1. En un recipiente cilíndrico de 420 L a 74 °C, se encuentra una mezcla gaseosa con 2 componentes (80% de N2, 28.01 g/mol y 20% de O2, 32.00 g/mol) cuya presión total es 2.5 atmosferas. Calcular: a) las presiones parciales y b) la masa masa de cada gas. Planteamiento del Problema:
Ecuación química, fracción molar:
= % = = =
80% N2 VT = 420L
Ecuación química, de Clapeyron:
== ̅
20% O2
PT = 2.5 atm T = 74 ºC = 347 ºK Solución: a) Calculamos la presión parcial de cada gas, a partir de la ley de fracción molar, para ello utilizaremos la
siguiente ecuación química simplificada:
P = 2.5 atm∗ tm ∗ 10080 = 2 atatm P = 2.5 aatmtm∗∗ 10020 = 0.5 atmatm
= ∗ %
b) Calculamos la masa de cada gas, a partir de la ley de Clapeyron, para ello utilizaremos la siguiente
ecuación química simplificada:
̅ = ∗∗ ∗ 420LL∗L/mol ∗ 28.28..K01∗347g/m g/mololK = 2328.528.45440 g = 826. W = 20.atma0tm∗82∗atm.420 826.8989 g a82tm∗atm. ∗ 420 420L/mol LL∗∗ 32.32.K.0∗347 0 g/m g/molKol = 6 28.720.45400 g = 236. W = 0.0.50atm 236.1717 g
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2. Una mezcla gaseosa tiene la siguiente composición volumétrica (18% H2 de 2.02 g/mol, 54% O2 de 32.00 g/mol y 28% He de 4.00 g/mol) ¿Cuál es la presión del O2 si la presión parcial del He es 3 atm? Planteamiento del Problema:
Ecuación química, fracción molar:
= % = = =
18% H2 54% O2 28% He PHe = 3 atm Solución:
a) Calculamos la presión parcial del O2, a partir de la ley de fracción molar relacionando el O2 con el He:
Sabemos que:
= ∗ %
= ∗ %
Igualando ambos términos resultaría, la siguiente ecuación simplificada:
P = 3 atatm28%∗ 5454%% P = 5.786 atm
= %∗%
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3. En una mezcla gaseosa formada por (O2 32.00 g/mol y N2 28.01 g/mol) la presión parcial del O2 es el triple de la presión parcial del N2. Calcular la masa de O2 en la mezcla, si en la mezcla hay 15 moles de N2. Planteamiento del Problema:
Ecuación química, fracción molar:
= % = = =
O2
Ecuación química, de numero de moles:
= ̅
N2
PO2 = 3 P N2 n N2 = 15 mol Solución: a) Calculamos la masa del O2 en la mezcla, a partir de la ley de fracción molar, para ello utilizaremos la
siguiente ecuación química simplificada:
Sabemos que:
= ∗
El enunciado nos da la siguiente condición:
= ∗
PO2 = 3 P N2
Utilizando la condición dada por el enunciado e igualando i gualando ambos términos resultaría, la siguiente ecuación simplificada:
= → ̅ = → = ∗ ̅ W = 3 ∗ 15 momol ∗32.00 g/mol W = 1 4440.40.0000 g
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4. Se tiene una mezcla de 3 gases donde la fracción molar del tercer gas es el quíntuple del primero y la del primero es el cuádruple del segundo. Determinar la presión total de la mezcla, si la presión parcial del segundo gas es 60 mmHg. Planteamiento del Problema:
Ecuación química, fracción molar:
G1
fmG1 = 4x
G2
fmG2 = x
G3
fmG3 = 20x
= % = = =
Condición de la fracción molar de gases:
+ + +⋯+ =
PG3 = 60 mmHg Solución: a) Calculamos el valor de x, para ello utilizaremos la ecuación de fracciones molares:
4x+x+20x=1 25x=1 x = 251 x=0. 0 4
+ + =
b) Por lo que, para el caso del tercer gas, la fracción molar seria de:
fmG =20x=20∗0. 0 4=0. 8 c) Finalmente calculamos la presión total utilizando los valores del tercer gas, a través de la siguiente
ecuación simplificada:
60 mmHg
=
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5. En un recipiente cilíndrico de 80 L a 23 ºC, se tiene una 760 g mezcla gaseosa “aire” (78% N2 28.01 g/mol, 21%O2 32.00 g/mol y 1%Ar 39.95 g/mol). a) determinar la masa molecular promedio del aire, y b) Determinar la presión en PSI a la que se encuentra. 1 atm = 14.696 PSI. Planteamiento del Problema:
