Laundry Detergents and Stain Removal

Effects of Chemical Constituents of Laundry Detergents and Methods of Stain Removal Sarah M. Don

Chemistry EEI Semester 4, 2008 Dr Stolarchuk

September 17, 2008

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Contents 1 Background

1.1

1.2

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Types of Stains . . . . . 1.1.1 Organic Stains . 1.1.2 Inorganic Stains 1.1.3 Pigments . . . . Stain Removal . . . . . 1.2.1 Water . . . . . . 1.2.2 Surfactants . . . 1.2.3 Phosphates . . . 1.2.4 Acids and Bases 1.2.5 Enzymes . . . . . 1.2.6 Oxidising Agents 1.2.7 Temperature . .

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3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5

2 Aim

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3 Procedure

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4 Results

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5 Product Evaluation

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5.1 Sard Wonder Soap . 5.2 Baking Soda . . . . 5.3 OMO Liquid . . . . 5.4 Drive . . . . . . . . 5.5 Napisan Oxy-Action 5.6 Bleach . . . . . . . . 5.7 Lemon Juice . . . . . 5.8 Tap Water . . . . . . 5.9 Overall . . . . . . . .

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6 Conclusion

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A Stain Removal Solutions’ Effectiveness on Different Stains

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A.1 A.2 A.3 A.4

Aim . . . . . . . . . . . . Equipment and Materials Procedure . . . . . . . . . Results . . . . . . . . . . .

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B Determining the pH of the Stain Removal Solutions

B.1 Aim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B.2 Equipment and Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 3 Procedure .

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15 15 15









C Conductivity of the Stain Removal Solutions

C. 1 C. 2 C. 3 C. 4


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D Solubility of the Stain Removal Solutions

D.1 D.2 D.3 D.4


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E Redox Indicator Test

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1

Bac Backgrou round

There are many different different methods for the remov removal of stains. Howeve However, r, various arious types of stain removers removers work differentl differently y on varying varying stains. It is important important to understand understand the science science behind why different different stain removal removal solutions work in order to know what kind of solvent to use on a certain kind of identifiable stain. A stain’s constituents’ molecular structure and composition determine how well and in what way the stain can be removed from the fabric.

1.1 1.1 1.1.1 1.1.1

Types pes of Stai Stains ns Organ Organic ic Stains Stains

An organic molecule is one that is made up of a carbon chain with oxygen, hydrogen and other non-metals attach attached. ed. Some Some of such such com compoun pounds ds are polar while while others others are non-pol non-polar, ar, dependi depending ng on what what functio functional nal groups are attached. Polymers, such as polysaccharides, are organic, and often need to be broken down into shorter chains (even monomers) before they can be dissolved. 1.1.2 1.1.2

Inorg Inorgan anic ic Stains Stains

Inorganic compounds can usually be dissolved by inorganic solvents when a replacement or addition reaction occurs. The interaction between an inorganic, ionic solvent and solute can be altered by redox reactions. If the molecules of a stain are involved in a redox reaction, the composition of the stain changes into another compound so that it may become colourless and appear as though it has been washed out. 1.1. 1.1.3 3

Pigm Pigmen ents ts

Most pigments contain chromophores which are molecules that contain double bonds that absorb and emit a particular wavelength of light which defines the colour of the stain. Tannin, an organic compound, is a kind of pigment with a red-brow red-brown n colour found in coffee and red wine. Tannin, annin, howeve however, r, is not very very responsive responsive to oxidation and basic solvents, thus making it difficult to remove from fabrics. The green colour of grass is provided by the pigment chlorophyll, also an organic chromophore.

