LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM PENANAMAN PADI
Oleh : Golongan / Kelompok : A / 6 YOKO SIMBOLON
11!1"!"1"#"
FITRY LAULAT LAULATUL UL Q
131510501088
HAMZAH ARIF
131510501093
EFIA ALFIONITA
131510501099
EVRIANA DWI CAHYANI
131510501103
$AKULTAS $AKULT AS PERTANIAN UNI%ERSITAS &EMBER '"1( BAB 1) PENDA*ULUAN
1)1 La+a, La+a, Belaka Belakang ng In!ne In !ne"#$ "#$ %e& %e&'($ '($)$n )$n "'$ "'$*' *' ne+ ne+$&$ $&$ )e( )e('l$' 'l$'$n $n ,$n ,$n+ + -e+ -e+#*' #*' l'$ l'$". ". L'$ L'$""
$&$*$n "e)#*$& 188/0 '*$ h$ $n %e%#l#)# )$n'n+$n "'%-e& $,$ l$h$n ,$n+ "$n+$* "$n +$* -e& -e&2$& 2$&#$" #$"## en en#" #" *$n *$n$h/ $h/ -$h -$h$n $n #n #n')/ ')/ 4#"# 4#"#!+& !+&$4# $4# $n -en -en*') *') #l #l$,$ $,$h/ h/ )e*#n++#$n *e%($* $n #)l#%6. D$&# l'$" $&$*$n *e&"e-'*/ ,$n+ $($* #+'n$)$n $l$% -#$n+ (e&*$n#$n "e)#*$& 100/7 '*$ ,$n+ %el#('*# l$h$n "$$h/ *e+$l$n/ l$h$n *$n$%$n *$h'n$n. Men#n+)$*n,$ (e&*'%-'h$n '%l$h (en'') # In!ne"#$ %e&'($)$n "$l$h "$*' *$n*$n+$n -e&$* ,$n+ h$&'" #h$$(# !leh "e)*!& (e&*$n#$n )h'"'"n,$ *$n$%$n ($n+$n )$&en$ -e"$&n,$ '%l$h (en'') -e&)$#*$n l$n+"'n+ en+$n (en,e#$$n ($n+$n. Men#n+)$*n,$ '%l$h (en'') -e&(!*en"# %en#n+)$*)$n '%l$h (e&%#n*$$n ($n+$n )h'"'"n,$ ($#. e-'*'h$n -e&$" "e$&$ n$"#!n$l # In!ne"#$ %$"#h *e&-#l$n+ -e"$&. H$l #n# $($* #l#h$* $&# (e&h#*'n+$n "e$&$ )$"$& en+$n (e&)$l#$n $n*$&$ *!*$l '%l$h (en'') en+$n )e-'*'h$n )!n"'%"# -e&$" (e& )$(#*$ (e& *$h'n. L$h$ L$ h$n n (e (e&* &*$n $n$% $%$n $n "$ "$$ $h h %e& e&'( '($) $)$n $n l$ l$h$ h$n n ,$n $n+ + ($ ($l# l#n+ n+ -$ -$n, n,$) $) #+'n$ #+ 'n$)$n )$n -$+ -$+## %$ %$",$& ",$&$)$ $)$** In In!ne !ne"#$ "#$ *e& *e&'*$% '*$%$$ 'n* 'n*') ') (e& (e&*$n *$n$%$ $%$n n ($ ($#. #. D# In!ne"#$ In!n e"#$ *#n+) *#n+)$* $* (en#n (en#n+)$*$n +)$*$n (&!')*#2#*$" (&!')*#2#*$" ($# "$$h ene&'n+ %en' %en'&'n. &'n. #"*e% #n*en"#4#)$"# ($# "$$h ,$n+ *el$h #*e&$()$n "el$%$ #n# *e&n,$*$ -el'% %$%(' 'n*') %en#n+)$*)$n *#n+)$* -$#) (&!')"# %$'('n (&!')*#2#*$" *$n$%$n ($#. e(e&l'$n #n('* ,$n+ *#n++# '+$ $)$n -e&(en+$&'h *e&h$$( (en#n+)$*$n (&!')*#2#*$" ($#/ h$l *e&"e-'* '+$ (e&(en+$&'h !leh (en+el!l$$n ,$n+ )'&$n+ *e&( *e &($ $' ' $ $n n "# "#"*e "*e% % (e (en$ n$n$% n$%$n $n ,$ ,$n+ n+ )' )'&$n &$n+ + *e *e&( &($ $' ' ,$ ,$n+ n+ %e %en, n,ee-$$-)$ )$n n (en#n+)$*$n (&!')"# $n (&!')*#2#*$" ($# -e&)'&$n+. ;en+$&'h l$#n "e(e&*# *e&$-$#)$nn,$ (en++'n$$n -$h$n !&+$n#) ,$n+ %en,e-$-)$n (en'&'n$n *#n+)$* )e"'-'&$n *$n$h. ;en$n$%$n ($# *e&%$"') $l$% "e&$n+)$#$n )e+#$*$n (e%-'#$,$$n *$n$%$n ($#. ;en$n$%$n ($# #l$)')$n en+$n %en$n$% -#-#* ($# ($$ l$h$n ,$n+ *el$h #(e&"#$()$n "e-el'%n,$. <#-#* ($# ,$n+ #*$n$% h$&'"l$h -#-#* ($# ,$n+ "eh$* $+$& (&!') ,$n+ #h$"#l)$n -e&)'$l#*$". ;en$n$%$n -#-#* ($# ,$n+
*#$) "eh$*/ $)$n %en,e-$-)$n ($# ,$n+ #h$"#l)$n $($* *e&"e&$n+ -#-#* (en,$)#* "eh#n++$ (&!') %en$# *#$) "eh$*. #"*e% (en$n$%$n )!n2en"#!n$l $*$' ,$n+ -#$"$ #"e-'* "#"*e% *e+el -#$"$ #l$)')$n (en++'n$$n $&$) *$n$% 0=0 %. Te*$(# $$ '+$ (en++'n$$n $&$) ,$n+ le-$& h$l *e&"e-'* *e&+$n*'n+ en+$n )!n#"# #l$,$h/ %'"#% $n )$n'n+$n 2$&#e*$" ,$n+ $$ ($$ *$n$%$n. e*$h$n$n ($n+$n *e&h$$( (&!')"# ($# $($* #l$)')$n %el$l'# "*&$*e+# -'#$,$ *$n$%$n ($# ,$n+ *e($*. ;e%-'#$,$$n ($# "e$&$ *e($* #h$&$()$n %$%(' %e%en'h# )e-'*'h$n ($n+$n %$",$&$)$*. el$#n #*'/ (e%-'#$,$$n ($# "e$&$ *e($* #h$&$()$n '+$ $($* %e%(e&-$#)# )e*$h$n$n ($n+$n. ;e%-'#$,$$n ($# #%'l$# en+$n *$h$( (e&"#$($n -$h$n *$n$% $n (en$n$%$n. ;e&%$"$l$h$n '*$%$ ($# $$l$h *e&$($* ($$ (&!')*#2#*$" ,$n+ "*$+n$n.