Ecuación química, masa molar de una mezcla gaseosa:
̅ = ̅ + ̅ + ̅ +⋯̅
78% N2 21% O2
VT = 80L
Ecuación química, fracción molar:
= % = = =
1% Ar
Ecuación química, de Clapeyron:
== ̅
T = 23 ºC = 276 ºK Solución:
a) Calculamos la masa molecular del aire a partir de la ley de masa molecular aparente de una mezcla,
para ello utilizaremos la siguiente ecuación química química simplificada:
̅ = ∗ ̅ + ∗ ̅ + ∗ ̅ M̅ A = 10078 ∗28.01 g/mol+ 10021 ∗32.00 g/mol+ 1001 ∗39.95 g/mol M̅ A = 21.8478 8478 g/mo g/moll + 6.7200 7200 g/mo g/moll + 0.3995 g/m g/molol M̅ A =28.9673 g/mol
b) Finalmente calculamos la presión total de la mezcla gaseosa en el recipiente, a partir de la ecuación de
Clapeyron, utilizaremos la siguiente ecuación simplificada: si mplificada:
760 gg∗∗28.280..082 0986736273aatmtm.g/mol .g/mol∗ L/mo L/mol∗ 80l.KL∗ 276 276 K P = 760 17 200.32 K
= ̅∗∗ ∗
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6. Hallar el peso molecular de una mezcla gaseosa formado por CO2 y CH4, sabiendo que la fracción molar de CO2 excede en 0.4 a la del metano. Planteamiento del Problema:
Ecuación química, masa molecular aparente de una mezcla gaseosa:
CO2
fmCO2 = x + 0.4
CH4
fmCH4 = x
̅ = ̅ + ̅ + ̅ +⋯̅ Condición de la fracción molar de gases:
+ + +⋯+ =
Solución: a) Calculamos el valor de x, para ello utilizaremos la condición de fracciones molares:
x+0. 4 +x=1 2x=1−0.4 x = 0.26 =0.3 x=0.3
+ =
b) Por lo que, la fracción molar para ambos gases seria:
fm =x+0. 4 =0. 3 +0. 4 =0. 7
y
fm =x=0.3
c) Finalmente calculamos la masa molecular a partir de la ley de masa molecular aparente de una mezcla,
para ello utilizaremos la siguiente ecuación química simplificada: simplificada:
̅ = ∗ ̅ + ∗ ̅ M̅ ZA = 0.7 ∗ 44.44.01 g/m g/molol++ 0.3 ∗ 16.16.04 g/m g/molol
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7. La presión total de una mezcla gaseosa de O2 y CO2 es 118 PSI. Calcular la masa molecular de la mezcla sabiendo que la presión parcial del CO2 es 29 PSI. Planteamiento del Problema:
Ecuación química, masa molecular aparente de una mezcla gaseosa:
O2
̅ = ̅ + ̅ + ̅ +⋯̅
CO2 Ecuación química, fracción molar:
PT = 118 PSI
= % = = =
PCO2 = 29 PSI ⸫ PO2 = 118-29 = 89 PSI
Solución:
a) Por lo tanto, calculamos la masa molecular a partir de la ley de masa molecular aparente de una mezcla, para ello utilizaremos la siguiente ecuación química química simplificada:
̅ = ∗ ̅ + ∗ ̅ M̅ ZA = 11889 PSIPSI ∗32.00 g/mol+ 11829 PSIPSI ∗ 44.01 g/mol g/mol M̅ A =0.75423729∗32.00 g/mol+0.24576271∗44.01 g/mol
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8. En un compresor de 984 L, se mezcla 997 g de N2 (28.01 g/mol), 72.276x1023 átomos de oxígeno y el hidrogeno proveniente de un tanque es 180 L en CN. Si la temperatura de la mezcla gaseosa es 24 °C. calcular la presión total en PSI, 1 atm = 14.696 PSI, NA = 6.023x1023 moléculas/mol. Planteamiento del Problema:
Ecuación química, fracción molar:
N2
997 g
O2
72.276x1023 átomos “O”
H2
180 L a CN
VT = 984 L T = 24°C = 297 °K
= % = = =
Ecuación química, numero de moles:
= ̅ = ° = ̅
Ecuación química, de Clapeyron:
=
Solución: a) Calculamos los moles totales, para ello utilizaremos la condición para moles de una mezcla:
= + + 997 g 72. 2 76x10 "O" 1 mol e cul a O + 180 L n = 28.01 g/mol + 6.023x10molatomos ∗ eculas/mol 2 atomos "O" 22.4 L/mol n =35.5944 mol+6.0000 mol+8.0357 mol n =49.6301 moles
b) Finalmente calculamos la presión total de la mezcla gaseosa en el recipiente, a partir de la ecuación de