1.2 1.2

Stai Stain n Remo Remov val

Different types of stain removal solutions interact differently with various types of stains. The polarity, size and solubility of the molecules in both the stain and the stain removal solution determine how well the stain can be lifted from the fabric. When considering considering what kind of solvent solvent dissolves dissolves a particular particular substance, substance, the idea that ‘like ‘like dissolves dissolves like’ like’ can be adopted. adopted. Water (which is inorganic) dissolves dissolves inorganic compounds, compounds, while only organic solvents solvents dissolve organic organic substances. substances. To dissolve dissolve an organic compound in an inorganic solvent (and vice versa), a surfactant must be added to the solvent (see Section 1.2.2). 1.2. 1.2.1 1

Water ater

Water is considered a universal solvent . Because Because of the bent water water molecule’s polarity polarity, it is able to dissolve dissolve other polar molecules as well as ionic compounds. compounds. As mentioned mentioned in Section Section 1.2, water water is an inorganic solvent, solvent,









1.2.2 1.2.2

Surfa Surfacta ctan nts

Surfactants are molecules that have one polar end and one non-polar end, making them able to reduce the surface tension of a solvent solvent or reduce the interfaci interfacial al tension between two two solutions. Micelles, Micelles, such as phospholipids, have a hydrophobic (non-polar) and a hydrophilic (polar) end that allow it to form a layer between between water-bas water-based ed and oil-based oil-based substances substances (see Figure 1).

Figure 1: Left - Micelle in water with hydrophilic head on the outside. Right - Micelle in oil-based solution with hydrophobic end facing outward. (Wikipedia, 2008) Surfactants can emulsify compounds that are not normally soluble in a particular medium. (Wikipedia, 2008) The micelles form a coating on the insoluble particles, and because the micelle itself is soluble because of the head group’s favourable interactions with the water, the previously insoluble compound can then be dissolved. (Donker, 1998) 1.2.3 1.2.3

Phos Phospha phate tess

Phosphates are ionic compounds that contain a phosphate group (PO4 −3 ). The part part of blood that causes causes the rust-coloured stain to occur is iron oxide (Fe 2 O3). Iron phosphate, phosphate, however however,, is colourless, colourless, so solutions solutions that contain phosphates are able to ‘remove’ blood stains because a displacement reaction occurs between the iron oxide and the phosphate compound. F e2 O3

+ 2X P O4

→

2F e P O4 + X 2 O3

The oxide group in Fe 2 O3 is replaced with a phosphate group to make FePO4 , which is colourless. However, the actual mass of the biological material remains in the fabric unless surfactants are present to dissolve the organic material as well. 1.2. 1.2.4 4

Acid Acidss and and Base Basess

The concept concept of ‘like ‘like dissol dissolve vess like’ like’ can also also be applie applied d to acids acids and bases. bases. Most Most soaps soaps contain contain sodium hydroxide (NaOH) an alkali which is polar and therefore interacts favourably with water and can dissolve basic. Lemon juice contains contains citric acid, which is a reducing reducing agent as well as an acid-solvent acid-solvent,, so stains that are acid-based acid-based or oxidants oxidants can be easily suspended suspended from the fabric. So if the approximate approximate pH of a stain is









work best in warm water, and so instructions on laundry detergents’ packaging to use warm water is sometimes an indication that the detergent contains enzymes.

Figure 2: Enzyme breaking up stain molecule into smaller pieces On the other hand, sometimes laundry detergents incorrectly state on the packaging that they contain enzymes. Often, however, what they really mean is that the laundry detergent contains oxidising agents. agents. 1.2.6 1.2.6

Oxidis Oxidising ing Agen Agents

Bleach, a solution of sodium hyperchlorate (NaOCl) and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), is a very strong oxidising agent. When bleach oxidises a chromophore, some of the energy released in the redox reaction is taken from the double bonds, leaving the chromophor chromophoree with only single bonds. Because Because these single bonds don’t allow for the release of trapped energy in the form of photons at visible wavelengths, the pigment stain appears colourless. If only some of the double bonds are broken, however, the stain may only appear faded or as an entirely entirely different different colour. colour. (Wikipedia, (Wikipedia, 2008) Oxidation Oxidation reactions reactions also release release oxygen molecules. molecules. Because Because it is less dense than the liquid, the oxygen gas rises to the top of the solution, disturbing the molecules of the stain. By disturbing the stain molecules with oxygen, the parts of the stain may become dislodged from the fabric. So oxidising agents can be helpful in removing stains. (Wikipedia, 2008) 1.2.7 1.2.7