D$l$% "$*' e)$e *e&)$h#&/ (en#n+)$*$n h$"#l $&# (e& h$ *#$)
"#n+n#4#)$n. ;en'&'n$n (&!')"# $n (&!')*#2#*$" ($# ,$n+ #"e-$-)$n )'&$n+n,$ (en+e*$h'$n (e*$n# *e&h$$( "#"*e% (en$n$%$n $n (!l$ *$n$%$n %e&'($)$n "$l$h "$*' ,$n+ %en$# %$"$l$h $l$% (e&*$n#$n. :1. ;$$ "#"*e% $$& le+!! $$ -e-e&$($ (e+e&*#$n ,$#*' *e&$($* '$ $*$' le-#h -$&#" *$n$%$n ($# $n #"el#n+# !elh "$*' -$&#" ,$n+ $)$n #)!"!n+)$n. D$l$% "$*' 'n#* le+!! *e&#&# $&# '$ $*$' le-#h $l$% -$&#"$n *$n$%$n $n "$*' -$&#" )!"!n+. ?#)$ *e&$($* '$ -$&#" *$n$% (e& 'n#* le+!! %e&'($)$n $$& le+!! :1/ #+$ *#+$ -$&#" *$n$% (e& 'n#* le+!! %e&'($)$n $$& le+!! 3:1/ )$l$' > -$&#" (e& 'n#* %e&'($)$n >:1. ;$$ "#"*e% le+!! "e-$+$# !n*!h "#"*e% $&$) *$n$%n l$#nn,$/ $$ -e-e&$($ (#l#h$n ,$n+ $($* #*e&$()$n $l$% (en$n$%$n. ?$&$) *$n$% $)$n %e%(en+$&'h# (e&*'%-'h$n $n h$"#l ($#. $&$) *$n$% ,$n+ le-$& )e%'n+)#n$n *$n$%$n %e%#l#)# $n$)$n ,$n+ "$n+$* -$n,$). ;$$ $&$) *$n$% 50 = 50 %/ *$n$%$n ($# $($* %en+h$"#l)$n "e)#*$& 50@80 $n$)$n $l$% "$*' &'%('n. ?#)$ *$n$% ,$n+ "e%(#* h$n,$ %en+h$"#l)$n '%l$h
$n$)$n ,$n+ "e#)#*/ -$h)$n ($$ $&$) *$n$% ,$n+ "e%(#*/ "$*' *$n$%$n h$n,$ %$%(' %en+h$"#l)$n -e-e&$($ $n$)$n "$$ H$**$/ M'h$%%$ 016.
1)' T-.-an 1. Un*') %en+e*$h'# (&!"e" (en$n$%$n ($# #l$h$n "$$h. . Un*') %en+e*$h'# (!l$@(!l$ $n %$$%@%$$% $&$) *$n$% (en$n$%$n ($#. 3. Un*') %en+e*$h'# (en+$&'h $&# (ene&$($n $&$) *$n$% )!n2en"#!n$l $n
$&$) *$n$% $$& le+!! *e&h$$( (!l$ ,$n+ -e&-e$.
BAB ') TIN&AUAN PUSTAKA
')1 &a,ak Tanam Pa0
T$n$%$n ($# O&,$ "$*#2$ L.6 %e&'($)$n *$n$%$n ($n+$n (en*#n+ ,$n+ *el$h %en$# %$)$n$n (!)!) le-#h $&# "e*en+$h (en'') 'n#$. D# In!ne"#$/ ($# %e&'($)$n )!%!#*$" '*$%$ $l$% %en,!)!n+ ($n+$n %$",$&$)$*. In!ne"#$ "e-$+$# ne+$&$ en+$n '%l$h (en'')
,$n+ -e"$&
%en+h$$(# *$n*$n+$n $l$% %e%en'h# )e-'*'h$n ($n+$n (en''). Oleh )$&en$ #*' )e-#$)$n )e*$h$n$n ($n+$n %en$# 4!)'" '*$%$ $l$% (e%-$n+'n$n (e&*$n#$n An++&$#n#/ dkk 0136. ;$# Oryza sativa6 *e&%$"') $l$% family Gramineae $n subfamily Oryzoides. ;$# %e%#l#)# h'-'n+$n ,$n+ e)$* en+$n *$n$%$n -$n+"$ &'%('*@&'%('*$n $n *$n$%$n "e&e$l. e$&$ '%'% *e&#&# $&# '$ en#" Oryza sativa $n Oryza glaberrima6. ;$# "e-$+#$n -e"$& #(&!')"# !leh )$$"$n A"#$ Ten++$&$ $n A4&#)$
%e&'($)$n "$l$h "$*' %$)$n$n (!)!) %$",$&$)$* In!ne"#$. :1 $*$' :1/ *$(# %e&'($)$n $l*e&n$*#4 )!%(!nen *e)n!l!+# $l$% ($# "$$h #&#+$"# A&#-$$/ I< $n I )$&#$$ 0056. Men'&'*
*$n$%$n ($# 'n*') %en+$l$%# (en+$&'h "e-$+$# *$n$%$n (#n++#&. e$&$ '%'%/ *$n$%$n (#n++#& %en'n')$n h$"#l le-#h *#n++# $&# ($$ *$n$%$n ,$n+ $$ # -$+#$n -$&#"$n. T$n$%$n (#n++#& '+$ %en'n')$n (e&*'%-'h$n ,$n+ le-#h -$#) )$&en$ (e&"$#n+$n *$n$%$n $n*$& -$&#"$n $($* #)'&$n+#. Men'&'* (enel#*#$n enee $n Al4!n" 0116 (e&!-$$n (en$n$%$n %!el le+!! >:1 en+$n $&$) 0 = 106 = >0 %. ?'%l$h -#-#* "e)#*$& 1@3 -#-#* (e&l'-$n+ en+$n '%'& -#-#* %'$ 1 h$/ %en'n'))$n (e&*$%-$h$n ($$ '%l$h %$l$# (e& &'%('n/ '%l$h +$-$h (e& &'%('n $n '%l$h +$-$h -e&#"# (e&%$l$#. #"*e% $$& le+!! >:1 $$l$h (en$n$%$n ($# ,$n+ #$*'& "ee%#)#$n &'($ en+$n l!&!n+ $*$' &'$n+ *e&-')$ ,$n+ ')'( le-$& -e&*''$n 'n*') %e%(e&-$#)# '"$h$*$n# ($# le+!! #$%-#l $&# -$h$"$ ?$$ <$n,'%$" *e&#&# $&# )$*$ Le+!G $n D!!G. Le+!
