l o r d s of
the sea
! 1 a
hi stor y of th e bar bar y corsairs
A l a n G. J a m i e s o n
rea
ktion books
Published by
ktion books ltd 33 rea o ree odo ec1v 0dx, uk .reaooos.o .reaooos.o. . rea
Frs lsed 2012 or © la . aeso 2012 ll rs resered o ar o s lao a e reroded, sored a rereal sse, or rased, a or or a eas, elero, eaal, eaal, ooo ooo , reord or oerse, o e ror ersso o e lsers. red ad od rea ra by eraoal, adso, orall rs rar aalo lao Daa aeso, . . (la .) ords o e sea : a sor o e arar orsars. 1. raes–ederraea eo–Hsor eo–Hsor.. 2. raes– ra, or–Hsor. or–Hsor. 3. ederraea eo– Hsor–1517 1789. 4. ra, or–Hsor– or–Hsor– 1517 1882. .le 364.1'64'091638 d23 isbn 978 1 86189 907 1
oes ! 1 m a p s 6–9
rodo:: e arar rodo arar eed eed 11 ne Vaard o e la, 1492–1580 23 o
two ords o e ea, 1580–1660 75 three Fa e ea oers, 1660–1720 131 four Dele, eal ad Eo, 1720–1830 165 olso: e arar? 217 Glossar y of Place Name Changes 223 Chronology 224 References 231 Bibliography 246 Photo Acknowledgements 261 Index 262
i n t r o d ucti o n :
e arar arar eed ! 1
e aa as sre e ere sae. Hs alale s ad s eqall alale aro ad assed e zoe ere e rae daer as reaes. rea es. e sddel sddel eer aed. aed. e sl raes raes ere ere l aoard e s. seeed ossle, as ae. e aa old s re o o ress. oo e s as der e orol o e raes.e raes. e red ao, ao, ead or er oe oe or o e ra oas. Oe e arred ere, e eoaos or a lrae raso old e. s seqee o ees ae ae lae e ederraea ea e see er e e sl arar orsars o or ra sezed a r rsa era s. a oo lae e da Oea o 15 oeer 2008 e sl raes ro oala ared e aer Sirius Star , as, as, a oe oerr 300,000 os, e es s eer ared raes o a dae. e see er e orsars old ae o e re alos as alale as e s ad s aro, se slae-a as oe o er ral ral aes. e e-rs e-rs er e a a o e oal raes s o raso e s ad s aro. aro. e s’s re s alos rrelea.e Sirius Star as as released released o 9 aar 2009 aer a raso as as ad. e raso raso as sad o e us $3 llo, as roal larer. larer. Ye or a s ad s aro aled oeer a alos us $250 llo e s ad raso roal dd o see rea o e soers. e arar orsars areed rsa ss ad e oasal reos o rsa ores order e ederraea ederraea ea. e laedd e ‘eeral lae ‘eeral ar’ e eee ee rsedo rsedo ad e lads o sla as jsao jsao or er re redaor daor aos. aos. e oder oal raes 11
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are rel rals. deed er are o e Sirius Star as deel ro.e s as oed a ssdar o ad raa’s aoal ol oa. e o ad raa s e roeor o e os ol sres o sla e es o ea ad eda.e Sirius Star as arr a aro o rde ol ro ad raa o e u sa e as ared. e sla las las oala odeed odeed s are o o a ‘sl s’ s’ ad reaeed o aa e oe ors o e oal raes. o s aa oo lae a a e, ad e oal raes oe o seze ss ro sl ores. Dese s, a o oda’s sls see o see e oal raes as ers o e earler arar arar orsars, as dar sea raders o ereae e arar leed. ra eda se e ord ‘orsar’ ‘orsar’ o desre e, o e ra ord or ‘rae’, s lerall ‘sea roer’. Ee Weser oeaors are all o se, al o oala eo e ‘e arar’, a ase or sl raes ose aes a es ee e e e oerl aes o e usa ad s alles a e ale o sress.e sress. e elos o e arar orsars are reeered sl ores, ad eseall re, ere a er o ss o e rs a are aed aer aos arar orsar oaders. Weserers W eserers are less lel o reeer e e e arar orsars errorzed e ederraea ad eod. Fe o ose o ejo e ederraea ederraea resor eaes o a, Fra Fraee ad al so o oder ao e red aoers alo e oas or e Dra esals eld soe llaes. ra The Bombardment o Algiers , a a e eee-er ars eore aers, s oe o e os del reroded aes ro e ar olleo o e aoal are se a ree, e rs eole o e oal a as oard a o e arar arar oas o or ra 1816. eras sall, olede o e arar orsars s roal ore desread e usa a Eroe.e arar orsars ere e rs ajor ore ee o e o era rel e lae eee er, ad e ere e ral reaso or e reao o a erae Ued aes a. e rs arar ar (1801–5), aas aas rol rol a, ad e seod arar arar ar (1815), aas lers, loo lare a sd o e u sa’s earl ore ol.. e 200 aersar ol aersar o e rs o ese ars ae js as 9/11 9 /11 12
Introduction: The Barbary Legend
ad s aera ere reas eres all ases o rsa– sl ol ad oos ao e ar le ro e resses. Oe alled ‘oroe ars’, era’ era’s arar arar ols ae a e o ad ore re ao e Els a a oer ase o e sor o e arar orsars. eras a e ore osos o e sor o e arar orsars a Eroeas, Eroeas, er eres s arrol arrol osed o o a er lae erod o a sor sor . e earl ears o e eee er, er, dese a real dr e Fre eoloar ad aoleo ars, e oer o e arar orsars as sl dele. er eda ad ee dr e see ad seeee eres, e e arar ‘raes’ ere eared all sea-o rsas. lo e arar orsars are lded os eeral sores o ra, sold e ade lear a e ere ore raeers a raes, slar o rea Fre Fre raeers le ea ar or oer ro, ro, o raes le laeard ad aa Kdd. raes are deo rals a osde e la, le oda’s oal raes. e arar orsars, le rsa Eroea raeers, oeraed a leal raeor.e raeor. e ad o oa ersso ro er rlers o sed o er rael oed oed arss, ad e e rered rered rzes ose ared ss, aroes ad res ere dsosed o aord o se leal rles. e arar orsars ere dere dere ro os Eroea Eroea raeers a e ere eaed a ar as ‘eeral’. Fre raeers, or eale, ol aaed ee s dr learl deed ars, ea a delarao o osles ad eded a eae rea. e e srle eee sla ad rsa as eld o e eer-ed, erred ol res, e arar orsars old sal o aas e rsas eeer e sed sed.. s deoloal/relos elee as also la e oao o ordar raes, os o o ere ere ol o o e oe ad o else. eral e relos jsao or e raaes o e arar orsars orsars ea o see ea oer e ear ears, s, ad er laer das soe o e ee aaed e ss o ree sjes o e Ooa sla. eereless e relos jsao, le e leal raeor oer er aes, eled o se e orsars aar ro re raes. e oal sea raders o oda a osde a leal raeor raeor ad, alo alo e are sls, e e do o allee 13
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a relos jsao or er aos. aos. e are o e ers o e arar orsars. Udoedl e reales o ar a sea e leal ad relos oer or e deredaos o e arar orsars dd ear a es, ad e dd aear ore as raes a raeers, e e eer rl ed ed o e rae old. old. ra ra,, ea ea roer a sea, ad ee a eare o le ad arod e ederraea ea or osads o ears. larl, e rsa–sl ar a sea e ederraea ad ee o o ar ors ad a ar leels o es se e see er. er. U o e e er e sls ad e er ad, ro e elee er o e ee e alae s aor o e rsas, larel as o e aes o e ala are rels o sa, eoa ad Vee. Ye e see er ra/raeer e ederraea ad rsa–sl ol a sea e ederraea ere o jo oeer ad aee a e leel o orae a as o edre or ore a ree eres, ol ed e rs deades o e eee er. W dd e arar orsars arse e e dd? W dd e aee s oer? d dd a oer las or so lo? e arar orsars ad s a sro a e see er ease e ere e aal aard o e Ooa rs ose ere as radl radl eo e os oerl sla sla sae e orld. lo rarl lad arrors, e Ooas ea ead er aal aes e seod al o e ee er.. e e er er er,, rs orsars ea ea o oe esards e ederraea, a orol o ors alo e oas o or ra, ad eo o as e arar orsars. (e er arar roal deres ro e oral erer aas o or ra.) er aas o rsa s ad oass ade e del eared, o js or er o aes ease e rereseed e ada oer o e Ooa Ere Ere ad la sla. e roer role role o e arar orsars as o erel qe Ooa lads. e se-deede rea aars o e or sore o e la ea erored a slar o o eal o e Ooa sla. er as-o aalr laed rads aed a olle rsa slaes eor ssa, Urae ad olad, ad also a eed e Ooa sere o lee e see 14
Introduction: The Barbary Legend
lads. We e Ooa sla e o a lad aa aas e rsas, or eale Har Har,, e rea aars aars se a oe o aalr o jo s ar. slar aso, e e Ooa sla sl a asse asseled led s a lee or a aa aa e ederraea, ederraea, e arar orsars se a sqadro sqadro o ss o jo a lee, ad e soees roded e lee oader as ell. oo oose sl roer arrors le e rea aars aars ad e arar orsars, e rsa sde also roded qe lar odes. e rea aars ere oosed e ossas, rsa orsee o e sees, o ere ol er loosel der e aor o e rlers o olad olad ad ssa. Ule e rea rea aars, e ossas also ade e raso ro lad o sea arare, sed ra o rad rs error arod e la ea e earl seeee er. er. e ee raded ear e eral aal sal. e seals seals rsa ooes o e arar orsars ere e Ks o o o ersale (or Ks Hosaller).s lar relos order ad eeree o o e rsa–sl roer a e a o e e o e rsader saes alese. er e dre o o er asles e Hol ad, e s ade e s ro lad o sea arare. ased a e slad o odes, ode s, e alles alles o e s s aaed sl sl ss ss ad ors. 1522 e Ooa sla lea e ae droe e s o o odes, ad er e oe as o e e slad o ala, as ore oeel laed o ress e ead oer o e arar orsar saes or ra. e Ks o ala, as e eae o, ere laer sored a e lar relos order, e Ks o ee, esalsed e rler o sa ad ased a sa ad oro oro.. o l l orders, orders, le e rsa rsa ederraea saes, reored er er o eors aas e sls sls les rsa raeers o aa e del ee as ell. e see er as a erod e rae lar ores ere as ora as e slol slol eer sae ares ad aes. e arar orsars ere a al sor o e Ooa sla’ sla’s o lee, a slar sao also esed rsa lads. o a’s alle lee e ederraea ossed o rae alles red ro ala res ad are saes, e oe ro eoa e eseall eseall ora. ora. e Dora al o eo eoaa o ol red er o alles o e as, also roded e aal 15
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oaders, aoe all drea Dora. Elad are aderers le o Has ad Fras Drae ade e raso ro raes (as er as s alled e) o raeers ( roal ad arsora esors er eres) o oaders e sae a e e ro er ss o asss roal arss e lee asseled Elzae i o ress e as rada 1588. eereles eer eless, s, l lee Elzaea ‘sea sea dos’ le Has Has ad Drae ad er o rae arss, e ere sll der e aor o e Els qee ad er oere. oere. e dd o se er o o se-deede saes as e arar orsars dd. lso e le Drae ere ae Else, o ore osders le e rs orsars o osed er rle o e ae sls o or ra. For ree eres or ra ras ad ere erers rs ere rled a ore rs lar ase rered e eers o ro loal sls ro ro e eoles eoles o e Ooa earlads, el aola. Ea ear ear e rers rers ro ro ere, ere, ad also ro e alas ad e ea, ere se o e arar oas o reore reore e ras ras o e rs rs orsars ad solders. e als ad rled E a slar aso eee e ree er ad er oerro e Ooa sla el i earl e see er. e als ere ro-rassa slae solders orall ro o E o sere s rlers, e laer reelled ad oo orol o e sae. e oed o reles er ras r slae solders ro aroad (el e aass reo), e also deeloed al ls E. e arar orsars orsars ere ere ore els else. e. e osr osr o arraes eee e rs oerlords ad loal oe old o eoe ar o e rl ele. sead e rs rers ere ro ro e Ooa earlads or ae rsas ere oered o sla ad joed e orsars. ese rsa reeades ere js as osders as e rs ele. e eee er ese ars rles ere rea do s s ad rol, rol, e larel edred lers r o e Fre oqes 1830. lo a o sere e Ooa sla s ars e rsas, e arar orsars ere, le a roer arrors, less ee ao e losel orolled e eral Ooa oere sal. e sar o e seeee er reols ad dsorder e earlads o e Ooa ere rer eaeed e 16
Introduction: The Barbary Legend
orol a rlers sal ad oer er dsa roes or ra. orol ro e sl sl ere as eae, so as e leel o lar ressae e rsa oers o e aes o e arar orsars. a as dele, Frae, Frae, Elad Elad ad e eerlads dd o e ae sel sro aes o ose a seros rea o e orsars. ese rsaes ea a e arar orsars ejoed er eda e rs al o e seeee er. addo a s e e ade e raso ro oar-oered oar-oer ed alles o sal ss, ad s alloed er lees o rad del de l osde osde e eder ederrae raea a or e e rs rs e, e, o o as ar as EElad,relad,elad ad e eodlad ser or era. o ol dd e orsars ro e Ooa reees derae ese ore dsa oaes, oaes, also ss ro e e oer ra o e arar orsars, ose orsars ased oroo. e ere o as ell o as e Ooa orsars dr e see er er,, e ere o ejo a slar erod o rea sess dr e rs al o e seeee er. e oroas ere o sjes o e Ooa sla, e eral oere oere oroo ollased ollased aer 1603 a slar aer o e dele o Ooa eral oer. oer. s alloed e oroa orsars o se er o aores er ors, aoe all e so-alled ‘rae ‘rae rel’ o alé. e a o rsa aes ad alas ee oe o e ral as o e arar orsars, ad s a roal roal eaed e earl seeee er aer rea a leel e see er. e ade o e arar orsars’ sess a slaes s ard o ealae resel, ored esses ae ee ade. as ee sesed a eee 1530 ad 1780 e arar orsars oo arod 1.25 llo aes ro rsa Eroe. oe rers ae sesed s re s oo ; oers a a e oo lo ease e solar o ade e allao reled osl o res rela o e orsars oera ro e Ooa reees o lers, lers, s ad rol ad oo lle ao o aes ae e oroa oroa orsars. Ee oe aes a re re o oe llo rsa aes ae e arar arar orsars eee 1500 ad 1800, o does a oare oer slae-a oeraos o e erod? e os oos oos oarso s e aes aes o e rea rea aars, aars, e lead sl slae raders o lad. eee e ee 17
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er ad e oqes o er sae e ssas e lae eee er, e rea aars a ae ae as a as ree llo rsa aes, osl ro ssa, Urae ad olad, o lad, also rads as ar es as Har Har ad sra le ser e Ooa sla’s ar. aalr raders a ae od easer o rod rsa aes, e so-alled ‘ares o e see’, a are redaors. o o does e arar orsar re oare e rea are slae rade aross e la ro ra o e e World? eee e ee er ad e eee oer elee llo la slaes ere ere ae aross e la, eras 80 er e o e e arred aross e eee ad eee eres. e seeee er ad eseall e see, e la rade la slaes as roal a a loer leel a e sezre o e rsa slaes ro Eroe sl slae raders, el e rea aars ad e arar orsars. deed e see er e arar orsars aloe a ae ae ore rsa aes a e er o la slaes a e rsa Eroeas sed aross e la ro ra o e eras. s leel o sess ar rsa slaes as od o rooe realao realao ro ro rsa saes. a ad oral oral ad ee e ral ooes o e arar orsars dr e see er.er oer ea o ae e rs al o e seeee er, e sea oers ere ars e sae o e aes o Frae, Elad ad e eerlads. Hoeer, eore 1660 ese aes ere o sel sro o r e aes o e arar orsars. Ol eee 1660 ad 1690 dd e e sea oers la sa aal aas o e arar orsars ad ore e o oe o ers. 1690 e ree Ooa reees o lers, s ad rol ad all ee ored o ae eae reaes Frae, Elad ad e eerlads ae e era ss o ose ree ores ro orsar aa. oroo as o all oelled o e slar araees l e 1720s. Ye e ree a Eroea sea oers ere sro eo o ore ajor oessos ro e arar orsars, dd e o see o reoe e arar orsar eae aloeer? Oe reaso as al rea oer allao. e arar orsars old e alloed o oe aas o e era lees o 18
Introduction: The Barbary Legend
e saller Eroea are saes ease s old ree s lees ro roser ad eo rals o e era s o e rea aal oers. e eee er e arar saes ere o rede s rea oer adaae a reaes e saller are saes le ede ad Dear oered ro orsar aa rer or aal re aes. Hoeer,, ee s oesso old o e eeded o all saes all e Hoeer e. e arar orsars ad o e ooall a ar soe rsa sae or e old ae o oe ad o rea o old oer Eroea era s. s . oer reaso e rea Eroea sea oers dd o all desro e arar orsars as a eee 1689 ad 1815 e ere ore lel o e a ar ea oer a do arar sea raders. s a oe e Eroea sea oers ere aos o ae a eas asee ee a ar rar ar o ors rsa ars rs o r re ee e a aa a ss o e err o o s s a add o eorae e orsars o la aas o e ss o er eees. e arar arar saes sesl aoded o o ar or eer sde, le le la e ral oers o aas ea oer o e oessos. olle oasoal ‘reses’ ro e ajor sea oers ad relar re aes ro a o e saller Eroea are ores, e arar saes ad o eed o ee lare-sale orsar aa a a s. s. ee ddl ddlee o ee e e e ee e e e r r e err o oer era ao os s a add s s o a lo leel, js eo o rea a redle rea o e ores a ere ored o ee er deads or re. e ae e Fre Fr e reolo o 1789 ad e lo Eroea ars olloed olloed . W e eraoal sse ro o aos, e relar ae o re o e arar saes ea o dr . orsar as o reed ad as ee eeded o aas o e are ares, el e era ss o e e Ued aes o era. ld a erae erae a or e rs e, e, e eras a ard ad ored e arar orsars o oe o ers. Oer are saes ere ere less read o oro oro e orsars. azl oe o ese as ra, e orld’s reaes aal oer. Deede o ood sles ro e arar saes o eed rs arrsos ralar r alar,, o ora, ra, l l,, ala ad e oa slads; slads; e e o e rs ederraea lee; ad laer rs ares oral ad a, ra as srrsl dle oards e arar orsars as lo as e dd o aa rs-roeed s. 19
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W e ed o e ars aas Frae 1815, e e Eroe eered as less olera o e aes o e arar orsars. ra as ased o ors ease ade a rea ss ao ed e la slae rade aross e la ro ra o e eras seeed rela o rs e las eses o e e slae rade e arar arar saes. Eeall e rs aed er oso ad er oarde o lers 1816 ored e arar orsars o rose a ed o e esla o e rsas. s e as, s roses seeed lel o e e or lo, ad dr e 1820s a eole ea o aae or a or Eroea oqes o e arar saes o or ra. We e Fr Fre e aaed lers 1830 seeed a rs a s e js aoer e eedo o s e arar orsars aer e Eroea ores old e dra. s ase, oeer, e aso as e e o a Fre oqes o lera old ae seeral deades o olee, esals a Fre olo, laer oall joed o eroola Frae, old o e e l 1962. e Fr Fre e aso o lera ea a roess o Eroea oqes ra a as o oe or e res o e eee er. e e e Frs World War W ar roe o 1914, all o or r raa ro oroo o E E as der Eroea oloal rle. Hoeer Hoeer,, arar orsar ad dsaeared lo eore e, e las oroa eors a ee dsoraed Eroea aal ao e 1840s. Eroea oqes all red e arar orsars ro a err real o a resqe leed. Ye a Eroea oqes o or ra ad ee roosed as lo ao as e 1490s ad ad e a a dae, e arar orsars old old eer ae arse e rs lae. Ho e arose ad o e edred or ore a ree eres s a sor a eeds o e eaed ore deal.