Tempera emperatur ture e

Besides facilitating the function of enzymes, temperature has other effects on how well laundry detergents (or any other solvents) work. By increasing the temperature, the particles in both the stain and the solvent are given given more energy energy,, causing causing them to vibrate faster. This assists the solvent solvent in dislocating dislocating the stain particles particles from from the fibers of the fabric, fabric, and also makes makes it more more difficul difficultt for the stain to reattac reattach. h. Too much much heat can sometimes cause certain types of stain to become ‘fixed’ or ‘set’ into the fibers of the fabric which makes the stain particles particles even harder to remove remove.. Howeve However, r, cold water may not allow the chemical chemical ingredients ingredients in the stain removal solution to do their job properly.











2

Aim

The objective of this investigation was to identify the effectiveness of certain laundry detergents and stain removal methods by comparing their constituents’ chemical properties.

3

Proce ocedure 1. Extensiv Extensivee background background research research was done on the constituents constituents of stains and laundry detergents, detergents, as well as other stain removal methods. 2. The experiments experiments in steps 5-9 were designed. designed. 3. MSDS MSDS sheets sheets of the hazardou hazardouss chemi chemical calss requir required ed to conduc conductt the experimen experiments ts were were obtained. obtained. (See (See Appendix Appendix F) 4. A journal containing research, research, notes, ideas, planning and the results of the experiments was maintained throughout the investigation. 5. A cleanin cleaningg test test was was conduc conducted ted to ident identify ify which stains stains could could be remov removed ed by which which stain stain remov removal al solutions. (See Appendix A) 6. The pH of the stain remov removal solutions was identified identified.. (See Appendix Appendix B) 7. The conductivit conductivity y of the stain remov removal solutions was tested. tested. (See Appendix Appendix C) 8. The solubility solubility of the stain removal removal solutions in water, water, oil, acid and basic solvents solvents.. (See Appendix Appendix D) 9. The redox redox potential of the stain removal removal solutions was determine determined. d. (See Appendix Appendix E)

10. This research research paper was written to explain the science behind the results of this extended extended experimental experimental investigation.









4

Results Table 1: Collaboration of the Results from all the Chemical Tests Conducted on the Stain Removal Solutions Clea Cleani ning ng Solu Soluti tion on pH Co Cond nduc ucti tivi vitty Solu Solubi bili litty Redo Redox x Poten otenti tial al 9 2 w*, o*, b  Sard Wonder Soap Baking Soda 8 5 w, a, b × Omo Liquid 7 1 w, a, b  11 3 w, b  Drive Napisan Oxy-action 10 4 w, a, b  Bleach 8 4 w, a, b  Lemon Juice 4 4 w, o*, a, b*  Tap Water 7 1 w, a, b ×

Solubility: w = water, o = oil, a = acid, b = base *partially dissolved

Sard Wonder Soap

Baking So da OMO Liquid Drive Napisan Oxy-Action

Bleach Lemon Juice Tap Water

Table 2: Effectiveness of Stain Removal Solutions Coffe offee Bee Beetroo troott Blood Blood Grass rass Red Red Wine ine Found oundat atio ion n Ink Ink None None 4 5 4 4 4 3 2 5 2 4 4 2 3 0 0 5 4 4.5 4.5 4 4 1 2 5 3 4.5 4 3 3 2 1 5 4.5 5 4 4.5 4.5 1 0.5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 4.5 3 3 2 2 2 0 0 4.5 3 3 3 1 3 0 0 5