-e&$&*#
l'$"
$n
D!!
-e&$&*#
%e%$n$n+/ $# #$n*$&$ )el!%(!) *$n$%$n ($# *e&$($* l!&!n+ ,$n+ l'$" $n %e%$n$n+ "e($n$n+ -$&#"$n *$n$%$n $$$h/ )) 0116. ')' Penga,- &a,ak Tanam Pa0
?$&$) *$n$% ,$n+ *e&l$l' le-$& -e&(!*en"# %en$# *#$) (&!')*#4. <$n,$) -$+#$n l$h$n %en$# *#$) *e&%$n4$$*)$n !leh *$n$%$n/ *e&'*$%$ $($-#l$ *$n$%$n *#$) %e%('n,$# ')'( -$n,$) '%l$h $n$)$n "eh#n++$ *e&"#"$ -$n,$) &'$n+ )!"!n+. <$n,$)n,$ &'$n+ )!"!n+ #n# ($$ $)h#&n,$
%en,e-$-)$n
-e&)'&$n+n,$ h$"#l ($# ,$n+ #h$"#l)$n (e&"$*'$n l'$" l$h$n. Den+$n )$*$ l$#n/ (&!')*#2#*$" l$h$n %en$# &en$h. ?$&$) *$n$% ,$n+ '%'% #$n'&)$n ($$ "#"*e% *$n$% le+!! :1 $$l$h 5 % $&$) $n*$& -$&#"$n6 = 1/5 % $&$) $l$% -$&#"$n6 = 50 $&$) l!&!n+6 H$**$/ %'h$%$$ 016. Men'&'* H$**$ 0116 $&$) *$n$% ,$n+ *e($* *#$) h$n,$) %en+h$"#l)$n (e&*'%-'h$n $n '%l$h $n$)$n ,$n+ %$)"#%'%/ *e*$(# '+$ $)$n %e%-e&#)$n h$"#l ,$n+ %$)"#%'%. ?$&$) *$n$% ,$n+ !(*#%'% $)$n %e%-e&#)$n (e&'%-'h$n -$+#$n $*$" *$n$%$n ,$n+ -$#) "eh#n++$ $($* %e%$n4$$*)$n le-#h -$n,$) $h$,$ %$*$h$&# $n (e&*'%-'h$n -$+#$n -$$h *$n$%$n ,$n+ '+$ -$#) "eh#n++$ $($* %e%$n4$$*)$n le-#h -$n,$) 'n"'& h$&$. e-$l#)n,$/ $&$) *$n$% ,$n+ *e&l$l'
&$($* $)$n %en+$)#-$*)$n *e&$#n,$ )!%(e*#"# $n*$& *$n$%$n ,$n+ "$n+$* he-$* $l$% h$l $h$,$ %$*$h$&#/ $#& $n 'n"'& h$&$. A)#-$*n,$ (e&*'%-'h$n *$n$%$n *e&h$%-$* $n h$"#l *$n$%$n &en$h. Men'&'* (enel#*#$n Ye**# $n A&#$n 0106 (e&l$)'$n (en$n$%$n en+$n $&$) *$n$% 1: $&$) *$n$% 5=5 %/ : $&$) *$n$% 30=30 %/ 3: 35=35 % $n >: >0=>0 %/ %en'n')$n h$"#l $l$'('n (e&l$)'$n %el$)')$n $&$) *$n$% ,$n+ -e&-e$/ h$"#l *#$) -e&-e$ n,$*$ *e&h$$( (e&*'%-'h$n *#n++# *$n$%$n.
BAB ) METODELOGI
)1 2ak+- an +empa+ ;&$)*#)'% L$($n+ ;en+$n*$& Te)n!l!+# ;e&*$n#$n en+$n $$&$ ;en$n$%$n
;$# $$h #l$)')$n ($$ h$&# '%$*/ > A(&#l 01> (')'l 07.00@ 11.00 # U;T A+&!*ehn!($&) ?'-'n+ e$%$*$n R$%-#('#. $-'($*en ?e%-e&
)' Ala+ an Baan
1. .
T$l# &$4#$ ,$n+ "'$h #-e&# *$n$ "e"'$# $&$) *$n$% ,$n+ #+'n$)$n. <#-#* ($# $&# (e&"e%$#$n ,$n+ "#$( #*$n
%$) 3a,a ke,.a :
1.
A%-#l *$l# &$4#$ ,$n+ "'$h #-e&# *$n$ "e"'$# $&$) *$n$% ,$n+ #+'n$)$n
.
3.
T$n$% -#-* ($# "e"'$# en+$n (!l$ $&$) *$n$% ,$n+ # *$n$# !leh (&$)*#)$n ($$ *$l# &$4#$
>.
e"'$h "$*' -$&#" *e&*$n$%# "e%'$/ +e"e& *$l# &$4#$ )e $&$h -el$)$n+ $n$ %en$n$% ($# en+$n (!l$ %'n'&6
5.
T$n$% -$&#" -e&#)'*n,$ h#n++$ "el'&'h l$h$n (e*$) )el!%(!) $n$ #*$n$%#.
BAB () *ASIL DAN PEMBA*ASAN
()1 *a40l
PENANAMAN PADI A
&a,ak Tanam Kon5en40onal B-.-, Sangka, '" 7m 8 '" 7m9
1
Taap Peke,.aan : • • • • •
'
Men,#$()$n -$h$n *$n$% -#-#*6. Men,#$()$n )en! "e"'$# $&$) *$n$% ,$n+ #(e&l')$n. Men+$%-#l -#-#* @3 -$*$n+ 'n*') #*$n$%. Men$n$% -#-#* en+$n %e%e+$n+ "e(e&*# %e%e+$n+ (en"#l. Men$n$% en+$n )e$l$%$n 3@> %.
*a40l Peke,.aan :
<#-#* ,$n+ #*$n$% *el$h &$(# en+$n $&$) 0 % = 0 %.
Ke+e,angan : •
en! %e&'($)$n $l$* -$n*' 'n*') %en,e"'$#)$n $&$)
•
*$n$%. Mel'&'")$n (en$n$%$n -#-#* "e"'$# en+$n *$l# (en$n$
•
B
-e&$&n$ %e&$h ($$ )en!. ;!l$ *$n$% )!n2en"#!n$l :
&a,ak Tanam &a.a, Legoo ':1 1
Taap Peke,.aan : • • • • •
Men,#$()$n -#-#* $n )en!. Men+$%-#l -e-e&$($ -#-#* ($# en+$n $)$& %en+$&$h )el'$&. Men$n$% @3 -#-#* ($# "e(e&*# %e%e+$n+ (en"#l. Men$n$% en+$n $&$) *$n$% $$& le+!! :1. Men$n$% *$n$%$n ($+$& "e*#$( "el$ '$ *$n$%$n # (#n++#& $$&
le+!!. '
*a40l Peke,.aan :
<#-#* ($# ,$n+ *el$h *e&*$n$% &$(# en+$n $&$) *$n$% $$& le+!! :1.
