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Kinds of Translation
According to Tanke in Said M. Shiyab (2006:21), "Translation is the transfer of a text from source language into a text in the target language, the objective being a perfect (my italics) equivalent of meaning between the two texts".
So, in a process of translation we need to make sure that our translation is natural (equivalent) between the source language and target language. There are some kinds of translation according to some linguists. The kinds of translation will help us to translate a text easier.
According to Larson (1998: 15) translation is classified into two main types, namely form-based translation and meaning-based translation. Forms-based translation attempts to follow the form of the source language (SL) and it is known as literal translation. Form-based translation here means translations that follow exactly the form of the source language or like word-for-word translation. Larson (1998: 15) states "A literal translation sounds like nonsense and has little communication value." For example:
Source language : Dimana Sunarti?
Target language : Where Sunarti?
From the definition above, Larson stated that literal translation is same as word-for-word translation. But according to Catford (http://thesis.binus.ac.id/Asli/Bab2/2011-1-00338-ig%202.pdf: 9: 6-3-1014) literal translation is nearly like word-for-word translation but the form or structure of target language is adjusted according to the grammar of the target language. Here is the example of literal translation according to Catford:
Source language : Dimana Sunarti?
Target language : Where is Sunarti?
Furthermore, Newmark (http://thesis.binus.ac.id/Asli/Bab2/2011-1-00338-ig%202.pdf: 9: 6-3-1014) states "The grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of content". Newmark's opinion about literal translation is similar to Catford opinion. They stated that literal translation translates the words of source language one by one and the grammar of target language is adjusted as natural target language grammar and the target language have similar meaning with source language.
The next kind of translation is idiomatic translation (meaning-based translation). Meaning-based translation makes every effort to communicate the meaning of the SL text in the natural forms of the receptor language. Such translation is called idiomatic translation. Based on Larson (1998:17), "idiomatic translation reproduces the meaning of the source language (that is, the meaning intended by the original communicator) in the natural form of the receptor language". Idiomatic translation is a process of translation that changes the form of the source language and giving the sense of original meaning so that the receptor can understand the translation full.
Newmark (http://thesis.binus.ac.id/Asli/Bab2/2011-1-00338-ig%202.pdf: 12: 6-3-2014) said that idiomatic translation transfers the meaning of the source language but sometime change the meaning a little bit by stating daily conversation and idiom. Some linguists stated that idiomatic translation is natural translation. Below is the example of idiomatic translation:
Source language : get into state
Target language : menjadi khawatir
In addition, Bijay Kumar Das mention some other types of translation such as literal translation (which aimed---to be basically "word for word"), Phonological translation [which is "restricted" translation where the phonology of the (SL) text is substituted by equivalent phonology in the (TL) text], Graphological translation [which is "restricted" translation where the graphology of the (SL) text is substituted by equivalent graphology in the (TL) text, and grammatical translation (which is "restricted" translation where the grammar of the source language text is substituted by equivalent grammar in the target language but the language is not replaced (Bijay Kumar Das:2008: 27)
References
Das, Kumar Bijay. A Handbook of translation Studies. (New Delhi: Atlantic, 2008)
Larson, Mildred L. Meaning-Based Translation. (Lanham: University Press of America, 2008) Second edition
Said, M Shiyab. A Textbook of Translation. (Apeldoorn: Garant, 2006)
Internet References
(No Name Available). 2011. Theoritical Background of thesis. http://thesis.binus.ac.id/Asli/Bab2/2011-1-00338-ig%202.pdf. [6-3-2014]
