T I M VIC AR Y
tt E
OXF ORD ENGL IS H lsBN 978-0-19-423385-9
o = Y
o o o
,ilililltilt|[lil[]il l'J
x
IRELA N D Come on our tour of Ireland - its quiet villages and its busy modern cities, its beautiful rivers and fine beaches, its pubs and theatres,castlesand towers. Ireland is full of unusual and interesting things to see. But to understand the Ireland of today, you need to know about lreland's history too. !(ho was King Billy, and why is he still important today? nfhat happened on Easter Sunday 1915?Why did so many Irish people leave Ireland in the nineteenth century, and why are so many people corning to Ireland now? Why was the church so important in Ireland, and how is that different today? Take our tour through Ireland's past, and begin to understand Ireland's present.
"r-
OX FOR D B O OK -'/ ITOR MS LIB R A R Y
Factfiles
Ireland Stage2 (700 headwords)
J,
Factfiles SeriesEditor: Christine Lindop
,tl !'
.l !)
r -.1q'
l+'r /--G,
lr e la n d ' s t o r y
.t rJ,r
:f.-a; (r
t
j,
There 21rcmrlny diffcrent Irclancls. One Irclarrdis rrcountry with bcautifulhigh nroLrntlins, lrig empty beachcs,long dcep rivers.Peoplc eo there to fish and swiur irnclr,virlk.They lovc Irelanclbccrruseit is s
11
ship, and laughed. ''We're going to win,' he said. 'This land will belong to us.' 'No, it won't,'said the man in the secondship angrily. 'You will never win. Never!' Suddenly,he took out his sword, and cut off his hand with it. Then he threw the hand over the heads of the men in the first ship. The hand fell on the beach, and its bloody fingersclosedon the land. The Celtsliked to livein the country,but the Vikings livedin towns. Someof the Vikings married Celts,and learnedthe Celtic language.
---J-t
'This is our land,' said the man with one hand. 'It will never belong to you. Never, never,never!' Thaq is the story of the Red Hand of Ulster. You can
The Vikings came to the north of Ireland too. One day two different Viking ships came to a beautiful place in
see the Red Hand on the flags of Northern lreland. To
Ulster. Both groups of Vikings wanted to stay there and build a town, but there were too many of them. The two
more about Irish history.
groups of Vikings looked at each other angrily. ''We must fight,' said a Viking from the first ship. 'The winners will live and keep the land, and the loserswill die.' 'No,' said a man from the secondship. 'I have a better idea. Let's race to the beach in our ships. The first rnan who holds the land in his hand can keep it. His people can stay,and the others must leave.' So the two ships raced towards the beach. One man stood at the front of each ship, ready to iurnp down to the beach. Then one ship went in front of the other' The man in the first ship looked back at the second
learn why it is so important, we need to learn a little i.,,: .,,,i:
12
5
Th eEn g tish c ome to l retand
A thousand years ago, Ireland had many kings and they often fought each other. In 1.L52one Irish king, Dermot MacMurrough, attacked another Irish king, Tiernan O'Rourke, and took his wife. Tiernan O'Rourke was ' \ ' -i,,
.
the friend of a third king, Rory O'Connor. In 1166 Rory
king was the most important man in the Church, but for
O'Connor was made king of all lreland. At this time,
the Catholic lrish, the most imporrant man was the Pope
Tiernan and Rory attacked Dermot MacMurrough, but
- the leader of the Catholic Church - in Rome. There
Dermot escapedto England.
was a lot of fighting in Ireland about this, and usually the
D..-ot
then asked the king of England, Henry the
English won. The kings of England took more land from
Second, to help him to fight Rory and Tiernan. So in
the Catholic Irish, and gave it to Protestant Englishmen
1,L69 Henry's men came to"Ireland and fought Rory and
and Scotsmen. This plan was called the Plantation of
Tiernan, but they did not go home again. They took more and more of the land for themselves. They built
Ulster, because much of the land was in Ulster, in the north of Ireland. Englishmen from London built a new
cities by the sea, and big castles.Henry called himself
town in a place called Derry, and called it Londonderry.