Ke+e,angan : •
• • •
3
T$n$%$n ($+$& -e&4'n+"# 'n*') %en$%-$h (!('l$"# *$n$%$n ($#. Me%e+$n+ -#-#* "e(e&*# "e$n+ %e%e+$n+ (en"#l. Men$n$% $&# (#n++#& (e*$)$n h#n++$ -e&$)h#& # *en+$h. ;!l$ *$n$% $$& le+!! :1
&a,ak Tanam &a.a, Legoo (:1 1
Taap Peke,.aan :
•
Men,#$()$n -$h$n *$n$% -#-#*6. Men,#$()$n )en! "e"'$# $&$) *$n$% $$& le+!! >:1. Men+$%-#l -e-e&$($ -#-#* ($# en+$n $)$& %en+$&$h )el'$&. Men$n$% -#-#* ($# @3 -$*$n+ "e"'$# $&$) *$n$% $*$' *$n$
•
,$n+ *e&$($* ($$ )en!. Men$n$% *$n$%$n ($+$& ($$ -$+#$n *e(# )$n$n $n )#&# $$&
• • •
'
le+!!. *a40l Peke,.aan : <#-#* ,$n+ #*$n$% *el$h &$(# en+$n $&$) *$n$% $$& le+!! >:1.
Ke+e,angan : • •
T$n$%$n ($+$& -e&4'n+"# 'n*') %en$%-$h (!('l$"# ($#. Men$n$% ($# "e(e&*# %e%e+$n+ (en"#l.
•
()'
;!l$ *$n$% $$& le+!! >:1
Pem;aa4an
()')1 Taapan<+aapan alam penanaman pa0 •
Pem0l0an ;en0
;e%#l#h$n -en#h $$l$h 4$)*!& '*$%$ ,$n+ (e&l' #(e&h$*#)$n $l$% %e%-'#$,$)$n *$n$%$n ($#. D$l$% (e%#l#h$n -en#h $($* #l$)')$n '# )e"eh$*$n -en#h 'n*') %en+h#n$&# (en,$)#* ,$n+ *e&-$$ !leh -en#h. el$#n #*' '+$ $($* %en,e"'$#)$n )e-'*'h$n -en#h ,$n+ #($)$# en+$n l'$" l$h$n ,$n+ $)$n #*$n$%#n. H$l *e&"e-'* #l$)')$n $+$& $($* %ene)$n -#$,$ ,$n+ #)el'$&)$n !leh (e*$n#. Pen=ema0an
Me%-'$* (e&"e%$#$n %e&'($)$n l$n+)$h $$l -e&*$n$% ($#/ ;e%-'$*$n (e&"e%$#$n %e%e&l#)$n "'$*' (e&"#$($n ,$n+ "e-$#)@-$#)n,$/ "e-$- -en#h # (e&"e%$#$n #n# $)$n %enen*')$n (e&*'%-'h$n ($# # "$$h. ;e&"e%$#$n h$&'" -en$&@-en$& %en$($* (e&h$*#$n $+$& h$&$($n 'n*') %en$($*)$n -#-#* ($# ,$n+ "eh$* $n "'-'& $($* *e&$($#. Un*') (e&"e%$#$n -#-#* #(e&h$*#)$n -e-e&$($ h$l #$n*$&$n,$ : $. T$n$h ,$n+ #+'n$)$n 'n*') %en,e%$# -#-#* h$&'" *$n$h ,$n+ -$+'".
-. Men$%('& *$n$h ,$n+ "'$h #(#l#h en+$n ('(') )!%(!" $*$' ('(') )$n$n+. . R$*$)$n *$n$h # %e#$ $*$' l$h$n "e%$# )#&$@)#&$ )e*e-$l$n %. .
T$-'&)$n -en#h ,$n+ "'$h #"ele)"# #%e#$ "e%$#.
e. ?$+$ )ele%-$-$n "e%$#$n -en#h. 4.
;en+!l$h$n *$n$h -e&*''$n %en+'-$h )e$$$n *$n$h (e&*$n#$n en+$n $l$* *e&*en*' h#n++$ %e%(e&!leh "'"'n$n *$n$h "*&')*'& *$n$h6 ,$n+ #)ehen$)# !leh *$n$%$n. ;en+!l$h$n *$n$h "$$h *e&#&# $&# -e-e&$($ *$h$( %'l$# $&# (e%-e&"#h$n/ (e%-$$)$n/ (en$n+)'l$n "e&*$ (en++$&'$n. ;en+!l$h$n l$h$n $($* #l$)')$n "$%-#l %en'n++' (&!"e" (en,e%$#$n -en#h ($# "eh#n++$ n$n*#n,$ "e*el$h -en#h "#$( *$n$% *#$) *e&$# )en$l$ $)$n l$h$n ,$n+ #+'n$)$n. Penanaman
D$l$% *$h$( (en$n$%$n -#-#* ($# h$&'" #(e&h$*#)$n -e-e&$($ h$l -e&'($ (e&"#$($n l$h$n/ '%'& -#-#* *$n$%$n/ $n (&!"e" (en$n$%$nn,$. T$n$h ,$n+ "'$h #!l$h en+$n $&$ ,$n+ -$#) h$&'" #($"*#)$n 'n*') #*$n$%# -#-#* ($# "e&*$ *e)"*'& *$n$h "'$h "e"'$#. U%'& -#-#* h$&'" #($"*#)$n "'$h ')'( "e"'$# 'n*') #(#n$h)$n )e l$h$n "e"'$# en+$n en#" ($# ,$n+ #+'n$)$n. Un*') (&!"e" (en$n$%$n #-$+# %en$# ,$#*' : 1. Me%#n$h)$n -#-#* <#-#* ,$n+ *el$h -e&'%'& 17@5 h$&# *e&+$n*'n+ en#" ($#n,$6 $($* "e+e&$ #(#n$h)$n )el$h$n ,$n+ *el$h #"#$()$n. ,$&$* -#-#* ,$n+ "#$( #(#n$h)$n ,$#*' *$l$h -e&'%'& 17@5 h$&# -e&$'n 5@7 hel$#/ -$*$n+ -$+#$n -$$h -e"$& $n )'$*/ (e&*'%-'h$n -#-#* "e&$$+$% "e"'$# en+$n en#"n,$ "e&*$ -#-#* *#$) *e&"e&$n+ h$%$ (en,$)#*. . Men$n
%$ D$l$% %en$n$% -#-#* ($# $($* #(e&h$*#)$n "e(e&*# "#"*e% l$&#)$n $&$ *$n$%6/ $&$) *$n$%/ '%l$h -#-#* *#$( l'-$n+/ )e$l$%$n (en$n$%$n -#-#* $n $&$ *$n$%. #"*e% l$&#)$n $&$ *$n$%6 $+$& %e%(e&%'$h (e&$$*$n/ $&$) *$n$% '+$ h$&'" %e%(e&h$*#)$n 4$)*!& "e(e&*# $&$) *$n$% "e-e&$($ ($# en#" *e&*en*' %en+h$"#l)$n $n$)$nn,$ )$&en$ "$n+$* %e%(en+$&'h# $&$) *$n$% ,$n+ $)$n #l$)')$n %#"$l)$n %en++'n$)$n $$& le+!! : 1 $*$'('n > : 1/ )e"'-'&$n *$n$h (en,$&$($n h$&$ '+$ $)$n %e%(e&h$*#)$n $&$) *$n$% ,$n+ $)$n #-'$* "e-$- (e&$)$&$n
($$ *$n$h ,$n+ "'-'& le-#h -$#)/ "e*el$h #*'
)e*#n++#$n *e%($* "e%$)#n *#n++# *e%($* "e%$)#n &$($* $&$) *$n$%n,$ )$&en$ -e&h'-'n+$n en+$n (en,e#$$n $#&. e*el$h $&$) *$n$% ,$n+ (e&l' #(e&h$*#)$n l$+# ,$#*' '%l$h -#-#* *#$( l'-$n+ '%'%n,$ '%l$h -#-#* *#$( l'-$n+ -e&#"# @3 -#-#*/ )e$l$%$n (en$n$%$n -#-#* "$n+$* %enen*')$n h$"#l )e$l$%$n *$n$%$n ,$n+ -$#) ,$#*'3@>%/ $&$ *$n$% ,$#*' (e%#n$h$n -#-#* $&# l$h$n (e"e%$#$n )e l$h$n. ()')' $ak+o,<>ak+o, =ang mempenga,-0 ke;e,a40lan penanaman pa0
1.
