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KIRLOSKAR MODEL AV1 SINGLE CYLINDER 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE STUDY Aim: To study the constructional details and working of a Single cylinder 4 Stroke diesel engin fitted with brake drum dynamometer. The given engine is a four stroke vertical single cylinder water cooled diesel Engine. Engine is coupled coupled to a brake drum drum dynamometer which serves serves as a loading device through a rope brake arrangement. Air System: The suction side of the engine cylinder cylinder is connected to an an air tank. atmospheric air is drawn into the engine cylinder through through this air tank. tank.
The
A water
manometer is provided to measure the pressure drop across an orifice provided in the intake pipe of the air tank. This pressure drop across the orifice is used used to calculate the volume of air drawn into the cylinder.
Fuel System: Fuel system consists of of fuel tank, filter, fuel pump and and fuel Injector. Injector. Fuel is stored in an overhead tank. After filtering it is fed into the fuel pump by gravity. From the pump, fuel is passed at high pressure to the injector. From the fuel injector, fuel is sprayed into the cylinder as a fine spray.
Lubricating system: Lubricating oil is circulated through the engine part to reduce friction between moving parts and to remove heat produced due to friction. After filtering lubricating oil from lubricating pump is send to different moving parts of the engine. Loading system: Loading is done to test the performance of the engine under load. It is done by using a brake drum dynamometer. Dynamometer is a power absorbing device. The action of all power absorbing devices used for testing engines results in converting the rotational tendency of the crankshaft into tangential force acting at some established distance from the centre of rotation. Brake Power (B.P) of an engine is the net power available at its crankshaft for doing useful work. Usually, it is measured with the help of some of brake arrangement and hence named as brake power.
Rope drum dynamometer is the simplest method and consists of a rope making one complete turn around the rim of the brake drum of the engine. One end of this rope carries a dead load where as the other end is connected to the spring balance. This spring balance is hooked to an iron frame of the engine. The direction of the rotation of the brake drum is always against the pull of dead load. In this arrangement, all the power developed is absorbed by friction produced at the rim of the brake drum. The brake drum is generally water cooled as the power absorbed by friction is converted into heat and the temperature of brake drum will increase if it is not cooled.
=
Dead load added to the engine rope in kg
=
Spring balance reading in kg
=
Diameter of the brake drum in mm and
=
diameter of the rope in m
Net tangential force on the brake drum
( ) Effective radius R of the drum at which the resisting force act
Resisting torque acting on the brake drum is
( ) Brake power of the engine is
LOAD TEST ON SINGLE CYLINDER 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE (KIRLOSKAR MODEL AV1) AIM: To conduct load test (Constant speed characteristics) on Single cylinder 4S Diesel Engine with rope brake dynamometer and to plot the following Characteristic Curves. 1. Brake power (B.P) Vs T.F.C (total fuel consumption) 2. B.P Vs S.F.C (Specific fuel consumption) 3. B.P Vs M.E (Mechanical efficiency) 4. B.P Vs B.T.E (brake thermal efficiency) 5. B.P Vs I.T.E (indicated thermal efficiency) 6. B.P. vs. volumetric efficiency SPECIFICATIONS: B.H.P = 5H.P R.P.M = 1500 Diameter of piston =87.5mm Length of stroke = 110mm Diameter of brake drum =300mm Orifice Diameter =20 mm
PRECAUTIONS 1. Fuel and lubricating oil are checked and if needed they are to be supplied. 2. Cooling water inlet and outlet for engine jacket and brake drum should be opened. 3. Engine should be started and stopped with no load. 4. De-compression liver should be engaged before cranking.
THEORY: Output Power or Brake Power
Torque,
( )
Where
=
Speed of the engine in rpm,
=
Weight in kg,
=
spring balance reading (kg)
=
(Radius of the brake drum +1/2 the dia of rope) in meters.
Time for 10cc fuel consumption
=
(sec)
Total fuel consumption
Specific fuel consumption
Indicated Power,
I.P
=
B.P + F.P
Where F.P is the Frictional Power obtained from the characteristic plot (TFC Vs B.P). Mechanical efficiency,
Heat Input,
Calorific value ( ) of diesel = 46057kJ/kg. Brake thermal efficiency,
Indicated thermal efficiency,
Volumetric efficiency
Actual volume of air taken in
√ Theoretical volume
Volumetric efficiency,
( )
PROCEDURE Before starting the engine maximum load that can be applied on the engine is calculated using the formula
Torque, T
( ) ( ) Start the engine at no load condition. Fuel supply is switched on and the decompression lever is engaged. The engine is started by manual cranking. Then the time taken for 10c.c of fuel consumption is noted at no load. And level difference in the water manometer is noted. Initial load is applied at the end of the hook in the rope. Note the spring dial reading. Repeat the experiment up to maximum load. Then the engine is stopped by cutting the fuel supply.
CALCULATIONS:
CHARACTERISTIC CURVES
RESULT:
INFERENCE:
HEAT BALANCE TEST ON SINGLE CYLINDER 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE (KIRLOSKAR MODEL AV1) AIM
To conduct heat balance test on Marshall Diesel Engine and to prepare a heat balance sheet using flue gas analysis.
SPECIFICATIONS: B.H.P = 5H.P R.P.M = 1500 Diameter of brake drum =300mm Orifice Diameter =20 mm
PRECAUTIONS 1. Fuel and lubricating oil are checked and if needed they are to be supplied. 2. Cooling water inlet and outlet for engine jacket and brake drum should be opened. 3. Engine should be started and stopped with no load. 4. De-compression liver should be engaged before cranking.
THEORY: To balance the energy input and output what is done usually is to add all the known forms of energy output in heat units and say that the difference between this and the energy input is lost by radiation etc. Thus law of conversion of energy is kept unaltered.
1.
The work input of engine can be calculated using TFC and calorific value.
2.
The heat carried away by cooling water can be calculated from its rate of flow,
specific heat and temperature difference between inlet and outlet. 3. The heat carried away by exhaust gases can be calculated from its mass rate estimated on the basis of exhaust gas analysis, temperature difference and specific heat.
4. The heat carried away by steam in the exhaust is calculated from its partial pressure and temperature of super heat. For calculating mass rate of exhaust gases the fuel composition by weight and flue gas analysis by volume are used.
Time for 10cc fuel consumption
=
(sec)
Total fuel consumption
Input,
Calorific value ( ) of diesel = 46057kJ/kg. Output Power or Brake Power
Torque,
( ) Where
=
Speed of the engine in rpm,
=
Weight in kg,
=
spring balance reading (kg)
=
(Radius of the brake drum +1/2 the dia of rope) in meters.
inlet temperature of water to the engine and calorimeter
=
outlet temperature of water from the calorimeter
=
Temperature of exhaust gases at the exit of calorimeter
( )( )
PROCEDURE
The maximum load on the engine is calculated and range of loading is selected. The necessary precautions are taken. The lubricating oil and fuel in the tank is checked.
The supply of fuel and cooling water is opened.
The
decompression lever is engaged and engine is started by cranking. The desired load is applied and time for 10 c.c of fuel consumption is noted. The temperature of cooling water at outlet and the temperature of exhaust gas are observed. From the flow meter the rate of cooling water supply is noted. The atmospheric temperature and temperature of cooling water inlet are also noted.
The
observations are also tabulated as shown. From the observations the heat balance is done and balance sheet is plotted.