King of England and lreland. But not all the Irish were huppy about this. For the next four hundred years, English kings tried to
The Catholic Irish were angry about this and wanred their land back. In l64L the Catholics attacked the Protestants in Ulster. They took their houses and clothes
rule Ireland from Dublin. But it was very difficult. The
and killed thousandsof people.
Irish did not listen to the King of England - he was too
Eight years later, in L649, Oliver Cromwell took an English army to Ireland. Cromwell was the leader of the
far away. In 1536 the English church changedfrom Catholic to
English after the death of King Charles the First. The
Protestant. So England was a Protestant country, but
English soldiers killed thousands of Catholics in a town
Ireland was still Catholic. For the ProtestantEnglish,their
called Drogheda.
l.
,ei**at*.
lfl!,if
M *
't
"\
Northern lreland
25
fcrurrdarly guns. Orr 'Bloody Friday' - 21 July 1972- the IRA put 22 bornbsin Belfast,all at the sametime. 9 people died and 130 peoplewere hurt, Protestantand Catholic, British and Irish. Someof thern lost arms and legs. The IRA put bon-rbsir-rpr,rbsand streets and shops. They killed soldiersand policernen,but tlicy also killed thousandsof ordinary people. Protestantsin the Ulster Defence Association - the UDA - killed thor,rsandsof ordinary Catholics too. Thesc Protestirnt fighters are
i",'r,Lr,ii
calledLoyalists. ).r',. ', i
By 1979there were lrundredsof IRA and UDA nen in prison. At first they werepolitical prisoners,like soldiers
and Orangemen attacked the Catholic marchers.Many marcherswere badly hurt, and all of them were angry and afraid. In1969British soldierscameto Northern Ireland to rry ro srop the fighting, and ar first many Catholics were happy ro see them. But then the IRA srarreclto kill soldiersand policernen,and so the British soldiers and police tried to find the IRA and put them in prison. Sometimesthey put the wrong peoplein prison, and so the Catholicsdidr-r'tlike the British solc-liers. Over the next thirty years,rnanytcrriblc things happened.On 'Bloody Sr-rrrclrry'30 January 1972 - British soldiers killccl j4 Catholic marchersin Derry 'The marchers had guns,' the soldiers said. Bur noboclv
ta *
{
t
I
la .)L
lreland
Londonderry, or Derry Derry, witha population of 105,000, is the second city of Northern -
Iieland. Protestants call it Londonderry, because in 1600 English Protestantsfrom London built a city here, but Crrtholicscall the city Derry. There was a small nr()n:lstcryhere, besidethe River Foyle, in the time of the Vikings,but the greatwalls of Londonderrywere builr in the 1600s.You can walk arour-rdthese walls today: they are one and a half kilometres long and nearly six metres wide. The old guns from the Siegeof Derry are still there on the walls. But many people wanr ro forget the battles of the past. In the last week of October, thousandsof people come to Derry for the Halloween fesrival.There is music, rhearre, and a big parade,in the biggeststreerparry in Ireland. GatWay
Galway (population55,800)is in the west
of Ireland, at the mouth of the River Corrib. In this part of the country the Irish languageis very strong, and you will seeit and hear it everywhere.It is a centre for Irish music, singing and dance, and there is an Irish language theatre in Galway too. From Galway you can visit Connemara, with its beautiful wild lakes and mountains. The Aran Islarlds are close by too. People speak Irish here, and many visitors like to come to these wild, lonely islands to hear Irish music in the pubs and see the difficult life of the islanders.
Waterford'ilTaterford(population 45,000) is in the south-eastof Ireland. It was Ireland'sfirst citv: tlrc
T 38
39
lreland
The Irish word for party is cbili - a rime for people to play music, tell stories,and dance.For hundreds of years, the Irish people haveloved dancing at ceilis.In the 1700s, dancing teacherswent from town to town. people lived in
€g
A countryfor youn9 peopte
small houses,so they often danced on the country roads. They wore their best clothes ro dance, and played music all day and all night. In many Irish dances, rhe dancers keep their hands still by their sides, and move their feet and legs very quickly. Today thousands of Irish children learn Irish dancing, and the best dancers from all over the world come to dance in Ireland too. The Irish dancersMichael Flatley and Jean Butler are famous in many countries - thousands of people have seenthem in Riuerdance and Lord of the Dance.
