A comprehensive study of groundwater and the technologies used to locate, extract, treat, and protect this resource.
This manual is part of a series of guides devised by the Oxfam Public Health Engineering Team to help provide a reliable water supply for populations affected by conflict or natural disaster. The e...
A comprehensive study of groundwater and the technologies used to locate, extract, treat, and protect this resource.
Well Hydraulics Solved Examples
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Groundwater Hydrology
The manual for the UV PURA UVSS Ultraviolet Water Disinfection System.
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Hydrogeology and Simulation of Groundwater Flow in the Central Oklahoma (Garber-Wellington) Aquifer, Oklahoma, 1987 to 2009, and Simulation of Available Water in Storage, 2010–2059
The assessment presented in this article is centred on investigating the interaction of turbidity, total suspended solids and total dissolved solids interaction within the water bearing aquifer of Obite to Oboburu communities of Ogba Egbema Ndoni loc
In this study examine the groundwater and rainfall variability, seasonal variation of rain fall using gis technics, The maximum rainfall was recorded at Harohalli 71.80 , having the monthly and annual average respectively. Similarly the minimum rainf
BEIRUT ARAB UNIVERSITY FACULTY ACULTY OF ENGINEERING ENGINE ERING CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPT.
SANIT SANITARY ARY COURSE RSE (CIVE434)
CHAPTER HAPTER 2: WATER WATER TREATM TREATMENT ENT DISI DI SINFEC NFECT TI ON & WAT WATER STORAGE STORAGE FALL 2012-2013 2012- 2013
Disinfection •
Disinfection is accomplished by both: - Filtering out harmful microbes - Adding disinfectant chemicals
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Water is disinfected to kill any pathogens in the water (Viruses, bacteria) Disinfectant residual in water distribution network
Disinfection - Chlorination •
The most common method. Increase in dose may cause odor & taste. Insufficient dose may not kill the micro-organisms
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Chlorine can be easily applied, measured and controlled.
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It is relatively cheap
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Chlorine or its compounds: Chloramine, Chlorine dioxide
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Chlorine is strong oxidant that rapidly kills micro-organisms
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Chlorine is a toxic gas
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Use Sodium Hypochlorite that releases free chlorine when dissolved in water. Solid form: Calcium Hypochlorite releases chlorine on contact with water Liquid Sodium hypochlorite is inexpensive and safer than the use of gas or solid chlorine. Chlorine reacts with natural organic compounds and form (THM) & (HAA), Carcinogenic, EPA.
Disinfection - Chlorination •
Chlorine is added to the water entering the contact tank.
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Water stays in the contact/mixing tank for 6 hrs
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20-30 min are required for chlorine to react with water
Disinfection - Chlorination •
Flow Rate= 120000 m3/day ; Chlorine Dose = 1 ppm
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Total wt of Cl2 for one day = 120000*1/1000 = 120Kg
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Total wt of Cl2 for 6 months = 120*6*30/1000=21.6 ton
Disinfection – Ozone (O3) •
Unstable molecule
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Strong Oxidant
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No odor or taste
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2-3 ppm after 10 min becomes 0.1 ppm
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Production of fewer by-products
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Leaves no disinfectant residual in water
Disinfection – UV (Light)
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Light Radiation
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Very effective as long as water has a low level of color
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Leaves no disinfectant residual in water
Disinfection – UV(SunRays)
House Filters •
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Treated Water is the water leaving the WTP after passing through all treatment stages. Available chlorine residual decreases gradually as the water goes into the network.
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Chlorine decay, Pipe decay
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It is always recommended to install a water filter in the house
Types of House Filter
Single stage filter 1. Wool glass 2. Clay 3. Activated carbon Double stage filter Can be made of wool glass and clay (1 or 2) Or Clay with activated carbon. Triple stage filter Made of wool glass, clay and activated carbon.
Ground Water Tank for Clear Water It can be constructed below or above ground for the following purposes: •
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Provide necessary and unexpected water demand for ex: fire fighting. Water Balance due to variation of water demand. This is to en sure balance between the rate of water production and the rate of water demand. Emergency cases due to out of service of any treatment unit. Helps in water disinfection by allowing a contact period between the disinfectant and the substances.
Ground Water Tank– Design Criteria •
Storage Volume = Average Demand x Storage Duration
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Number of Tanks = Storage Volume / Area of 1 tank
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Minimum number of tanks is 2
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Tank shape can be rectangular, circular, square
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Water Depth in the tank = 2-6 meters
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Roof Level is at least 50 cm above high water level