20
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Vaard o e la 1492–1580 ! 1
A l g i e r s 1541 e ear 1500 lers as js a or sl or o e oas o or ra. Fo For r ears laer as osdered osdered s a rea o rsedo a Eeror arles v as read o lead a asse lar ad aal eedo aas . lers as o e ral ase o e arar orsars, o ere ere raa e oass o a ad al, al, o e error o er rsa aas. arles, Hasr rler o al o Eroe, Hol oa Eeror, Eeror, ad selar leader o rsedo, ad alread dre ararossa, e lers-ased leader o o e arar orsars, o o s 1535. 1535. s ad ee see as a rea rea rsa r as all e ore see ease redressed a earler rsader deea a a or . 1270 os ix, o Frae ad oe o e rea edeal rsaders, ad ded o dsease le r o are s. o Eeror arles v ad aeed a e Fre , laer aozed as a os, ad aled o do. do. arles old old lead a sessl sessl rsade rsade aas s, s, srel lers old old o ress s oer? oer? e e 1520s arles v ad ee eaed a a srle e eer-ead sl ere o e Ooa rs, rs, led er sla lea, lea, alled e afie e rsas ad e aer s o sjes. e o a eares o s srle ere e Daa as eral Eroe Eroe ad e ederraea ederraea ea. 1540 e Ooas eeel doaed o Har o e firs ro ad e easer ederraea o e seod. eral Eroe e Ooa rea o sra ad era era as ro. ro. e eser ederraea e arar orsars ere a as e aard o e Ooa sla, seadl sread sread er flee. flee.er er e ase as lers ad s as o e ral Ooa sroold e 23
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eser ed eser ederra erraea ea.. a as oe o e a reas reasos os arle arless v as deered o oqer oqer e or . . s a reard or s sessl orsar a, e sla ad aoed ao ed araro ararossa ssa o e os o ‘ada ‘ ada asa’, oa oader-der-e o e Ooa a a.. ararossa ad deeaed e rsa flee flee o arles v’s ral aal oa oader der,, drea drea Dora, rler rler o e rel o eoa, a reeza 1538. seeed e Ooas soo ae orol orol o e ole ole ederraea. Hoeer Hoeer,, e ser o 1541 o sla lea ad s aal e ararossa ere s o e eral Eroea ro. ararossa, e error o e rsa ederraea, ad e dae as o esr sles or e sla’’s ar Har assed dered e rer Dae. sla W o le W lea a ad ara ararossa rossa ll oed era erall Eroe, arles v osdered as a deal e o la la s eedo aas lers. er sessll ae a leas eorar areee e roesa dssdes era, e aol eeror le eesr s 1541.oaed osads o era erear erear roos, roos, oaded e de o la, a as olea, arles rossed e ls o al ad ade s a o eoa. ere drea Dora, o as o oad s flee, red o oe e eeror a as oo lae e seaso o sed a eedo o lers. al al sors old soo e ra aross e ederraea. Dora, le e oe, red o oe arles a s roos old old e ore se fi e rs Har a a lers. arles v as oed. He ad se o e ear ear rear s eedo aas e a sroold o e arar orsars. roos roos ad ss ere assel; oe ad alread ee se o e rearaos. e eeror deded o s o s las, rs od’s od’s sor. He old also o o a e eedo ared lers lae e ear, e Ooas old e ale o la a oeraa l e sr o e ollo ear a e earles. e lers old ae ee red red o a rsa rsa orress. lae eeer arles le e eoese or o a eza Dora ad la, e era roos, 37 alles (osl eoese) ad oer s.e s. e redezos or e eedoar eedoar ores as o e a ala al a o e sla sladd o ajor ajora. a. ere arles arles as joed Ferae Ferae ozaa, s ero l, o ro ore alles, alo as ad ala roos. roos.e e las oe, oe, roo rooss ad alles dre 24
Vanguard of the th e Sultan, 1492–1580 1492–158 0
ro a der erardo de edoza, dd o jo e eeror’s flee l arred o lers o 19 Ooer. Ooer. all arles v ad 65 alles ad ao 400 roo rasors ad sl ss.e ss. e flee as aed 12,000 salors ad arred 24,000 solders, sold ers, earl all as, as, al ala a ad era. era. addo addo ere ere ere ao 150 Ks o e Order o o o ersale, eer o as e Ks o ala aer er e e oe, ad ee e o e arles v 1530. e ore also lded dreds o ‘aderers’, ‘ade rers’, arror olee o ad joed e eeror’s eedo a er o eese. e eed as o less a a rsade aas e fidel.e fidel. e ae ro all oer oer rsa Eroe, Eroe, ld Frae ad Elad, e lares ro as ade o as oles, ld Herado orés, e oqeror oqeror o eo eo.. o seas ased a al dela lad e roos, eeall e rsa ores ea o oe asore o eaes a e les o e eas o lers. e eoered lle ressae, ad soo arles as lead s roos esards oards e . . e as ere o e le, le, oer e ear lls; e eeror eeror ad s era roos ere e ere; ad e alas, alo e Ks o ala, al a, er eree o e r, ar ar alo alo e seasore. seasore. ararossa ad le Hassa a, orall a rsa ro arda o ad ‘red r’ o eoe a reeade, as s de are o lers. W e a o lers lerall oered oered ss ad a as rsa ar aroa aroa, , Hassa old old ardl e a a else alared. He ad arel 1,000 rs solders ad eras 5,000 oer ores, osl orsars ad dalsa orsos o ad fled o or ra ro a. arles se a dead a Hassa sold srreder lers o edael. edael. oe zes ere read o e , o o aod e orrors o a lood sor s as ad ee fled o s s 1535. Hoeer, Hoeer, a arao, a sl ol a, alled Kara ose laed a e ad reeed de dae a drea.lla drea. lla old roe roe e eole o lers ol e old ress e fidels. fidels. Weer fleed fleed e arao or o, Hassa rejeed rejeed e eeror’s dead or srreder. e rsa ar o ea o d see rees ear ear e alls o lers. ll seeed o e o ell l a seere sor sddel se , r orreal ra ad ale ore ds. Wo es e eeror’s solders ere soo soo e ad old. Ol a e das’ or o 25
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ood sles ad so ar oe asore ro e flee, so e roos ere soo r as ell. Frer Frerore ore e door door ql redered redered seless e oder sles or er firears ad e e arller ees a ad so ar ee laded. ll e ra ad d oed. e or or Hassa sezed s ae o la a srrse aa o e edraled ad deoralzed rsa roos. roos. Hs ar ared o o o lers ad ea o dre a e eseers. as a old-asoed old-asoed las o sord sord aas sar ad alerd aas sear ease firears ad ee redered seless e ra. ae o e sl osla, osla, ol e Ks o ala sood fir. sred er od, e oer rsa roos roos ralled ad soo e sl aaers ere sed a sde e alls o lers. Hoeer, Hassa ad o fised. He leased a aalr ore all roed e ala ala roos l e K Kss o ala seed oe aa o or a sro sro rearard.arles rearard. arles o se or ard s era era roos, roos, all all e ad lle lle a. a. rroded s odard, odard, e eeror eeror deded o eree ersoall. ersoall. al sred sr ed e aeara aearaee o er leader, leader, e rsa roos droe droe e sl sl aalr a o lers. lo lo fiall o oros, ros, ese ese lases ad os e rsas a leas 300 dead, ld a doze Ks o ala. e eaer roed or a e, e flee as sll ale o lad sles ad arller a qa ease o e ea sell. e o 25 Ooer a fiere fiere sor roared ro e or-eas, as edae aos ao e rsa s. W s ors soe 150 ss ad ee s or dre asore.ese lded fiee alles. er sre ro reedo o e sl slae roers o o asore, asore, dea or slaer slaer o e rsa rsa salors salors ad solders o eere eeredd ro e ra sr. drea d rea Dora oo s sr sr alles o o sea o aod e a o a deadl lee sore e a o lers. lers. Eer Eerere ere e srle srledd o sre e sor sor seas. Els ‘aderer’,oas aderer’, oas aloer, aloer, ded oeroard ro ro s s s. He as so eased ro s a e old o ras a roe ro o ro a as essel. He ol saed sel r e roe s ee ee l e old e lled aoard o sae sae . e sor eeall assed ad Dora led led e reas o e flee a o e a. arles v o deded a s ar s ae a 26
Vanguard of the th e Sultan, 1492–1580 1492–158 0
eorar rerea o a lae ere old e sael resled e flee.e flee. e roos ared ared easards arod arod e a. a. azed a e r o ees, Hassa led o s ores ores ro lers ad ea arass e rerea rsas. addo erer rese ae do ro e lls o jo e assal o e fidels. fidels.e e ala ad era roos roos ere sll deoral deoralzed zed,, e a aards ards ad e Ks o ala ored a sold rearard. Eeal Eeall l e eer eeror’ or’ss ar reaed e a o eeos ear ae ao (o ordj El ar), ere e rsa flee ad olle olleed. ed. orés, orés, o ad eere eereee o res or ro e jas o deea dr e oqes o eo, eed e eeror o o ae oe las eor o oqer oqer lers.Hoeer lers. Hoeer,, arles eleed a e desro ased e reeaed sors soed od’s osl o s eerrse, ad e ssed o re-ear s ar. lo e ar ad los eras era s ol 2,000 e ale or de o sess, e flee ad los a asse oe-rd o s essels. Were old roo e od or e solders? earl 2,000 orses ad oe e eedo eedo o rode os or aalre ad or e ole oaders. o aders.Fe Fe ad oe oe asore.arles asore. arles o ordered ordered a e orses orses sold e ored oeroard o ae roo or e solders. Dese ro r oes ess s r ro o ee o ol les es,, a a fi fiee o o s s er eree r ro oel elle ledd o oer er ee s sde de o a aer rae. O 2 oeer oeer arles aded aded o o a s’ s’s oa. He as al alos os e las las a o s e eed edo o o lea leae e e o or r r ra a so sore re.. e eaer ad o fised e eeror. eeror. e sor se rer ss osore osore ear lers,le lers, le arles ad Dora ere ored ored o fid ree e as-eld or o oe rer eas alo e oas. Ye ore ales olloed ad e eeror dd o fiall rea a l e las ee o oeer 1541. e sls sls eled a ro Dells, eas o lers, lers,o o erell erell,, es o e , , e oas as lered e odes o rsa e ad er orses. all, e rsas los arod 12,000 e, 8,000 solders ad salors dead ad 4,000 roded o eoe slaes. ere ere soo s oo so s o a rs rsa a a aes es lers l ers a e re or e e slae are droed draaall. as sad a a rsa slae old ardl ee e arered or a oo. e lers eedo o 1541 as e ors ors deea o arles v’s v’s areer.. rsa areer rsass ere le o oder od ad desered er ase. sls ere sreeed s draa deosrao o e oer 27
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o lla. e eeror laed a ood old ae reded s s errle eaer. drea Dora ad e oer aal oaders ad ade js s redos, arles, rs o de sor, ad ored e. For e arar orsars o lers ese ees o 1541 ade er reaes eer or oer e rsas. rsas. Fo Forr alos aoer ree ree eres er old sessll de e ared o rsedo. arles v ad aled o oqer e a Ooa ase e eser ede ederraea rraea,, ad e rs rsa a ola olaos os alo ose sores old soo ae reaso o lae s alre as e arar orsars reased er aas ear aer ear.
BGINNINGS o ees e lae fie o fiee e er er se e oe e arar orsars old eere as a qe eoeo a old edre or ore a ree eres. Frs, e easer ederraea e Ooa rs arose as a e la sla ore reaeed o ol e rsa saes o so-eas Eroe, Eroe, also older sl oles oles s as e ere o e als E, ra ra ad raa. e Ooas Ooas ere rarl a lad oer, aer er oqes o osaole (o sal), sa l), e las rea rea o e rsa rsa zae zae ere, ere, 1453, er rlers sa a reas eed eed o deelo aal ores as ell. ell. er a al are as e rel o Vee Vee ad a er er o oloes e easer ederraea. e seod ee as e ed o e 700-ear sr srle le e rsas o rea orol o e era era esla ro e sls. Ko as e ‘eoqsa’, s srle ad reaed a lo-las rsad sr ao e as dos. 1492 e so-alled ‘aol oars’, oars’, e arred ole ole Qee saella o asle ad K Ferdad Ferdad o rao, rao, oleed e sjao o raada, raada, e las sl sae era. lo a lare sl olao reaed e esla, esla, ese eole ere o oall oall sje o er rsa rs a rlers. rlers. Ho Hoeer eer,, s r r as o eo o assae e rsad zeal o aards. las ere orard o arr e ol ar o sl sl or ra ro ro a a aos os as aso. o.e e do o asle as larel a lad-ased oer, e ro o rao, 28
Vanguard of the th e Sultan, 1492–1580 1492–158 0
lded e e or o areloa, alread ad a sor o seaar ad ad l a are ere, ere, ld e slads o l l ad arda, e eser ederraea. ere seeed o reaso as oer sold o e eeded aross e sra o ralar ad o e are, are, e ra ae or or sl or or ra. s, e lae lae fiee er er,, a sess sessll sl sl oer e easer ederraea as o esards, reae reae rsedo, le e eser ederraea a oros rsa oer as rea rear r o adae easar easards, ds, o o sde e sl saes o or ra. las las eee ese oo oos s oers see eale, oeorar ers e dsae eee e o oers as sll rea. Ol flees se eer sde old rde a a ad ae ofl eee e. We e ar eee raada ad e as dos roe o e earl 1480s, e sl sae arall arall looed o oer sl ores or sor.e sor. e saes o or ra ere oo ea ad dded o e o asssae, asssae, so raada essares e o o o e rea sl oers o e easer ederraea, e als ad e Ooas. Ooas. e als als laed adeqae aal ores ores o arr a ar o e era esla. aro, e al aal, e raadas reeed reeed ords o sor, sor, o ao as as ae o ae e a real. real. deed e als ere sere sere r o Ferdad o rao rao’’s asssae aas er sl rals, e Ooas. e Ooa sla ad a ro, ro, led, led, a a,, s ares ere ere s o s o roers. roers.e e ol ad e sla old oer as o e aroal aro al or rs orsars orsars o ead o e eser ederraea, ederraea, ase eseles a or ra ors, ad arr o rads o rsa oass ad s. e os aos o ese orsars as Keal es, o o also oo alo s ee ee r es, a slled salor os os aos or e sea ars e rear reared. ed. (‘es’ (‘es’as as e le le e o a r rs s orsar orsar aa.) Keal ad ae ar e Ooa are o e Veea-eld a-e ld slad o erooe erooe (o Eoea) ree reeee 1470. He seled ere ad ae o oad a ore o orsars ased o e slad. 1487 la aezd aezd ii ordered Keal Keal o ae a aal ore o asss e raadas raadas er fi aas e rsas. He sed or ra ors s as oe (o ejaa) ad oa (or ôe; o aa) as ases. Oer fie ears e as ae aas e as as ad 29
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er alles, rad o ol e as oas also e alear sla s lad ds, s,o ors rs aa a add al al. Ho Hoe ee err, 14 1492 92 Ke Kea all a ass re red de edd o e err rr sl reees reees ro raada o ors or ra. Oe raada ad alle, Keal rered o Ooa error. error. He o seeral aal ores o res oer e Vee eeas as e Oo Ooa– a–V Vee eea a ar o 1499 1499–150 –1502, 2, ad ease a se lar ad o e Veeas, Veeas, e rered o e eser ederraea 1501 o aa as ares. Dr e raada ar asle ad e arss o oose e rs erloers, dd re soe alles ro e rel o eoa ad a ore o aala alles as roded e ro o rao. Hoeer, e ar as larel oe o sees o lad, ere asle’s asle’s seror arller arller as dese. rs orsars old e ed do lle o sae raada, er oee o or ra o ae ar aas e rsas as o se a alale reede or oer rs rs orsars e firs deades o e see er er.. e se o or ra ors as orsar ases as oe oe reaso e aol oars ea o o eed er ar aas e fidels o e are. are. oer reaso as as a sorall e sl saes o or ra ad oe ereed era o reerse rsa sesses ad sree sl ressae. e elee er e rsas rsas ad ae oledo, e ae Vso aal, ro e sls ad ored a sl saes e esla o a e re. e e lorads, a daeals sla se, ad oe oer ro ro or ra, ra, deeaed e rsas ad reae reae a o er er as.larl as. larl,, e el el er, er, rsa sesses sesses ere eralzed ro d-er e loads o ae aross o era ro or ra. e sa sao o seeed ore aora aorale le o e rs rsas as e ddle o e ree er. ll e sl saes o era ad ee oqered, ee ee or raada. Ye oe aa a or ra oerr, s ase e ar oe ards, ds, old old ree reeaedl aedl sed are aress o a e eo o dr a e rsas ad resor sl oer. Ol 1340 as e las ard aso deeaed, raada dd o all l l 1492. rsa or o seeed fial, aards sll orred a soe e sl ore old see o o e are oe oe ore o ree sl sl ores ores era. era. Ol a as oqes o e are old ae sre a s old eer ae. 30
Vanguard of the th e Sultan, 1492–1580 1492–158 0
e aards ere ere aare a e old old o e e firs firs eras o a a a erae erae oqess or ra. e orese orese ad ared ea o e oroa sore o e sra o ralar as lo ao as 1415. aer as added 1471, ad e orese also ored e rlers o ors rer do e la oas o oroo o aolede er soere soere.. s easo oed soe soe o e rsad sr, ere ere also eoo eoo oes or a orol orol o ese ors.e ors. e ere o sor e sead oee oee o orese orese raders ad elorers do e la oas o ra. 1488 e orese old sal arod e ae o ood Hoe,ad Hoe, ad 1498 e reaed da.oo da. oo e ere esals esals a rsa are ere ere arod e da Oea alleed o sl ad Hd loal rlers. 1493 e aol oars se sere aes o or ra o reor o e sae o e or. or. e e ollase o ard oer e d-oree er er,, e are ad sl o a er er o ea r ral ales. es.e e as aes reo reored red a ere as o sle sro sl oer a old ress a as aso. 1494 e oe fied e dd le eee orese ad as areas o easo or ra ad e aol oars deded a er firs aas old e dreed aas e ors o ellla ad Ora. Hoeer,, e sae ear e o Frae aded Hoeer aded al o ress s la o e do o ales. ales. Fer Ferdad dad o rao also ad a la o a do, so all os o aa e are ere ere asde as Ferdad oeraed as ores aas e Fre al. eereless or ra dd o oall sl ro Ferdad’s d. rao ad a lo sad olal ad eoo eres e are, eseall easer areas le s ere ear o e raoese ossessos ossessos o l ad arda. e aslas ad lle as oeo or ra, e dalsa oles o o ad laed a ajor role e oqes o raada ere lad o oe er ar aas e sls a e area. area. 1497 e de o eda doa ased or roal ersso o sed a eedo o are ellla. e ersso as e, e or ae ad oroa oeraas dre o. o. a ad s firs oos e are. are. er e oqes o raada 1492 e aol oars ad ade aros oessos o er e sl sjes, ra e a deree o relos reedo. ese oessos ere seadl 31
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dered zealos aols, aols, aoe all ardal Fraso Fraso éez de seros, arso o oledo ad rae o asle. e e resros led o a sl reol raada 1499 as o fiall sressed l 1501. e rsa ors o ordered all sls e do o asle o oer o rsa or leae e or. ( slar order old o e aled o rao l 1526.) os o e sls aeed oal oerso o rsa, eo o as orsos, le e oers fled o or ra. oer ee o e reol as o reore alls or a as oqes o e are se e reels raada ad reeed soe sor ro or ra ors. ardal seros ad Qee saella ere arlarl ee o arr e ol ar o or ra, Ferdad sll seeed osessed ees al ad e qee ded 1504. s 1505 seros oo aers o s o ads, oa roal aroal o oraze a eedo o ae e or o ers el Ker ear Ora. roo rooss ro o a a ad al ored e lad ore, lle fi as reqred. e aearae o e as ore eeer, e oeror edael srredered e o. l 150 15088 e sal salll o oos os o Vélez de la o oera era as ae ae e a a-s, ardal seros aed a er sess. He oe ro s doese o d a eedo aas Ora Ora ad Ferdad ae s aroal, aroal, allo allo seros seros o aoa e aa ar, ar, sad o er 20,000 e, alo e aal lar oader as edro edro aarro, aarr o, o o Oleo, Oleo, a eereed solder solder ad lar eeer. eeer. d-a 1509 e ar as rasored o e as oos o ers el Ker ad e ared ared o eor eor Ora, ad ao 12,000 aas. aas. seros eored eored e roos o fi or e e rsa a ad rs e fidels. Hoeer, e oqes o Ora as ore a assare a a ale. o o o e o o’’s oals red raor ad oeed e aes o e as ar. all o 17 a Ora ad ee sered: 30 aards ad ded, a leas 4,000 sls ad ee slaered. os o e reader o e sl olao as sold o slaer. slaer. oe 300 rsa slaes ere reed. er s sess seros aed o adae o e eror ad are e ajor o lee as a firs se oards e olee oqes o o e reo. reo. aarro resed, la s orders orders relaed ol o Ora. e ardal as dssed a s a ade ad rered rered o a, eer aa o o o rsade rsade or or ra. 32
Vanguard of the th e Sultan, 1492–1580 1492–158 0
lo o solder, solder, seros a ae ee ser a aarro e lo lo r. s sez sez as as ooss, ooss, o o as ‘re ‘resdo sdos’, s’, o e oas o or ra dd o r ser o a; erel added lar ad fiaal rdes. os o e ooss old old o e sles ro e sl errores arod e ad ad o e sled ro a or as as ossessos le l. l. Usall ad ad alsared, e roos e arrsos ded o dsease or desered o e ee.. seros ee seros ad ee lseed o ad or ra ad ee oqered a e earl ears o e see er, er, e arar orsars old eer ae oe o esee.e Eroea oqes o or ra old o ae lae l e eee er. er. Freed o s relos adser,aarro adser, aarro as se a o or ra Fer erd dad ad a aar ar 151 1510. 0.W W a ore ore o 4,000 4,000 e e e ar ared ed e or o oe. He also oelled oelled oer ors e reo o reoze reoze as soere soere oer e. Oe o ese ors as lers. lers. o ae sre e areee as osered, aarro, e lar eeer, esalsed a orress o a slad a e ad le a sall as arrso . aer e ear aarro aarro sr rer o e eas alo e or or ra sore. sore. O 25 l e oo oo e or o rol a,, ll or esla a esla os o e sl sl aas. aas.e e as der e orol o Ferdad’s Ferdad’s do o l l as e e eares as ossesso. s aarro ad s aal oader aría ar ía de oledo aeed aeed o are e slad o Djera la o e es o rol rol.. Here as as l ra o. o.e e loal aas aas ad ad r rs s or orsars sars ased er eree re relse lsedd e e aa aaers. ers.eeral eeral o osad sad e o e as ore ere sad o ae ersed, os d e or ss sa a sor. Udsoraed, e as lad las o are s s 1511, 1511, oe aa Fe Ferda rdadd as as dsraed dsraed aars al ad e las ere aelled.ere aelled. ere ere o rer as oqess or ra o e e o Ferdad’s dea 1516. o e deeders o relsed aarro’s aa o Djera 1510 as a rs orsar alled rj. He as aoaed s roer Kzr. oeer e old e o as e ararossa (‘red eard’) roers ad e eae e ral oders o e arar orsars. er arao e ale e as a Djera ea a e Oo Ooa a adae e ederraea ederraea ro e eas ad fiall e e as adae ro e es, a las a as soo o ae ajor oseqees oseqees or o sdes. 33
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BARBARSSAS rj ad s roer Kzr ere or dr e 1470s o e slad o esos (soees o as lee aer e ae o s a o) o e es oas o aola.e aola. e ad a sl rs aer, aer, Ya a, ad a rsa ree oer, Kaera. Ya as orall a sa, a Ooa aalra, ad e ad araed araed e oqes oqes o esos 1462 e as ae ro e eoese. Ya as e a lad ra o e slad ad arred a loal ree ree rl. He laer se a oer ad s sos roal firs e o sea essels arr er aer’s ares. lo e Ooa rs rs ad ae os o e slads e eea ea, a e reaed reaed der rsa rsa orol. orol. os rolesoe rolesoe or e sls sls as e slad o odes, as e eadqarers o e Ks o o o ersale. lar relos order order se e Hol ad e e o e rsades, e Ks o o (also o as e Ks Hosaller or er edal ad o rsa lrs) ere dre o o alese e e sls desroed e las rsader saes 1291. firs resde rs, e Ks o o sezed sezed e slad o odes ro e zaes earl e oree er. er. eae e ase or er e oao, o ae e ol ar o sea. For seeral eres e alles o e s salled o ro odes o aa sl oass ad s, ad e order as alas read o asss larer eedos eedos rsa aos e easer ederr ederraea. aea. la eed ii, e oqeror o osaole, realzed e Ks o odes ere ere a rea a ad o e reoed. reoed. orl eore s dea 1480, e sla se a Ooa Ooa ar ad flee o ae ae e slad,, e aled o do so. slad so. e s reae reaedd a rea o o e Ooa rs rs ad e als o E E ad ra. ra. oee dr e 1490s a alle o e Ks o odes ereed a essel oaded rj. er a sor e as ae rsoer. rsoer. He as a alle alle slae o e e s or ree ears, ears, e e as rasoed or esaed, rer rer o s al al.. Hs sers ed rj a oerl ared o rsas eeral ad e Ks o odes arlar arlar.. He eae a orsar aa, aa, rs la aas o e rsas ro aola ors, e laer ro E. 34