Stain Removal Effectiveness: 0 = no change, 5 = no trace









5 5.1

Produ Product ct Eval Evalua uati tion on Sard Wonder Soap

Sard Wonder Soap is alkaline and contains surfactants, reducing agents and some ionic compounds. It is also soluble soluble in basic solvent solvent and partially soluble soluble in water water and oil. This suggests suggests that the soap contains molecules molecules with the propertie propertiess of a base, base, fats fats (surfa (surfacta ctant nts), s), polar and possibly possibly ionic compounds compounds.. Most Most of the stains stains 1 responded well to Sard Wonder Soap, Soap, except except foundation and ink. Howeve However, r, foundation and ink responded responded better to Sard Wonder Soap than to any other cleaning solution. Most of the stains’ strength of colour was heavily reduced, however traces of the stains did remain. The mass of the stains was most likely removed removed by the surfactants surfactants and oxidising oxidising agents in the soap. Both organic and inorganic parts of the stain were able to be removed because of the polarity of the water in which the Sard Wonder Soap was dissolved, and the glycerol that the soap most likely contained.

5.2 5.2

Bak Baking Sod Soda

Baking soda is a basic salt, which is why it was such a good conductor and ineffective on all the stains other than beetroot and blood. The results from the experiments conducted in this investigation were not conclusive enough to determine how the beetroot stain was able to be mostly removed removed.. Howeve However, r, the remaining remaining yellowyellowbrown traces of the beetroot stain were most likely due to some form of organic, non-polar pigment. The red colour of the blood stain was removed, however a yellow-brown colour and stiffness of the fabric remained. As phosphates are able to replace the oxide group in iron oxide (see section 1.2.3), a possible explanation for the absence of the iron oxide colour after the test is that the bicarbonate group in sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) replaced the oxide group in iron oxide, which has a yellow colour. (Wikipedia, 2008) F e2 O3

+ 6NaHCO3

→

2F e(H CO 3 )3 + 3N a2 O

The results that showed that baking soda does not have redox potential may explain why it was not as effective as other cleaners in removing the other stains.

5.3

OMO Liquid

Although OMO Liquid was neutral neutral and a poor conductor, conductor, it effectivel effectively y cleaned five of the stains. Its effectiveness was most likely due to its redox potential and solubility in water, acid and base. Unlike most of the other stain removal solutions, OMO Liquid worked relatively well on the ink stain. OMO Liquid also worked









5.5

Napisan Oxy-Action

With its basic nature, high conductivity, redox potential and solubility in water, acid and base, Napisan Oxy-Action had an effect on all the stains. However, like most of the other stain removal solutions, Napisan Oxy-Action was not so good at removing the foundation and ink stains. Napisan Oxy-Action ’s ’s conductivity indicates that it contains ionic particles, and its redox potential (and effectiveness on the same stains as bleach) suggests that it contains solid sodium hypochlorate (bleach).

5.6 5.6

Ble Bleach

Bleac Bleach h was was clearl clearly y the most efficien efficientt stain stain remov removal al method. method. It is likely likely that the other cleaning cleaning solutions solutions that that work worked ed fairly fairly well well on the same same kinds kinds of stains stains contain contained ed a small small amo amoun untt of some kind kind of bleach. bleach. As discussed in the background section, the hydrogen peroxide in bleach is a strong oxidising agent that is able to convert some of the double bonds in chromophores to single bonds through redox reactions, removing the chromophore’s ability to display colour. The sodium hyperchlorate and hydrogen peroxide in bleach can also liberate oxygen. NaOCl

+ H 2 O2

 O2

+ NaCl + H 2O

In this instance, the hydrogen peroxide acts as the reducing agent, and the oxygen that is produced from the reaction reaction disturbs the stain particles particles and may dislodge them from the fibers of the fabric. One observation observation was that the bleach slightly discoloured the stark white cotton fabric of the square that had no stain applied to it. So the hydrogen peroxide even attacked the bright white chromophores in the fabric.