Today,many things are changingin Ireland. It is a country of young people: nearly 50 per cent of its peopleare under twenty-five. Fifty years ago, the Catholic church was full of old men, and they decidedwhat people could do. Life was difficult for women and young people. Today, the church is important, but the ideas of women and young people are important too. Two of lreland's presidents were women - Mary Robinson and Mary McAleese. For Ireland'syoung people the future is about pop music and computers as well as farming and horses. Ireland is a part of the European Union, and most Irish people are very h"ppy about this. Ireland is not a poor country any more; a lot of businesspeople come to Ireland and build factories.Now, perhaps 10 per cent of Ireland'spopulation are peoplewho havecome from other countries to find work there. Many come from Poland and other countries in Eastern Europe, and others come from China and countries in Africa. Today, young Irish people do not have to leave their country to find work; they can find work at home. Ireland is an interesting' exciting place for young people. But of course,there are alwaysproblems.There is more crime in Ireland than before. And in Northern Ireland,
44
45
AC T IVIT IE S
ACTI VI TI ES
BeforeReading Which of thesethings or people do you think you are going to find in a book about Ireland?Tick sevenboxes.
E tr I I E tr I E
wine dancing b..t hot dogs apples elephants g"b Geldof ntn andchips
While Reading Read ChaptercL,2, and 3. Circle the correct word. 1 Most Irish people canskilsing.
I
pot"to.t
2 Most of Ireland'smountainsllakesarenearthe sea.
I
skyscrapers
E
pubs
3 The Giant's Causewayis made of strangeislandslrocks. 4 Life on the Aran Islandschangesquick-lylslowly.
I
basketball
5 In the north and west of Ireland it is warm and wet ldry
I
ho^.t
I
GeorgeWashington
n vikingt tr hotels
and bot. 6 Irish winelmilkand meat are someof the bestin the world. 7 Irish people selldogslhorsesto many countries. 8 Many Celtic peoplewore gold rings around their necks and armslfeet and legs.
Read the back cover of the book, and the introduction on the first page. How much do you know now about lreland? Are these sentencestrue (T) or false (F)? 1 There has been peace in Ireland for a long time. 2 Something important happened on Easter Sunday 1916. 3 Ireland is a hot, dry country. 4 Many Irish people left the country in rhe seventeenrh century 5 To understand Ireland today you need to look at its past. 6 Singing and dancing are important in Ireland.
9 Hurling is a popular Celtic gameldance. 10 Irish is very likeldifferent from English. in the correct Read Chapter 4 and then put thesesentences order. t -One 2 -The
ship went in front of the other. bloody fingersof the hand closedon the land.
3 They decidedto raceto the beachin their ships. a man in the secondship cut off his hand. 4 -Then The man with one hand said, 'This is our land.' 5 groups of Vikings wanted to build a town in 6 -Two the sameplace in Ulster.
7 8
He threw it over the first ship to the beach. ''We'regoing to win,' said a man in the first ship.
46
Acrtvtrtls: Wb ile Reading
Read Chapter 5. Choosethe best questionword for these questions,and then answerthem. What l.WhenlWbo lWby 1 _ 2 _ 3 -
was king of Ireland after 1169? was the Plantation of Ulster? brought an English army to Ireland in 1649? did the Siegeof Derry end?
5 _ won the Battle of the Boyne and the Battle of Aughrim? 6 _do
Prorestanrs marchon 12 July?
: \Yb ile Reading ACrrvrr rES
47
6 Londonderry 7 Galway 8 Connemara 'Waterford 9 a The Book-of Kells b wild lakesand mountains c the River Lee d an Irish languagetheatre e the cranescalledSamsonand Goliath f glassfactories
Read Chapters6,7, and 8, and then answerthe questions. 'What 1 big changehappenedin Irelandin 1801? 'Sfhat 2 happenedto many poor Irish people in the 1840s?
g wide walls 400 yearsold
3 XThydo people march in New York on St Patrick,sDay? 4 Why did the group called Sinn Fein begin?
are true ReadChapters11 and L2 and decideif the sentences (T) or false (F). Changethe false sentencesinto true ones.
