollution ,and major air pollutants are sulphur dioxides, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides emitted by many vehicles and factories., burning of fossil fuels, such as coal, petroleum ,and gasoline. These all fossil fossil fuels are used in all major industries, including including the automobiles ,jet planes, manufacturing industries, power plants.Considering the harmful effect of air pollution on atmosphere we must all put in efforts to control it.Following are some tips for controlling air pollution.:y
Vehicle Care
To keep car in a good condition we can timely do servicing of the car and also minimize fuel exhaust. The fuel can be saved by driving the car at an average speed and turning off in traffic light. y
Public Transport to be used to prevent air pollution
On every occasion possible, we must try to take a public transports. This will helps in two ways; one it it will prevent air pollution and other is it it will increase income income of public which can be used for some other purpose or development.
AIR POLLUTION PREVENTION Technical emission control measures constitute an emission control strategy. Such measures can reduce pollutant emissions per vehicle kilometer traveled more than in-use uncontrolled vehicles. Even though technical measures alone are insufficient to make sure the desired reduction of urban air pollution. pollution. In addition to this, we can make use of alternative fuels fuels and efficient public transport transport can also ensure a major major improvement in environmental conditions. conditions.
12
CASE STUDY ON MALAYSIA AIR POLLUTION
KUALA LUMPUR: The air quality in Malaysia large ly deteriorated over the course of Saturday.
As of 5pm, only 19 locations in the country registered good air quality while 30 registered moderate air quality, according to the Department of Environment's website
The air quality in Tanjung Malim was found to be unhealthy, recording an Air Pollution Index (API) reading of 113.
52 hotspots were detected in Sumatra while Borneo and peninsula Malaysia recorded 91 and 2 hotspots hot spots respectively.
Among the locations which registered moderate air quality are Batu Muda (75), Cheras (70), Putrjaya (67), Kuala Selangor (78), Port Klang (73), Kemaman (70), Jalan Tasek, Ipoh (78), Balok Baru, Kuantan (71) and Pasir Gudang (72).
Air quality is considered good if the API reading is between 0 and 50. Moderate air quality has an API that ranges between 51 and 100 while an API between 101 and 200 indicates unhealthy air quality.
Meanwhile, Bernama reported from Jambi that the Minister of Environment Rachmat Witoelar said the authorities would not hesitate to arrest the perpetrators of forest and land fires, and sent them to prison following following the issuance o f a new environment law next September.
Quoting Antara news agency Witoelar reportedly said that the new law, effective from September 8, would give the authority to coordinate with other relevant authorities to arrest those who burn forests and land bushes.
13
He said his office would directly fix police lines at the areas affected by fires and handcuff the perpetrators, before imposing jail sentences upon them. In the meantime, haze has begun this week to blanket a number of areas in Sumatra and Kalimantan, Antara said.
Haze and fog blanketed Pekanbaru city after the air over the Riau provincial capital was clear of haze due to heavy rainfall in the small hours of Saturday. The dense haze and fog had prompted the attention of activists of the Tsu Chi Foundation in Pekanbaru.
They went down into the streets distributing masks to passing motorists. They also distributed the masks in residential complexes like Kuantan Jaya, in Pekanbaru city. However, the heavy downpour early Saturday could not put out the flames raging in the peat land in Pekanbaru.
Smoke was still seen billowing into the sky of Panam, Rumbai and Kulim. Data of the Meteorology, Geophysics and Climatology Office (BMKG) of Pekanbaru, obtained from the monitoring by the NOAA 18 satellite, show that the forest and land fires were still raging in a number of areas in Riau province. In Kalimantan, Indonesia is cooperating with Malaysia and Brunei Darussalam to protect Kalimantan (Borneo) through their 'Heart of Borneo (HOB)' program.
The 'Heart of Borneo' program is a natural resource conservation and sustainable utilization program, Hendrik Segah, HOB Coordinator of Central Kalimantan, said here on Friday.The HOB program is aimed at protecting the sustainable utilization of one of the world's remaining best forests in Kalimantan for the welfare of the current and future generations.
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AIR POLLUTION CONCLUSION
Air pollution occurs when the air contains gases, dust, fumes or odour in harmful amounts. That is, amounts which could be harmful to the health or comfort of humans and animals or which could cause damage da mage to plants and materials. The substances that cause air pollution are called pollutants. Pollutants that are pumped into our atmosphere and directly pollute the air are called primary pollutants. Primary pollutant examples include carbon monoxide from car exhausts and sulfur dioxide from the combustion of coal. Further pollution can arise if primary pollutants in the atmosphere undergo chemical reactions. The resulting compounds are called secondary pollutants. Photochemical smog is an example of this.With increasing urbanisation and industrialisation, humans started to release more wastes into the atmosphere than nature nat ure could cope with. Since then, more pollution has been added to the air by industrial, commercial and domestic sources. As these sources are usually found in major cities, the gases that are produced are usually concentrated in the air around them. The adverse effects of air pollution were graphically illustrated in London in 1952 when, in just a few days, an estimated 4000 people died from effects of fine particle pollution. It is when these concentrated gases exceed safe limits that we have a pollution problem. Nature can no longer manage air pollution without our help.Air pollutants mainly occur as a result of gaseous discharges from industry and motor vehicles. There are also natural sources such as wind-blown dust and smoke from fires. fires. Some forms of air pollution create global problems, such as upper atmosphere ozone depletion and global warming. These problems are very complex, and require international cooperative efforts to find solutions.
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