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orl aer 1500 rj, aoaed Kzr, oed o o sa. sa. e Hasd sla o s s ered rj o ase s orsar aes a olea, olea, e or o o s, rer rer or a sare o s rofis. rj soo ade a reao or sel, ao s elos e e are o o aal alles o al 1504 ad e are ear e ar slads o a as s a roos ad reasre o ales 1505. Hoeer Hoeer,, rj ad Kzr ere o e ol rs rs orsars ae or ra. oer as Krol sldd, o e Has Hasdd rler o s s alloed o oerae ro e or o zera ro 1508. Krol es laed a rads o e oass o al ad a, ee o-oera rj ad Kzr o oaso. oaso. ossl ease o reas o realao ro rsa saes, e rler o s s eoraed rj ad Kzr o oe er orsar ase a se o e ore dsa slad o Djera 1510. s alread oed, e roers laed a role el loal eole o relse edro aarro’s aa o Djera e sae ear. ear. 1512 rj ad Kzr ere ere sad o ae a orsar flee o ele allos (sall alles), e o er o ad or elo o oer rs orsar aas o ored e. a ear a essae reaed reaed rj ro e orer orer rler o e or o o oe, e, ad ee ared ared e as as 1510. He ased or rj’s asssae a ae o reae e or. rj ad Kzr oo er orsar flee or or o arr o s oerao. Hoeer Hoeer,, e see as a alre. alre. oe las rj as seerel oded oded e le ar ad ad o e aaed. s e orsar flee dre o e eorar ree o a olea, a a r red ed a e eo oes esee s s o ss a a o o a aar ara a,, ee e eo oes esee r rad ad o oos ad oral fiser o e oas o or ra. ered e e leared o s loss, e eoese ere o slo o realae. eore e ed o 1512, 1512, a ore o eoese alles, der e oad oad o drea Dora, raded a olea ad desroed os o rj ad Kzr’s Kzr’s ss. s as e firs eoe eoerr eee eee e roers ad drea Dora.e laer as o eoe eras e reaes rsa adral e ederraea dr e see see er. er. o a rea ae (e ded 1560 a e e das eore s 94 rda) ad rea a ae oader oader o s ees, Dora roal araed araed ore are ofl a a o s rsa or sl aal oeorares.. eo rares eoese ese alles, alles, ld ld ose ose o e Dora Dora al, al, er eree aalale or re o oer rsa saes e o ae o eal o e 35
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rel o eoa. eoa. U o 1528 drea drea Dora eerall sored Frae s srles Eeror arles v al. a ear, oeer, Dora aed sdes ad e reaed a loal sera o e as Hasrs or e res o s areer. areer. 1512 drea Dora roal el e ad delered a deadl lo o rj ad Kzr, dr 1513 e arell rel er orsar flee a Djera. 1514 e roers oe oe aa aaed aaed oe, oe, e as arrso reeed reorees ad aa e see aled. ela o rer o Djera ad roal eloe s, rj ad Kzr oo er ores o er e or o Djdjell (o jel), o ar ro oe. oe. roal rj as o a e e aoer assal o oe, oe, e eae e orsars orsars sll arred o rads e eser ederraea ro er e ase. 1516 e orsar Krol es as sad o ae o-oeraed Kzr a rad o e ala oas. O rer o o s ase a zera, Krol od der aa rsa ores. He eled e sas sas o dre aa e ee ee,, ad edael edael oeraa oeraaed ed a rad o e ala oas ear oe. ord ord o leed as o s oaso a Krol red o are oe oe eo x, o as o , , e o esaed ro e fidel raders raders.. aer e ear Krol reeed a sos ro la el i o oad e Ooa aal ores sor e sla sla ’s aa o e als ra ad E. Krol Krol as rasored rasored ro arar orsar o Ooa aal oader, e firs o a o old ae a raso, ad e laed a ora role role e Ooa oqes oqes o E 1517. e ear 1516 sa e dea o K Ferdad Ferdad o rao, ad s assal e sl rler o lers el a s loal eded e rsa rs a ’s dea. e rler o reqesed reqesed e el o rj ad Kzr ar e as-eld orress sood js osore ro e o lers. rj as a o asss, o s a o lers e oo a sor deor o e or o erell. oer rs orsar ad ae orol o erell, rj aed o rals o s oas. He lled e orsar ad ade e or sje o s rle. rr a lers, as soo lear o rj a e old old o e ale o ae e as orress. sead e oerre ad lled lled e rler o lers ad added e o s as-ro a o erroral ossessos.e aas o e o loed a reol aas er 36
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e rs oerlords, oerlords, e lo as dsoered dsoered ad rj eeed all ose oled . o e as ad e ae sls o or ra ere a ao e ro oer oer o e rs orsars e reo. ardal ar dal ser seros, os, e oqer oqeror or o Ora, ded 1517. 1517. Oe o s las as as o sed a as ore der Deo de Vera o reoe rj ad Kzr ro lers, e eedo as deeaed osderale loss. e as e r o e loal sls sls o a. e rler o e or o ees ees led s roos, aded rese ro e o oas, as, aas lers. rj o asseled a ore o rs orsars ad sl reees ro a, o ros osders e are, ad aaed e aroa ar. ar. He as oros oros ad added ees o s ossessos. Wle a oors (e as er or e ae sls o era ad e are) eared e ro oer o e rs, oers sll aed o elo er lar roess. deao ro e ora lad o lee ased rj o oe ad reoe reoe er ro-as rler. s eer e as a o ole, ad e sezed lee lle role ee eeer er 1517. rj do doedl edl reaed s ea as a rler e er o 1517–18. oroll os o e oasal reo o a s oda lera, e el e old re o e sla o s ad e rler o Fez Fez oroo as a eqal, eqal, e o jo desro e las as ooss e area. larl rj roe o e Ooa sla desr s aeees ad see el’s aroal ad sor. Oe aa e as red o ae a rj’s rj’s as. 1518 e oeror oe ror o Ora, Ora, e arqs arqs o oares, oares, led a as ar, ar, asss asssed ed loal sl rese, a eedo o lee. lo e ad ee rosed oroa sor e rler o Fez, rj soo realzed e old o sessll ress e as ores. He le lee ad rereaed rereaed oar oards ds lers, lers,ere ere s roer Kzr aaed . Hoeer, e as rs as aser a eeed. rj as oerae ad lled a sor srs. srs. oares ae olloed s sess sess aa lers. lers. sead e salled a ro-as ro-as rler lee ad rered o Ora. Kzr ered o js e erroral ossessos e ad s roer ad sezed e las e ears, also rj’s ae: ararossa (‘red eard’). s ors ae ee dsed. s sles a js 37
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e a o roers ad red eards, ad rj reeed e ae firs ease e as e eldes ad e leader leader.. Oers ae laed e ae ae ro a orro orro o aa rj,‘Faer rj, ‘Faer rj’, rj’, a sl ae ae or e older roer roer.. Waeer s ors, ors, e ae ararossa ararossa as o o e firl aled o Kzr s rsa eees. e Ooa sla laer ae Kzr e oorfi le Kar ad-D (‘es o e relo’’ [o sla]), relo sla]), s as ararossa a e sres e ol leeds o rsa ederraea ores r o e rese da da.. e as o ea o reare a dre aa o lers, so ararossa el as e or o s orall o e Ooa sla el ad as or s asssae. el ad reel oleed e oqes o e al al ere. ere. s lded E, ad a rer eeso o Ooa O oa orol o lers old rease e sla sl a’’s old o e soer sore o e ederraea. ederraea. reosl e os eseserl Ooa ooss a sea ad ee ree reee. e. o o lers old e a Ooa ase dee e eser ederraea ad a dre rea o a. el as a o ae ararossa’s ssso ad o ae lers a e Ooa roer roe. e sla sla ae araro ararossa ssa e Ooa ra o elere elere ad se se 2,000 jassares alo a qa o arller ar ller.. assares ere e ele ar o e Ooa ar. e ere rased a le o o os os ro rsa ales e alas alas ad aola.ese aola. ese os eae sls ad ere e a roros ra, so a er ol loales ere o e sla ad er ello jassares. e roded a al roessoal aoe o ararossa’s ore o rs orsars ad as oors, ad er arral as o ae lo-er ees o e re olal deeloe o lers. arles i, e ol ol e o a,ad a, ad soo o eoe eoe Hol Hol oa Eeror arles v, ordered Ho de oada, e ero o l,, o assele a ar ad flee o oqer l oqer lers.e lers. e as ores reaed lers s 1519, ararossa’s reored ar as read o oose e. sl ressae, ls sors a sea, soo soo red e as eedo eedo ad e sror srorss dear deared ed lea a dead ad aes ed e. Oe aa e as ad aled o ae lers, er arrso sll sll sred e orress js osore ro e e . . Ye Y e er eree e e as as ad al aled, ed, e loal sl sls s er eree o s seed. eed. 1520 a ajor reol o o e oa res, eoraed e rler o 38
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s, ade e sao so dl or ararossa s, ararossa a e le lers ad rereaed o Djdjell. Djdjell. o l 1525 1525 as e ale o rea ossesso ossesso o lers. eereless eer ear s orsars se o o rad e oass oass o a ad al as ell as l, arda, orsa ad e alear slads, do daae ad a a rsa aes. er el’s oqes o E, e rade roe ro sal o leadra oo o e orae.e orae. e Ks o odes ere deall laed o re o ss s s roe. We el’s so lea ae o e Ooa roe e as deered deered o oqer odes. 1522 e led a lare ar ad flee o e slad.e slad. e aal oe as oaded Krol es, orer orade ars o ararossa. lo ararossa ad ee eorarl dre o o lers, e ea e lo rado o arar orsa orsars rs reor reor e Ooa flee e o ar e e se soe alles o jo Krol’s ss a odes. Uder er rad aser, le Vllers de l’sle-da, e s ea o aas e ese Ooas or fie os, e ed o 1522 e eered o eoaos eoaos e sla. a oe o eeros e as laer o rere, lea areed o le e s leae odes olesed sead o a e rsoer. er er dearre earl 1523, Krol es eae e firs Ooa oeror o odes. e Ks o o e firs o e slad slad o ree, a Veea Veea olo,, ad e a l o aea e error rled e olo oe eral al al . Eeror Eeror arles v oered e order e ossessos: e slad o ala ala (a deede o l) l) ad e or o rol o e or or oas o ra. ra. e s, a o o ere ere Fre, Fre, ere all all rela o ae a a ro a eeror o as reqel req el a ar e o Fr Frae. ae. os s oed e old reare reare er old old oe o odes. Hoeer Hoeer,, as e ears assed s seeed ore ad ore lel. e s fiall aeed e eeror’ eer or’s oer. oer. 1530 e oo oer ala ad rol rol.. lo lo e oed o ed o sed rad alles o e easer ederraea, ederraea, e e Ks o ala old fid o er e ae ofl er e eors, eors, e arar orsars. eore e s arred arred er e oes, ararossa as a orol orol o lers. lo dr s ele e ad sered e ossessos s as e ors o oa ad osaae ad e lad o osae, ararossa rearded lers as e ral o s 39
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doos. s ol draa as e oed resee o e osore as orress ea orsar ss old o se e aror o lers ad ad o e ased a oer ors. Fall, a 1529, ararossa deded o reoe reoe s as or ro s sde. ararossa soed e as oader arí de Varas Varas o srreder, srreder, e resed.er resed. er a fiere oarde oarde e leres sored sored e as or. e srors o e as arrso ere ere eslaed ad er firs as as o osr a soe reaaer l e orress slad o e o lers o e alad, s rea a ore selered aror or orsar essels. rj ad ee old ad dar, lead o a lael lael aal relessess, s oer roer, e e ararossa, eered s o lar ad olal ales ao ad aee. He lad e odaos o a sae old edre or ore a ree eres. He as also arel s oe o sordaes, os o o ere o ale orsar aas ad loal o . e ere earl all rs rs or reeade rsas ad es (a es as o as e ‘e o ra’). e reaes o ararossa’s aas as r es, o o ore laer laer,, 1529 s aas d d es ad al es o a arlarl oale or oer e as. ararossa ad se e o aas, oree ss, o rad e alear slads. e arred o a er er o aas ere, e eeded er oeraos o e l o Valea Valea o e oas o a. s as oo rae, d d es se esseers asore o oa e orsos, e oors o a o ad sosedl oered o rsa.. e ere arlarl eros e Valea rsa Valea area ad oe ae sel ellee ellee o e orsars o de er rads. O s oaso d leared a a er o orso ales o e esaes o e o o Ola sed o leae a ad fid ree or ra.e ra. e res oo e aoard s ss ad dre o Foreera, Foreera, oe o e saller o e alear slads, as a redezos or e orsar ore. as ore o e alles der odro de or ordo do as se aer e rader raderss ad e o o Ola O la oered a fiaal reard or e rer o s orsos. d ad al ere all ae ae srrse e e ordo’ ordo’s essels arred a rred a Foreera, e o a o s ood ee a e as oader as lled ad see o s alles ere ared. e sl slaes a e oars ere reed, e rzes ere ae a o lers r, 40
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ad s sess as e firs ajor or o e arar orsars oer as aal ores a ale a sea. s deea, e as ere deered o a. 1530 drea drea Dora, Dora, o arles arles v’s v’s sere, as se o e arar oas a flee a aaed e or o erell. erell. e o as ae ad rsa slaes leraed.e Dora leared a ararossa as aroa aroa a aal ore ro lers lers.. He eda edael el ordered s e o leae erell ad rer o er ss. Hal lder e o, a o e e ored er adral’s orders. Eeall Dora red o a ad s ss saled aa, lea s e o sore o e ared ared ad eslaed e sls. Dora ad od s oeraos oeraos aas e arar orsars sasaor, sasaor, e ad ore sess aas e a Ooa ee. ee. 1532 e ared e ors o oro ad aras reee ad deeaed Ooa eors o reae e e ollo ear. Worred W orred e oor eror erorae ae o s aal ores, la lea e afie deded o all ararossa o sal o ae oad o e Ooa a. He old old e oe o ‘ada asa’ ad e are o o e adsrao o e flee ad s oeraos oer aos aas e rs rsas. as. araro ararossa ssa as e firs o seeral leaders o e arar orsars o old e alled o ae o s oe dr e see ad seeee eres. s 1533 ararossa le lers o ae s e os. He le Hassa a, a rsa ro arda o ad oered o sla ad eoe a reeade orsar aa, o e s de e . . er a er se reoraz reoraz e Ooa flee,ararossa flee, ararossa led o ro sal sal e sr o 1534. all e laed a seres o rads o e oas o al, al, ese ere ol o slead e rsas ao s re eos. Hs a are or s ear’s ear’s aa as e o s, s, ose ose ro-a ro-as s rler, ola Hassa Hassa,, as olar s sjes. d-s ararossa ararossa sooed do o s, s, ee lle ressae e e ared ad a olea, s oe s earl das as a orsar or ra. ola Hassa fled ad alled o e as o el el rea s roe. e firs Ooa ase e are ad ee lers, rarl ra rl rea reaeed eed a. W e all o s, s, ere ere as o a seod Ooa ase e area, rarl reae al. as a allee Eeror Eeror arles v old old o ore. ore. Hoeer Hoeer,, sead o js 41
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sed drea Dora or soe oer sordae oader o reare s, s, e eeror deded o do e jo sel. ore a a, e deded o r s lar eedo o a erale rsade. earl e 1535 arles asseled s ores a alar arda. ere ere 74 alles (ro a, a, l, l, ales, eoa, e aal saes ad e Ks o ala); ore a 300 sal ss (o ol roo rasors ad sl ss, also arss ro e eeror’s ossessos e eerlads ad ro s roer--la e o oral); ad soe 26,000 as, ala, ad era solders. drea Dora oaded e flee ad e arqs o Vaso e ar; e eeror eeror as oerall oad. oad. as e os oeroerl rsa flee ad ar a ad eer e er ee asseled e eser ederraea. ad os arles v oe llo das das o reare s eedo, a as s e eeror old old ol aord ease o a fiaal dall a ad ad reaed ro e e World. World. 1533 Fraso zarro ad oerro ad lled aala, e a rler o er, ad sezed s reasres. e eeror’s eeror’s sare o e reasre, reasre, soe o llo llo das,ad das, ad ol reel arred arred a. o al o old e sed o d e ol ar aas e sls e ederraea. arles as osos o e reaess o s edeaor,, o fiaal ad lar edeaor lar ers. He eeed o a sor or, ad o reord s r e oo alo e Fles ars a Veree ad e as oe arlaso de la Vea. O 14 e 1535 e flee aeared e l o s ad ea o lad e rsa roos. ararossa ade o ae o oose e lads. s les o a lae oes o e sea a a arro ael o sads e o o a olea. e orress a a olea as e firs are o e rsa aders ad as soo eseed. firs e see roeeded ol slol, ad a la o res aer ad a orea orea o dse dseer er ea o sa e sre sre o e rsa ar. s ararossa ad lle ae o deea e eeror’s ar e field, s ol oe as or dsease o rle . arles ordered a assal o a olea o 14 l. e Ks o ala led e a ad soo e orress ad ee ae. e deosed deosed rler ola Hassa o arred ro e lad lad o Karoa s o ores ad e eed e eeror o ress o o s. s. Dese e o sorae o res aer aer,, e rsa ar oed loser o s ad a see o e seeed ao o e. 42
Vanguard of the th e Sultan, 1492–1580 1492–158 0
W s alls, ararossa ad s oaders dsssed a o do e osads o rsa slaes eld ere. e slaes old se alale ood ad aer ere as a see.ere ere sesos a os o e aes sold sold e o dea. es o s ossl reaed e rsa slaes slaes ad e roe o reol, ossl aded rsa reeades ao e sls o ad o deded o reer o er orer alleae. alleae.e e aror as sezed ad a ae as oe oeed ed o re reee ee e ar aroa oa rs rsa a ar ar.. Wle arar ararossa ossa ad seeral osad o s e fled fled ro s o e or o oa, oa, e eeror’s solders ored o s o 21 l. arles v ae s roos e radoal r o sa a a ad o srredered srredered a firs sos. Esaes o e sl dead e sseqe assare assare o as as 30,000, le a fire fire s roal oo , e s eral ered ered ore ore a 10,000. as eras e os ral slaer o e aas o a sl rsas dr e see see er. er. leas ased arles v less earrasse a a earler aro oed s solders e e saed oe, oe, e relos aal o rsedo, 1527. Oe e assare as oer e eeror eerosl rered e red o s o s orer orer rler ola Hassa, Hassa, o oe aa eae a as assal. o esre e rered rler’s rler’s re ser, ser, a as arrso as le a a a olea a sreeed orress. arles ad a seres ser es o r aesres ade ad e o ere so sees ro s oros eedo o s. s. Usrrsl e assare o e ’ ’s sl aas dd o eare a o ose sees. Dese s sl deea, ararossa roed sel as resle as eer. olle ss ro oa ad lers, e laed a rad o e alear slads, ad lle roeo ease as ores ad ee reoed reoed o o o e s eedo. eedo.e e or o ao o e slad o ora as ae ad all e aas, arosl esaed a eee 2,000 ad 6,000 6,000 ersos, ere ae aa o eoe slaes arar. e loss o s ad doe o o rede e al o e arar orsars o la sessl rads o rsa errores. We W e e ared a olea e solder solderss o ar arles les v od Fre Fr e arller o e saered raars.ese raars. ese s ad o ee ared sl orsars; e ad ee sled Frae o s sere rs rs all all.. a alla allaee as oel rola rolaed ed 1536, a 43
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Frae e firs Eroea rsa oer o ore a l e reaes sl oer e ederraea. ederraea.ere ere as al o a jo Frao-Ooa Fra o-Ooa assal o arles v’s ossessos al. al. 1537 e Ooa sla deded o ae or as a ase ro o la a aso o al. al. e slad as oed e Veeas. Veeas. e 1502 e rel o Vee Vee ad ee arel o aod ar e Ooas O oas les lose s alale rade e rs ere. Hoeer, ere old e o qeso o ael srreder or o e sla. ararossa ro e flee o sor lea’s ar s assal o or, e Veeas Veeas deeaed e Ooa aa. Wa o seeed o e a dre Ooa rea o al al ased ased e oe o see e orao o a de rsa allae o oose e fidel ee ee.. ol leae a lded lded e aal aal saes,a, saes, a,eoa eoa ad Vee as ro o e. a 1538 arles v seeed o s e allae old er o la a asse rsa assal o e rs rs old reare osaole (sal), ( sal), e rsa rsa ores ores ere ere slo o assele. assele. arar ararossa, ossa, a flee o 90 alles ad ad 50 saller allos, allos,sr sr firs,a firs, a o are are or or dr e e aa dr aa seaso. seaso. oe 80 Vee eea a ad aal alles e o oose e, eer sde as read o ae dese ao. We drea Dora elaedl aeared 50 as ad eoese alles,aoaed sal ss,e rsas fiall oered ararossa. e rs rs adral erel rereaed o e l o reeza o e es oas o reee, Ooa arller aeres o o sdes o s arro erae ael. Ull o ore ore a er o e a, a, drea Dora,o Dora, o oerall oader oader o e ol leae flee, old ol ol rse o s o, s s sles. sles. Fall,, s sles Fall sles r o, o, Dora deded o dra dra s flee o e o 27–8 eeer 1538. s e dd so s flee ea o srale ad da e d ad ded. s as o role or Dora’’s alles, s flee also lded sal ss, o arss Dora ad rasors.ese rasors. ese o e a e er o ararossa’s ararossa’s alles e aeared. aeared. s e dl dd, o o o ro e l o reeza reeza o e or or o 28 eeer eeer.. ararossa’s flee, ld a ooe e r ro o ee a ar rar ar o oas as de derr o o a ade ders rs s s as as r r e es s,, a all es ad a es, aaed e dsersed ss e rear o Dora’ Dora’s flee ad e rsa oader as slo o sed asssae o e. Oe Veea Veea alleo ad o fi o e rs alles srrod 44
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or ors, ad s eeal esae oed o o o a el ro Dora. all e Ooa flee oo ao a doze doz e rsa sal ss ad alles, ol a sall ar o Dora’s flee, e eoese adral ad defiel sered a deea. Eees laed s la o o zeal as de o e ae-old eoese ared o e Veeas, Veeas, o ade a lare ar o s flee or, as sad, Dora dd o s o o e eoese alles e aall oed o e ale les e e daaed or los. e sfiae o e ale o reeza as oe ee eaeraed. aall as a or Ooa sess, as larel eaed a sor sorl aerards a sa ore o ararossa’s ss a e ad ae ro e rsas. raeall as ee laed a e ale a le o or e Ooas a aal doao o e ederraea a lased l er rea deea a e ale o eao 1571.Ho 1571. Hoeer eer,, o oes es le ‘ ‘o oad ad o e sea’ad sea’ ad lle lle ea e oe o see-er alle arare e ederraea ea.s ea. s o lad, aal arare arare as a seasoal a a.. Oe sde lose eal oe ser aa ( sors ore lel o s alles a ee ao), e ooe’s adaae rarel lased eod a ear. e e aa seaso e osos old easl e reersed. or oe ear dd o araee araee oed aal doadoao e e, le aloe ‘o ‘oad ad o e sea’or sea’ or deades. ales eee alle flees ere relael oo. ore ora as e ale or ors, ad s oe e srle or orol o s 1534–5 as ore sfia a e ale o reeza 1538. 1538. alles ere ere esseall esseall sor-rae essels, lle lle aa o arr arr eese sles o ood ad aer or er res. o adae e Ooa aal roer rsedo e ederraea, e aal ases eeded o e ae so a rs alles old old eed er oeraos o e areas. araros ararossa’ sa’s are o s as ar ore reae o e rsa oers a los a e o er ss a e ale o reeza.a as e reaso arles v ad o a edael edael,, rea s s e ollo ear. ear. eereless eerel ess aal ales are alas ore sr sr ees, eseal eseall l e er rar e ederraea srle, srle, so ararossa’ ararossa’s sess a reeza eeed s reao as e rea Ooa aal ero ad e rered o sal r. ore ora ora ere e dsos a Dora’s od e ale ad oeed o e rsa sde. Vee as reasl a e a e ar as e 45
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oded, ad 1540 e rel ade a seara oded, searae e eae e Ooa sla, a a ssaal fiaal de. de. s e ae alread see, 1541 arles v red o reea s rea sess a s s 1535 1535 a slar slar eedo aed a oqer oqer lers. eded dsaser, dsaser, ore de o ad eaer a sl ressae, e ees ere las. las. arles old ae o rer eors o desro e arar orsars. e Frao-Ooa allae a llae ad so ar ro lle eefi o eer sde, le e Fre Fre ad rred ared roo roo rsa Eroe or e leae e fidels. 1543 ararossa oo e Ooa flee o e eser ederraea e eo o o-orda s oeraos oeraos e Fre. Fre. er rad alo e ala oas, e arred a arselle o fid e Fre Fre oaders ad e las or e aa seaso. Eeall a FraoOoa aa o e o e as as areed.e areed. e eeall eeall ell, ell, s ral sa as larel arred o e Fre raer a e Ooa ores. ores.eor eoree o o er qarers,arar qarers, ararossa ossa se al es a sqadro o rad alo e oas o a, ad e raaed os s as osas ad alaos o e aaloa oas eore rejo e a flee. sead o rer rer o sal, e Ooa flee as o er e or o olo Frae. Frae. ll e rsa olao o e o ad ee reoed ad res ere eorarl oered o osqes. s as aaz eo o oeorar rsas, a ar arlarl larl erae eraedd e as a e Fre alloed osads o rsa slaes o las rs alles oe o s o ors o a a eor o el or raso e. 1544 ararossa od e Fre ll o aa alosde s ores so e deded o ae ae e Ooa Ooa flee oe. oe. eor eoree do so, so, e ad soe fised sess o olde. Hs os aled orsar orsar aa, r r es, es,ad ad ee ee ar ared ed e e eoese eoese 1540. 1540.araro ararossa ssa o oo e ere Ooa flee o eoa ad reaeed o loade e or less drea Dora areed o eoaos ao ree e ae. Dora oled ad r r as released o ae o a lare raso. e r’s r’s sesses aas e rsas e o ears, drea Dora ad ade a ad ara, ara, ararossa as a e e e o s ae ad ee s reaes rsa ooe as ored o reoze s oer. er rer rads alo e ala oas ad 46
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allo e arar orsar oe o leae or er oe ors, ararossa oo e reader o e Ooa flee a o sal. 1545 ararossa rered o s alae sal ad daed s eors, e ol arar orsar leader eer o do so. He ded l 1546 ad as red s asole e esas dsr o e eral aal. s a rs roler : ‘e o e sea s dead.’ s lee ararossa ad esalsed e Ooa a as a ordale aal ore roo e ederraea, ad e ad also esalsed a orsar sae a lers a old las or eres ad a aee ee a ar rar ar o ors rsa ars rs a le lee ed d o o r rs s a a a add sl sl or orld lds. s.