5.7 5.7

Lemo Lemon n Juic Juice e

Lemon juice, Lemon juice, in theory theory,, should should have have been a very very effecti effective ve stain remov remover. er. Ho Howe weve ver, r, it was was only only partial partially ly effective on some of the stains and ineffective on the rest. Because lemon juice contains both lemon oil and water water,, as well as acetic acetic acid, it was was solubl solublee in water, water, oil, acid and base. base. Ho Howe weve ver, r, the water-b water-base ased d lemon lemon juice was suspended in the oil, and the lemon oil was suspended in the base, so it was only partially soluble in oil and base. Lemon juice also slightly discoloured the fabric which is probably due to its yellow pigment being left behind on the fabric.

5.8 5.8

T

Wat









It also seems that Sard Wonder Soap, Soap, OMO Liquid , Napisan Oxy-Action and bleach all have similar chemical constituents. As they all have redox potential and are soluble in bases, it is likely that Sard Wonder Soap, Soap, OMO Liquid and Napisan Oxy-Action contain some form of bleach. However, Sard Wonder Soap was most likely the only laundry detergent that contained surfactants as it was the only stain remover that had a real effect on the foundation and ink stains. Lemon juice and tap water were not very effective at removing any of the stains in the stain test. This is probably because water only has the attribute of polar molecules that are only able to dissolve other polar molecules, and lemon juice contains oil and citric acid which only allow it to dissolve oil-based and acidic stains. All the stain removers except for lemon juice and tap water were able to effectively remove blood stains, which indicated the presence of phosphates. There were not any anomalous results. The toughest stains are those that contained pigments, which only stain removers containing bleach or other oxidising agents were able to remove. Blood was able to be removed by stain removers that contained phosphates. Heavy, oil-based stains such as that of foundation and ink required surfactants (only present in Sard Wonder Soap) Soap) in order to be removed.

Table 3: User’s guide to cleaning stains Stain Stain Type Type Best Best Cleane Cleaners rs Coffee Bleach, Napisan Oxy-Action Beetroot oot Bleach, Napisan Oxy-Action Blo od Bleach, OMO Liquid Grass Bleach, Napisan Oxy-Action Red Red Wine ine Ble Bleach, ach, Napisan Oxy-Action Foundation Sard Wonder Soap Sard Wonder Soap Black Ink











6

Conc onclusi lusion on

The data collected from the five experiments in this extended experimental investigation were quite comprehensive. hensive. This provided provided enough chemical chemical information information about the stain removal removal solutions to be able to draw draw conclusions about the chemical mechanisms of stain removal present throughout the investigation. However, there were some procedural inaccuracies that could have been further improved. Warm water is sometimes required of laundry detergents in order for them to work properly. As discussed in the background section of this paper, an increase in temperature provides the molecules of both the stain and the cleaner with more energy, causing them to vibrate and move around more. By providing the particles with more energy, redox reactions and dissolvation occurs more rapidly and is therefore more effective. Only cold water was used during the investigation because the stains were left to soak for such a long period of time, so it is possible that not all the laundry detergents worked to their full potential. An improvement to the method of the stain experiment would have been to use warm or hot water instead of cold. The concentrations of the stain removal solutions used in this investigation were not of the same concentration that would be used in a load of washing. This could have provided misleading results. However, the concentr concentrations ations were were actually higher than if the were the true concentration concentrationss used in a load of washing. washing. If the results were affected in any way, they were only made clearer because the concentration would have been high enough for the chemicals chemicals that did actually actually work on the stain to work to their full potential (disregardin (disregardingg temperature), while the parts of the stain that could not be removed by the cleaner remained on the fabric at the end of the cleaning test. This investigation could have been improved by testing a wider variety of cleaning solutions on more kinds of stains. Also, the presence of true enzymes enzymes (as opposed to oxidising oxidising agents) agents) could be b e investigated investigated.. Further separation of the chemical constituents of the laundry detergents could be done in order to identify particular particular ingredients, ingredients, their chemical chemical properties, properties, and role in stain removal. removal. Overall, the investigation provided accurate results that allowed the identification of different types of









