level of service

1.0 INTRODUCTION Level of Service (LOS) is defined as a qualitative measure describing operational conditions within a traffic steam and their perception by motorists and passenger. Six classifications are used to define LOS, designated by the letters A through F. LOS A represents the best conditions, while LOS F represents heavily congested flow with traffic demand exceeding highway capacity.

The prediction of LOS for a multilane highway involves three steps: (1) Determination of free-flow speed (2) Adjustment of volume (3) Determination of level of service Based on our observations at the entrance of UTHM from 8.45am until 9.45am, the majority of the class of vehicle is Class B that is car. From the observations, we saw that the heavy vehicles like buses and van were at the left line while other small vehicles at the right line of the road. The flow of traffic is free flow and no congested were happened. Precaution that we can take during do this survey, we have to wear a safety jacket. It is dangerous if we don’t wear it, because vehicle maybe can’t see us. Lastly, don’t forget to use the safety cone and flags for additional safety. So, the vehicle can more careful.

2.0 OBJECTIVE To determine the capacity and level of service of the UTHM signalized intersection using JKR Arahan Teknik (Jalan) procedure.

3.0 APPARATUS 1. Measuring Tape/Odometer 2. Forms HC1, HC2 and HC3 3. Analog Counter 4. Safety Vest 5. Safety Cones 6. Flags 4.0 PROCEDURE

1) At the UTHM Signalised Intersection, we have to conduct a traffic movement count on all approaches (each line separately) for one hour in four segments of 15 minutes. The data have been recorded in the Tables 1 – 10. 2) The width of lane we measure to get the width, W (in meter) for all approaches and the data have been recorded in the table 11. 3) We also measure the green time, g (sec) and cycle time, C(sec). the data are recorded in table 12 4) Convert the traffic volumes in table 1 -10 to passanger car unit ( p.c.u). This is taken as the design flow, q (pcu/hr) which then be used in Table 11. 5) The saturation flow, S’ (p.c.u/hr) are adjusted for each approach and transfer the value to Table 11 6) By this, the value of y, can be compute, ehich is the ratio of design flow to adjusted saturation flow. Also, Y value, which is the total value of y for each approach. 7) The, calculate the intergreen time, I (sec) and total lost time per cycle L (sec) Y prac 8) The practical capacity, and reserved capacity, RC of the intersection are determined. 9) Lastly, determined the average stopped dealy per vehicle, d (sec) and level of service for each approach.

5.0 DATA ANALYSIS TABLE 1 Approach (Movement): PARIT RAJA (RIGHT-TURN) Day/Date: 4/3/2015 (WEDNESDAY)

Time: 8.45 – 9.45 a.m

Lane: 1 Weather: Good

TRAFFIC COUNT VEHICLE CLASS

TIME 1

2

3

4

8.45-9.00 am

23

61

2

3

9.00-9.15 am

26

77

1

3

9.15-9.30 am

24

54

3

0

9.30-9.45 am

22

65

0

2

Vehicle Class

Traffic Volume

p.c.u.

p.c.u.

Class 1 (Motorcycles) Class 2 (Cars) Class 3 (Vans & Medium

(Veh/hour) 95 257 6

Factor 0.33 1.00 1.75

31.35 257.00 10.50

Trucks) Class 4 (Heavy Trucks &

8

2.25

18.00

Buses) Total

366 Note: p.c.u passenger car unit

316.85

TABLE 2 Approach (Movement): PARIT RAJA (THROUGH) Day/Date: 4/3/2015 (WEDNESDAY)

Lane: 2

Time: 8.45 – 9.45 am

Weather: Good


TIME

8.45-9.00 am

1

2

3

5

18

52

6

6

9.00-9.15 am

10

102

7

4

9.15-9.30 am

6

78

6

5

9.30-9.45 am

0

98

12

2

Vehicle Class

Traffic Volume

p.c.u.

p.c.u.


(Veh/hour) 34 330 31

Factor 0.33 1.00 1.75

11.22 330.00 54.25


17

2.25

38.25

Buses) Total

412

433.72

Note: p.c.u passenger car unit

TABLE 3 Approach (Movement): PARIT RAJA (THROUGH) Day/Date: 4/3/2015 (WEDNESDAY)

Lane: 3

Time: 8.45 – 9.45 am

Weather: Good


TIME 1

2

3

5

8.45-9.00 am

15

23

5

12

9.00-9.15 am

26

60

4

25

9.15-9.30 am

18

54

5

16

9.30-9.45 am

27

54

10

26

Vehicle Class

Traffic Volume

p.c.u.

p.c.u.