M'*' <#-#* ;$# e-el'% %el$)')$n (en$n$%$n/ h$&'" %en+e*$h'# %'*' -#-#* ,$n+ $)$n
#*$n$%. D$l$% %enen*')$n %'*' -#-#* ,$n+ -$#)/ "e-el'%n,$ (e&l' $$n,$ (en,ele)"#$n -en#h.
3. ?$&$) *$n$% D$l$% %el$)')$n (en$n$% $&$) *$n$% '+$ h$&'" #(e&h$*#)$n. D#%$n$/ $&$) *$n$% %e&'($)$n )e"e"'$#$n $n$*$& *$n$%$ "$*' en+$n *$n$%$ l$#nn,$. ?$&$) *$n$% ,$n+ -$#)/ $&$) *$n$% ,$n+ "e"'$# en+$n en#" *$n$%$n/ )e"'-'&$n *$n$h/ $n '+$ )e*#n++#$n *e%($* $*$' %'"#%. ?#)$ "e"'$# en+$n h$l@h$l *e&"e-'*/ %$)$ )e-e&h$"#l$n $l$% (en$n$%$n -'#$,$ -$+# $)$n -e&h$"#l. e-$l#)n,$/ #)$ $l$% %e%-e&#)$n $&$) *$n$% ,$n+ *#$) "e"'$# "e(e&*# %en#%-'l)$n )!%(e*#"# $n*$& *$n$%$n $l$% %e%(e&e-'*)$n 'n"'& h$&$/ %$)$ "$l$h "$*' *$n$%$n $)$n -e&$)#-$* )e)'&$n+$n 'n"'& h$&$. H$l *e&"e-'*/ $)$n %en+$)#-$*)$n *#n+)* )e-e&h$"#l$n (en$n$%$n %en$# -'&'). ()') Penga,- &a,ak Tanam an P,o-k40 +e,aap +anaman pa0 ?$&$) *$n$% %e%(en+$&'h# (e&*'%-'h$n $n (&!')"# *$n$%$n ($#.
?$&$) *$n$% ,$n+ "e"'$# en+$n *$n$%$n ($# ,$n+ #*$n$% $)$n -e&$%($) (!"#*#4 ($$ (e&*'%-'h$n $n (&!')"# *$n$%$n ($#. ?$&$) *$n$% ,$n+ "e"'$# $*$' *#$) *e&l$l' e)$*/ *#$) $)$n *e&$# )!%(e*#"# $n*$& *$n$%$n $l$% %e%(e&e-'*)$n 'n"'& h$&$ #$l$% *$n$h. "eh#n++$/ *$n$%$ ($# $)$n e($* *'%-'h $n %$%(' -e&(&!')"# *#n++#. A*$' $n*$& *$n$%$n ($# *#$) $)$n "$l#n+ %en++$n++'. Te*$(#/ #)$ $&$) *$n$% *#$) "e"'$# en+$n *$n$%$n ($# $)$n -e&$%($) -'&') -$+# *$n$%$n *e&"e-'*. ;e&*'%-'h$n *$n$%$n ($# $)$n *e&h$%-$* $n (&!')"# *$n$%$n ($# *#$) %$)"#%$l $*$' )'&$n+. I*' -#"$ #"e-$-)$n )$&$n $$n,$ )!%(e*#"# $n*$& *$n$%$n ($# $l$% %e%(e&e-'*)$n 'n"'& h$&$ # $l$% *$n$h/ )$&en$ $&$) ,$n+ %'n+)#n *#$) "e"'$# *$' *e&l$l' &$($*. ()')( $ak+o,<>ak+o, =ang pe,l- 0pe,a+0kan alam penen+-an .a,ak +anam 1. ?en#" *$n$%$n e*#$( *$n$%$n ($# %e%#l#)# en#" ($# ,$n+ -e&-e$@-e$. D#%$n$/ en#"
($$ *e&*en*' $($* %en+h$"#l)$n '%l$h $n$)$n ,$n+ ')'( -$n,$). eh#n++$/ )e$$$n #n# '+$ -e&(en+$&'h ($ $&$) *$n$% ($#. ?en#" ($# ,$n+ '%l$h $n$)$nn,$ -$n,$) %e%e&l')$n $&$) *$n$% ,$n+ ')'( le-$&. e-$l#)n,$/ en#" ($# ,$n+ $n$)$nn,$ "e#)#* h$n,$ %e%e&l')$n $&$) *$n$% ,$n+ "e%(#*. . e"'-'&$n *$n$h
?$&$) *$n$% '+$ #*en*')$n en+$n )e"'-'&$n "'$*' *$n$h. ;$$ *$n$%$ ($#/ (en,e&$($n h$&$ !leh $)$& *$n$%$n ($# $)$n %e%(en+$&'h# (enen*'$n $&$) *$n$% ($$ *$n$%$n ($#. e-$-/ (e&)e%-$n+$n $)$& $*$' *$n$%$n ($# #*' "en#&# ($$ *$n$h ,$n+ "'-'& $)$n le-#h -$#) $&#($$ (e&)e%-$n+$n $)$& $*$' *$n$%$n ($# ($$ *$n$h ,$n+ )'&$n+ "'-'&. $&en$/ 'n"'& h$&$ ,$n+ $)$n #"e&$( !leh $)$& *$n$%$n ($# ($$ *$n$h ,$n+ "'-'& le-#h -$n,$). Oleh )$&en$ #*'/ $&$) *$n$% ,$n+ #-'*'h)$n $)$n le-#h le-$& $&# ($$ $&$) *$n$% ($$ *$n$h ,$n+ )'&$n+ "'-'&. ?$&$) *$n$% ,$n+ le-$& '+$ 'n*') %en+h#n$&# )!%(e*#"# $n*$& *$n$%$n ($# $l$% %e%(e&e-*')$n 'n"'& h$&$ $l$% *$n$h. 3. e*#n++#$n *e%($* %'"#% ?$&$) *$n$% '+$ #*en*')$n !leh )e*#n++#$n "'$*' *e%($* $*$' "'$*' %'"#%. e(e&*#/ $e&$h ,$n+ %e%#l#)# )e*#n++#$n *e&*en*' $)$n %e%e&l')$n $&$) *$n$% ,$n+ le-#h &$($* $&# ($$ $&$) *$n$% ($$ $*$&$n &en$h. $&en$ ($$ )e*#n++#$n $&$) *$n$% ,$n+ le-#h &$($* #n# -e&h'-'n+$n en+$n (en,e#$$n $#&. H$l l$#nn,$/ *$n$%$n ($# ,$n+ %e%#l#)# 2$&#e*$" 'n++'l %e%e&l')$n $&$) *$n$% ,$n+ -e&')'& 0 = 0 % "$$* *e&$#n,$ %'"#% )e%$&$' $n ($$ "$$* *e&$# %'"#% h'$n $&$) *$n$% %en$# le-#h le-$& 5 = 5 %. h$l #n# '+$ -e&h'-'n+$n en+$n )e*e&"e#$$n $#&.