TRGT RIS r es r es (alled Dra s rs rsa a ee eees) es) as or a sall sall llae osde odr o e es oas o aola soee e 1480s.(Hs 1480s. (Hs rlae rlae s o aed aed aer as e o o r rres.) res.) e so o a rs easa, easa, e all eae a solder ad sered e Ooa oqes o E 1517. Orall led o e orsar a es, r ae der e oad o ararossa arod 1520. ro sel a sessl orsar, orsar, r sered as a oader ararossa’s flee s or a e ale o reeza 1538. 1540, oe oeer er,, r r’s ’s l ra o. Hs ore ore o ele orsar alles ad ee r asore o a ea arda so a rears o e old e derae le e res resed ad olleed aer. eoese alles, alles, der e oad oad o ae aeoo Dora, e ee o drea drea Dora, e aeared. aeared. ae srrse, srrse, r ad s e ere ql ored o srreder. srreder. all all r r eae a slae roer a eoese alle. alle. ere s a sor a oe da r e alle slae ad a oersao a s K o ala, ea arso de la Valee, ao e ores o ar ad o ql e or eoe e aqsed. aqsed. oe ears earler ad ee e o ad ee a slae roer a rs orsar alle l reed. Weer e sor s re or o, e o e ere ere o ee alos a qarer o a er laer. laer. e see o ala 1565 de la Valee Valee old e rad aser o e deed Ks o o ala, le r led e arar arar orsar oe ao e eseers ad ded e srle. ararossa as aos o ree r r ro a, a, s al oerres ere ere rejeed e eoese ad e laer oed r o 47
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o s alle ad o a rso a eoa. s eoed, 1544 ararossa ad e ole Ooa flee ad a s o eoa ad reaeed o loade e or or o a aa o r r as o released. drea Dora areed o release r r rer or a raso o 3,500 old old das, as dl dl ad. Oe aa aa ree, ree, r r dd o ore s ears as a eoese ae.e eoese oasle ra ad e eoese-orolled slad o orsa ere o e aore ares o s re orsar rads. er e dea o ararossa 1546, a re e ederraea ederraea as areed eee eee Eeror arl arles es v ad e Ooa Ooa sla lea.Hoeer lea. Hoeer,, as o e las las o Har Har,, a re eee eee rsa ad sl rlers dd o ea a ed o sall-sale rad er roer ores. r es, o oeror oeror o e slad slad o Djera, arred o a er o rads o rsa oass ad slads, 1550 e oo ao arles v osdered o e a seros rea o e re. er a dse a eor sl rler sa, r r sezed e or or o ada ro ro s ooe ooe ad soed soed eer eo o deelo o o a Ooa orsar ase.er ase. er s roes o e sla reeed reeed o resose, resose, arles v se drea Dora Dora a alle sqadro ad a ore o as roos o ae a r’s rze. e Ks Ks o ala ala ere ere a o or ore e ores ores o s eedo as ell. ell. r as aa rad rad alo e ala oasle, oasle, s rs arrso ada ressed e rsa aa or soe os. Eeall, oeer, ada as sored ad os o s aas lledd or eslaed. lle eslaed. as arrso arrso as salle salled, d, roed roed dl o sl, so 1554 as dra aer e orfiaos o ada ad ee lo . . drea Dora as o sasfied s ada sess aloe. He as deered o rs r r es ersoall ersoall.. He led a ore o e slad o Djera ad oo r srrse, ra e orsar flee e ael seara e slad ro e or ra alad. e as orolled orolled oe ed o e ael le le e oer oer ed as loed rees. r esaed ro s ra ro e rees ad dra s alles o oe aer. ared r’s esae, drea Dora old ol raae Djera ad e dear. dear. r o e o sal ad osled e sla ao re aal oeraos, oerao s, se e Hasr–Ooa Hasr–Ooa ar e ederraea ad oosl e oe ore. 48
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1551 a Ooa flee as se o e eral ederraea. r r aoaed , e oader as a asa, e ada asa or o oade ader- r--e -e o e Oo Ooa a a. a. s as e os oe eld ararossa, ararossa, a asa asa as o salor. salor. He as a eral oal o larel oed s oso o e a a e as e roer o e rad zer, se asa, ad as arred o oe o e da daers ers o la lea e a afie fie.. e sla ad old a asa o ae r’s r’s ade o aal aers, e relaos eee e o e as soo sraed. er soe al rads o e ala oas, e Ooa flee e e o e slad o o ala, e o dr dr o e s. s. rs ores ores oerra os o e slad as e s rereaed er orfiaos, soo eae lear a e e Ooa aders laed laed o ers ad e eessar sles o ssa a lo see. ea ala,e ala, e Ooas saed e ear ear slad o ozo ad arred aa all s aas, sad o e 6,000 er, er, o eoe slaes. oed oed ores der al es ro lers, lers, e Ooa oaders o se er ss o ar e oer, oer, eaer ossesso o e Ks o ala: e or o rol a. e oeror oeror o rol as as e Fr Frea ea asard de Valler ad ad e ad 30 oer s (all Fre) ad 600 solders (osl ala) der s oad.e oad. e orfiaos ad ee eleed ad e ere seadl roe do Ooa ao fire. fire. s odos orseed, e solders o e arrso reaeed o .. e eae, e e Fre aassador o e Ooa sla,arel d’rao,ad reaed ala o s a o sal.e rad aser o e Ks o ala ased o o o rol ad edae eee e ealed arrso ad Frae’s Ooa alles. D’rao dd so ad arraed eeros ers o srreder or de Valler ad e oer Fre s. e er eree er ered ed o o o ala, ala, e solde solders rs o e arrso arrso ere ere all eslaed e oros rs. rs. e rad aser as oraed a de Valler’ Valler’ss od, ressre ro e o Frae ad ro e Fre Fr e s o doaed e order esred a de Valler se ol a sor e rso as se or s selfis aos. e Ooas ere all ased e a a alo e Fre ere sosedl er alles, a e see o rol rol e ere also er ral eees e se o Ks o ala. r es ad oed o e aed e firs Ooa oeror o rol, a 49
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asa aoed rad a, e oader o e ear Ooa oos o ajora, sead. e ser o 1552 e Ooa flee, oaded a asa e asssae o r es, oe aa aeared e eral ederraea. as sosed o jo e Fre alle flee ear ales, ales, e Fre Fre aled o aear. aear. a aed o rer rer o sal, r oed o la a seres o rads alo e ala oasle. K Her ii o Frae ad rosed e oe a s Ooa all old o aa e aal saes, r dd o eel od s rose, la rads aal as ell as eaola error. lo oered e Ooa flee, drea Dora’s ore o alles as oelled o ae soe sor o ao o dsr rs rs rad rad. . e ed e lased e Ooa ores o o e slad o oza, oza, as eae, ad as l l o esae e loss o ol see alles. e Fre Fre alle flee der al al de la arde o elaedl elaedl joed e Ooas, as oo lae e ear or rer oeraos. Frao-Ooa aal o-oerao as o e ore sessl 1553. arl s as de o e a a e e Ooa flee ae es o ad r r es sole oad, e e al a asa e le ed (e ded a e ed o e ear). ear). er sa e slad o aellera ad e or o aa l l,, r aeed o ersade e sla o s, o o e o ad ers e as arrso a a olea, o oe oer o e Ooa sde, o sess. r e oo s flee or alo e es oas o al, aa Ela, eore jo e Fre alles der al de la arde. e Frao-Ooa Frao-Ooa flee e esored a Fr Fre e ar ad a ore o orsa eles, der aero orso, orso, o o orsa. e slad as aded ad e ed o eeer s eoese oerlords ad los alos eer ora o o e aders. Dese Fre reqess o sa o ad olee e oqes, r es dre s flee ease o e laeess o e seaso, ad s ss, lade aes ad oo, oo, se o or oe. oe. e as aso o o ors orsa a as ora ora eas easee o o e re rea a ose osedd o as sea o oaos aos al. al. e soer roe o al, al, ro araea a o ales, ass so o arda arda ad or o l, l, as alread sere ease o e ro o e ases o e arar orsars or ra.e ra. e orer roe, roe, ro areloa areloa 50
Vanguard of the th e Sultan, 1492–1580 1492–158 0
a o eoa al al,, ass ass ear e or o o orsa, ad reosl ee qe sae, orsa ell o Fre, or ee Ooa, ads, old edaer a roe as ell. a old o aord o lose sae oaos s ossessos ales ad la,e la, e laer e reaed reaed a eoa. eore 1553 1553 as oer drea drea Dora as lad ore ore eoese ores o orsa, orsa, e srle o e slad as o las or seeral ore ears. e Fre laed e Ooas dd o e e eo eo sor; e eoese oed slar slar olas ao e as. al es, rler lers, deded o reoe e las as ooss ro s error, ad 1555 e ea a see o e or o oe. o e.e e sall as as arrso, arrso, der loso loso de eral erala, a, as soo ored o eoaos or srreder. srreder. er erala ala aed a araee a e ad 40 oaos o s oe old e e sae assae a o a. al es areed areed o s ad oo ossesso ossesso o e e o. er erala ala ad s reds e oe le all e oer rsas oe eae slaes. De Valler sred s dsrae a rol 1551, erala as o so orae. rresed as soo as e reaed a, erala as ll eeed a Valladold a 1556 or s dsrael rae l od. od. er s sess sess a oe, al es oed oed aas e las rea rea as sroolds o o s oas, ers el Ker ad Ora, 1556, 1556, ad o o sess sess a a e. e. 1556 r es as fiall ade rler o rol a ad se ao deelo as a orsar ase. He ae eeraed oes o e ade ada ada asa le ararossa eore eore , e os o ead o e Ooa a oed o e e e o eral oals raer a salors. salors. eee 1533 ad ad 1587 s e eld e os, or eral eral oals oals ad ol o salors, salors, araro ararossa ssa ad Ulj l, o arar orsars. ale asa ad eld e os se a asa’s dea 1553, le e laer e as reared o lse o ade ro salors ad as o ejo a ood relaos r es. 1558 ale asa ro e Ooa flee o e eral ederraea ad r es joed . Oe aa e la as o o-ordae o-or dae oeraos oeraos e Fre, Fre, aer sal or alo e ala oas ad a a er o rads, e Ooas arred o e Fre Fre oas o fid er alles reared. reared.e e Ooa flee e e o rad a a’’s alear alear slad slads. s.e e o o adella adella o o ora ra as sezed ad osads o s aas ere ae aa as a s slaes. 51
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e sdde aear aearae ae o e a Ooa flee sal sal dsae o e oas o alad a led o a alo a sore. sore. as ar arlarl larl roo rooed ed Valea, alea,ere ere as as eared eared ere e a reol ao e orso olao o ad rs aders. Forael For ael or e as, e Fre Fre realled e Ooa flee ad oered o jo or oeraos aas orsa. ale asa resed ad saled or oe. Dsease ad roe roe o ao s slae roers, roers, ll a ad lead o soe alles e oed oers, as oe reaso o dra, ere ere also rors a e eoese ad red ale asa o o aa er slad o orsa. e lere oqes o oe 1555 ad alared alared o js e as also e oroas, oroas, o ad eae o a lere aso 1553–4.o 1553–4. o ares sed o see e oer o lers reded. reded. e as oeror o Ora,e Ora, e o o o ladee, eoaed e oroa rler or a jo aa o lere error error ad 1557 rearaos ere dera. dera. earl 1558 e rler o lers, Hassa Hassa asa, e so o ararossa, saed a re-ee aa o e oroas as deeaed. Hear a ladee as assel a as ar a Ora, Hassa rereaed o s o error ad reared o ee . s a firs se, ladee so o are e or o osaae, eas o Ora, soo Hassa as los o o s ar ar ler lere e ores ad oa res rese. e. ae o rerea ro osaae osaae o Ora soo deeeraed o oso. oso.e e as ar o 12,000 e as srroded ad desroed. Hal e e, ld ladee, ere lled, ad e res, ld s so, ere ae rsoer rsoer.. Ora as oe or e a, a, Hassa ose o rer rer o lers o ejo s r. Hs lare er o rsoers roed rolesoe. roleso e. o ol dd e dre do res e slae are, ladee’s so red o oraze a slae reol. He as ared ad laer reed rer or a lare raso. e ollo ear, Hassa oered ared as solders er reedo e old oer o sla ad jo s ar o sress a reol oa res. Hdreds aeed s oer. er e dsaser a osaae, e as dd o aa od ajor lar oeraos or ra l e d-eee er er . e e o a, l l ii, as sll e eer eerlads lads earl 1559 e e reeed a reqes o aroe a eedo o reare rol rol ro r r es. e reqes ae ro e as 52
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ero l, l, e de o edael ad ea arso de la Valee, o ad eoe rad aser o e Ks o ala 1557. l o do sa s as a ae o ae reee o e arar saes or e deea a osaae e reos reos ear, ear, ad e ae s ar aroal. oal. lae ser e Ks o ala ere read o o o aa, e as ad er ala alles oed ore slol. slol. e as s a eedo old ae ee ee led drea Dora o eoa, a reaed e ae o 93 e ad fiall deded o rere, re re, d 1560. 1560. Hs sessor sessor as s rea rea ee a drea drea Dora,o Dora, o as ol e ears old ad o oad eeree. eeree. e as rased o ojeo o s ae leaders, as o ae a ajor a a o e o aa, aa, e o ol old old e oer Dora’s oeee e alled o qeso, also s orae.ere sees o ae ee soe oe o sez rol lae 1559 so a e Ooas O oas old o oeraa l e ollo ear,, delas ea a e las rsa ss dd o assele a ear a ala l aar 1560. e eed eedo o oss ossed ed o 55 alles, alles,ld ld essels essels ro a, l,, eo l eoa, a, e aal saes saes ad ala; 65 65 sal ss, ss, os osl l rasors;; ad 5,000 as, ors as, al ala a ad era solders. solders. ed edael ael as o oad e roos roos ad a drea drea Dora e flee, o ad e oerall oad as lear. er all a e slad o Djera o olle olle res aer, aer, dese aas e loal loal sls,e sls, e rsa ore e o o lad o e or ra oas soe dsae o e es o rol. rol. er seeral ees o deso, e rsa oaders deded o are Djera raer a assal assa l rol. rol. e rered o e slad earl ear l ar, ql oerra , ad ea o ld a or o e or oas o old a erae as arrso.. Uor arrso Uorael ael es a e eedo ad se o ro ala ad reaed sal ad ale asa ad ee ordered ordered o ae e Ooa flee o sea o oose oose . sor oe e old ol ol assele 86 alles, as el s e se ale old d o ql ere e rsas ad oe. We e Ooa flee reaed e eral ederraea, ale as orae o ee e orsar Ulj l o old a e rsa ore as a Djera. e asa edael led s alles oards e slad. e sar o a e or o Djera ad ee oleed, oleed, e a rsa ores ere slo o leae e slad. O e ee o 53
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10 a a essel arred o ar e rsa oaders a e Ooa flee as aroa. aroa. er deserae dsssos dr dr e , as deded a all e rsa roos sold e re-eared ad e slad aadoed. s oerao as as dera o e or o 11 a e ale’s ale’s Ooa alles aeared ad se do o e dsordered rsa s. e es ale 30 rsa alles ere ared ared or s, ad a slar er o sal sal ss sered ser ed e sae ae. ae. dd e aos, Dora ad eda edael el fled a ole o as essels. e rea solders oo ree e or der e oad o e as as oloel Álaro de ade. ale asa laded roos o e a see o e or, ad seeral das laer r es arred ro ro rol see alles alles ad see arller.e arller. e solders e or a roloed roloed ressae, fiall, fiall, de o la o aer, aer, e ad o srreder lae l. l. e see ad e earler sea ale a ae lled a leas 9,000 rsas, ad soe 5,000, ld de ade, eae eae rsoers. ale ale oo os o e aes a o sal, ere e ere ral ral araded ro e srees. Ule os o s oaos, Álaro de ade as rasoed ql ad o e rs aa a e see o ala 1565. e dsaser a Djera 1560, 1560, ollo so ql ql aer e deea a osaae 1558, 1558, ared a e lo or as ores e ederraea ederra ea srle eee rsas ad sl sls. s. e Ooas o seeed o doae a sea ro ed o ed ad eer rsa ae o oose e seeed dooed o alre. Frer los ere o oe oe,, s dares dares or a ared e r r o o as ad rsa ores. We arles v assed e os o Hol oa Eeror o s roer Ferdad, s dded e Hasr erae Eroe. era ad e srle aas e rs Har o eae e else oers o Fer Ferdad. dad. arles v assed s oer ossessos, efl a, s ala lads ad s ere ere osde Eroe, Eroe, o s so l, alo e eerlads. l ii oo oo resdee resdee a ad old o oerae s eors o as oers. arles v ad oe ee dsraed ees all oer s as ere, ere, eseall era.. Ee eore era eore e dsasers a osaae osaae ad Djera, e ar aas e rs e ederraea as alas o o doae l’s oles a a ad eer doaed ose o s aer arles. 54
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addo, alo old o e ofired or or soe ears, e oso o Frae eraoal aars old eae draaall aer e Frao–as Frao–as eae rea o 1559.s 1559. s as o js aoer ase e ars eee e o oers a ad ee o o se e 1490s, efl al. elos l ars old soo ear Frae aar ad reder oerless eraoal aars l e ed o e er.. a s los s a rsa ee ad s doae er al as ofired.e Ooa sla los s ol rsa all ad o loer old s flees fid ree Fre Fre ors. ers o e ederraea aal alae, e ollase o Fre Fre oer as ee ore ore draa. e Fre Fre alle flee e ederraea as sood do aer e 1559 eae. eae. Frae old old o ossess aoer sfia aal ore ore a sea l e 1620s. l ii old dre all s aal resores aas e arar orsars ad er Ooa asers. l’s flees old also e ore as oe. e dea o drea Dora ad e oor eror erorae ae o s rea ee a Djera ade e as ore rela o deed o eoese aal eerse ad red alles. rea eors ere ade o ead e rodo o alles a areloa aaloa ad a e ral ors o a’s ala ossessos, alero l ad ales o e alad. Hoeer Hoeer,, e de o sore sore or e as ad sll o eaed. e as as-rle -rledd do do o l l ad los s ere ore o e alles e Djera dsaser 1560, ql rel e flee, see alles read o o sea e ollo ear. Hoeer,, eereed salors ad roers old o e relaed so easl Hoeer easl.. l 1561 e la alles, oaded a aala K o ala, era, ere ased a seror orsar flee led r r es ear e ar slad slads. s. e e rs rsa a ore as oer oer- eled, all e alles ae, ad r r e o o rad eesel arod ales. Dese ese losses ore alles ere roded l, ad eeer 1562 a l a de edoza old olle olle 28 alles o a ad l o esor a sl oo o Ora o e or ra oas.er o alaa a,edoza’s ore as sr a sdde sor ad 25 o e alles, alo seeral osad e, ere los Herradra a. seeed a o sooer dd e as add e alles o er lee le e a e ere los o e orsars or ad a d eaer. eaer. 55
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eereless eee 1561 ad 1564 e as ere e a alale rea sae o ld er aal ores ease e Ooas dd o sed flees o e eral or eser ederraea ese ears. s erod as e arar orsars o arred o e fi aas e rsas, ofir er reao as e aard o e sla. Eoraed e as losses a Herradra a, a, Hassa asa, e or o osaae, deded e old ser se ores o are Ora o o asssae ro ro e Ooa sla. sla. e aa as laed laed rl rl 1563, ad e aaers aaers deded deded o oera oerae e o ar e or o ers el Ker, a e e a ell e deee o Ora old o oe. Ora as eld loso de órdoa, o o ladee se s aer’s aer’s dea ale 1558, ad ers el Ker s roer arí, o ad ee rel a aee lers aer e 1558 ale. Hassa a Hassa’’s ores ared ared seeral ol ors fiere srles os a e.e ere ere reeaed aas o e alls o e o sel. sel. seeed ers el Ker e ao o all e a rele flee, der Fraso de edoza, edo za, arr arred ed ro a a 34 alles ad 4,000 4,000 roos. roos. Hassa ordered s ar o rerea, le seeral o s ss rs osore ere ae e as arss. arss. ele ers el Ker ad Ora as a eora sess or e as, ad e ollo ear as o r rer aeees. o a e alles ere o e roded a earl 1564 ao de ea, oader o e alles o ales, as e ersso o ae a aal sqadro alo e arar oas o are se sl ale slaes o rode ro res or e e essels. a a’’s el aoed aa eeral o e ea, ea, aría de oledo, oledo, e ea o reare a eedo aed a ar oe o e orsar ases o e or ra oas. e ed o s 1564 oledo ad olleed a lare ore o e so oas o a: alos 100 alles, ld e alles o a der Álaro de azá ad eoese alles der a drea Dora; a slar er o sal ss, osl rasors; ad 15,000 as, ala ad era solders. For s a ordale ore, asseled rea l, e are as o e raer : e orress o Vélez de la oera o e oas o oroo. Oe eld e as,e as, e reae reae e sls, sls, as oe o e saller saller ases 56
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or e arar orsars. os o s aas ad e orsars orsars sl fled a e aroa o s a rsa ore. a oo ossesso osse sso o s osor osoree ro eeer 1564 ad sll olds alos 450 ears laer. laer. e are o Vélez Vélez de la oera as a sall eora sess or e as, ad e a a e old assele s a lare flee o arr o e oerao soed a as aal easo se 1560 ad aeed osderale sess. oer ee o 1564 as less lzed as o ae reaer oseqees. Oe o e os sessl Ks o ala rad Ooa rs rs oass, slads, ad s e easer ederraea as ar ar oeas. oeas. e ser o 1564 e ade a seres o sessl ares o lare Ooa era ss o reee. o e aes e sered ere ora Ooa oals ad eers o e sla’ sla’s or. For ears ears eole le r es ad ee e lea o a ed o e raaes o e Ks o ala oe ad or or all. o e deded deded o ae ao, ao, o redress redress e oll o s o e e ad alloed e s o leae odes o s eas ers. Dr e er o 1564–5 a lare Ooa Ooa flee as olleed a sal ad a ar asseled or o arr arr esards. l ii as ell aare o e Ooa rearaos ad s al os ere a e resaed a Ooa sre reee or s are o Vélez Vélez 1564. e ale o ases, e loss o oe sl ase old ol e ade ood e Ooas a a as-eld or. e os lel are as a olea, e os easerl ad lerale o o a’ a’s ooss alo e or ra oas, ad a arrso ose loss old alos eral r s der Ooa orol. Wle e aed o see ere lea lea old sed sed s flee ad ar,e as oed oeraos aas e arar orsars. e oroa or o eoa eoa ad lo ee a ora ase or orsars ad as er lose o e as oas. ar 1565 a aal sqadro der Álaro de azá seeded lo e rer lead o eoa s seeral old ss o lo s o. Ye le s oerao as o o, oer orsars ere ere ar as ss o alaa,o alaa, o er ar aa. aa. Hoe Hoeer er,, e or ar ar o e orsars orsars as soo o e oersadoed e rer o a ajor Ooa flee ad ar o e eral ederraea aer a asee ase e o earl fie ears. ale asa oaded a flee o arod 150 essels, osl alles ad allos.e arred soe 30,000 solders,der e orders 57
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o saa asa. e oerall oader as lear. lear. ale laed e as e eqal eqal o saa, saa, e laer sad e as seror seror,, a leas reard o lad oeraos. o add o e oso, e sla ad old o ale ad saa o osl r es eore rea desos.e desos. e Ooa ores ae asore o e so oas o ala o 18 a 1565 ad ea arso arso de la Valee ordered s ores o rere rere er orfi orfiao aos, s, efl efl ose a ele eleaa ad r o e so sde o e rad Haror ad For Elo o e or sde. e deed deed rs rsa a ores ered ol arod 8,000 e, ld 500 Ks o ala ad arod 600 as ad ala solders.e res ere osl alese la. s e Ooa ores ea o se er see les arod e rad Haror, oer sl ores ae o jo e. O 27 a Ulj l, o oeror oeror o leadra E, E, arred or or alles ad 600 e; r es arred ro rol o 2 e fiee alles ad allos, arr 2,500 e; ad aoer oe o arar orsars, 2,500 e 27 alles ad allos ro lers, arred o 12 l. l. s e Ooa lad ores rose o ao 36,000 e, ad e ad ro a ssaal er o ea see s e. Dese e old o osl r, r, ale ad saa ad e a aa o e solaed For Elo ee eore e aed orsar reaed e slad. a e or, e old allo e Ooa flee o oe o e rad Haror ro s rese aorae a a o e so oas o ala.s old er e flee o e ore dre sor o e ar. Waeer Wae er r r’ ’ss e ess ao ao e s sdo do o a aa a For El Eloo firs, e oo a ae ar ela ela e see s ad dre dre e fire , , as oed, ol oldd sl ore e sall sall or o srreder srreder.. Uorael e arrso o Elo oered a fiere ad roloed ressae. Ooa aes o sor sor e or ere ere relsed ad Ooa asal asales es rose radl radl.. O 17 e r es es eae oe o e. e. ao all sr e rod ear ad eered s od sar s o ro.oe ro. oe sad e all ad ee fired ro e rsa rsa For elo o e ar sde o e rad Haror; oers eleed as a rs rs ao ao all ad alle alle sor, a earl eale o a ‘redl fire’ asal asal.. Oe ao sas a r r ded soo soo aer e as ; ; ao aoer er ao ao las las a a e ler lered ed or das das ad ded ded o 23 e, e da For For Elo Elo fiall ell ell o e e Ooa Ooa eseers. eseers. 58
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er e all o Elo, Elo, e Ooas laed ere ere aas o e osos e Ks o ala eld elea ad r, all er assals aled ea asales. s e ale ala raed o dr e ser o 1565, a rsa rele ore as slol e olleed l. l. s a reard or s oqes o Vélez Vélez 1564, aría de oledo oledo ad ee ade ero o l ad e ad e as o aer e ore. all eaded or ala eeer. e sae e ale ad saa desared o eer a ala ad ea o re-ear er ores e Ooa lee. s s as e rs rs o e 11, 11,000 000 roo roos s o e rel rele e or oree la laded ded o ala, Álaro de ade, deeder o e Djera or 1560, ao er oaders, oaders, e Ooas ere alread e roess o lea e slad. Ooa oer ore red o old o e e arrals, arrals, as eae eae a. eer eereless eless e Ooas Ooas ade ade er esae o ser oeee ro aría de oledo’s oledo’s rele ore. ore . rsas roo Eroe sa e sessl deee o ala aas e Ooa rs as a rea or, s a deese aeee old o serosl dere e oer o e Ooa sla. Ee as e leared e rs arod e rad Haror, e Ks o ala ere earl o a e Ooa aa 1566. r es, oeer oeer,, old eer eer aa aas s old old eees o ala aa. e orsar Ulj l oo e old a a’’s od a o rol rol ad as red e osqe r ad l a . ararossa ad r es ere oe, o Ulj l old ae er lae as e leader o e arar arar orsars.