(Veh/hour) 86 191 24

Factor 0.33 1.00 1.75

28.38 191.00 42.00


79

2.25

177.75

Buses) Total

380

439.13


TABLE 5 Approach (Movement): UTHM (RIGHT-TURN) Day/Date: 4/3/2015 (WEDNESDAY)

Lane: 1

Time: 8.45 – 9.45 am

Weather: Good


TIME 1

2

3

5

8.45-9.00 am

2

10

1

0

9.00-9.15 am

5

12

1

2

9.15-9.30 am

5

20

0

0

9.30-9.45 am

13

27

0

3

Vehicle Class Class 1 (Motorcycles)

Traffic Volume

p.c.u.

p.c.u.

(Veh/hour) 25

Factor 0.33

8.25

Class 2 (Cars) Class 3 (Vans & Medium

69 2

1.00 1.75

69.00 3.50


5

2.25

11.25

Buses) Total

101

92.00


TABLE 6 Approach (Movement): UTHM (LEFT-TURN)

Lane: 2

Day/Date: 4/3/2015 (WEDNESDAY)

Time: 8.30 am

Weather: Good


TIME 1

2

3

5

8.45-9.00 am

2

4

1

1

9.00-9.15 am

2

15

2

1

9.15-9.30 am

11

16

2

5

9.30-9.45 am

10

23

0

1

Vehicle Class

Traffic Volume

p.c.u.

p.c.u.


(Veh/hour) 25 58 5

Factor 0.33 1.00 1.75

8.25 58.00 8.75


8

2.25

18.00

Buses) Total

96

93.00


TABLE 7 Approach (Movement): BATU PAHAT (U-TURN) Day/Date: 4/3/2015 (WEDNESDAY)

Time: 8.45 – 9.45 am Weather: Good TRAFFIC COUNT VEHICLE CLASS

TIME 1

2

3

5

8.45-9.00 am

1

8

0

0

9.00-9.15 am

2

17

3

0

9.15-9.30 am

4

8

3

0

9.30-9.45 am

8

11

4

1

Vehicle Class

Traffic Volume

p.c.u.

p.c.u.


(Veh/hour) 15 44 10

Factor 0.33 1.00 1.75

4.95 44.00 17.50


1

2.25

2.25

Buses) Total

70 Note: p.c.u passenger car unit

68.7

TABLE 8 Approach (Movement): BATU PAHAT (THROUGH) Day/Date: 4/3/2015 (WEDNESDAY)

Lane: 2

Time: 8.45 – 9.45 am

Weather: Good


TIME 1

2

3

5

8.45-9.00 am

18

31

16

16

9.00-9.15 am

30

40

23

25

9.15-9.30 am

14

59

35

20

9.30-9.45 am

14

54

20

28

Vehicle Class

Traffic Volume

p.c.u.

p.c.u.


(Veh/hour) 76 184 94

Factor 0.33 1.00 1.75

25.08 184.00 164.50


89

2.25

200.25

Buses) Total

443

573.83


TABLE 9 Approach (Movement): BATU PAHAT (THROUGH)

Lane: 3

Day/Date: 4/3/2015 (WEDNESDAY)

Time: 8.45 – 9.45 am

Weather: Good


TIME 1

2

3

5

8.45-9.00 am

3

42

14

7

9.00-9.15 am

0

63

13

5

9.15-9.30 am

0

60

9

1

9.30-9.45 am

0

74

8

4

Vehicle Class

Traffic Volume

p.c.u.

p.c.u.


(Veh/hour) 3 239 44

Factor 0.33 1.00 1.75

0.99 239.00 77.00


17

2.25

38.25

Buses) Total

303

355.24


TABLE 10 Approach (Movement): BATU PAHAT (LEFT-TURN) Day/Date: 4/3/2015 (WEDNESDAY)

Time: 8.45 – 9.45 am TRAFFIC COUNT VEHICLE CLASS

Weather: Good

TIME

1

2

3

5

8.45-9.00 am

12

27

1

2

9.00-9.15 am

10

21

1

1

9.15-9.30 am

11

25

0

0

9.30-9.45 am

17

31

0

1

Vehicle Class

Traffic Volume

p.c.u.

p.c.u.


(Veh/hour) 50 104 2

Factor 0.33 1.00 1.75

16.50 104.00 3.50


4

2.25

9.00

Buses) Total

160

133.00


TABLE 11

PHASE Movement W (m) S’ (pcu/hr) q(pcu/hr) y= q/S’ y

I

PT 2

PT 3

II

PT 4 B T 2

BT3

PT 2

III

PT 3

PT 4 PR 1

IV

PR 1

BU 1

UR 1

U R 1,2

4m

4m

-

4m

4m

4m

4m

-

4m

4m

4m

4m

9m

1603.4 4 433.72

1603.4 4 439.13

-

1603.4 4 355.24

1603.4 4 433.72

1603.4 4 439.13

-

1603.4 4 316.85

1603.4 4 316.85

1603.4 4 68.70

1603.4 4 92.00

428.40

-

1603.4 4 573.83

0.27

0.27

-

0.36

0.22

0.27

0.27

-

0.20

0.20

0.04

0.06

0.22

0.28

0.25

0.12

93.00

0.14

Key: P = Parit Raja Approach; B = Batu Pahat Approach; U = UTHM Approach T = Through; R = Right-turn; L = Left-turn 1 = Lane 1; 2 = Lane 2; 3 = Lane 3; 4 = Lane 4