5 \7hy did the Proresranrsmake an army in 191,4? 6 \fhat happenedin Dublin on Easter Monday,1916?
1 Jonathan Swift was a churchmanin Londonderry. 2 SamuelBeckettwon the Nobel Prizefor his work in the
7 When did the Irish governmentbegin ro meet in Dublin? 8 \J7hathappenedon'Bloody Sunday'? 9 Why did ten peopledie in prison in 1980? 10 'il7hatis the Good Friday Agreement,and who made it? Read Chapters9 and 10. Then match the placeswith the things you will find there. 1 O'Connell Street 2 Tiinity College 3 The Harland and \folff shipyard 4 The Custom House,Belfast 5 Cork
h the Post Office i wonderful statues
church. 3 After L929you could not buy U/yssesin lreland. 4 Bono is a famousIrish musicianwith a group calledV2. 5 SeamusHeaneywas born in Northern lreland. 6 Ireland has won the Eurovision SongContest ten times. 7 More than half of Irish people are under twenty-five. B Ireland has had two woman presidentscalled Mary. 9 Irelandwants to join the EuropeanUnion. 10 A lot of businesspeoplecometo Irelandand build factories.
48
ACrIv Ir IES : Aft er Rea din g
AC T IVIT IE S
After Reading
49
Use the cluesbelow to completethis crosswordwith words from the story.Then find the hidden place name in the crossword.
Match the sentenceswith the people.Then usethe sentencesto write a short descriptionof eachperson.Use pronouns (he,sbe) and linking words (and, but, so,when, uho). pearseI Bob Geldof I Jamesloyce I Molly Malone I Patrick_ 'William Saint Patrick / of Orange 1
was a poor but beautiful girl.
z
was angry about the livesof poor people. was the leaderof the Irish Nationalists.
+
is called 'King Billy' by ProtestanrOrangemen. was born in 1882.
6
learnedabout God in a Frenchmonastery
7
took men to the PostOffice on EasterMonday,1916.
1 Patrick Pearsewas this for the Irish Nationalists.
8
wrote a book about one day in Dublin. becameKing of Ireland after Jamesthe Second.
2 Thesepeople lived a quiet life on SkelligMichael.
9
3 To stop fighting becauseyou cannot win. 4 A pieceof ground.
11
sold cocklesand musselson the streersof Dublin. wanted to chansethe world.
12
cameback to Ireland to teachthe Irish about God.
6 Thesevisitors to lreland built citieslike Dublin and Cork.
13
won the Battle of the Boyne against the Catholics.
t4
made Ireland an important Christian countr)4
15
left Ireland and went to live in France.
1,6
died when she was young.
17
died in Kilmainham Prisonin Dublin. planned somebig concertswhich made money for
10
i8
peoplein Africa.
5 The Orangemenbelong to this religion. 7 The Irish one livesin a housein Phoenix Park, Dublin. 8 Guinnessis a famous black kind of this. 9 There is one of theseon St Patrick'sDay in New York. 10 Land wherepeople grow food and keep animals. 11 All the things that happenedin the past. The hidden olace name is
50
AcrrvtrtEs : After Reading
3 EtsukovisitedDublin for theweekendand sentyou this postcard.Circlethe correctwords. e f'romDublin H elloI Good'bY alongthe on fridayandwalked \ arriuedllefther^e at centreof town'Istopped riuerlseafhroughti're 'a"pu,bl"ollege lreland's-famous anddranksom€of very Guinness'lt wasbrownlblack'and beerlteacalled whichis attl\ePostOfficelBridge' strong/\ sawllooked'I vis'rfed famousfor Lasters)naoytt'lond'ay't?tr.'Tl.r;n lreland's Coileeet o see.lw 1,t1b Chr ist churcbI Tri nity *ftt"f' \s a hundredlthousandyears oldestbooklstatue' a Andjust nearthere I took old.lt wasverybeautrful' Molty MalonelPatrick-Pearse ohotoof the statueof
5;:;;;
51
AcrtvtrrEs: After Reading
n,P,,r'o*herwheelbarrow
ot visittheprisonlhowse TomorrowI amgoingto in oneof the biggestl KinglPresid')'^ndwalk rreland's smallestParksin EwropelAmertca' ( citylcountry OrOi," is a wonderful
Both were strong -)
Vikings from -.