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9. La fracción molar del NH3 (17.03 g/mol) en una mezcla gaseosa es 0.45 ¿Cuántos litros de amoniaco habrá en 64 moles de una mezcla a condiciones normales? Planteamiento del Problema:
Ley de fracción molar:
= % = = =
NH3 VT
x
Ley de numero de moles:
= ̅ = ° = ̅
nT = 64 mol fm NH3 = 0.45 Solución: a) Calculamos el volumen total de una mezcla, para ello utilizaremos la siguiente ecuación química
simplificada:
= ̅ V = 64 momoll ∗ 22.22.4 L/mo L/moll V = 1 433 433..6 L
→
= ∗ ̅
b) Finalmente calculamos los litros de amoniaco, utilizando la siguiente ecuación química simplificada:
= ∗
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10. Cuantos gramos de CH4 (16.04 g/mol) deben ser agregados a 420 g de SO2 (64.06 g/mol) para obtener una mezcla en la cual las presiones parciales de sus componentes sean iguales. Planteamiento del Problema:
Ecuación química, fracción molar:
CH4
= % = = =
xg
Ecuación química, numero de moles:
SO2
= ̅ = ° = ̅
420 g
PCH4 = PSO2 Solución: a) Calculamos la masa del CH4 a añadir a la mezcla, a partir de la ley de fracción molar, para ello
utilizaremos la siguiente ecuación química simplificada:
Sabemos que:
= ∗
El enunciado nos da la siguiente condición:
= ∗
PCH4 = PSO2
Utilizando la condición dada por el enunciado e igualando i gualando ambos términos resultaría, la siguiente ecuación simplificada:
W
= → ̅ = ̅ → = ̅ ∗ ̅ 420 g ∗16.04 g/mol
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11. Se quiere determinar la masa de vapor de agua (18.02 g/mol) que hay en una habitación de 32 m3, si el ambiente se encuentra a 22 °C y con una humedad relativa de 75%. ( Pv22°C = 19.8 mmHg, y 1 atm = 760 mmHg). Planteamiento del Problema:
Ecuación química, Humedad Relativa:
= ° ∗
Aireseco 32 m3
Ecuación química, de Clapeyron:
=
H2Ovapor
T = 22 °C = 295 °K Solución: a) Calculamos la presión parcial del vapor de agua, a partir de la ley de humedad relativa, para ello
utilizaremos la siguiente ecuación química simplificada:
P = 19.19.8 mm mmHgHg∗∗ 10075
= °
atm = 0.01954 P =14.85 mmHg∗ 7601 mmHg 01954 atm b) Finalmente calculamos la masa de vapor de agua, a partir de llaa ley de Clapeyron, para ello utilizaremos
la siguiente ecuación simplificada:
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12. Se recoge el SO2 (64.06 g/mol) en agua a 946 mmHg y 12 °C en un recipiente de 54 L. si el gas tiene una humedad relativa de 82%. ¿Qué masa de gas se ha recolectado? Planteamiento del Problema:
Ecuación química, Gases Húmedos:
SO2
ú = + ° ∗
SO2 +
H2O
PGhúmedo = 946 mmHg
Ecuación química, de Clapeyron:
=
T = 12 °C = 285 °K
V = 54 L
PV12°C = 10.5 mmHg Hr = = 82%
Solución: a) Calculamos la presión parcial del Gas seco “SO2”, a partir de la ley de Gases húmedos, para ello
utilizaremos la siguiente ecuación química simplificada:
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13. Se recoge el gas hidrogeno sobre agua a 20°C. el volumen del gas recogido es 87 cm 3 y la presión barométrica es de 735 torr. Si el gas gas estuviera seco y medido a CN ¿Cuál sería su volumen? Planteamiento del Problema:
Ecuación química, Gases Húmedos:
+
ú = + ° ∗
H2O
Ecuación química, Ley General de los Gases:
H2
H2
=
Condiciones Normales
PGhúmedo = 735 Torr
T1 = 20 °C = 293 °K
P2 = 1 atm
PV20°C = 17.5 mmHg
V1 = 87 ml
T2 = 273 °K
Solución: a) Calculamos la presión parcial del Gas seco “H2”, a partir de la ley de Gases húmedos , para ello
= ú − ° ∗
utilizaremos la siguiente ecuación química simplificada:
Nota: si
no se indicase la Hr, asúmase Hr=100% (para el enunciado).