()')! Ma7am
;!l$ $&$) *$n$% ,$n+ #+'n$)$n ($$ $$&$ (&$)*#)'% )$l# #n# %e&'($)$n (!l$ $&$) *$n$% -''& "$n+)$& $n (!l$ $&$) *$n$% $$& le+!!. ;!l$ $&$) *$n$% $$& le+!! )e%'#$n #-$+# %en$# '$6 (!l$ $&$) *$n$% l$+# ,$)n# $$& le+!! :1 $n $$& le+!! >:1. J ;!l$ $&$) *$n$% -''& "$n+)$& *e&+!l!n+ )e $l$% (!l$ $&$) *$n$% single row. ;$$ (!l$ -''& "$n+)$&/ l$h$n #%$n4$$*)$n en+$n %en,'"'n *$n$%$n "$%$ )e "e+$l$ "#"#. ;!l$ #n# %en++'n$)$n $&$) 0K0 % $n*$& *$n$%$nn,$. ;!l$ $&$) *$n$% -''& "$n+)$& $($* #+$%-$&)$n "e-$+$# -e&#)'*. 0 % X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
J
;!l$ $&$) *$n$% l$#nn,$ ,$)n# (!l$ $&$) *$n$% $$& le+!! %e&'($)$n (!l$ $&$) *$n$% ,$n+ *e&+!l!n+ )e $l$% (!l$ $&$) *$n$% +$n$ double row6. ;en+$*'&$n le*$) *$n$%$n ($$ (!l$ #n# h$%(#& "$%$ en+$n $&$) *$n$% (e&"e+# ($n$n+/ n$%'n ($$ $&$) *e&*en*' #-'$* le-#h le-$&. ;$$ $$ln,$/ (!l$ $&$) *$n$% +$n$ #+'n$)$n 'n*') -'#$,$ *$n$%$n (e&)e-'n$n. N$%'n/ "$$* #n# (!l$ $&$) *$n$% +$n$ *el$h -$n,$) #+'n$)$n ($$ -'#$,$ *$n$%$n ($n+$n/ )h'"'"n,$ ($#. ;!l$ $&$) *$n$% $$& le+!! *e&#&# $*$" -e-e&$($ %$$%/ #$n*$&$n,$ ,$n+ #l$)')$n ($$ $$&$ (&$)*#)'% )$l# #n# $$l$h (!l$ $&$) *$n$% $$& le+!! :1 $n (!l$ $&$) *$n$% $$& le+!! >:1. A$('n (!l$ $&$) *$n$% $$& le+!! *e&"e-'* $($* #+$%-$&)$n "e-$+$# -e&#)'*.
()')6 Kek-,angan an kele;0an .a,ak +anam
;!l$ *$n$% ,$n+ "e$&$ )!n2en"#!n$l #l$)')')$n !leh (e*$n# ($# $$l$h $&$) *$n$% *'n++$l $*$' -'n'& "$n+)$&. e$&$ '%'%/ $&$) *$n$% ,$n+ #($)$# $$l$h 0 = 0 %. e'n*'n+$n en+$n %en++'n$)$n $&$) *$n$% 0 = 0 % $n -#"$ #%!#4#)$"# %en$# /5 % $*$' 5 % "e"'$# (e&*#%-$n+$n 2$&#e*$" ($# ,$n+ $)$n #*$n$% $*$' *#n+)$* )e"'-'&$n *$n$hn,$. M$n4$$* (en++'n$$n (!l$ *$n$% )!n2en"#!n$l ,$#*' : -
H$"#l +$-$h le-#h *#n++# )$&en$ %e%$n4$$*)$n $"$" (en+$&'h -$&#"$n (#n++#&.
-
;$$ *$h$( $$l (e&*'%-'h$n le-#h *e&$n+ $n )!n#"# e%#)#$n *e&n,$*$ *#$) #"')$# *#)'".
-
Me%'$h)$n )e+#$*$n (en,#$n+$n $n (e%'(')$n.
-
E4#"#en"# (e%-e&#$n ('(') le-#h -e"$&.
-
Le-#h *$h$n &!-!h. Un*') (!l$ *$n$% ?$$& Le+!! : 1 $$l$h "$l$h "$*' $&$ *$n$% (#n$h
"$$h ,$n+ %e%-e&#)$n &'$n+ -$&#"$n ,$n+ *#$) #*$n$%#6 ($$ "e*#$( '$ -$&#"$n *$n$%/ *e*$(# $&$) *$n$% $l$% -$&#"$n le-#h &$($* ,$#*' 10 % *e&+$n*'n+ $&# )e"'-'&$n *$n$hn,$. ;$$ *$n$h ,$n+ )'&$n+ "'-'& )e-#$"$$n (e*$n# *$n$% $&$ *e+el 0 % = 0 %/ %en++'n$)$n $&$) *$n$% $l$% -$&#"$n 10 %. ;$$ *$n$h ,$n+ "'-'& 5 % = 5 %/ $&$) *$n$% $l$% -$&#"$n 15 %. A$ ('n )ele-#h$n $&# $&$ *$n$% $$& le+!! : 1 $$l$h : -
Me%$%4$$*)$n &$#$"# "'&,$ -$+# *$n$%$n (#n++#&.