LJ ALI Deserae o fid soe elaao or e sdde resree o sl sea oer e ederraea aer eres o rsa doae, r rs sa a o o e ea ao ors rs ee s s ee ee e e r r (a (ad d la lae er) r) o o e edd o ee sosed rsa roos o e reaes arar orsar oaders. as a srae d o oor. oor.e e ararossas eral ad a ree rsa oer, o sees era er aer as a sl r. r. es ere ade o e ree rsa ares o r es, all e dao daos s are a e ae ro a sl rs rs easa al. 59
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Ee oe as o oede rsa areae o e ararossas ad r es, es, old old ardl aer aer.. ll ese orsars ere ere ro ro as sls sls ad sjes o e Ooa sla. eeaed rsa aes o re e o a sdes (eer as deede sl rlers or ‘re ‘rer’ r’ o rsa) all aled. er roess roess aal arare as o de o a ras dered der ed ro a rsa erae. rsa ors ere ere so ora, dd e salors o rsersedo eror so adl er are ar e sl orsars? rsa aoloss ere o sroer rod e ors o e las rea arar orsar leader o e see er, er, Ulj l (sall o o e rsas as Oal). or oa oa Do ale e llae o e asella alara, alara,al al,, aro arod d 1520,s 1520, s aer as a sera, o s ares oed er so d a areer e loer ras o e aol r. Hoeer, 1536 o oa as ared oe o ararossa’s orsar aas. For a er o ears e sered as a alle slae, e e oered o sla ad as e e ae Ulj l ( ‘ ‘oe oer’ r’ l). Des Dese e s eal rsa ors, Ulj l eer aered s e loales, dese laer rsa aes o sor . e as red o re o o sor e orso rs o 1568–70, ad aer e oo s e oered o reoze as o s ol e old eoe a assal o l ii. Ulj l ored o oers. Ulj l as a rsa reeade, js oe o dreds o osads o rsa e ad oe o, lll or lll, eee 1500 ad e sar o e eee er er oered o sla ad od e les as sls. Oe esae sas a arod 300,000 300,000 rsas eae reeades eee 1550 ad 1700. lo os ad orall ee ared sl sl raders o lad or sea, soe o e rsas ad ose reel o ass oer o e sla orld. as lar larel el a oe- oe-a a ra ra. . ela elael el e sl sls s ae a ae e e rsas eer oered o rsa, ad sls o lll e oer o e rsa sde ere alos o. oe rsa reeades laer reered o er oral loal, loal, os eer rered o rsedo. e e er erss o rsas o eae sls as a osderale earrasse o rsa oeaors, eseall e relos oes.e oes. e old ol allee a os reeades ere eer e er ored o oer ral sl ll reae or or,, e rsas oered lll, a e oers dd so ro e er 60
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ors oes, oes, oe o sale e sosed seal reedos reedos (or e) e sla orld.arall all rsa reeades ere sad o oe o a a add e ed, d,de des s ee e el elll- -o o a asses o e le Ul Ulj l o a a e o old ora osos e Ooa oere or ared ores. a reor o e rsa ors elaao or e e sl roess aal arare, rsa oeaors (ad soe laer soras) oed o a ease so a arar orsar aas ere rsa reeades, e s ae ro er seror are slls oer ro ro e rsa sde. sde. s sees lel se os o ese reeades orall ell o sl ads e e ere ldre ldre or eeaers (le Ulj l).e l). e ra e reeed reeed are ar as all derae aer e eae e ae sls. e a as a e see see er er e ara arar r orsar orsarss oered a eseall arae roe or adaee or ee e os le le e, e eer er sl-or sl-or or rsa oers. oers. e rd eraral erar al soees o rsa Eroe Eroe e ae o a fisera fisera’’s so rs o eoe oader o a ere’s a (as Ulj l dd) as l. e rsa aal oaders o oro oroed ed e orsars ere all ars arsoras oras or res res.. e Ooa Ooa ere ere as o eredar arsora ad all e olao ere eor e slaes o e sla. rsas deoed s as oreal desos, also ea a e sla old oose e es e or s oere, ar ad flee o oer or raal or lass ors. le o e,oe rsa oers,old e rased ro le arods o e es oes o sae as lo as e reaed loal seras o o sla ad e Ooa sla. asras ere raed e eral sools a sal.e sal. e arar orsars ere o orall ar o s sse, ee e oasoal lases eee er eereed salors ad Ooa oals e e orsars orsars ere e e oad oad osos e a Ooa flee. eereless e arar orsars, oera e reer orld o e Ooa–rsa aal roer roer,, ere alas read o reard reard ad rooe o salors o soed sll ad dar er are rss.Oe rss. Oe s e e ad ade a ae ae or eseles, eseles, e Ooa sla ell oose e as oaders s a flee. er e dea o ararossa 1546 Ulj l sered der r es, soo o a reao as a sessl sessl orsar s o r. 1560 e assed o al ellee o ale asa led o e 61
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Ooa or a Djera. Ooa 1565 e sla ade oer oeror or o leadra, ad Ulj l ro s ores ores o e see o ala laer e ear. ear. er r es as lled dr e see, Ulj l oo oo e od o s old eor eor a o rol or ral. ral. ale asa asa e ade Ulj l e e rler o rol. Earl 1568 e os o rler o lers ell aa ad ale asa reoeded a e sla, el ii, sol soldd e e oso oso o Ulj l. l.s s as as doe doe ad ad Ul Uljj l eae eee leader o all e Ooa arar arar orsars. Desee e oos er sessl Des sessl deee o ala 1565 ad e o rsa orale, orale, e ro as as a oo lle ao o ollo e sess. larl e Ooas dd o o e eeed e aa o ala 1566, or dd e la e aal oeses e ederraea e ollo ears. lea e afie afie ded 1566 ad s sesso sessorr, el ii, ad oer oers oers as e so o esals s oso. Fr Fro o 1566 oards oards a ea o e dsraed e reol s ossessos e eerlads, a ee ore daeros rea as o e osed sddel e eees a sel, e orsos. lo all e rea sls a ad ee ordered o leae or eoe rsas e firs al o e see er, er, ose o ad oall oall oered – e orsos orsos – ere o o rsed e ae rsa aas. os o e orsos oed sla raes sere ad e reaed lose ls e sls o or ra. ararossa ad eoraed a orsos o oe oer oer o lers o le s e sae, le ose o reaed a ere a o asss arar orsars er rads o e as oas. For eale, e orsars aaed e dalsa oasal o o aeras aeras 1566, loal orsos joed e sa e o ad e e e orsars o or ra. earl 1567 l ii dereed a all rea sla raes ao e orsos ere o e sressed ad e ed ae ae o ore a ear laer. laer. 1568 orsos ea o lo a reol aas er rsa rlers ad e se leers o Ulj l lers ad la el ii sal as or er sor. sor. e reol as o e a ad orerl ee e do o raada, rsas Ee 1568 ose as e sar dae. ae o seze e o raada aled, e orsos ad ore sess e ear ljarras oas, ll rsas ad desro desro res. 62
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e sr o 1569 e orsos eld o rral dalsa, e o s os. e reels ad oed er aos old sar orso rss oer areas, aoe all e do o Valea ere ere as a lare lare orso ol olao, ao, ere as lle reao reao. . e al as lar resose o e orso rs as ea ad osed.ll osed. ll er es roos ere al or e eerlads, ad oo e o assele oer-sre ores dalsa. s a roal ar o e orae o e srle, l ade s alroer, Do a o sra, e asard so o Eeror arles v, oader o e ar dalsa. e o a ad alread sered e as alles as arar arar orsars, ad e o o ad a e ae o rer s lar areer areer.. Dese as eors o aa a aal loade alo e oas o dalsa, e arar orsars se e, ars ad sles ro or ra o sor e orso reels. e orsos ad o oe o a or sles, er rsa aes ere a sel sse rre. as sad a oe rsa ae old e eaed or oe se. rs solders ad erer oleers ere ao ose aos o ross oer ad jo e ol ar a, aer al esas Ulj l ea o ae a ore reals e o e orso reol. as a seros lo o e as, seeed lel o seed e lo lo er. Ulj l el s es roos old old e ore sel elseere. a 1569 e as ol ll o le sl oleers ro less reseale sores o oer o ad e orsos. sls rso or aed e la ere rosed oreess e e o fi a.eeral a. eeral dred dd so.O so. O e esaed 25–40,000 sls o oo ar e orso reol, roal 4,000 ad oe oer ro or ra o jo e reel sde. Ulj l sa a e as ere dsraed o e orso reol a oe ad e reol reol o e eerlads orer Eroe. Eroe. seeed a ood e or o elo a’s dles. Ooer 1569 Ulj l led a ar o arod 5,000 roos eas ro lers ad aded sa. e ro-as ro-as rler o s, ola Hada, Hada, se ores o oose oose e aders, e ere saered a eoer eoer a eja. aar 1570 Ulj l l oo ossesso o s ad oer ors orer sa. ola Hada fled or sae o e as orress o a olea. Ulj l as rela o aa a olea, oed as ossesso o ea a e old o se e or 63
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o s. sead e sed zera as a ase ro o la e orsar aas o as-eld l, arda ad ales. We ararossa ad sezed s 1534, arles v ad laed laed a asse asse rsade o reae e ollo ear. Ho old s so l rea o s seod s eod arar orsar are o s? s? s Ulj l ad allaed, e as ere slo o rea o e e Ooa sess. a drea Dora asseled a ore o alles a l, e resed o aa Ulj l’s ss e aror o zera ease e sad e or as oo srol deeded.e real o e rea ro Ulj l’s e ase sa as so d-l 1570. For For alles o e Ks o ala, rereseed os o er flee, ad oe o l o jo Dora’s sqadro. Hoeer, er oader, e Fre Fraços de lée, e deded o rer o ala, dese ars a Ulj l’s l’s ore o e allos as e eorood. eorood.e e eared eoer eoer dl orred, orred, ad e alese alles fled a oards oards e la oas.W oas. W e ae o reedo so ear, as sad a e sl alle slaes roed as slol as e dared. dared.e e orsar allos allos oo o alles,a alles, a rd esaed, ad lée ra s flas asore asore o e la oas. s sl alle slaes rose reol ad e orsars orsa rs sared asore o el e. e rsa srors fled o e sae o a oasal aoer ro ere e old old osere e orsars o aa e alese flas. flas. s dsaser 60 s ad a d dreds o alese solders ad salors ere sad o ae ee lled or ar ared, ed, lée lée esaed. Fa Faed ed a ossle reol e eraed aas o ala, e rad aser o e s as ored o s deeaed oader o ral. lé lé e e a ass o o dd ll o s so od d a add e ee e ed ed.. W W rree o o o o or r a alllle ess lo los s,, ee ss a ae edd a d d l l s s a ao o. . ll ii s se ee edd o el e. ree el l as alles ere se o ala, e s sll ad role roless a e relaee essels. Oe reaso a drea Dora aled o ae re ao aer Ulj l’s sess a s as a dr e er o 1569–70 e Ooa sla as o o e assel a lare flee ad ar a sal. s desao as all o ad ere ere as ears a e ore old old e se aas a olea, a o olee olee Ulj l’s or or ar e as-eld orress. Dora oed e e ale o ere e Ooa ore eore reaed sa. sa. e es es arred lae lae l 1570 a e rea Ooa arada ad 64
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sead aaed e Veea-o eea-orolled rolled slad o rs rs e easer ederraea. eder raea. earl eee eeerr s aal, osa, osa, ad os o e slad ad alle o e rs, rs, ad ol e or o Fa Faasa asa (o az-asa) sll eld o. Uder ressre ro e oe, s v, l ii relal areed o sed a drea Dora ad s flee o asss aal ad Veea aal ores r o rea e rs loade ad ae rele sles o Faasa. e oed rele ae as a alre, e Veeas aloe dd e soe sles ro o e eleaered or laer e er o 1570–71. e srle oer rs as a e e role, a leas e as ad larel sressed e orso reol reol e a o 1570. os ressae ad ee rsed ad e rea dalsa orsos ere saered sall ros oer ars o a, ee ee or ose o ad esa esaed ed o sl or r ra. a. W W e reol oer, e as o ad addoal ss ad roos o delo. delo. e oe aed e se o e easer ederraea o fi e Ooas, l ii oed o se e or ra, arlarl a a e e reare o s. Eeall e as sed o aal ressre, ad a 1571 e areed o jo a ol leae aas e Ooa rs e aa aa ad Vee. Vee. eereless l sll ad a arle lded er areee old er aas o e arar orsars or ra.e ra. e oed flee o o e ol leae as a l l’’s sse sseee o o e oa oaded ded s al- al-roe roerr Do Do a o sra, res ro s sesses sesses aas e orsos a. e rsa eo as o o o e rele rele o azasa , lea a sall aal load ore a rs, e a Ooa flee, der ezzzade l asa, ae esard ee eore e see ad ee olded. olded. oo aer lea lea rs,e rs, e flee as joed a ore o arar orsar ss der Ulj l. l. e e Ooa are as e Veea-eld slad slad o ree, ree, er aas o e slad slad e eer e eod rad. e o e Ooa flee oed o o e dra ea. as ere ade o rsa ares alo s sores, Ulj l ad aoer orsar, Kara Hodja, ee rad as ar or as e aers lose o Vee. s e Ooas oeraed oeraed er aa o e Veea ossesso o or, or, alo e raaed o e slad, e a orress eld o. eale a lare rsa flee ad ee assel a essa l. l. ere ere ere js oer 200 alles, ld essels ro ro a, 65
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l, ales ad eoa, e lares oe, 106 alles, o ro Vee. Vee.e e doze alles ored e oe ad a ee red ro e rad rad De o sa sa.. e lded seeral alles o e e Ks o ee, a lar relos order e rad de ad se 1562 o ae e Ks o ala ad fi aas e fidel. e Ks o ala, sll reoer ro Ulj l’s or oer er flee 1570, old old ol ore ore ree alles o e rea rsa flee.ere flee. ere ere 13,000 13,000 salors ad 43,000 roers a e flee. o all e roers ere aes (eer sl slaes or rsa os), se a s e e Veeas sll larel sed ree roers o old fi as solders oe e alles ere loed oeer ose o e ee. ee. e flee arred 28,000 solders (9,000 as, 5,000 era ad e res ala). ae oeer,, as oe o e lares rsa lar ores eer asseoeer led o fi e sls. W e Ooas raa e sores o o e dra, e rsa flee ae a oes o sal o rs o relee azasa (Faasa). eeer 1571 Do a oed s flee oards or ad e Ooas lled a o e l o aras reee. e seaso as e lae ad e oo oos s flees ora orall ll ae ee eeed o dra o refi refi oer e er. er. Hoeer Hoeer,, o oaders ere, sall, sall, der ressre o see ale e ee e e.. ressre reased o e rsa sde e es o e all o Faasa reaed e. er srreder o e rose o er, e rsa arrso ad ee assared, s oader flaed ale.. e ale e o reee, Do Do a led s flee so soards ards ad, as e eered e l o aras o e or o 7 Ooer, l asa ro o s flee o oer 250 alles ad allos (ld ( ld 43 essels ro e arar orsar ases o lers ad rol), arr 25,000 roos, o ee ear e or o eao (o aaos). o flees ere dra d ra slar oraos, ss le areas. area s.e e rsa rsa le,der le, der e Vee eea a oso oso araro araro,, aed e Ooa r, der ee ro roo, o, oeror o leadra, ear e ree oas. Do a’ a’s ere, Álaro de azá’ azá’s resere ed , aed e Ooa ere der l asa, also ad a sall resere dso ed . Ulj l oaded oaded e Ooa le dso, a e rsa r der a drea Dora. Ea rsa dso ad o Veea alleasses (lare oar-dre ss 66
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arr ore s a a ordar ordar alle) ro o .e . e Ooa a as o rea e rsa le ad e se er seror er o essels o oerel oerel solaed rsa ss. e rsa ss arred ore s a ose o e Ooas ad e eded o resere er dsled orao le desro e ee ss fireoer. fireoer. e alleasses old e s roess, daa ad dsorder e Ooas eore e o ale les ee e. a ae o aod oe rsa oe al o sor aoer (eseall de o e ared ared eee Vee ad eoa), eoa), Do a ad arraed a a are o essels sold e ea rsa dso,alo so, alo s s dd o so e rsa rsa le e larel larel Veea. Ulj l’s dso lded os o e arar arar orsar ss ro lers ad rol. rol. also ad ad sl orsar ss ro Valoa Valoa (o Vlore) o e oas o laa,a laa, a or soees sed arar orsars as a orard ase e e ered o e dra. eereless e dso also lded alles ro sal, aola ad reee. Ulj l’s ooe a drea Dora ad a ee ore ed ore. addo o s o eoese alles, Dora ad aal, eaola ad as alles, as ell as e ree alles o e Ks o ala add a do a doze ze Ve ee ea a a alllle ess os osee o o a ade ders rs a add ll le le a a Do Dor raa’s ales. oe soras elee Dora Dora ro s dso dso o ale soe dsorder ad a s o Veea alleasses ere le ed ad dd o ae er areed oso ro o s le. le. Oer soras elee s e s orre ad a Dora ro s dso o ale e sae ordered orao as e o oer rsa dsos. s laer e sees reerale as aes or a learer dersad o e sseqe ale eee Dora ad Ulj l. s e oer Ooa dsos, fire ro e Veea alleasses dsred ad daaed Ulj l’s ss eore e old rea e rsa le. le. Ule e oer oer Ooa dsos, dsos, Ulj l ad e sea roo o oe s ss aa ro ro e s o e o alleasses. s e Ooa ss eered o soards, Dora o Ulj l as r o e arod arod s fla. fla. o ree s, Dora ea o oe oe s ss soards soards as ell, lead o soe dsorder dsorder s orao. orao. s Dora dre aa ro e rsa ere, soe o e Veea Veea ss s dso resed o ollo, ossl ele Dora as r o aod ale, ad s led o rer oso oso o e rsa sde. ee a a oe eee Dora ad e rsa ere, ere, Ulj 67
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l rol led s ss o . Hs ores ql oereled al a doze rsa ss ad eoe searaed ro e res o Dora’s dso. Oe o ese as e flas o e Ks o ala, ad os o o s rsa re re lled ad e rea rea aer o e s ared. Ulj l o reaeed e r fla o Do a’s ere dso, ad e ad doe s earler ere ae ee seros oseqees or e rsa sde. Hoeer, e ere, as e las o dsos alo e ree oas, e rsa sde ad alread alread deeaed er sl ooes. alles ro Do a’s ere ad azá’’s resere old oe o oose Ulj l, le Dora ro s azá ss rod o aa Ulj l’s l’s rear. rear. ee e ale as los, los, Ulj l o so o esae ad o aa a leas 30 sl ss, e ol lare sl ore o esae ro e dsaser o e ale o eao. He as ored o leae or desro e rsa ss e ad ae, Ulj l ade sre o ae aa e ared aer o e Ks o ala. eao as e las ad reaes reaes ale eee eee alle flees. e rsa ors los ele alles ad 10,000 e. e deeaed Ooa Ooa rs ad js oer 200 alles s or ared, ared,los los 30,000 30,000 e, ld er flee oader. oe 12,000 rsa alle slaes ere reed ro e Ooa ss. For For o e see er ere ad seeed a real daer a e sls old eoe doa a sea roo roo e ederraea,a ederraea, a sao a ad o esed or eres. o seeed a rsa sea oer ad reassered s seror. eao ad so a e Ooas ere o le a sea. Ye as oo lae e ear or e rsas o elo er rea or. Ol e Ooas aled o resore er flee e e aa seaso old e ale o eao ae a lo-er sfiae. olle oer Ooa ss a ad ee ase ro e ale, Ulj l arred sal arod 60 ss oeer 1571. orall a Ooa oader oader o ad ee oled s a seere deea old ae ee eeed as a se. Hoeer, el ii aed o la do e ade o e lo. lo. e Ulj l ad ro a e aer o e Ks o ala as a ro, ro, as deded o rea as a ero raer a a alre. He as reaed Kl l (‘sord’ l, s sal ae rs rs) o ar s 68
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ero od od e ale ad as ade ada asa, oader-e o e Ooa a. Oer e er o 1571–2 Ulj l rel e Ooa flee, ree asssae s as ro e rad zer, ee oll, o ad oe oe ee ada asa sel. sel. Dozes o alles ere ere l ad eors ere ade o lear soe o e lessos a e deea a eao. ore s s ere o e alles, e roos roos aoard e ere o ae ore firears ad eer os, ad a ae as ade o ld Ooa ersos o e alleass, o rea sess. as ee ade o e loss o eereed salors e Ooas er rea deea ad s eral re a a e e flee as o o s roles. eereless eerele ss e arar arar orsars ere alas rearded as e es salors e Ooa flee ad er oe ad sred e ale relael relael e losses.e losses. e roded a eereed ore arod e e flee old e asseled. lo e os o ld s e flee as ea, ea, ossl as as a qarer o e ere’s aal reees, Ulj l old ae a ordale ore o oer 200 alles o lead o aas e rsas e aa seaso o 1572. Earl 1572 e rsa sde deded o elo er or a eao ea o arr arr o a a aa a aas aas e r rs s e ea ea dr ee o o a aa a se seas aso o.. Ho Hoe ee err, a a s s ar aree eee e o s s la as ol rela. rela.er er reerred oo oo as aa e arar orsar ases or ra. er e dea o oe s v a, l ii red o e o o s oe o oeraos e easer ederraea.e ederraea. e aal ore a Do a ad olleed a l as eld a.e ese as a ear a Frae eer e ar o e sde o e Ooas, a ore lel reaso as e oe o la la a aa o lers or s. s. e e oe, reor reor xiii, as as ee o sre e rs e eas as s redeessor redeessor,, so l eeall eeall ad o aree o sed Do a o sor e aal ad Veea alles alread rs o reee.e ad o sea ease Ulj l ad led e reed Ooa flee o oer 200 alles o ree aers. e ed rsa flee red o r Ulj l o ale, e rereaed o ee o or r o o odo do, , ee r rs sa as s l lo oa ade ded. d. s sal ale ea aee re res slled ed,, ad a e sar o Ooer e rsa flee ad o dra. er s alr alree o ollo e eao or, or, e Veeas Veeas red o e ar ad loed o rea er lrae ea rade.e 69
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ade eae e Ooa sla ar 1573, er la o rs ad a a a ea de rer or a resorao o er rad rs.e rs. e oe as ros a s eraal, eraal, l ii as lad s ores old o e oeraed aas or ra. e a a Ooa flee, der ale asa ad Ulj Ulj l, l, dd o o oe oe o e eral ederraea l lae l ad rsed o aarel a a lear ojee. ojee. Do a ad oe oe aa asseled as ores l. l. e Ooas dre o a a ajor assal, e ad deded o aa s. e ed o eeer as lear e Ooa aal ores ere ead a o sal. sa l. O 7 Ooer, Ooer, e aersar aersar o eao, eao, Do a deared deared or s. s. He ad a flee o 107 alles, a sal ss, ad a ore o ore a 20,000 as, ala ad era roos. e e da Do a reaed as-eld a olea ad ea o lad lad s solders. Faed Faed s a lare rsa ar ar,, e sls sl led ro s ad e as oqerors ared o a e ,, e rasaed. Oer sa ors s as oro oro Fara (o ar al el) ad zera also sed o Do a o a . Uo o Do a, l ii ad se orders a all e sa sa ors sold ae er dee deees es desroed ad all a as s ores sold e e dra ro e or. Do a oo e oose orse o ao. lo e old o sare arrsos or laes le zera,e zera, e ordered ordered e osro osro o a e orress a s ad le 8,000 as ad ala roos o arrso .e arrso o 1,000 e a a olea old rea. l ad ales ad ad eo role sed sed sles o e laer arrso. arrso. o e old old ae o sor a ee e e larer ore sa. sa. l old ae reerred ese lare ers o roos o o o fi e eerlads, e aeed Do a’s arraees. e roles e eer eerlads lads ad else elseere ere dsra dsraed ed e as 1574 ad e Ooas laed a sro oeraa e eral ederraea. ederraea. d-l a Ooa Ooa flee ld 230 alles ad arr 40,000 salors, solders ad oarse arred e l o s. s. Ulj l oaded e flee ad Koa a asa e ar. e Ooa roos sared asore ad firs lad see o a olea. s arrso srredered srredered aer a ressae a lased arel oe o.e e Ooas assaled e al-oleed e orress a 70
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s. er a al-eared ressae ell d-eeer s. d-eeer.. osads o as ad ala solders eae rsoers. e ad ee eeed o ress as fierel fierel ad as lo as e Ks o ala 1565, ad Do a ad ee assel a ore a l o oe o er rele. e e e as read o sal, e rsa aes ere ere alread o er a o sal o e araded araded r.e r. e ol oor or e rsa sde as a e Ooa oqerors ad los a e o er eedo, osl ro ro dsease. o e solders e Ooa ar oo s as d al-al, e Ooa-sored reeder o e roe o oroo or oo.. 1575 e e Ooa sla, sla,ra radd iii, ord ordered ered Ooa Ooa ores lers lers o lae d al-al o e oroa oroa roe. roe. s as se sessl ssll l aeed 1576. 1576.o o o o aea aeared red a e Oo Ooas as rled all o or ra, eer drel or drel. s aeee ade e deea a eao see relael ora. Hoeer, aad, e deosed oroa rler, fled o oral, ere K easa rosed o el rea s roe ad ea o assele a aso ore. e e oroa rler d al-al roed sel sel oseqos oseqos o s Ooa sosors, r o la o e as aas e. Ha ee raed rsad rsad rlees e e oe, K easa aded oroo 1578. Hs ar o ol oaed orese orese roos also as oleers, oleers, era ad ala ereares ereares ad ee a e Els ad rs rs old-e rsaders. d al-al arall delared a ol ol ar, ar, a jad, aas e e fidel aders aders,, ad e e e e ale a lazarqr (o Ksar Ksar el Ker) earl s. eae o as ‘e ale o ale o e ree ree s’ s’ eas easee easa, easa, d al-al al-al ad s deosed redeessor aad all ersed s resod oroa or. d al-al’s roer ad reaed e rs o or,, ld osads o rsa rsoers, or rsoers,ad ad oo e le alasr, e Voros. easa’s dsasros aa o oroo as e las ajor rsa Eroea aso o or ra l e Fre laded lera 1830. Vor a lazarqr as a oerl oer l oos o oroa rese ad ad al-asr ored s dead roer’s olaos oards e Ooa sla. He as a o reoze reoze e sla as al, e relos leader o e orld’s orld’s sls, sl s, e old o aolede a olal sjao sjao o e rs rs rler. rler. 71
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s e Ooa orol o oroo oroo roed sor-led, e ree reees o lers, lers, s ad rol ad ee firl esalsed as Ooa roes ad old rea rea e a ases or e arar orsars orsa rs or e e 250 ears. e 1578 ale ad ora laos or e sl sde, as ee ore sfia or e rsas.e rsas. e dea o K easa le ol a elderl ler as e sole er o e ro o oral oral ad s re as sor se e ded 1580. o l ii o a orard s la o er e ororese do. do. Hs eealoal la as sro, sro, ad e a o o a oerl flee ad ar ade rressle. 1580 l oo oer oral ad s ere.s ere. s see o e e e resores o ae ae ar o e Ooas. a as o ofir ofir a s o as srae oers ro e ederraea o e la a ad ee ro ro se 1566. e reol o e eerlads reased sre ad Els sor or e reels eae ore oe ad aresse. e as o aed a re e Ooas e ederraea so e old oerae o er ro roles e la area. Forael or l ii, e ear 1578 also sa e sar o a ar eee e Ooa ere ad ersa (o ra) old o ed l 1590.e 1590. e Ooa rlers ere o loer eresed eresed ar e ederraea dese e leas o Ulj l ad oers or rer aas aas a.eoaos a. eoaos eee eee a ad e Ooas Ooas led o a re e areed 1580–81 ad eer sde as read o rer o ofl ofl e ederraea e o o ears. a e as a old eer aa fi e a o e Ooa ere, old sll las e arar orsars a aros es oer seeral eres. Ulj l reaed ada asa, dese s leas e aal ar e rsas rsas e ederraea ederraea as o reeed. reeed. He sa ore ao sress reols e ere e easer ederraea ad led a eedo e la ea 1584 o esre e ro-Ooa addae eae rler o e rea aars. Dese e slar os e o sered o e Ooa roers, s as eras e ol e a e leader o e arar orsars ad lose oa e leader o e rea aars. aars. We Ulj U lj l ded sal 1587 e as sll oall e rler o lers, alo dees ad arred o s os os or ears. 72
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e sla’ sla’s adsers o s as a ood ood oor oor o reoraze reoraze Ooa oere oere or ra. reosl lers lers ad ee e doa do a aor e reo. o o ere ere o e ree eqal reees, ea der a asa, aoed e sla, o old rle or ol ree ears ears a a e. e a o s oereal ae as o rease orol o e reees sal. Ye a ro e 1580s e arar arar orsars ere reasl o esae ro e sla’ sla’s orol. Oe e aard o Ooa easo e ederraea, e old o eoe lords o e sea er o r.