Example calculation of adjusted saturation flow S’

S’ = S ×

Fg

×

Fr

×

Fl

×

Ft

S’ = 1965 × 1.00 × 0.96 × 1.00 × 0.85 = 1603.44 (pcu/hr)

Y=

y1

+

y2

+

y3

+

y4

= 0.27 + 0.27 + 0.36 + 0.22

= 0.28

Amber time, a

= 3 sec

All-red period, R

= 2 sec

Intergreen time, I

= a + R = 5 sec

Drivers’ reaction time, l = 2 sec Number of phases, n = 4 Total lost time, L

= n(I – a) + nl = 4(2-3) + (4)(2)

= 4 sec

Practical capacity, Yprac

= 0.9 – 0.0075L = 0.9 – 0.0075(4) = 0.87

Reserve capacity, RC = 100% × ( Yprac – Y ) / Y

= 100% × (0.87-0.28) / 0.28 = 210.71

TABLE 12 phase movemen t C (sec) g (sec)

λ=g /C S’ (pcu/hr) q (pcu/hr)

q s =(p cu/sec) x= q/λ S’ d (sec)

I

PT 2

PT 3

II

PT 4 B T 2

BT3

PT 2

III

PT 3

PT 4 PR 1

PR 1

IV

BU 1

UR 1

U R 1,2

112 90 0.80

112 90 0.80

-

112 90 0.80

112 90 0.80

112 90 0.80

112 90 0.80

-

110 17 0.15

110 17 0.15

80 32 0.40

80 32 0.40

80 32 0.40

1603. 44

1603. 44

-

1603. 44

1603. 44

1603. 44

1603. 44

-

1603. 44

1603. 44

1603. 44

1603. 44

428. 40

433.7 2 0.12

439.1 3 0.12

355.2 4 0.10

433.7 2 0.12

439.1 3 0.12

316.8 5 0.09

92.00

-

316.8 5 0.09

68.70

-

573.8 3 0.16

0.02

0.03

93.0 0 0.03

0.34 3.43

0.34 3.43

-

0.45 4.19

0.28 3.09

0.34 3.43

0.34 3.43

-

1.32 17.37

1.32 17.37

0.11 13.86

0.14 14.07

0.54 26.0

-

-

4

LOS

A

A

-

A

A

A

A

-

C

C

B

B

D

Example calculation for delay and determination of LOS

d=

=

9 10

9 10

2

(

C (1− λ) 2(1− λx)

(

1−(0.8)(0.34) 2¿ 112(1−0.8)2 ¿

+

x2 ¿ 2 q s (1−x )

+

0.34 2 ¿ (2)(0.12)(1−0.34)

= 3.43 sec (LOS = A (<5.0 seconds))

6.0 DISCUSSION Signalized intersection is a study conducted to ensure the safety and smooth operation of at every intersection. It also carried out to determine the duration of traffic lights to make way for other vehicles or pedestrians. This can avoid a possible accident. For the LOS of UTHM intersection that we get from the observation and calculation, for Parit Raja through and Batu Pahat through of class I and II are A. While for Parit Raja right-turn of class II and III the LOS are C. For Batu Pahat u-turn and UTHM right-turn of class III and IV the LOS are B. In addition,

UTHM right-turn of class IV the LOS is D. So, we can see that the traffic at UTHM intersection is a bit busy at the peak hours that 8.45a.m - 9.45 a.m. Therefore, the level of service can be derived from a road under different operating characteristics and traffic volumes. The factors affecting level of service (LOS) are speed and travel time, traffic interruptions/restrictions, freedom to travel with desired speed, driver comfort and convenience and operating cost.

7.0 CONCLUSION From the result we can see that the multilane capacity analysis states that the traffic volume within the Parit Raja and UTHM have improve. This is maybe because of the increasing of the vehicle in the area. From this survey, we can know when is the tidal flow is occurred. Since we have done this survey manually, so, the data can possibly have some mistake. Basically, this survey have to be done in longer time but since we do not have much time, so, we just done it for one hour with 15 minutes interval. The result and the data give such a helpful information. By this, we can improve the traffic control and traffic management in Parit Raja. It also can reduce traffic jam when peak time. The result of the study indicates that traffic control system have to improve as well as using canalization, signal, sign etc. The survey data and result may be used for further future survey to help minimize the problem at the area.

level of service

Recommend Documents