-
T$n$%$n &el$*#4 $%$n $&# "e&$n+$n *#)'"/ )$&en$ l$h$n le-#h *e&-')$.
-
Mene)$n "e&$n+$n (en,$)#* )$&en$ &en$hn,$ )ele%-$-$n #-$n#n+)$n en+$n $&$ *$n$% -#$"$.
-
;!('l$"# *$n$%$n -e&*$%-$h 30 .
-
;e%'(')$n le-#h e4#"#en.
-
;en+en$l#$n h$%$ (en,$)#* $n +'l%$ le-#h %'$h #l$)')$n $&#($$ $&$ *$n$% -#$"$.#n# A$ )ele%$h$n en+$n %en++'n$)$n "#"*e% $$& le+!! :1. W$l$'('n
"#"*e% $$& le+!! %$%(' %en#n+)$*)$n h$"#l ($nen/ $$ )ele%$h$n ,$n+ (e&l' #e&%$*#. $&en$ *$n$%$n '%l$hn,$ le-#h -$n,$) $&# "#"*e% *$n$% )!n2en"#!n$l/ "eh#n++$ (e&l' *$%-$h$n -en#h ($# $n *en$+$ )e&$ ($$ $)*' %en$n$%. el$#n #*' )e*#)$ *$n$%$n ($# "'$h %'l$# -e&-'$h $n -e&#"#/ -#$"$n,$ *$n$%$n ($# "#"*e% $$& le+!! le-#h #"')$# h$%$ -'&'n+/ #n# #(e&)#&$)$n )$&en$ $$ $&$) *$n$%$n ,$n+ "e%(#* $n &en++$n+ "eh#n++$ -'&'n+ le-#h %'$h -e&*en++e& #"el$@"el$ *$n$%$n ($#. ;!l$ *$n$% $$& le+!! > : 1 *$n$% %e&'($)$n (!l$ *$n$% ,$n+ %e%#l#)# > -$&#"$n )e%'#$n #"el#n+# !leh 1 -$&#"$n )!"!n+ #%$n$ ($$ "e*#$( -$&#" (#n++#& %e%('n,$# $&$) *$n$% )$l# $&$) *$n$% ($$ -$&#"$n *en+$h. Den+$n e%#)#$n/ $&$) *$n$% ($$ *#(e le+!! > 1 $$l$h 0 % $n*$& -$&#"$n $n ($$ -$&#"$n *en+$h6 = 10 % -$&#"$n (#n++#&6 = >0 % -$&#"$n )!"!n+6.
e'n*'n+$n $n )ele%$h$n $l$% (en+'n$$n (!l$ *$n$% $$& le+!! > : 1 #n# *#$) $'h -e&-e$ en+$n (!l$ *$n$% $$& le+!! : 1. M$n4$$* ,$n+ #&$"$)$n )e*#)$ T$n$% ;$# en+$n #"*e% ?$$& Le+!! #n# : @
Men$%-$hn,$ '%l$h *$n$%$n ($#.
@
A)$n %en#n+)$*)$n (&!')"# *$n$%$n ($# "e$&$ "#+n#4#)$n.
@
Me%(e&-$#)# )'$l#*$" +$-$h )$&en$ $)$n "e%$)#n -$n,$)n,$ *$n$%$n (#n++#&.
@
D$($* %en+'&$n+# "e&$n+$n (en,$)#* ($$ *$n$%$n ($#.
@
D$($* %en+'&$n+# *#n+)$* "e&$n+$n h$%$ *$n$%$n ($#.
@
A)$n %e%(e&%'$h $l$% (e&$$*$n *$n$%$n ($# -$#) $l$% (&!"e" (e%'(')$n %$'('n (en,e%(&!*$n (e"*#"#$.
@
D$($* %en+he%$* ('(')/ )$&en$ ,$n+ #('(') h$n,$ # -$+#$n $l$% -$&#" *$n$%$n "$$. A$('n )ele%$h$n )e*#)$ T$n$% ;$# en+$n #"*e% ?$$& Le+!! #n# :
@
A)$n %e%-'*'h)$n *en$+$ )e&$ ,$n+ le-#h -$n,$) $n $)*' ,$n+ le-#h l$%$ ($$ "$$* %el$)')$n (&!"e" (en$n$%$n ($#.
@
Me%-'*'h)$n -en#h ,$n+ le-#h -$n,$)/ #n# #)$&en$)$n "e%$)#n -$n,$)n,$ (!('l$"# *$n$%$n ($#.
@
;$$ '%'%n,$ ($$ l$h$n ,$n+ %en++'n$)$n $$& le+!!/ %$)$ $)$n le-#h -$n,$) #*'%-'h# &'%('*.
()')? Paga, paa pola .a,ak .a.a, legoo
T$n$%$n ($+$& ($$ "#"*e% $$& le+!! $$l$h *$n$%$n ,$n+ #"#"#()$n $l$% *$n$%$n '*$%$. T$n$%$n ($+$& ($$ (!l$ $&$) *$n$%$n ($$ $"$&n,$ "e-$+$# ($+$& $n*$&$ -$&#"$n "'$*' *$n$%$n en+$n -$&#"$n *$n$%$n ,$n+ l$#n. T$n$%$n ($+$& -#$"$n,$ #*$n$% # -$+#$n $l'& -$+#$n )#&# %$'('n $l'& -$+#$n )$n$n. el$#n #*' %$n4$$* ,$n+ -#"$ #&$"$)$n $&# *$n$%$n ($+$&# #n# $$l$h $($* %en$%-$* n#*&!+en N6 $&# '$&$/ $n '+$ %e%('n,$# %$n4$$* +$n$/ %en+'&$n+# l$' $l#&$n (e&%')$$n $n e&!"# $($-#l$ *$n$%$n ($+$& #*$n$% "e$&$ &$($* %en'&'* +$&#" )!n*'&. T$n$%$n ($+$& ,$n+ $($* #*e&$()$n ($$
$$& le+!! #$l$h :1 / 3:1/ >:1 $n 51 -#$"$n,$ *$n$%$n ($+$& #le*$))$n ($$ (#n++#& -$&#"$n $n*$&$ $&$) (e%#"$h *$n$%$n "$*' en+$n ,$n+ l$#n.
()')@ Pen+0ngn=a peme;e,0an paga, paa pola .a.a, legoo
;en*#n+n,$
(e%-e&#$n ($+$&
($$
(!l$
$$&
le+!!