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ICLAN For a er e ral s sed e arar orsars er redaor rss ad ee e oar-roelled alle aros ors. Hoeer,, soo aer 1600, e orsars ere Hoeer ere roded roded o e se se o e ar ore ersale sqare-red sal s D reeades. ss o ol eded e orsars’ eed or lare ers o rsa slae roers, roers, also eeded e rae o er oeraos. oeraos. e Da Da o o Dase Daserr as as sad o ae ee e firs ers erso o o so e orsars o lers o o osr ad o o aae sqare-red sal ss. s e e o essel alloed alloed e leres o sed er ss ar o e e la Oea, oe s alé oroo as a orard ase. 1630 e orsars ad aaed e la la oass oass o o ora oral,l, a, Fr Frae ae,, El Elad ad ad ad relad relad,, as ell ell as rad la slads s as e zores ad ee e dsa eodlad fiser o or era. Hoeer, e os aos rs e arar arar orsars o dsa aers as er eedo o elad e ser o 1627. e oader oader o s s eedo eedo as e orsar rad es, orerl o as a aszoo ad or Haarle e eerlads. He sared s are areer as a D D raeer re o as s, ade lle oe ro s a so e red o ra. ra. 1618 e as ared orsars ro lers ad soo ‘red r’, eo rad es e sl orsar. all e sered der aoer D reeade, lea es (orerl a De Veeoer), aer e laer as lled a ale rsa essels 1620, rad es le lers. He e ased sel a e as-ro orsar or o alé o e la oas o oroo, alo e dd o oall seer s ls lers. e d-1 d-1620s 620s rad as 75
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oe o e lead orsars a alé ad e as rad del alo e la oass o eser Eroe. e ser o 1627 a Das ae alled al as sad o ae sesed o rad es a e sold rad elad. as a ossesso o e do o Dear, ell o or s r fiseres, e Daes ad ade lle eor o rode adeqae deees. al e e orer seas ell ad oered o a as a lo. rer e ased or s reedo, rad as reared o e e eedo e ell. For orsar ss reaed e oas o elad e 1627. Oe e o e aror o rda rda o o e so-es oas, ere fiee eladers ad a e Daes ere ql ared. o Das era ss ere also sezed. aes ad oo ere o oard oe rze ad as se o s a o lers. e oer rze aoaed e orsar s o essasađr essasađr,, ear ejaí, ejaí, as e resdee resdee o e Das oeror, oeror, Holer oseraz. e laer ordered a ao e laed a or oerloo e a, ad a elader, o Olasso, o ad sered e Das a, a, as se o e or o a as er. e or ad e orsar s eaed sos, o daae o eer sde. e e orsar’s rze s ra arod ad old ol e refloaed aer e aes ad oo ad ee raserred o e orsar. orsar. Wle s as o o, e Das oeror oeror ordered ordered e or o o fire o e orsars. s od aoed e eladers. Oe e rze ad ee refloaed, e orsars ade o ae ae o lad. e le e a ad eaded or oe. eale o oer orsar ss ere rad e eas oas o elad. O 5 l e laded e a e Hersjord ad or a ee e ed do loal eole. all e orsars ared 110 eole ad lled a leas e oers. er o sea, e o orsar ss e e or orsar s o e oral flee o orsars. e ree orsar ss o eaded eaded or e Vesa slads slads o e so oas o elad.. O e a e e a Els fis essel elad as ored o ad oer soe e o a as los ose slads. O e slad slad ro, ro, ol e slad o Heae as as aed, ad e loal eole ad ar a e orsar ss ere aroa. e red o reare soe deees, e e ree orsar ss reaed e aror o Kasad o seros ressae as oered. Das era s, e Krabbe , as sezed e or, ad os o 76
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e loal aas ere ere ed do do oer e e e e das, dese er ae aess o de. all 242 e, o oe e ad ldre ldre ere ae ae ae, le eee 30 ad 40 oers ere ere lled, alo os os o e leso o e slad. er r e r, era areoses ad a oses, e arar orsars deared er oo, oo, er aes ad e rze s. s . os o e aes ere o oard e rze Krabbe , , eae searaed ro e ree orsar ss ad eaer. Oe o ose o oard as e res Olar Elsso, Elsso, o ad ee ared alo s e ad o sos, sos, ad laer roe roe a ao o s eerees. eerees.e e os o e rsoers Olar as srrsed o fid a e orsars ere a es le sel. o olar lar sores ad orraed e as o less a dels osers.e osers. e e-rsa reeades reeades ere jded o e e os rel o e orsars, e rs rs ad oors a a less ral ade oard er aes. aes.e e rsoers ere e e ood, ad also eer, ead ad rad o dr. e sls, ld e reeades, dra ol ol aer. aer. s e rsoers oered e orsars ard e o e Krabbe , soe o e ade las o rse ad seze e s. Uorael oe o e Das aes eoed ese las o al, e Dae o ad orall roosed e eedo o rad es. al arall ared e orsars, ad e rsoers ere ros l e Krabbe rejoed e oer orsar ss. e ss fiall reaed lers o 17 s 1627. all e eedo ad elded arod 400 elad ad Das aes, o eree all sold as slaes er slaes lers. lers. 1628 e e res Olar Olar Elsso Elsso as rel elea ease sedd so a a e o old o o o oe e a ae e o e eo or ra aee K K r rs sa a iv o ar arrra ae e ra aso so s o orr ee a a es es,, as a sl slo o roes ess. s. a a o e aes ded o dsease soo soo aer arr or or ra, a e esaed add o a oer erss ‘ ‘r red ed r r’, ’,re reo o rs rsa a ad e eo o sl sl s. s. 1635 ol ao 70 o e aes aes ro elad ere ere o o e sll ale. ale. oe 34 ere ere sad o ae ee rasoed rasoed 1636, 1636, ol 27 o e assed ro oeae o er a a o elad 1637. leas o o ose o o ad oered o sla ad reaed reaed lers ad oale areers. o sjararso oaed oaed a os e or o e rler o lers. o osso Vesa Vesa eae a orsar aa, as eleed a e laer rered o rsa Eroe ad ded oeae. 77
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e sall ro o rasoed ela eladers ders o assed ro oeae 1637 ere o o eed re-edao e rsa relo aer er ears a sla or. o elad relos sde, sde, Hallrír érsso, as e e jo o sr e. He eae arlarl arlarl lose o đrđr íoar íoardó dórr, a arred oa ro e Vesa slads. ersso ersso rered o elad e ro ro,, ad sorl aerards đrđr ae ae r o s ld. Forael For ael er sad ad reel ded, so se as ale o arr er oer loer loer.. e sadal ea a é érsso rsso ad o or as a laorer or a er o ears eore e alloed o ae relos des oe ore, eo o ol a res also oe o elad’s reaes oes. o e oer rerees o 1637 as sa Þorsesdór, e e o Ólar Elsso, e res o ad alread ee ree or alos alos e ears.er ears. er o sos dd o rer ro ro lers.e lers. e os o ose ared elad dr e ‘ rs ados’ o 1627, e ere los oreer. rad es arred o a slar rad o e llae o alore o e so oas o relad e 1631. oe 109 e, oe, ad ldre ere ae ae ad sold as slaes lers. Ol a adl o e eer rered oe ro or ra.e eae o e arar orsars ad oe ee soe soe assoaed elsel e aers ad e sores o e ederraea ea. e firs al o e seeee er e orsars sed er e aser o e sqare-red sal s o rs o o e de ease o e la Oea. ere seeed o e o e rsa are oers old do o so so ese sl raders.e raders. e arar orsars ad rl eoe lords o e sea.
CRSAIR A e ears eee e Ooa are o s 1574 ad e Ooa aso o ree ree 1645, e ederraea dd o ess ess a ajor aal ar eee sae aes. Ye s erod as a e o ese are are ofl a sea, a ofl arred o a a loer leel o sl sl ad rsa orsars. orsars. Dr s ae o rae arare e arar orsars ere o rea e ze o er oer ad flee. as e ere arraed e ores ores o e Ks o ala 78
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ad e Ks o ee, alo e rsa raeers lesed ose orders orders ad as errores, soo eae lear a e sl orsars ere ro seadl sroer. Ee as e ar flees o e o a ad e Ooa O oa sla sood do e ederraea, e arar orsars soed er o o oer oer.. e ser ser o 1582 Hassa Veezao eezao,, a Veea rsa reeade reeade ad rler o lers,le lers, le a or a sqadro o 22 alles ad allos, arr a leas 1,500 jassares ad oer solders. sold ers. Frs Hassa Hassa sr a arda, arda, s e ra ra as ar as 40 les lad, ad e slad roded 700 rsa aes. aes. o or, e leres sr oello orsa, a 400 aes.e aes. e as o o e ala alad, alad, see 130 ore ore rsas ro ro or ear eoa. eoa. o esards, esards,e e oas o a as e e are are.. e lla llaee o ed edaa ear areloa eld elded ed 50 rsa aes, e Hassa oed so o e oas ear lae e ad aoer as o arr o. oe 2,000 orsos orsos sed o leae a o sar a e le or ra ad ere ll o a or er jore. jore. oeo Hassa od roo or e s alread oerloaded essels, ad e sqadro rered o lers aer a l sessl rse. or as arar orsar oer o e resred js o e ederraea.e raea. e leres ad ade er firs eres ro ro e sra o ralar ad o e la Oea e 1580s. rad es e elder a ae assed ro as earl as 1582, 1582, ad 1585 e arred o a dar aa o azaroe e aar slads, a oe ro lers ad e sed e or o alé oroo as a orard ase or s oera oerao. o. ese ere ea eaee firs ses. e e leres dd o o ar o e la, rad osl e aares ad e lare oas o oral. ar s relae o ere ere rer as ease e leres ere sll s alles ad allos,ederraea ra old o oe e la sells or lo. s e lere leress ea eael el ered osde e ederr ederraea, aea, e are laers ro orer Eroe ere reasl o o a a sea, aoe all all e Els Els ad e D. D. s o ere ere a ar a, e ae eeed a eloe ro e e arar orsars, er al al reeo reeo as ed. ed.ere ere ere ere eral Els eras lers eore 1580, e oe o e, o o, eae e oal Els osl e . e sae ear a 79
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Els eo eo, Wlla Harore, ad sed sal ad olded a oeral rea Ooa sla rad iii. Harore laer rered o sal sal as e Els aassador, aassador, s oale a s firs jores o ad ro e Ooa Oo a aal ere ade lad aross Eroe,, eras derl Eroe derl e ser o sea roes e ederraea a s e. o, le so a Els ad e rs osls aer , ad a sere ad eerall a a e lers. 1583 e roe o Harore ola a e sla’s ra o seal rlees o e Els as e ored e rler o lers. o as orred a Els rade e ede ederraea rraea e sral sraled ed ease e ss arr old e aaed ro ro all sdes.e sdes. e sl arar orsars aaed e Els Els ease e ere ere fidels; e aol ao l oer oers, s, s as a, e Ks Ks o o ala, ala, ad e K Kss o ee, aaed e Els ease e ere eres. e ollo ear Harore se s asssa, Edard aro, ad a Ooa eo ro sal o or ra. e e o lers, s s ad a d rol rol o ae lear o e loal rlers a e sla ad a d raed s roeo roeo o Els raders ad ss. lo lo oasoal Els ss ere sll ae orsars, eeral e Ooa reees ere aorale oards e Els or e res o e er. For eale, e Els raeer Edard Edard lea sed lers as a ase or sles ad rears e e as rs aas e as e firs al o e 1590s. lo e as sll aaed soe alle sqadros sqadros e ederraea, aer 1580 os o er aal eors ere ere o oeraed e la Oea,e Oea, e a zoe o ofl er Els ad D eees. We e Els, a lle D el, deeaed e aos as rada 1588, s as oed aoral e sla orld. e roesa are oers o seeed or oeal alles e srle aas a; a leas, a as e e o e arar saes o or ra. e Ooa sla reaedd rela o ree s ar a, dese e ereaes o reae e Els aassador sal. We e Els aaed e as or o ádz 1596, e oroas sored e sles ad rer e Els released a sl slaes e od ared as essels. deed 1596 a seeed o e ese eees, o ad o. as a ar Elad, e 80
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eerlads ad Fr eerlads Frae; ae; oroo oroo as os osder der a aa o e as; ad e orsos ere sere eoaos e Fre aross e reees ao e ossl ossl o sar aoer reol a. eee 1600 ad 1603 Elzae i o o Elad ad ad ad alasr o oroo ad seros eoaos ao old a lar allae aas a, a o la aas o js era also aas as oloes e area. Hoeer, o s allae as eer areed, areed, larel ease o rlers ded 1603. Dese Els eoraee, Ooa slas soed lle desre o ree ar a e ederraea. s lo as s as e ase, e as ae a lo ror o aal oeraos oeraos a sea. We e arar orsars orsars ere see as e aard aard o Ooa easo, oos e as all ora. Oe e ere ol oasoal raders, so so er aas seeed less o a ror ror,, ee e eo o s aas seeed o e reas. reas. Dese e ro olas o e aas o a’s ederraea oass ad slads, e oere adrd el s lar ad aal rores ere elseere. elseere. e s as ol, ere as desread alar e ederraea e ser o 1601 e e o a ordered aal rearaos rearaos o a sale o see or ears. e Ooas edael o e ere e eded are o e flee e olleed e aed a drea Dora ad rsed o olle er eaeed alle ores ores o soe sor o flee. Hoeer Hoeer,, Dora asseled s ss a raa l dd o see a lel sar lae or a rs o e easer ederraea. a a’s rlers ad fiall resoded o e olas o s lo-ser oasal olao. Dora as o o aa lers, lers, e firs ajor as aa o e orsar ase se Eeror arles v’s aled assal 60 ears earler. er all e lare-sale rearaos, e resl as a a-la. orl eore rea lers, e as flee as sr a sor ad saered. saered. e e as as reasseled, reasseled, Dora ad alread alread deded o all o e aa. a old o aa r o oqer lers l e aa o eeral O’ell 1775. e ed o e see er a seeed o e srroded eees, o sl ad rsa, e ed o e firs deade o e seeee seeee er e or or old e a eae all s rsa oes. a ad Frae Frae ade eae 1598, 1598, ad eae as as 81
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areed Elad areed Elad 1604. 1604. er e dea dea o Elzae Elzae 1603, e ros o Elad ad olad ad ee ed der K aes ( aes i o Elad Elad ad ad aes vi o olad), olad), o as o o ol roroas also osle o e sl oers, eseall e arar orsars. a as o e read o oede oede deedee o e D reels ad ee fi se e 1560s, as read o aree a eorar re. 1609 a ele-ear ele-ear re as areed eee eee a ad e e eerlads erlads.. ddel ddel a ad o rsa rsa eees. s eael erlde seeed a ood oor or e as oere o ae ao aas s s os ersse sl sl oes: e orsos a ad e arar orsars e aers arod arod . er e reol o 1568–70 ere ad ee alls or e elso o all orsos ro a, all ore resre resre orols o e ere reerred reerred.. 1575 as dereed a o orso orsoss Valea old aroa e oas o a er; raada a orso od arr a eao old e o dea; ad 1588 era lae as ordered o e Fre roer o so orsos rao ro oa e Heos, Fre roesas osle o a. Dese s easres orsos ere sll a asss e rads o e arar orsars. For eale, 1583 fiee orsos ere eeed or alleedl asss a orsar aa o les ear alaa. s oed rea ro ro e ‘ee ‘ee ’ old old o e ored. 1582 e as ol o sae ad areed rle a e orsos sold e eelled a a oee oe. Hoeer, s oe old o oe or alos 30 ears. e orso orsoss sll ad oerl roeors ao e as as arsora arso ra,, esea eseall ll e oles e Vale aleaa reo o laed e old o or er esaes o orso orso laor. laor. Hoeer Hoeer,, a de era, e arso arso o Valea, alea,as as a sro sro ooe o e orso resee ad ored or er elso. K l iii ad s e also el a e oed resee o sere sls a o edaered e or’s ser ad oeded od. er e eae reaes Frae Frae ad Elad,eoao Elad, eoaos s ea 1607 or a re e D reels. Oe as olded, roos roos ad ss s s old e aalale o asss e fial reoal o e orsos. rl 1609, 1609, js eore eore e D D re re as fiall areed, areed, a’s ol o sae aroed aroed e elso o e orsos, e e lare olao e Valea reo. K l ae s fial 82
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aroal o e easre e 1609 ad e elso ea Valea eeer. e loal arsoras ad ee rosed oesao or er los laor laor ore. e orsos oered lle ressressae ad soo lare ers o e ere e sed o e as oos oo s o Ora or ra. Fro Fro ere e er eree dre aross e order o e error o e ree o lers. all soe 124,000 orsos ere eelled ro Valea. Valea. Dre o o a or e ‘ad rsas’, e reeed a ed ed reeo or ra. a ere see as ‘ad sls’ ease e soe as raer a ra, ore as loes ad ad a oor dersad o sla relos raes. e ed o 1609 e as oere deded e e ares old e e orsos o dalsa, dalsa,raada raada ad ar o o ra, ra,alo alo a arlarl la orso ro a Horaos Ereadra. e de o eda doa, aa-e aa-eeral eral o dals dalsa a ad oader o e dooed rada o 1588, ad eeree o deal orsar rads o s error ad doed a s elso old old rede s aas. Hoeer Hoeer,, e oeed s orders orders ro e ad ea o rod e orsos o dalsa.ese dalsa. ese areas ere leared o orsos earl 1610, e orsos o Horaos Horaos s e rea o ressae so a e old leae o er o ers, a er ars ad er eal e.e e. e ser o 1610 sa e reoal o e orsos Old ad e asle, os o o Frae ro ere e oed o o or ra. e ae e orsos o rao ad aaloa, o ere old e ad o leae er ldre ed e e dre o or ra. Udersadal os o ese eole e o Frae er ldre ad e raelled o or ra ad oer sl lads. e las las rea rea orso ro ross ere ere r ra. a. Well eraed o rsa soe soe ad loal o e as as ro, ese eole ad a rsa reds o eed e oere o rea e as a eeo. ee o. deed deed e orso orsoss o ra ad larel reaed loal dr e reol o 1568–70 ad ad roded sos o el e oere ores rs e orso reels. Hoeer, K l iii deded ere old e o eeos. Dr Deeer 1613 ad aar 1614 e las las orso orsoss o r ra a ere ere eelle eelled. d. oe orso orsoss red o de, oe e ad ee ro roded ded K l old delare s 1614 a s do as o ree o all orsos. 83
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less a fie ears soe 300,000 orsos ad ee eelled ro a. lo s as ol ao 4 er e o e or’s oal olao, e eods ad a seros eoo a soe areas. Valea Valea e orsos ad ade arod 30 er e o e olao o e reo, ad a o e llaes e le ere eer reolaed.e elso ared e ed o a sl lzao a ad esed e era esla or a lle oer 900 ears.s as e fial or o e eoqsa, old do o ed e aas o e arar orsars? e era erao o o orso orsoss ro a o or r raa as o e. e. e elso elsos s o 1609–14 ere oale efl or e lare ers o aross ad e a a e ared e ed o a sl resee resee era. e earler fl sread aross e see er ad ee eoraed soe or ra rlers, eseall e ararossas a lers. e rs rl ele as a o e joed oer sl osde osders, rs, o old o ol sor e are ar aas e rsas, old el ee e loal sls, o ra ad erer, er lae. ere ere soe eales o ese earler ear ler orso ras r o orsar ad oer lar aes. orso alled ad e Faraj al-Dal le raada ad e o oroo oroo e 1560s. He arred o orsar ro s ase a eoa, eoa,ad ad 1571 laed laed a rad o o e aar slads. l-Dal also rered orso orso solders or e ar o e rler o oroo ad ese e laed a ora ar e deea o e orese orese a e ale o lazarqr lazarqr 1578. Hoeer Hoeer,, os o e orsos arr or ra ere arlral laorers or arsas, s as sl orers, ad reerred o ollo ose aes raer a ae ar o e as. ese reds ere larel rror rrored ed e rea fl o orsos aer 1609. as ee laed a s e ae o orso ras as oe o e reasos or e easo o arar orsar e firs al o e seeee er, s e sees eaeraed. s earler es, os o e orsos ad o olloed oaos o aos a lar or are releae. e rlers o s s dd d d o eloe e 80,000 orsos o e o a ree ease o er aral eerse. eerse. as er arlral arlral ad arsa slls ere aled ease eas e o e oro e old ae o e sa eoo eoo.. 84
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ere eral ere a e orso orsar aas, o o o ere ared ared er ss ss e as 1618. la erez erez as a orso eelled ro oro de la Froera o ad ee rad e oass o dalsa ad Valea, Valea, le le l Zade, eelled eelled ro Zaraoza, as ared o o e oas o Valea. oer orso o eae a orsar aa a lers as laqllo orso. Hs re eree all er all ello ello ors orsos, os, as as-sea -sea ad ear ear as loes loes,, o old ool as aal arols ad rad del o e as oas. eereless, e ajor o aas o arar orsar essels ere eer rs or rsa reead reeades, es, ad orso orsoss ere ere ore lel o old ore ore lol osos osos orsar res. res. s earl as a 1610 e as ero ajora as ar a ele orsar ss ad le lers arr a orsos, os o e ere ere eer solders or des. orsos reaed a ora elee e ares o oroo,, e l ars a roe o aer 1603 e ere ore oroo lle el l o e fi fi e ellllo o sl sl ss a a r rs sa a fid fidel els. s.o oe e o or rs sos os doedl sered e orsars o lers, ore sel sel ere e fiaal eses orso eras ade s eres. eereless oe s o o oo ar dola e a o e orso elsos o orsar ro e arar saes.e e orso l reored a es orso olao or ra, eseall oroo ad lers, as laal osle o rsas eeral ad e as are arlar. e loa loall or r ra a rler rlerss old e sre a a eae eae er oe o e are jad old lead o res ao er orso sjes. eerall s orso ared o e rsas dd o lead o ae arao e are ar aas e, ere as oe oe ajor eeo eeo o s rle: e orsos o ae ro Horaos. ol a e deades e red e oroa or o alé o a orsar ase a old ral ee lers. er aeee ll e osdered a laer seo, e dd o do s aloe. s e orsos eelled ro a 1609–14 ere o a ajor ase o e easo o arar orsar e earl 1600s, ee e ase o alé. e oer e aor ad a reaer role oos orsar aes aer 1600 as e fl o D ad Els raes o arar sorl aer e sar sar o e e er. er. ese e ro e eolo ad are slls old oos e 85
