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1 CE281-Geotechnical Engineering I
Atterberg Limit Test
ATTERBERG LIMIT TEST OBJECTIVE •
To determine the liquid limit, the plastic limit and the linear shrinage and plasticit! inde" o# the gi$en soil sample%
MATERIALS AND APPARATUS Special: 1% Liquid Liquid limit limit de$ice de$ice and groo$i groo$ing ng tool tool &#or liquid liquid limit test' 2% Large Large glass glass plate plate &#or &#or plastic plastic limit limit test' test' (% )al# )al# c!lind c!lindrica ricall linear linear shrin shrinage age mold mold General: 1% *ist *istil ille led d +ate +ater r
6ater pla!s an important role in soil mechanics practice +hen dealing +ith densit!, $oid ratio, settlement and strength characteristics o# either disturbed or undisturbed soils% 7ine-grained soils in particular can be in one o# se$eral states depending on the amount o# +ater in the soil% 6hen +ater is added to dr! soil, the indi$idual particle is co$ered +ith adsorbed +ater #orming a thin #ilm around it% I# the addition o# +ater is continued, the thicness o# the +ater #ilm +ill continue to increase, thereb! #acilitating the sliding e##ect bet+een adoining particles% Thus it is a #act that the beha$iour o# the soil is related to the amount o# +ater in the s!stem% &andal and *i$shiar 199.'% THEORY
In 1911, a 3+edish agriculture scientist, A% Atterberg de#ined the boundaries o# states in terms o# :limits; as #ollo+s% These limits are o#ten called as :Atterberg limits;% • • •
Liquid limit is the boundar! bet+een liquid and plastic state%
Liquid Plastic Solid
Semi solid
Figure 3: Volume Verses Moisture Content
In 19(2, A% Casagrande de#ined those limits more precisel! #ollo+s= Chandrasena 5%
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3 CE281-Geotechnical Engineering I
Atterberg Limit Test
1% Liquid Limit &LL' The +ater content, in percent, required to close the groo$e along the bottom o# the groo$e a#ter 2. blo+s, +hen arred in a speci#ied manner% 2% suall!
(% 3hrinage Limit &3L' The +ater content that is ust su##icient to #ill the pores +hen the soil is at the minimum $olume, +hich +ill attain b! dr!ing% /%
PROCEDURE (i
Li!"i# Li$i% De%er$ina%i&n
1% The liquid limit apparatus +as calibrated to 1mm #alling height using the space gauge on the groo$ing tool handle% 2% About 1g o# moist soil passing through sie$e 4o% / +as taen and +as mi"ed thoroughl! +ith distilled +ater to #orm a uni#orm paste% (% A portion o# the paste +as placed in the cup o# the liquid limit de$ice, the sur#ace +as smoothed o## to a ma"imum depth o# inch, and the groo$ing tool +as dra+n through the sample along the s!mmetrical a"is o# the cup holding the tool perpendicular to the cup a t the point o# contact% /% The crac handle +as turned at a rate o# about t+o re$olutions per second, and the number o# blo+s necessar! to close the groo$e in the soil #or a distance o# inch +as counted% .% 6hen a consistent $alue in the range o# 1 to . blo+s +as obtained, appro"imatel! 1g o# soil +as taen #rom the closed groo$e #or a +ater content determination% 0% 7i$e +ater content determinations in the range o# 1 to / blo+s +ere obtained b! altering the +ater o# the soil and repeating the steps &2' to &.'% (ii
Pla'%ic Li$i% De%er$ina%i&n
1% About 1.g o# the moist soil used #or the liquid limit test +as mi"ed thoroughl!% Chandrasena 5%
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4 CE281-Geotechnical Engineering I
Atterberg Limit Test
2% The soil +as rolled on a glass plate +ith the hand until it is appro"imatel! (mm in diameter% (% The step &2' +as repeated b! changing the +ater content until a ( mm diameter thread sho+ed signs o# crumbling% /% The crumbling material obtained in step &(' +as taen #or the +ater content determination% .% Three determinations +ere obtained +hich can be a$eraged to determine the plastic limit, b! repeating the steps &2' to &/'%