,$#*' $+$&
%en#n+)$*)$n '%l$h $&# *$n$%$n ,$n+ $$. ;e%-'$*$n ($+$& ($$ (!l$ $$& le+!! en+$n %ele*$))$n #$n*$&$ -$&#"$n (e%#"$h $&$) *$n$%$n "$*' en+$n ,$n+ l$#n en+$n ')'&$n )$l# $&$) "e)#*$& 10 %. H$l *e&"e-'* '+$ $)$n %e%(en+$&'h# (&!')"# +$-$h $n (e&*'%-'h$n +$-$h ,$n+ %en#n+)$*)$n )!n#"# +$-$h ,$n+ -e&n$" $n (en#n+)$*$n (&!')"# -e&$" ,$n+ le-#h -$n,$) #-$n#n+)$n en+$n (!l$ $*$' "#"*e% *$n$% ,$n+ l$#n.
()')# Pola .a,ak .a.a, legoo ':1 ;-0a=a pa0 -n+-k 0kon4-m40
;!l$ $&$) $$& le+!! :1 %e&'($)$n $&$ $*$' $l*en$*#4 'n*') (en#n+)$*$n (&!')"# $n )!n"'%#/ )$&en$ "#"*e% $&$) *$n$% ,$n+ *#$) *#$) *e&l$l' le-$& "eh#n++$ *$n$%$n $($* %en#n+)$*)$n (&!')"# +$-$h $n $n$)$n ($$ *$n$%$n/ (e%$n4$$*$n l$h$n )!"!n+ '+$ $($* %en+e4#"#en"# l$h$n )$&en$ -#"$ #*'%-'h# !leh $n$)$n $&# *$n$%$n ($#.
()')1" Pola .a,ak .a.a, legoo (:1 ;-0a=a pa0 -n+-k p,o-k40 ;en0
;!l$ $&$) $$& le+!! >:1 %e&'($)$n $&$ $*$' $l*e&n$*#4 'n*') %ene&$()$n "#"*e% (&!')"# -en#h/ )$&en$ (ene&$($n $&$) *$n$% ,$n+ $+$) le-$& $($* %e%(e&-$#)# )!n#"# (e&$)$&$n $n (e&*'%-'h$n *$n$%$n 'n*') %en+'&$n+# #n*e&$)"# $*$' -e&"#%-#!"#" en+$n *$n$%$n ,$n+ l$#nn,$ -$#) $l$% h$l %e%(e&e-'*)$n h$&$/ $h$,$ %$*$h$&# $n $#&. ?$&$) *$n$% ,$n+ #*e&$()$n ($$ (!l$ $&$) $$& le+!! >:1 en+$n ')'&$n $&$) 0=10=>0 % $)$n %en#n+)$*)$n )'$l#*$" -en#h ,$n+ *e&-$#) -$+# (e*$n#/ "eh#n++$ (e*$n# #"$&$n)$n 'n*') %ene&$()$n "#"*e% $$& le+!! >:1 'n*') (&!')"# -en#h.
BAB !) PENUTUP
!)1 Ke40mp-lan
1. D$l$% -'#$,$ ($# *e&$($* *$h$($n@*$h$($n ,$n+ h$&'" #l$)')$n !leh ($&$ (e*$n#. T$h$($n *e&"e-'* %e%('n,$# "$*' )$#*$n $n -e&'n*'n %'l$# $&# (e%#l#h$n -en#h/ (en,e%$#$n/ (e&"#$($n l$h$n/ (&!"e" (en$n$%$n $n (e&$$*$n $n (en$n+$n$n H;T. . <$n,$) 4$)*!& ,$n+ $($* %e%(en+$&'h# )e-e&h$"#l$n $l$% (en$n$%$n -'#$,$ ($# ,$#*' )'$l#*$"
-en#h/ (e&-$#)$n "#"*e% (en+$#&$n/
(e%-en$h$n (!l$ *$n$%/ (e&-$#)$n #n4&$"*&')*'& $"e* $l$n "e&*$ (e%-e&$,$$n (e*'+$" (en,'l'h (e&*$n#$n #l$($n+$n.
3. F$)*!& ,$n+ le-#h -e&h'-'n+$n l$n+"'n+ en+$n *$n$%$n ,$#*' 'n"'& h$&$ $% *$n$h/ (en,#n$&$n/ #)l#% $n '$$ "e&*$ )e*#n++#h$n l$h$n *$n$% ($#. >. A$ -e-e&$($ (!l$ $&$) *$n$% ,$n+ $($* #+'n$)$n $l$% -'#$,$ ($# %#"$ln,$ $&$) *$n$% (!l$ )!n2en"#!n$l $n (!l$ $$& le+!! -$#) *#(e : 1 %$'('n *#(e > : 1. 5. :1 !!) 'n*') -'#$,$ ($# en+$n *''$n (&!')"# -en#h.
!)' Sa,an
e-$#)n,$ (ene&$($n $l$% (el$)"$n$$n (&$)*#)'% h$&'" %e%(e&h$*#)$n $)*'/ "eh#n++$ $n*$&$ (&$)*#)$n ,$n+ "e$n+ %en$n$% $($* "e+e&$ e($* $l$% %en$n$% $n (&$)*#)$n ,$n+ l$#n *#$) *e&l$l' l$%$ %en'n++' (&$)*#)$n ,$n+ "e$n+ %en$n$%/ "eh#n++$ $)*' *#$) *e&-'$n+ "#$@"#$.
DA$TAR PUSTAKA
An++&$#n#/ F#*$/ A+'" '&,$n*!/ $n N'&'l A#n#. #"*e% T$n$% $n U%'& <#-#* ;$$ T$n$%$n ;$# $$h O&,$ "$*#2$ L.6 V$&#e*$" In($&# 13. ?'&n$l ;&!')"# T$n$%$n V!l.1 N!.. Un#2e&"#*$" <&$#$,$ @113. Un#2e&"#*$" ,#$h '$l$ D$&'""$l$% <$n$ Aeh
'&n#$"#h/ <'#$"*'*#/ #*# F$*#%$h/ $n D# A&# ('&n$$*#. 008. $&$)*e&#"*#) ;e&$)$&$n T$n$%$n ;$# $$h IR B> O&,$ "$*#2$ L.6 ;$$ U%'& <#-#* $n ?$&$) T$n$% ,$n+
enee Re#n/ E $n ?$ne" <. Al4!n". 011. $#$n A$(*$"# . <$l$# ;en+)$#$n Te)n!l!+# ;e&*$n#$n M$l')'. U%$e2#. M/ ;'"h($/ $%($*)h'%$&/ $n De-#*
H'"n$ $n A&#$n. 010. ;en+$&'h ;en++'n$$n ?$&$) T$n$% *e&h$$( ;e&*'%-'h$n $n ;&!')"# ;$# $$h O&,$ "$*#2$ L.6 V$&#e*$" IR> en+$n Me*!e RI. AU/ V!l.9 N!.1:1@7 IN 1>1@>>>. Un#2e&"#*$" R#$'