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oer o e arar orsars, o ol e ederraea also er e rods e la Oea. Ee eore a ade eae Elad ad e eerlads, eer lads, a raeers ro ose o ores ere fid ard o ae oe er lesed are ar aas a ad s a all, oral. s e sl o rzes old e lall sezed ea o dr , e eao o seze a aalale era era s reased. Ee eore e orea orea o eae eded all raeer, a Els ad D raeers ad alread eoe raes, re o e ss o all aos. For a le s raes od ases dsa arors s as ose o so-es relad , as e ere seadl dre o o ose rees, rees, e arar ors eae ore ore arae arae as ases.a ases. a o e raes ad alread sed ese ors e e ere raeers arr o ar aas e as. lo e raes ere oall rsa fidels, e arar orsars ere reared reared o eloe eloe e ease o e a are slls e old old ar. a ase a o e raes soo oered o sla ad eae reeades. e e eoloal slls e eoers ad o oer ere o o osr ad sal sqare-red sqare-red sal ss. Ule alles s ss ere srol l ad old arr arr ore s, alo oo ad aes. o eed eed alle slaes, e sal ss arred ol a sall er o rsa aes o ll o roes ad slar ass. ore rsa aes old o e aalale or oer ass eld or oree o oe e or er oe oers rs a lao laor r a a oar oar.. e ara arar r orsars old o ee eal ared Eroea era sal ss e ederraea o ore eqal ers a e e ossessed ol alles. Ee ore oral, e srol l sal ss old allo e e arar orsars orsars o rae ore ore del del o e la la are orld. e rose o e rods as eloe eloe o a o e orsars. er o essa rad rad alo as ad ala oass ad slads e ederraea ad led o s ea losses ao e oasa oasall o olao laoss a e rea rea resdes resdes ad fled. a a srees o oasle ad osore slads ere o desered. e orsars eeded e ares or er ‘rsa seal’ oeraos. oeraos.e e od e o e la oass o a, a, oral, oral, Frae, Frae, Elad Elad ad relad, relad, ad o dsa slads slads le adera, adera, e zores ad elad. elad. o ol dd e D ad Els raes rode e sal ss 86
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a ade la orsar oeraos ossle, e also roded e aaoal slls ad are olede so a e e orsars old fid ad elo e es areas o rse or rzes or la lad rads. e eod eodlad lad fiser fiser old roe ara arae, e, ese eseall all e sr, e e orsars old ere Els ad Fre essels o o o e fiser loaded e o old soo fill e slae ares o lers ad alé. Ver o rer o e la also ea e orsars old reae e rea as ad orese flees rer oe arr e eal o e des.e ad o oe o a e rea alleos loaded llo, ere ere saller ss old sll eld eld a r rer. rer. ese ss, ss, rosed rosed a qer assae, oe arred oere oals ad r eras eras aos o e oe. s eole eae aes o e orsars orsars e ere od o eld lare rasos. o Daser, Daser, sad o ae ee or a Dordre e eerlads, as e eral fire fire e rassso rassso o e arar orsars o o o ld,se ld, se o ad aae sqare-r sqare-red ed sal ss.ro ss. rod d 1600 Daser as l arselle o e ederraea oas o Frae Fra e s e ad al. al. Fo Forr reasos o e e oed o lers, lea s al arselle. Daser ea ld sqarered sal ss or e lere orsars ad adsed e o s ss sold e eloed. eloed. s soo led o Daser eo eo a orsar sel. He oered o sla, eo o es, ad soo ad a e ad al s e e oe. Oer a erod o ree ears Daser as sad o ae ae a leas 40 rzes o e ederraea ad e la. He ored losel oer Eroea reeades ad raes lers ad s, eseall e Else eer Easo ad o Ward. as, as,Fr Fre e ad Els arss ere sad sad o ae ae ee se rs o Daser, Daser, e esaed e all. Daser eae a r a, soo eae lear e dd o a o re er ree a add e ejo jo ss ea eall l l er ers. s. 16 1609 09 Da Das ser er a a r red ed a a a-s essel o Valea Valea ad od a er o es ress o oard. He areed o release e e old arr a essae o K Her iv o Frae. Fr ae.Daser Daser aed aed o e ore s res, res, o rer rer o s oral al arselle ad o e alloed o ee s res. e Fre areed o ese ers,ad ers, ad oeer 1609 1609 Daser arred a arselle or or ell ell ared ared ss. Uor Uorael ael soe soe o e e ao o oard oard ose ss eloed eloed o e oere o lers lers ad o o Daser Daser,, a 87
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a old laer oso relaos eee Frae Frae ad lers. o ar s rer o rsedo, Daser aded oer a sl eers o s res o eoe slaes e Fre alles. ased arselle, Daser o eae oled aas o sl s. s. 1611 e Fre Fre aores ased o o o a sso o lers o sere e release o Fre ss ad salors eld ere.. Us ere Usel el Daser areed areed o derae s as. rr rr a lers a Fre s, e all od e lere oere ell dsosed oards oards . Hoeer Hoeer,, oe Daser ae asore e as ql sezed ad eeed or e a aosae ro sla ad or s aas o sl ss. Oe o Daser’s oers dr s e as a lere orsar ad ee a De Veeoer, a ello Da, o ad ee or a Hoor e eerlads. De Veeoer ad orall ee a D raeer e ar aas aas e as, o a e rzes e ad red rae ad eeall reaed or or ra. 1617 e as sad o ae s o o flee o lere lere orsars ad ad ‘red r’, eo o as lea lea es. Hoeer Hoeer,, sere e as eoa eoa e D D osl lers or a ard ardo o old allo o rer oe.ese oe. ese eoaos eeall ollased ad De Veeoer Veeoer rered o orsar. 1620 De Veeoer as r eo o rere, e sll reaed oed o a o s ss o or r rsa rzes.e rzes. e rsa rsa aos aos se ss ss o do. do. De Veeoer aaed o ea o a aa D arss l 1620, Ooer o a ear e eoered a laoal sqadro o araea a. e sqadro as oosed oosed o oe D, o o Fre Fre ad o Els Els arss, ad e ere soo losel eaed De Veeoer’s orsar orsar sqadro. sqadro. Dr e fiere ale De Veeoer’s les ere sased a aoall aoall ad e ded soo aerards. o e rsa reeades o sered De Veeoer’s Veeoer’s ss as a aszoo, or or a Haarle e eerlads. He ad sered ser ed D raeers dr e ar a, e red o ra. ra. aszoo as a azaroe azaroe e aar slads 1618 1618 e a ajor ajor rad e arar orsars sr e slad. He as ared e orsars ad ae a o lers as a slae. slae. aszoo ql oered oered o sla ad oo e ae rad (laer e o as rad es e oer o dss ro e earler aos orsar o e 88
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sae ae). ae). He joed oe o De Veeo Veeoer’s er’s ss, ss, aer s leader as lled ale 1620 rad oed oed o alé oroo oroo,, alo e sll aaed aaed ls lers. s alread oed, rad es led orsar ors ar rads e la lded e aa o elad 1627. s e s os ael assoaed alé, s sor ll e oed a laer seo. e os aos Elsa o e arar oas s erod as o Ward. He as sad o ae ora orall ll ee a fisera fisera a Faersa Ke, laer sered Els raeers ad arss. arss. s e ar a ae o a ed, e joed a a o raes e Els ael 1603. e ollo ear Ward eae leader o e a ad se o s rae s or e ederraea. er ree a osle reeo a lers, Ward oed o o are rzes a e erae o e dra ea. 1605 Ward as ased a alé oroo, oro o, 1606 e adoed s s as s oe or. Ward W ard as sad sad o ae ad a ajor role rod rod e sas o e adaaes o e sqare-red sqare-red sal s, s, ad laer 1606 e ared a lare Veea s rer ro leadra E, a rze so r a as sad o ae ade s ore. 1607 Ward oo o ore r Veea rzes, ro e Veea oere o ola o K aes ao e aes o Els raes e ederraea. ere ere sls ao Ward’s Ward’s salors, os o s ree ere Els, D ad as. Ward ee rasoed Els aes arar so a e old jo s ss. 1608 Ward Ward oo aoer Veea Veea s o reee, e soe rzes e eser ederraea ederraea e se o lers. e ed o 1608 Ward, Ward, o or 150,000 ros, ros, as sad o e eoa e rad De o sa so a e old rere o al ad ejo s eal, e eoaos eoaos laer ollased. 1609, le Ward’s Ward’s rae flee as ae e ederraea, ederraea, s sordae ard so oo aoer rae sqadro o e la ad rsed or rzes o relad. aer e ear a Fraoas sqadro sqadro aaed a olea, olea, e or o s, ad red red 30 ss, ld soe oed Ward. Udsaed, Udsaed, Ward Ward e e s orsar aes. Hs rsa eees se se a assass o ll , e ae o s le aled.e aled. e Els oere e oered oered a ardo e old e orsar ad oe oe, e eoaos ere sessl. 89
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1610 Ward Ward as sad o ae a flee o fiee essels, aed 1,500 e, ased a s. aer a ear e oered o sla, a e ae Ys Ys es, alo e as also o o sls as aa Warda. Ward’s sesses ade as aos as o Daser ao rsas. rsas.He He as e sje o oer Daore’s Daore’s 1612 Turke , s fioal ao Ward as a la A Christian Turn’d Turke rsa rs a reeade ad o ee a saae dea. real Ward Ward as eal ad roled roled rsa osl, osl, real or lerar. lerar. 1615 e os raeller Wlla o ded o Ward, W ard, alas Ys Ys es, a s ‘are ‘are alae’ alae’ s ad od e serered rer ed orsa orsar r eaed e r roale oale rs rs o rear s a es ael d. Ha le a e Elad, Ward arred essa, a rsa reeade ro l, l, dr s e s. s. eras o o aoer orsar rse as lae as 1622, Ward sees o ae ded e lae orea a s s 1623. Her aar as aoer Els rae o ae o arar ese ears, s ors ere er dere o ose o o Ward. Ward. or o a er al ad edaed a Oord O ord Uers,, aar firs sered e Els ro rs s rs raes e rsol ael. Hoeer, aer a dse e as 1612, aar deded o r rae, a o aa e ss o all aos ee Elad. W ases relad ad a aora (o eda) oroo, e elea rae soo l a sall eee flee. aar ad soe sesses, e e oo s ss o rad e eodlad fiser 1614 a as eedo aaed ad ared aora aora s asee. O s rer rer aar oed s oeraos o e ederraea. ederraea. Frs e sed s, e e od a e oe a Vllerae, e e d o ao.. aar deeaed a as ore ao ore se aer 1615, e ollo ear e le e ederraea ad e o relad. ere e eoa eoaed ed a ardo ro K aes ad, oe s as raed, ea r a oo ao ra, ar ased o s o eerees. Dese e er so o , aar reoeded s oo Discourse o Pirates (1618) a raes sold eer e ardoed. 1618 K aes ae aar a ood ad se o ase raes e Els ael. Oe o aar’s aar’s leeas leeas ad ee oer Wals alsa, a,ad ad aer aar ad saled or relad Walsa se s o 90
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rae flee e ased a lers. Ferar 1617, lead a sqadro o fie ss, Walsa sqadro Walsa aaed a loe Els s s,, e Dolphin o odo, odo, o arda arda.. a r r ale, ale, e sos sosed ed aaed o ea o all e aaers, ad Walsa rered o lers laed. eras eras dsoraed alres s as s, WalsWalsa e o relad 1618 ad olloed s orer oader’s a eoa a ardo ro e Els oere. Walsa’s olede o e arar orsars orsars dd o o o ase. 1620 e joed dral asell’s flee as e se o aa lers. o aar ad Walsa ad ee a Vllerae, ad e de o ao’s osal as eeded o aoer Els Els rae, eer Easo. er arr o s raal aes relad, o eodlad ad ro ro alé oroo oroo,, Easo as loo loo o rere. rere.e e de as a o eloe ad s ore o 100,000 ros 1613. eo a aol, Easo reeed sel as a ala olea, js as o Ward Ward ad red sel o a rs asa. e D ad Els raes o ae a e o or ra r a e earl 1600s ere learl e o o eer-s loales, e dd la a ar ore ora role oos e oer ad rae o e arar orsars a e orsos eelled ro a.er a as os oos e a ooso o e arar orsar flees. Forr eale, 1581 e lere flee ossed Fo ossed o 36 alles ad allos. 1634 e flee ad o o ol doled doled sze, as o o larel oosed o ell-ared ell-ared sal ss,os ss, os arr eee 25 ad 40 ao. ao. s e e e flee flee o s sll sll lded fie alles, alles, e ere real oered oered e 40 sal essels s orsar flee. e s o sal ss alloed e arar arar orsars o ead er oeraos oeraos o e la Oea. o sed o er olas olas ro e s o orsar rads o a’s ederraea oas, e oere adrd o reeed slar olas ro e la oas o e or. or. eore 1617 oerors o ala or es a ade o eo o rads ‘ ‘rs’ rs’ orsars orsars.. e Deeer 1617 sl orsars aaed ad red e llae o aas e a de Vo, ll or a aa os o s aas. er a dae s rads eae a relar orree. For eale, 1621 e llae o orooo as saed ad a o s aas ere ae aa e esaed 1,000 or ra orsars o ad arred fiee essels. 91
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1616 r Fras Fras oa,e oa, e Els aassador adrd, oed a ‘e sre ad oldess o e arar raes s o ro o a e, o e [la] oea ad e ederraea sea’, a e as or as desar ao o o oa s osla. eereless, se a as a eae s Eroea rals, e as dd ae ores aalale o ae ao aas e arar orsars, soees ee o-oerao ose sae ral aos. s Fajardo de ordoa as arlarl assoaed e aorsar eors. 1609 e o-oeraed a Fre ore der eale- eal e-ersa ersa o la a jo aa o a olea, e or o s, led o e desro desro o o 30 30 sl sl essels. essels.s s Frae Frae sll ad o o real a, e Fre sqadro as ade o raeers ro arselle. 1610 aad aad al-a, oe o e leaders e orooroa l ars, areed o ad oer e or o arae rer or as sor. sor. Fajardo oo ossesso ossesso o e e aqso, as ell ell laed laed o reae e orsar/rae orsar/rae ases o aora ad alé. alé. 1611 e as seeded s loss e rer a aora, ese ere ere soo reoed reoed e aas. Ol 1614 dd Fajardo ae e ae o ae a lare eedo o aora, ql ar e or. a ad e D reels ad ee fi erl or deades, aer e re o 1609 e dd o oaso o-oerae o a aas e arar orsars. s o-oerao reaed reaed s ea 1618 e a D sqadro der dral aer ad a as flee der el de Vdazaal ereed e sra o ralar a lare lere ore rer ro a sessl rad o e aar slads. Hal e lere ss ere ared or s, soe rsa aes reed, a larer er droed. Heareed ees s as s, K aes i o Elad roosed o se ore erae ooerao eee Elad, a ad e eerlads o desro e eae o e arar orsars. orsars. Hoeer Hoeer,, e e aes aes orard s dea, e re eee e as ad e D as aroa aroa s ed ad eer ar as read o o-oerae rer e oer. oer. e ed e Els oere deded o a aloe aas e orsars. e lere orsars seeed e reaes rea o Elad, a ared ore a 400 Els ss eee 1609 ad 1616. 1620 a flee o s roal arss ad ele ared erae 92
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asseled a lo l o ad r oer asell as aoed o oad e ore.e ore. e ss dd o sal l Ooer ad reaed lers oards oar ds e ed o e ear. ear. asell asell aeed o eoa eoaee e leres ler es , alo alo 40 Els aes aes ere reed, reed, o rea old old e areed. as sqadro e aeared o lers, s oader resed o asss asell. W sess ao s res ad r r o o sles, as asell ell dre ro lers. lers. e as dd a leas allo e Els ss o reles reles er sles a e slad o ajora ad e ors o alaa ad lae o e alad. e asell eoered a D sqadro aroll o e arar arar oas, oas, s oader old old o o-oerae a aa o lers. Ha rored soe essels o se as firess, asell rered o lers lers a 1621. He red o e s r firess ao e s sde e aror o lers, lers, lle daae as fled. oo aerards, asell oo os o s ss a o Elad, ad e lere orsars reeed er aas o Els s. 1621 e as ad e D reoeed er ar ad fi e arar orsars eased o e a ror oer o eer ar.. Dr e 1620s Elad old e a ar o Frae ar Frae ad a or aros erods, ad s relaos e D old e sraed aer lases e Eas des. re do o o oor ad esed eee 1604 ad 1621 or e a Eroea aal oers o o-oerae o ress e ro ro sre o e arar orsars, a oor oor ad larel ee ased.Wa ased. Wa sesses ad ee o aas e orsars ere lel o do e a lo-er daae. s s fi fi ea ea o oe err o oe e a aa a, , ee E Ero roe ea a a ar re e o oe ers rs o ol ldd o ae o loo o dloa raer a aal ore e sed o aee soe sor o redo orsar aas o er s. Elad, e eerlads ad Frae all oo e e a se lers, s ad rol ere roes o e Ooa ere, e es a o r er orsar aes ae s as o ola o er oerlord, e Ooa sla. Hoeer, soo eae lear a e sla’s oer oer s arar roes as reasl led. s as aoer reaso or e rease arar orsar a aer 1600. e Ooa reees o or ra ere less ad less der e orol o e eral oere sal. O e oe ad, e Ooa rlers ere dsraed ore ars, firs ersa ad 93
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e ro 1593 o 1606 e sra Hasrs Har. O e oer, oer, ere ere reasl reasl seros reols e Ooa earlads, eseall aola, e earl seeee er er . r e aes o e arar arar orsars as o a ror or e sla. o lease e Eroea are saes e sse orders o e rlers o lers, lers, s ad rol ordd aas o o ore s, e oo lle ao o eore eore ose orders. e 1620s as lear o e Eroea are oers a e aed dloa areees aed a so so orsar aas, e old ae o deal drel drel e Ooa reees reees or ra. r oa oass oe,e oe, e Els Els aassador aassador sa sal,l, rea reaed ed areeareee e Ooa oere ao e orol o e orsars, o fial rea as ossle l 1623 aer oslao deleaos ro lers ad s. e Els osl, aes Frzell, as esalsed lers ad e ad e as o ser ser e release release o e esaed 1,000 Els aes e . U o Ferar 1624 Frzell rasoed 240 ersos a a oal os o £1,800. 1625 a aassador ro ro lers ee sed Elad, Elad, e lae 1620s e ers o e oe rea ere ere e ored e leres, leres, o ere oe ore sez Els ss. Waeer Elad’s Elad’s role roless e arar orsars, orsars, ese ere ere o e ol redaors o aa Els s e ederraea. We oe’s erod as aassador o e Ooa sla eded 1628, e oo assae e Sampson, a ell ared ea oa era s oaded Wlla aoro, or a oae ro sal o oro. e s as ealed ear ala ad or alles o e Ks o ala ade a ae o are .e s ere as osle o Els roesa eres as e ere ere o sl sl fidels. fidels. Far ro e oereled, aoro ea o e alese alles alle s a roloed ale ad laded oe ad s e sael sael al. s de as a lea learr deosr deosrao ao o e seror o e sqare-red sal s o e alle. alle. e ollo deade aoro aoro old old eoe a aal oer ad oad e Els eedo aas alé oroo. oroo. er e as–D re o 1609 e era ss o e eerlads eae reasl oo e ederraea ad ea o all o orsar aas. Oe o ose o ell seeral es o e raes/orsars raes/orsars as e o o aare ro ro,, o 94
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old laer eoe oe oe o e reaes D adrals. 1610, a e ae o ele, e aoaed aoaed s aer o a oae oae o Wes ra, s aer’s s eer reaed a desao. as ereed e ss o Els rae eer eer Easo, o as s alé oroo as a ase. e es ale ro’s aer as lled ad e o eae a rsoer, rsoer, e sold o slaer a alé. er o ears ears o o ro ro as rasoed ad rered o e eerlads. Years Years laer laer,, 1621, ro as e ederraea e e as ared sa sa orsars. Els reeade o Ward oered a os s orsar flee, ro deled e oer ad a ear ad ee resored o reedo. Eerees le ose o aare ro eae reasl reasl oo aer 1609, so e e eerlads esalsed dloa relaos e Ooa oere 1612 e D ased as ed e sla o order e arar reees o o aa er ss. a order as ssed ad e rler o s s seeed led o oe , e leres ored e sla’s oad. eee 1613 ad 1622 e orsars o lers ere sad o ae ared ore a 400 D era ss. Faed s aas, e D se a flee der dral aer o ressre o e leres. aer’s reaes aeee, assoao a as sqadro, as o fl a seere deea o a flee o lere orsars e sra o ralar 1618. eereless s dd o ore ore e rler o lers o ae eae ad e srle oed. 1621 ar ea oe ore ore eee a add a ee e ee erla rlad ds.e s.e D D o oe edd s s o ol ldd r ro oee re rela lao oss lers, se a as e ereal ereal ee ee o all arar orsars. eae rea eee e D ad lers as fiall areed 1622, a lere orsars ere rela o ae . as oed, o ed, so 1624 dral aer aer oo a flee o e arar oas oe ore. er ar soe lere essels, aer aeared eore lers. He deaded e release o all D aes ad rese or e ers ers o e earler rea. rea. s as o doe, doe, e adral rosed o a all s lere lere aes. e rler o lers rejeed s la, la,so so aer eeed eeed e rsoers. rsoers.e e D sqadro e saled aa ad soo oo ore lere ss ad aes. er o lers, aer reeaed s la. e rsoers aoard e D ss ad reds lers o rased a olar or a ored e rler o e . D aes ere released 95
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ad a e rea as areed eee lers ad e D, alo larel reeaed e ers o e earler areee. e e rea as e e e o a erod o ore aa aale le relaos eee eee e D ad lers. slar rea rea as also areed s. e e e ears e D D ee alloed ler lere e orsars rs e Els ael o oe o er ors or rears ad sles. 1625 e D reqesed a oeral oeral oos oos o e lera oas slar o e Fre esalse a e aso o Frae ear a alle (o El Kala), e leres resed e reqes. s o ere a ar a, e D ere read o sell s, oder ad aal sores o e leres. Ol aer e ed o e as–D ar 1648 dd D relaos e arar arar orsars eoe osle oe ore. s e ol Ero Eroea ea rsa all o e Ooa ere, ere, Fra Frae e ae eeed eseall aorale reae ro o e sla ad s sosed assals or ra. eereless e earl 1600s Fre Fre ss ere as lel o e ae e arar arar orsars as ose o Elad Elad ad e eerlads. eerlads. Hoeer Hoeer,, e firs las eee eee Frae ad lers e e er as o a sea. 1604 ae odos ere ere r o e eser eser ederraea. as a s e a Fre eras eras a e aso o Frae, er oeral oos o e lera oas, ose o eor loal ra o Frae. Fra e. s ased ased orae lers, ere e ola olao o el e ra sold ae ee se o er . realao or e Fre ao, e leres sezed ad saed e aso o Frae. K Her iv o Frae olaed o e Ooa sla ed i ao s aa, ad e sla rosed o order lers o o aa or seze a Fre eole, roer or ss. e leres ad o aeo o e order. Her iv ad o sfia a, so a ore o Fre raeers der eale-e eale-ersa rsa as se o rse o e arar oas. ad oe sess, el a as sqadro sqadro o r 30 sl sl ss a a olea, ole a, e or o s, s, 1609. s dd soe soe o r e sa sa orsars, orsars, ad o o a a o lers, lers,e e a a arar oe o e Fre. Fre. aer 1609 o Daser le ler lerss ad rered o rsedo, a resdee arselle. oard s ss ere soe ao elo o e oere o lers. e leres ased or e s o e rered e Fre, er reqes as 96