References [1] [1] Cald Caldeer, V. (200 (2008) 8) ”Sta ”Stain in Rem emooval”, al”, Ask A Sci Scientist , Argo Argonn nnee http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/chem00/ch http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/ask asci/chem00/chem00229.htm em00229.htm (23/08/08)

Nati Na tion onal al

La Labo bora rato tory ry,,

[2] Calder, Calder, V. (2008) (2008) ”Ethan ”Ethanol ol as a Stain Stain Remov Remover” er”,, Ask A Scient Scientist ist , Argonne Argonne National National Laboratory Laboratory,, http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/chem07/ch http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/ask asci/chem07/chem07002.htm em07002.htm (23/08/08) [3] Calder, Calder, V. (2008) (2008) ”Bonds ”Bonds and Stains Stains on Fabrics abrics”, ”, Ask A Scient Scientist ist , Argonne Argonne National National Laboratory Laboratory,, http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/chem03/ch http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/ask asci/chem03/chem03660.htm em03660.htm (23/08/08) [4] Calder, Calder, V. (2008) (2008) ”Me ”Measu asurin ringg Stain Stain Inten Intensit sity”, y”, Ask Ask A Scie Scient ntis ist t , Argonn Argonnee Nation National al Laborat Laboratory ory,, http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/chem03/ch http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/ask asci/chem03/chem03813.htm em03813.htm (23/08/08) [5] Calder, Calder, V. (2008) (2008) ”Phosp ”Phosphat hatee and Stain Stain Remov Removal” al”,, Ask A Scientist , Argonne Argonne National National Laboratory Laboratory,, http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/chem03/ch http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/ask asci/chem03/chem03735.htm em03735.htm (23/08/08) [6] Cross, J. (2006) ”The makeup of the toughest http://www.cleanprosonline.com/Toughest stains.html (10/09/08)

stains”,

CleanPros

Online,

[7] Donker, Donker, C.B. (1998) (1998) Non-aqueous Liquid Cleaning Products Which Contain Modified Silica , US Patent vol.5, vol.5, no.714, no.714, pp.449. pp.449. [8] Moore, J. W. (1999) ”Redox Titration and Animation”, Chem Chemis istr tryy Come Comess Alive, Alive, Division of Chemical Education, Inc., American Chemical So ciety., http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/JCESoft/CCA/CCA3/MAIN/TITREDO/P http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/JCESoft/CCA/CCA3/MAIN/TITREDO/PAGE1.h AGE1.htm tm (01/09/08)









A

Stain Stain Remo Remov val Solut Solutions ions’’ Effectiv Effectiveness eness on Differ Differen entt Stains Stains

A.1

Aim

The aim of this experiment was to identify which stain removal solutions were able to remove which stains and how effectively the stains were removed.

A.2 A.2 • • • • • • • • •

Equi Equipme pmen nt and and Mat Mater eria ials ls

64× 50mL beakers 25mL Tap water 25mL Bleach 25mL Baking soda 25mL Lemon juice Coffee stain Blood Red Wine Black ink

A.3 A.3

• • • • • • • • •

25mL Sard Wonder Soap 25mL Omo Liquid 25mL Drive 25mL Napisan Oxy-action 64× 10cm×10cm white cotton squares Beetroot Beetroot juice Grass Foundation Stirring rod

Proc Proced edur ure e

1. Each Each of the stains stains (coffee, (coffee, beetroot beetroot,, blood, grass, grass, red wine, wine, founda foundation tion,, black black ink) were applied applied to 8 pieces of white cotton each and left to dry for 24 hours. 2. 8 50mL beakers beakers were were filled with Sard Wonder Soap solution which was made by adding 1g of shavings









