Latin Cheat Sheet 2 The 5 main cases of Latin Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative
subject possessive (of) acts on a noun indirect object direct object modifies a verb with/from/by
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1 Declension Chart
N G D Ac Ab
Singular porta portae Portae portam portā
-a -ae -ae -am -ā
Plural portae portarum portīs portās portīs
-ae - ārum īs - īs -ās - īs īs
Rule 1: The subject of a finite verb is always in the nominative nominative case. (A finite verb is indicativestated as a fact, subjunctive- is a wish, or contingent on something else, or imperative- a command) Rule 2: A finite verb agrees with its subject in number and person.
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1 Conjugation verbs – āre Laudō, I praise. Present stem: laudāPrincipal Parts: Laudō, laudāre, laudāv ī , laudātum singular
plural
laudō, I praise
laudāmus we praise
laudās, you praise
laudātis you praise
laudat , he , she it praises
laudant, they praise
nd
2 Conjugation verbs -ēre Moneō, I advise I warn. Present stem monēPrincipal Parts: mone ō, monēre, monu ī , monitum Present Indicative Active singular plural moneō, I advise monēmus we advise monēs, you advise
monētis you advise
monet , he , she it advises
monent, monent, they advise
Rule 3: The direct object of a verb is in t he accusative case Rule 4: A noun (or pronoun) limiting limiting another noun and not meaning meaning the same person is in the genitive case. Rule 5: The accusative and ablative cases may be used with prepositions 2
nd
declension nouns- all words whose genitive singular ends in- ī .
Amicus, M., friend Lase: amic-,
N G
Singular Am ī cus, cus, a friend
-us
Am ī c ī , of a friend
- ī
D
Am ī cō,to or for a friend
Ac. Ab.
Plural Am ī c ī , friends friends
- ī
Am ī cōrum, of friends
-
-ō
Am ī c ī s, s, to or for friends
- ī s
Am ī cum, cum, a friend
-um
Am ī cōs, friends
-ōs
Am ī cō, from, etc., a friend
-ō
Am ī c ī s, s, from, etc., friends
- ī s
ōrum
Bellum, N., war Base bell-
N
Singular bellum, war
G
bell ī , of war
-um
Plural Bella, wars
-a
- ī
bellōrum, of war
ōrum
D
bellō,to or for a war
-ō
bell ī s, s, to or for war
- ī s
Ac.
bellum, war
-um
bellōs, war
-ōs
Ab.
bellō, from, etc., a war
-ō
bell ī s, s, from, etc., war
- ī s
What cases of this declension have the same endings? Third Conjugation verbs end in – ere ere
regō, I rule.
Present stem: rege-
Principal Parts: regō, regere, rēx ī , rēctum
Singular
Plural
Regō, I rule
Regimus, we rule
Regis, you rule
Regitis, you rule
Regit, he, she, it rules
Regunt, they rule
Fourth Conjugation verbs end in –ī re re
audi ō, I hear
Present stem: aud ī -
Principal Parts: audiō, aud ī re, tum re, aud ī v ī , aud ī tum
Singular
Plural
Audiō, I hear
audimus, we hear
Aud ī s, s, you hear
aud ī tis, tis, you hear
audit, he, she, it hears
audiunt, audiunt, they hear