but the Celts
alsomadebeautiful thousandsof years
The Celts arrived-)
They brought with them Celtic -)
like hurling, and
which somepeoplestill -
alsomusic.The Irish -)
in Ireland today,is Celtic too, but it is very There are other Celtic languagesin -,
from Scotland,
and parts of Europe. The Vikings beganto they attackedthe -
Ireland around 800. Often
and -
the beautiful things
that they
there.But someVikings stayedand -
towns. -,
Dublin and Cork were all Viking towns.
They also went to live in the -
of Ireland in
Choosea city or part of Ireland that you would like to visit. Find somemore information about it, and make a poster or give a talk to your class.Look for answersto thesequestions: 'What
do you know about its history, famous people,or
famousplaces? \X/hatdo peoplemakeor do in this part of Ireland? 'What can visitorsseeor do there?
3ee Yousoon' Ltsuko
Why would you like to go there? 4 Complete this report about Celts and Vikings in Ireland, using the words below (oneword for eachgap). ago, attack, buih, came,different,English,fighters,first, found, gAmes,jewellery, langwage,monasteries,north, N o rw ay, Spain, speak, stole, UIst er,'Wales, -Wat er fo rd Both the Celts and the Vikings
to Ireland from
other countries- the Celts from Franceand _,
the
You can find more information about placesto visit in Ireland at www.tourismireland.com.
52
53
O X F O RD B O O K\T OR M S L IBR AR Y
ABOUT THE AUTHOR Tim Vicary is an experiencedteacher and writer. He is married with two children and livesin the country in Yorkshire,in the north of England. He often goesto Ireland on holiday,and particularly likes visiting the ring of Kerry in the south-wesrof lreland. He has written two historical novelsabout Ireland, Tbe Blood'fJpon the Rose and Cat and Mouse, and teachesa university course on Northern Ireland. He also enjoyshorse racing and keepsand rides horsesof his own. He has recentlypublished a crime novel called A Game of Proof under rhe name Megan Stark. He has wrirten or retold more than fifteen stories for Oxford Bookworms, from Starterto Stage3. His other Oxford Bookworms titles at Stage2 areDeath in the Freezer (Crime and Mystery) and GraceDarling (Tlue Stories).
Classics'Crime (t Mystery'Factfiles' Fantasy(v Horror Human lntere st' Playscripts' Thriller (t Aduenture True Stories''World Stories provides enioyable reading in English, The oxnono BooKwoRMSLIBRARY with a wide range of classicand modern fiction, non-fiction, and plays' It includesoriginal and adapted texts in sevencarefully graded language stages,which take learners from beginner to advancedlevel. An overview is givenon the next pagesAll Stage1 titles are availableas audio recordings,as well as over eighty other titles from Starterto Stage6. All Startersand many titles at Stages1 to 4 arespeciallyrecommendedfor younger learners.Every Bookworm is illustrated, and Startersand Factfileshavefull-colour illustrations. also offers extensive support. Each book The oxpono BooKwoRMsLTBRARY notes about the author, a glossary, story, to the contains an introduction include tests and worksheets, and resources and activities. Additional in the books. There is advice on the activities answersfor these and for and the matly ways of recordings, audio running a class library, using Resourcematerialsare programmes. in reading using Oxford Bookworms availableon the website. -the Oxford Bookutorms Collection is a series for advanced learners' It consistsof volumes of short stories by well-knowr-rauthors, both classic and modern. Texts are not abridged or adapted in any way, but carefully to the advancedstudent. selectedto be accessible
You can find details and a full list of titles in the Oxford Bookt'uorms Library Catalogue and Oxford English Language Teaching Catalogues, and on the website
55
54
T HE O X F O R D BOOK \i l O R M S L IB RA R Y G RA DI NG A N D S AMP L E EX T R A CTS
sTA GE
3
.
rOOO
H E A D \V OR D S
... should, mdy - prcsent perfect continuous
used to - past perfect
- causative - relative clauses - indirect statements ...