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14. En la práctica de laboratorio recolección de gases, a una presión de 735 torr y 27°C, al hacer reaccionar una lámina de magnesio con ácido clorhídrico se logró observar un desplazamiento de agua de 50 cc ¿Calcule cuál es el número de moles de hidrogeno seco producidos? Planteamiento del Problema:
Ecuación química, Gases Húmedos:
H2
ú = + ° ∗
H2 +
H2O
Ecuación química, de Clapeyron:
Patm = 735 Torr
T = 27 °C = 300 °K
PV27°C = 20 mmHg
VGh = 50 cc = 0.05 L
=
Solución: a) Calculamos la presión parcial del Gas seco “H 2”, a partir de la ley de Gases húmedos, para ello
utilizaremos la siguiente ecuación química simplificada:
= ú − ° ∗
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15. En un balón hay PCl5 gaseoso y puro (208.239 g/mol) a la temperatura de 28 °C y a una presión de 380 Torr. Si se eleva la temperatura a 310 °C, el gas se descompone totalmente en PCl3 (137.333 g/mol) y Cl2 (70.906 g/mol) gaseosos. ¿Cuál será entonces la presión parcial que ejercerá cada gas formado? Planteamiento del Problema:
PCl5
310 °C
PCl3 + Cl2
Inicial: PCl5
Final: Descompone PCl 3 + Cl2
Ti = 28 °C = 301 °K
Tf = = 310 °C = 583 °K
Pi = 380 Torr
relación molar 1:1:1
Ecuación química, fracción molar:
= % = = =
Condición de la fracción molar de gases:
+ + +⋯+ =
Solución: a) Calculamos los moles iniciales de PCl5, a partir de la ley de Clapeyron (PV=nRT), para ello
utilizaremos la siguiente ecuación química simplificada:
= = ∗ ∗
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c) Calculamos la presión final de la mezcla de gases formado, a partir de la Ley de Clapeyron (PV=nRT),
utilizando la siguiente ecuación simplificada:
= ∗∗
380 38 0 Tor T orr r ∗ V 2 ∗ P = R∗301°KV ∗R∗583°K P = 2 ∗ 383800301Torr ∗ 583 P = 1 472472 Torr Torr
d) Calculamos la fracción molar de cada gas formado, utilizando la siguiente ecuación química
simplificada: Sea la reacción química balanceada: 208.239g/mol PCl5 (g)
137.333g/mol →
PCl3 (g)
70.906g/mol +
Cl2 (g)
100%
De acuerdo a la condicion dede fraccion molar: + =
Entonces se puede afirmar que la fracción molar para cada gas a partir de la reacción química balanceada,
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16. Una mezcla gaseosa contiene 232.6 g de N2 (28.01 g/mol), 144.0 g de O2 (32.00 g/mol), 70.5 g de CO2 (44.01 g/mol), 12.8 g de He (4.00 g/mol) y 20.0 g de Ar (39.95 g/mol), ocupando un volumen de 60 L. Sabiendo que la presión total es 12 atmosferas. Determinar para cada componente: Ecuación química, numero de moles: a) b) c) d) e)
Moles Fracción molar Presión parcial Masa molar de la mezcla de gases Temperatura
Ecuación química, fracción molar:
= % = = =
Planteamiento del Problema:
V = 60L
= ̅
N2
232.6 g
O2
144.0 g
CO2
70.5 g
Ecuación química, masa molecular aparente de una mezcla gaseosa:
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b) Calculamos la fracción molar de cada componente, para ello utilizaremos la siguiente ecuación química
simplificada:
fm = nn = 18.8.3100molmol =0.4586 fm = nn = 18.4.5100molmol =0.2486 fm = nn = 18.1.6100molmol =0.0884 fm = nn = 18.3.2100molmol =0.1768
=
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d) Calculamos la masa molecular aparente de la mezcla gaseosa, para ello utilizaremos la siguiente
ecuación química simplificada:
̅ = ∗ ̅ + ∗ ̅ + ∗ ̅ + ∗ ̅ + ∗ ̅
M̅ ZA =0.4586∗28.01 molg + 0.2486 2486∗∗ 32.32.00 molg + 0.0884 0884∗∗ 44.44.01 molg + 0.1768 1768∗∗ 4.0000 molg + 0.0276 0276∗∗ 39.39.95 molg
M̅ ZA = 12.8454 8454 g/mo g/moll + 7.9552 9552 g/mo g/moll + 3.8905 8905 g/mo g/moll + 0.7072 g/mo g/moll + 1.1026 1026 g/mo g/moll M̅ ZA =26.5009 g/mol e) Calculamos la temperatura, a partir de la ley de Clapeyron, utilizando la siguiente ecuación química