12. After the cotton squares squares were were left to soak for 24 hours, they were rinsed rinsed in cold tap water.

A.4

Results

Table 4: Degree of stain removal (0 = no change, 5 = no trace) Coffe offee Bee Beetroo troott Blood Blood Grass rass Red Red Wine ine Found oundat atio ion n Ink Ink None None 4 5 4 4 4 3 2 5 Sard Wonder Soap Baking Soda 2 4 4 2 3 0 0 5 OMO Liquid 4 4.5 4.5 4 4 1 2 5 3 4.5 4 3 3 2 1 5 Drive Napisan Oxy-Action 4.5 5 4 4.5 4.5 1 0.5 5 Bleach 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 4.5 Lemon Juice 3 3 2 2 2 0 0 4.5 Tap Water 3 3 3 1 3 0 0 5









B

Dete Determ rmin inin ing g the pH of the the Stai Stain n Remov Removal Solut Solutio ions ns

B .1

Aim

The aim of this experiment was to determine the pH of each of the stain removal solutions.

B.2 • • • • • •

Equi Equipm pmen entt and and Mate Materi rial alss

8× 50mL beakers Distilled water 10mL Tap water 10mL Bleach solution 10mL Baking soda solution 10mL Lemon juice solution

B.3 B.3

• • • • • •

10mL Sard Wonder Soap solution 10mL Omo Liquid solution 10mL Drive solution 10mL Napisan Oxy-action solution Universal indicator Universal indicator pH colour chart

Proc Proced edur ure e

1. Each Each if the stain removal removal solutions were prepared prepared as in Experimen Experimentt 1 (see Appendix A) 2. 10mL of each stain remov removal solution was poured into into it’s own 50mL beaker. beaker. 3. The beakers beakers were filled to the 20mL mark with distilled distilled water. 4. 10 drops of universal universal indicator was was added to each beaker. 5. The pH was was ident identifie ified d by using the unive universa rsall indicat indicator or pH colour chart chart to match match the colour colour of the











C

Condu Conducti ctivit vity y of the Stai Stain n Remo Removal Solu Solutio tions ns

C.1

Aim

To determine the conductivity of the stain removal solutions.

C.2 C.2 • • • • • • •

Equi Equipme pmen nt and and Mate Materi rial alss

10× 50mL beakers Distilled water Stirring rod 25mL Tap water 25mL Bleach solution 25mL Baking soda solution 25mL Lemon juice solution

• • • • • • •

25mL Sard Wonder Soap solution 25mL Omo Liquid solution 25mL Drive solution 25mL Napisan Oxy-action solution 25mL 10% NaCl solution Conductivity testing apparatus 100mL beaker









D

Solub Solubili ilitty of the the Stain Stain Remo Remov val Solu Solutio tions ns

D.1

Aim

To determine the solubility of the stain removal solutions in water, oil, acids and bases.

D.2 D.2 • • • • • • •

Equi Equipm pmen entt and and Mater Materia ials ls

32 test tubes Test tube rack Bamboo skewers Spatula 20mL Bleach solution 20mL Baking soda solution 20mL Lemon juice solution

• • • • • • •

20mL Omo Liquid solution 20mL Drive solution 20mL Napisan Oxy-action solution 80mL vegetable oil 80mL 0.1M HCl 80mL 0.1M NaOH Tap water









E E .1

Redo Redox x Indi Indica cato tor r Test est Aim

The aim of this experiment was to identify the redox potential of each of the stain removal solutions.

E.2 E.2 • • • • • • •

Equi Equipm pmen entt and and Mater Materia ials ls 9× 50mL beakers Spatula Stirring rods 25mL Tap water 25mL Bleach 25mL Baking soda 25mL Lemon juice

• • • • • • •

25mL Sard Wonder Soap 25mL Omo Liquid 25mL Drive 25mL Napisan Oxy-action 25mL 0.1M Hydrogen Peroxide (H2 02 ) 50mL 0.1M Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) 50mL Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4 )

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