S T A R T ER . Z 5 0 H E AD N fO R D S present simple - present continuous - imperative can/ cannot, must - goiltg fo (future) - simple gerunds ...
Her phone is ringing - but where is it? Sally gets out of bed and looks in her bag. No phone. Shelooks under the bed. No phone. Then shelooks behind the door. There is her phone. Sally picks up her phone and answers it. Sally'sPhone STAGElO { O O HEAD\ r O RDS ... past simple - coordination with and, but, or subordination with before,after, uhen, becawse,so ...
I knew him in Persia. He was a famous builder and I worked with him there. For a time I was his friend, but not for long. Vhen he came to Paris, I came after him I wanted to watch him. He was a very clever,very dangerous man. ThePhantomof theOpera STAG E2C/ O O HEADW O RDS .. . presentperfect- will (future) - (don't) baueto, must not, could comparisonof adjectives- simple l/clauses- past continuoustag quesrions- asHtell + infinitive ...
Vhile I was writing these words in my diary, I decided what to do. I must try to escape.I shall try ro ger down the wall outside. The window is high above the ground, but I have to try. I shall rake some of the gold with me - if I escape,perhaps it will be helpful later. Dracula
Of course, it was most important that no one should see Colin, Mary, or Dickon entering the secretgarden. So Colin gave orders to the gardeners that they n-rustall keep away from that part of the garder-rin future. The SecretGarden S TA GE 4.l 4oo
HEADwO RDS
... past perfect cont i nuous - pas s i v e (s i mpl e forrns ) wouLd conditional clauses - indirect questious relatives with wbereluhen - gerunds after prepositions/phrases .. .
I was glad. Now Hyde could not show his face to the world again. If he did, every honest man in London would be proud to report him to the police. DrJekyll and Mr Hyde S TA GE 5 . I 8O O HEAD\ yO RDS - futureperfect... futurecontinuous passive (modals, continuous forms) would haue conditional clauses
modals * perfect infinitive ...
If he had spokenEstella'sname, I would havehit him. I was so angry with him, and so depressedabout my future, that I could not eat the breakfast.Instead I wer-rtstraight to the old house. Great Expectations S TA GE 6.
Z5O O HEADWO RDS
. .. passive (infinitives, gerunds) - advauced moclal meanings clauses of concession, condition
\When I stepped up to the piano, I was confident. It was as if I knew that the prodigy side of me really did exist. And when I started to play, I was so caught up in how lovely I looked that I didn't worry how I would sound. TheJoy Luck Club
56
B O O K W ORM S
. F ACT F IL ES
. ST AGE 2
Seasons and Celebrations J A C K IE MA G U IR E In English-speaking countries around the world people celebrate Easter, Valentine's Day, Christmas, and other special days. Some celebrations are new, like Remembrance Day and Mothert Day; others, like the summer solstice, go back thousands of years. 'What happens on thesespecial days?'S(rhatdo people eat, where do they go, what do they do? IVhy is there a special day for eating pancakes?\7ho is the 'guy' that children take onto the streets in November? And where do many people like to spend the shorrest night of the year in England? Come on a journey through ayear of. celebrations, from New Year's Eve to Christmas.
B O O K W ORM S
. F ACT F IL ES
. ST AGE 2
Rainforests R OW E N A AK IN Y EMI Deep rivers, tall trees, strange animals, beautiful flowers - this is the rainforest. Burning trees, thick smoke, new roads and cities, '"dead animals, people without homes - this is the rainforest too. To some people the rainforests mean beautiful places that you can visit; to ot'hersthey mean trees that they ean cut down and sell. Between 1950 and 2000 half of the world's rainforests disappeared.I7hile you read these wordslsomewhere in the world people are cutting down rainforest trees. tW'hatare these wonderful places that we call rainforests - and is it roo late to savethem?