simplificada:
∗
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17. Se mezcla 180 g de metano, CH4 (16.04 g/mol) con 136 g de otro hidrocarburo en un recipiente de 36 L. si el volumen parcial del hidrocarburo desconocido es 12 L en la mezcla ¿Qué volumen ocupara si estuviera a Condiciones Normales? Planteamiento del Problema:
Ecuación química, numero de moles:
CH4
180 g
36 L
x
VCH4 = 24 L
138 g
= ̅ = ̅
Ecuación química, fracción molar:
= % = = =
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18. La masa de 8.6 L medidos a Condiciones Normales, de una mezcla de gases CO (28.01 g/mol) y CO 2 (44.01 g/mol) es de 16 g. Hallar el volumen parcial de cada gas en la mezcla. Planteamiento del Problema:
Ecuación química, Ley de Clapeyron:
CO
WT = 16 g VT = 8.6 L
CO2
Solución:
PT = 1 atm a CN T = 273 °K a CN
= ̅ = = % = = =
Ecuación química, fracción molar:
Ecuación química, masa molecular aparente de una mezcla gaseosa:
̅ = ̅ + ̅ + ̅ +⋯̅
a) Calculamos la masa molecular de la mezcla gaseosa, a partir de la Ley de Clapeyron, para ello
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c) Finalmente calculamos el volumen parcial de cada componente c omponente de la mezcla gaseosa, a partir de la ley
de Amagat, utilizando la siguiente ecuación química simplificada:
= ∗ V = fm ∗ V = 0.147 1476 ∗ 8.6 L = 1.27 L V = fm ∗ V = 0.8525244 ∗ 8.6 L = 7.3333 L
19. En un balón de 32 L se mezclan 2.6 mol de amoniaco, NH3 y 3.1 mol de butano, C4H10. Calcular el
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20. Un tanque de 3 m3 contiene una mezcla formado por 28.91x1023 moléculas de O2 y 176.50 g de N2 (28.01 g/mol) gaseosos a una presión de 150 PSI. Calcular el volumen parcial de cada componente en la mezcla a las mismas condiciones de P y T. Planteamiento del Problema:
Ley de número de moles:
= ̅ = ° = ̅
O2
28.91x1023 moléculas
Condición de moles totales de una mezcla:
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21. ¿Cuál es la velocidad promedio en m/s de una molécula de O2 (32.00 g/mol) a 25 °C? Solución:
Aplicando la Ley de la Teoría Cinética Molecular:
̅ = ̅ Donde:
̅
: Velocidad promedio de un gas, cm/s.
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22. A las mismas condiciones de P, T y V. ¿Cuál de los siguientes gases se difunde más rápido, por lo tanto, llegaría más rápido a la meta? O2, H2, CO2 o el N2. Planteamiento del Problema:
O2 H2 CO2 N2
M̅M̅ ==2.32.000020g/mol g/m g/molol M̅̅ = 44.0101 g/g/momoll M = 28.0101 g/m g/molol
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24. Un capilar de vidrio de 120 cm de longitud, está provisto de orificios de entrada en sus dos extremos, por lo que que ingresa simultáneamente simultáneamente BF3 (67.81 g/mol) y NH3 (17.03 g/mol). Los gases reaccionan para formar un sólido blanco. ¿Calcular a que distancia de NH3 aparecerá un anillo blanco solido? Planteamiento del Problema:
Área (A), Formación de anillo NH3
BF3 x
120 cm - x
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25. 420 L de HBr (80.91 g/mol) se difunden en 7 minutos a ciertas condiciones de P y T ¿Cuánto tardará en difundirse 2700 L de CH4 (16.04 g/mol) a las mismas condiciones.
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320 mlml∗∗ t = 64.06 g/mol
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M̅ = 32.32.00 g/mo g/moll ∗ 3
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28. 86 ml de una mezcla gaseosa formada por NH3 y O2 (32.00 g/mol) se difunde en un frasco en 25 segundos, si 40 ml de O2 se difunden en el mismo frasco en 14 segundos ¿Qué porcentaje en volumen
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