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ored. as o Fre Fre s reased ad realao e or or o arselle se o s o o sqadro o raeers raeers der Veerre o e sl orsars 1616. Wle e Fre ad e Ooa sla reaed a eae, er sjes arselle ad lers ere a ar. s er losses rose, e eras o arselle deaded ao ao e Fre Fre . Hs olas o e Ooa oere oere led o a order ro e sla o lers dead eoaos or a eae e Fre. e Fre ro resed o rle o eae a dre dre eoao eoao ler lers, s, a e rearded rearded as js a es o raes.e leres old ae o eoae a a loer leel e de o se, oeror o roee ad oroller o e aso o Frae. 1619 a rea ad ee re ad a lere deleao e o Frae o a seal o . Uorael Uorael arod e sae e a lere orsar ared a s ro arselle ad rdered e ere re re.. We e es reaed arselle, e loal eole sored e lods o e lere eos ad lled e all. Oe es o s slaer reaed lers, all Fre Fre eole e ere ro o aol ad ere l o esae dea. e rea as oroe, aas o Fre s reased ad 1621 e aso o Frae as oe aa saed e leres. e d-1620s ardal ele doaed e Fre oere. He as rela o eoae drel lers as s old oer reoo o s se-deede sas, eors o aee a a e Ooa oere oere sal ad aled. 1626 ele fiall ad o ada o e reales o e sao. He se aso aollo, aollo, a orsa, o lers e role role o oal Fre Fre oere eoaor. eoaor. rs-sea ad ell ersed e as o e sl ederraea, ederraea, aollo eeall eeall sered a eae rea rea eee Frae Frae ad lers 1628. o s ers as Fre Fre areee o rer rer Daser’s ao o lers, lers, ad ere as o e a release o o Fre Fre ad lere rsoers, alo rasos rasos old e ad. roles rol es ql arose, o leas relao o e lere rsoers rsoers Fre Fr e ads. ele as reld e Fre Fre a ad lded a alle ore e ederraea, a o e roers ere lere ad oer sl rsoers.e rsoers. e Fre Fre ere er rel rela a o ad oer o, o,fi fi sl roers, roers, ad s ade dered dered oes o eae. as a role old or aa ad aa e 97
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Frae aed o ae eae e arar saes dr e seese eee er. ore edae lo o e e eae rea as e are o a ell-o lere orsar a Fre ars, e lere rsoers rso ers e se o e alles. lere lere ro roess ess ere or ored, ed, so er orsars e a o aa Fre ss. eee 1629 ad 1631 e leres ere sad o ae ared 80 Fre ss, ss, aroes aled oal a fie llo lres, ad also soe 2,300 Fre aes. 1633 ele se aso le ae o lers o eoae a ed o e ofl, ad s ar as e res erre Da, o as ared raso aes. Da old aer orao ao lers ad e oer arar arar orsar saes a old aear s laer oo Histoire de Barbarie et des corsaires (1637 (1637).). e ae’s ae’s ssso as sessl, 1635 Frae e o ar a ad, as sal, ere as oe a eo a ee o a Frae oessos ro e arar orsars. e ere slo o. 1637 Frae’s e ederraea flee aeared eore lers ad a er o lere ss ere ared. oe o ese eloed o l , eras e os oerl orsar e , ad realao e saed e aso o Frae, ll or ar oer 300 Free. l (or or eel) eel) as a rsa reeade, roal o Veea Veea or a r srae o or o. o. He eae oe o e ral orsars o lers ad as ade ead o e ‘aa’, ‘a a’, e ororae ororae od od o e ’s orsar orsar aas aas,, 1621. 1621. eo eo er eal, eal, e l a osqe lers ad as sad o o ore a 500 rsa slaes, slaes, or o e ad a rae rso osred. l sees o ae ee eerall osle o a eae Frae, Fra e, ad e as lad o e oor o sa e aso o Frae 1637. Ho Hoeer eer,, as o e oe o s las sesses. sesses. 1638 a oed sqadro o lere ad sa orsar essels olleed a a olea ear s, s, l a oerall oad o ad o e ore. s e oje as oasal rad, rad, e sees sqadro lded lded a er o alles. alles. er a e o e sra o essa, ’s ore ea rad alo e oas o alara, a a rsa aes, eore o o e dra ea. oe sores la ’s rse as derae o e orders o e Ooa sla, s sees lel. sl orsar e 98
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dra as larel derae ss ro s or rol, or loal orsars ro ro laa ad ree ree ors. eereless lere orsars dd soees rse ere, s e or o Valoa Valoa laa as a orard or ard ase. o ol oaded e sqadro, oed a o e lere ss . e Vee eeas as ad ser sered ed ar arl larl arl adl ro ro ra rae e ad ors orsar ar aas e firs deades o e seeee er. er ss seeed o e eerod’s e erod’s aore are. Dese roses ro e Ooa sla, Veea essels ere oe aaed sl orsars, ee e rer ro Ooa ors le leadra. Fro e rsa sde Els Els ad D raes oo a Veea ss, le rsa rsa orsars orsars le ose lesed lesed e Ks Ks o ala also sezed s ss sl asseers or aro ere od o oard. ’s sre o e dra 1638 ae e Veeas a ae o a a er oreors. Veea Veea aal sqadro der oo oo aro aello se o rs o e raders, e a sor delaed e Veeas oo s ss o e Ooa or o Valoa. Fred o e Ooa ors e e aroa aroaed ed e aror erae, aello esalsed a loade o e or. s lased or a o, e aello leared earl s a a Ooa aal sqadro sqadro as aroa, aroa, e deded o ae dese ao. ao.e e Veeas ored er a o Valoa aror ad sezed e see lere ad sa orsar essels. Fee ere s ad oe se o Vee as a rze. a o e orsars orsars ere ere lled, l ad oers fled asore. e Veeas Veeas reed seeral osad rsa aes, alo oers ad alread ee laded e o.e o. e dsaser a Valoa as e ors lo e leres ad sered se er deea e sra o ralar 1618. o e alle slaes l ’s ’s flee as Fras K, K, a Els era o ad ee ared lere orsars Deeer 1631. He as oe o e rsa slaes loded asore Valoa ad e as le s lae o ofiee e ad oer orsars orsars fled lad aer e Veea Veea aa. aer aer,, Ooer, Ooer, e ad oer slaes aaed o esae a . K ad s ro o esaees ere a sal osoola ross-seo o rsa slaes eld e arar orsars: or Else (ld K), a Welsa, W elsa, a a ro e slad o erse, erse, o Fr Free, ee, a aard, aard, a ajor ajora, a, a eaola, a ree ad a alese o. o. e e o e 99
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oas, e sole a oa ad eaded soards soards alo e e laa oas l e eeall e eall reaed Veea-eld Veea-eld or. K laer e o Vee Vee ad o assae assae a o Elad, ere e arred arred 1639. 1639. e ollo ear e lsed a ao o s see ears’ a lers. Ooa sla rad iv as aa aas e ersas e es reaed o e Veea Veea aa o Valoa. Valoa. s al r e aed o delare ar o Vee, Vee, e ersa ar ar ad ror.. e ed o 1638 rad oo adad ro e ersas ersas ad ade eae e e ollo ear. e s aer aas e Veeas ad dsed ad s adsers ad all reeed las res r es ro e eree el o oe e sla a old e eer o resere eae.rad ded 1640, s sessor ra old oe da la a ar aas e Veeas e e aded er slad o ree. la rad as o e ol sl aered e dsaser a Valoa. l ad oer lere orsar aas oo e e a e Ooa O oa ores a Valoa Valoa ad o e adeqae roeo o er ss. ss. e aed aed e Oo Ooa a sla o oesae oesae e or er losses.e losses. e Ooa oere resed s reqes, sa a as e ors orsars ars ad o ee e sla’s sere a e e o e ale, e as der o olao o oesae e. e arar orsars eerall ored ored os orders orders se o e ro ro sal, so seeed reasoale o e o ee fiaal sor ro e sla oe o er rae eres eded dsaser. e deea a Valoa Valoa as a seros lo o e ree o lers ad s oere as o ore aeale o e dea o a eae Frae. rea as fiall areed e ser o 1640. e Fre ere o a a lare aal re or e se o e aso o Frae, Fra e, ad a oeral oeral oos as o e reaed as eral rod lers ad Frae ere a ar. al release o rsoers as rosed ro sed,, aled o ae lae, lare larel l ease ardal ardal ele ele deded 1641 o o ra e rea. rea. er ele’s dea 1642, ore raa Fre sers reozed e eed or soe areee lers as soo as ossle. los 5,000 Free ere sad o e aes lers. ease o s oer oes, e reed Fre Fre a old ol sare a e alles o arol o e arar oas, ad e old ae lle lle a o a lere orsar flee 100
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sad o er arod 50 sal sal ss ad a e alles. e ed o 1642 a rea lers ad ee areed, larel js reeaed e rosos o earler areees, lea areas o dse or e re. Hoeer, Frae as deel oled e r Years War as sll raa Eroe Eroe ad relaos e arar orsars ere o a ror. ror. Wle W le rs rsedo edo as dsra dsraed ed s era erall ars, la la ra deded old e a ood oor o la a ar aas e Veeas, a o ae e slad o ree ro e. 1644 alese orsars ad ared Ooa ss e eea ea ad e e o ree o dde er oo oo.. e Veea Veea aores o e slad ere sad o o ae ollded e orsars, orsars, ad s as e Ooa ese or ar. o arr o s aso o ree, ra old ae o assele all aal ores aalale o e ere. e re. For e firs e ore a al a er, e arar orsars old e alled o o rode a aal oe or e Ooa flee. oe orsars ere a o do so, l as o ao e. He He ad o oroe s losses e Valoa dsaser, ad e el e lere orsars sold o asss e sla o ae. la ra as aered s resose. resose. He se a eo o lers o ell e rl asa o eee . sead rased a reol e ad e asa ad e eo e o d. ’s reol se e jassares ad e droe o o o lers, ol or o reae o aa e a ar o rese. Eeall a selee as reaed. rered o lers,e sla se reses ad a e asa as se ro sal. orl aer e asa’s arral 1645 l ded eeedl. He as e a las eral, ere ere ere a rors rors a e ad ee osoed o orders ro e sla. eral ere ere o dles e lers as alled o o sed ss o asss ra’s aso o ree laer e ear. Dese e reaes, a Free Free reaed reaed arar a ad eros lere rsoers rsoers sll roed e Fre Fre alles. Fre Fr e or rles Faer Ve (o o as Ve de al) eressed oer ao e oed ser o Fre slaes or ra. Elo roal ad ole aroae, e ersaded e Fre Fr e oere e lae 1640s o allo e ress o s azars az ars order o ae oer e Fre oslaes a lers ad s. s. Frae 101
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old o e delo e eessar lar ad aal ore o r e aes o e arar orsars, a leas e Fre rsoers e ads o e orsars old reee e oors o er relo. Els aes arar reeed ore dre el ro er oere e 1645 e e arlaear rlers o Elad ordered a eo o lers sefiall ared e as o raso slaes. Edd asso dd o fiall rea lers l eeer 1646, e ql areed a e rea s rler. rler. e leres rosed oe aa o o aa Els ss ad oered o ree Els aes. aes. asso oosed oosed a ls o all relea relea aes lers,ad lers, ad lded slaes o js ro Elad Elad ro all oer e rs sles. He lsed 650 e, oe ad ldre lers, aoer 100 ale slaes aa o oard e lere lere arss ser e Ooa flee a ree. s slaes ere rae roer, asso old ol ree e aree rasos er oers. a droe a ard ara ad res ared osderal osderal.. e e e or a aerae aerae o o £25–30, £25–30, alo alo oa oass os oso o o odo oaded a raso o oer £65. Woe ad ldre os ore. ar le o odo ad er o ldre ere ere rasoed or oer £50; le Ha Haes es o Ed Edr, r,ol olad, ad, or £55; ar rser rser o Yoal, Y oal,rela relad, d, or £70; ad Elzae l o odo or £80. res ea a asso ql q l sed e ds e ad ro ro . He aaed o ree ol ol 242 aes ad se e a o ra. Hal o ese eole ae ro so-es Elad, e area ad see e os arar orsa orsarr rads, rads, le aoer 30 er e ae ro odo, Elad’s Elad’s ral or. e res ae ro all oer e rs sles. asso reaed lers l s dea 1654. arlae se s as or oa e release o aes ad or eoa a rea e leres dd soe o roe Els s. Frae ad srled ard o aod eoa reaes dre e arar orsars orsars ad ad ad a re or a rela relae. e. e Els ad D ad o soe eefis ro er reaes e orsars e 1620s, as lo as all e a Eroea are oers ere dsraed eral or eeral ofls – l ars e rs sles ad e r Years War o e oe – e arar orsars old larel oe er aes dsred. e firs al o e seeee er e orsars o lers ejoed ejoed er 102
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eda, e ere o eda, o aloe. For e firs ad las e e od a ral oroo oroo,, e aos orsar orsar or o alé.
SALÉ: A PIRAT RPBLIC ? eer orsar sel or orsar aed sls ro a as e o o oro orooo e earl earl seeee seeee er er,, er sale ad o ee as sfia as e orsar aes a es arred o e Ooa reees o or ra. e o eoa, eoa, led o e ederraea e rer arl, ad ee a sfia sl orsar ase e lae oree er, lead o s desro eel aards arod 1400. 1400. as slol rel dr e fiee er, er, arlarl lae e er a fl o sls flee e ar raada. Oe o ese sl reees reees as l al-adar, o ae ro raada o eoa 1491. 1491. He l a orsar orsar flee ea sser oo e jihad fil-bahr , e ‘ol ar a sea’, o a’s oass ad s. s . l-ad l-adar ar arred Faa Faa l ad, ad, daer o e er o eaoe, a lad oroa o also seled sl sl reees re ees ro ro raada. raada. e aed l al-adar al-adar ded 1512, 1512, s oer e oed o e e hakima or ‘oeress’ o e eoa eoa orsars or aoe aoerr 30 ears. s s as a rare eale o a oa lead e sl sl orsars o arar arar. . eoa, eoa, s oso ear e sra sra o ralar ad e sosoer oass o a, reaed roal e os ora ase or sl orsars oroo dr e see er. e aes o e orso orsar al-Dal ro s or dr e 1560s ad 1570s ae alread ee eoed. 1565 e as oader Álaro de azá led a dar rad sa loss a e erae o e rer arl, s sessl oerao oerao dd o so orsar ro eoa or er lo. afi ad alé ere also eoed as oroa orsar ases dr s erod, e laer e sed as a orard ase or e lere orsars e 1580s e e ae o o e la o aa e aar slads. eereless oroa orsar essels ere eer eros or l or oer a oasal oeraos eore 1600. We e oroa rler ad al-asr eoaed Qee Elzae i o Elad or a ossle ossle allae e erod 1600–1603, 1600–1603, e roosed roosed a 103
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lo-oroa eedo o aa as ossessos e area. oroo old rode e solders, as e or or ossessed o oea-o essels, all e ss or e eedo old old ae o e roded e Els. e ee s sad o ae e e rad rse o alé o orsar reaess e earl seeee er as e arral o e orsos ro Horaos Ereadra, a, 1610. a e ad ee a laless ad aresse ro, ooros as ads. res ad reas e ad larel dsoraed ereo e as aores. We e elso o e ors orsos os as dereed, e e Horaeros ad se flee o leae o er o ers, a er eal ad er eaos e.e as aores ere lad o see e o, ro er ele oroo e Horaeros old ase a ore role a e e resded a or. e o o Horaos s a les lad ad ad o ls e sea. Hee e orsos ro a lae ad o aral redsoso oards oards orsar. alé e old l a es orsar rado, reored oeos e lere orsars, ad o as laer added e are slls ro Els ad D raes. lso soe o e laer orso arrals alé ere sad o ae oe ro as ors s s as alar de arraeda ad ádz. as ro ese sores a e Horaeros Horaeros old oa e are slls eeded or orsar aes.e aes. e Horaeros Horaeros eseles roded e eal eal o fiae al orsar oeraos, oeraos, e ared e o sere as solders aoard s, ad a dee ared o e as rsas. s sal o sea o e e oroa orsars as e alé a lé orsars, s s o erel ara arae. e. e o alé (o as ala or la o loals) les o e or a o e rer o ere. e earl seeee er as a oeral ere also ad a reao or sl e. s aas dd o eloe e Horaeros as ello sls. e eed e as ‘ad sls’, orred as ad rsa as. s e eoers ere ored o sele o e so a o e o ere ear a old orress (e Kasa) ad orall ee a aoer or ‘ra’. s roed adaaeos oe a se e es aror ear e o o e o ere as o e so a o e rer. rer. ere as a sad104
Lords of the Sea, 1580–1660
a a e o o e rer ere floed floed o e la, s also ad s ses. e orsars eae asers asers o o o eoae eoae s aaoal azard, azard, er eees old old ae dl e as as o aa e orsar aror. aror. aer orso reees, o as e dalsas, also seled o e so a o e o ere, area js osde e Kasa ea eae e o as e eda eda.. ela elaos os eee e Horaeros e Kasa ad e dalsas e eda ere oe dl, dl, o ros ere ere o ee orse ers e aas o alé aross e rer. rer. s e alé orsars ere a ased e area s o e o aa, e rese-da aal o oroo oroo,, o a s sll o as e o alé. s a as led soe rers o reer e er aa-alé orsars, s roal es o s o e lael sed er rsa Eroea s e seeee er, or o e ere alas e alé orsars. For eale, e Els alled e e allee or all raes or roers, ad ered e ree selees a e o o e o ere old alé (alé), e asle (Kasa) (Kasa) ad e alé (ed (eda). a). e sar o e seeee er ere ere oer ors alo e la oas o oroo also laed os o orsars ad raes, o sl ad rsa. Hoeer Hoeer,, e as ad soe sess a orol o e, ser arae 1610 ad aora 1614. Els ad D raes ored o o e laer or arall oed o ear alé, a o e ere alread alar. alar. e Eroea raes asssed e oroa orsars er raso o sqare-red sal ss, ere aale o loer oaes o e rsa reos o Eroe order e la Oea. Els raes le eer Easo ad D raes le laes errszoo oae relarl relarl sed alé as a ase or er oeraos. Hoeer Hoeer,, e os aos rae/orsar s e or or as roal a aszoo, o ad ‘red r’ a lers o eoe rad es. aszoo ad oe o alé ro lers 1620 1620 ad soo ade ade s ar, eo leader o e orsars orsars s e oe. oe. 1622 e as rs e Els ael loo or rzes. s e D rel ad reel areed a rea oroo, aszoo deded o ae s orsar orsar essel, essel, fl e oro oroa a fla, o a D or o e sles. sles. He doed a Veere e Zeelad Zeelad roe roe o e eereer105
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lads. Wle aszoo as ere, lads.Wle ere,e e D aores aores se s e e ad al, o e ad le e eerlads, o see . as oed e s o e oe aszoo o e s areer as a sl orsar ad rer o s oe or. or. e orsar aa as oed. deed, e e le Veere, e re o s essel ad ee oosed a er o D oleers dese oal D D eors o so e e aoard. aszoo ad aoer e ad al oroo, ad s sos, o as raa ad o a allee, old also eoe orsar orsars. s. aer, oeer, oeer, e e a aed ed sdes ad eae selers e D olo o e serda (o e Yor Y or ) or era. 1627,as 1627, as alread oed, aszoo led e orsar aa o elad elad ad ro a dreds o rsa aes.Hoeer,e rsoers ere ae o lers, aszoo as oe oe aa s as s ral ase reeree reeree o alé. as ro lers lers a aszoo oo s orsar flee o e so oas o relad 1631 ad oo a rsa aes a alore. er ears o sessl rad, aszoo’s l ra o 1635 1635 e e e as ared ared e Ks Ks o o ala. He as er rsoer or a er o o ears, 1640 e as ree aa, a eer esaed or ee rasoed. aszoo rered o oroo oroo ad e as ade oeror o a orress ear e or o afi. afi. 1640–41 e as sed s daer ro s D al, aer 1641 s areer s o. ro e orsos ad ro e Eroea raes ae a oos o orsar a alé, s deeloe as also aded aes e olal sao oroo. s as e Ooa reees re as orsar eres ease e ere o loer der lose orol ro sal, so dd alé rease s deede oer as e oroa eral oere seadl los aor aer e dea o ad al-asr 1603. 1603. lo oall oall sll der e orol orol o ola Zda, ad’s so, e orsar or eae reasl rese. l ar raaed oroo ad a loales esaed ro eral orol. 1627 e alé orsars fiall roe Zda, res o a s 10 er e o er ears ro orsar. e sae as o o r s o o oer oer ol ol or ‘da’, ‘da’,oorolled e orsar aas, ad e es oal as e eleed adral. e 10 er e reosl ad o ola Zda o e o o ee ’s’s r rea eas sr r,, a ass r re err o oos ose edd o or r a add s so oss d des es.. 106
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s ‘r ‘rae ae re rel l’’ a a alé as ee ro roa azed zed era era rer rerss as a aso o deora ler, ere ree-sred raes/orsars esaed e rle o slas or s.s re sees os lel. e ol olal al sr srre re o alé as a dee deede de sae as er er slar s lar o a es lers. lers. e a deree deree as a e oroa or ere as o rs rs lar ele ose jassar oers old dse orol orol o e e orsar aas. Far ro ro e ssed a sr o roerood, e ‘rae rel’ as alas a rale od, a eral dsos: eee rsa reeades ad orsos; eee orsos ad e aas o old alé; ad eee Horaeros ad dalsas e orso o o .. os oral, oral, old ol oe o es or as lo as oroo oed o e dsred eral olal rol. Oe o e e loal rlers ro e l ars oroo as aad al-as, al-as, a relos ase o as as sor o ae jad aas e as ad orese ooss alo e oass o orer oroo. aora as a arlar oje o s aas aer as ae e as. 1627 al-as ad eled e alé orsars esae e rle o ola Zda ad rer e eeed e o asss s aas o e fidels. For a e e orsars ere a o ole, 1631 e aoded el al-as a assall o aora. assa aora. He sseed sseed a e orsars, orsars, ad arlarl arlarl e Horaeros, ere o oa e as, ad e as r. oe Horaeros ad ee r o eoae a rer o a or er eole, eole, ro ros s o ad oer e Kasa o e as ad e er orsar essels o e as a. a. as rored 1633 a a sere rea ad ee areed eee e o sdes, o oree aos eer resled.eereless resled. eereless e orsars ad o added al-as al-as o e ls o er eees oroo. oroo. Osde oroo, oroo,e e alé orsars soo ad ee ore oes as er orsars sread er aes ro e sores o era o e oass o Frae, Fra e, Elad ad ad relad, relad, e o elad, ad o aross e la o e eodlad fiser. fiser. Ye e orsar essels eseles ere o arlarl resse. resse. e eas o orsar e d-1620s ad d-1630s, e alé orsars orsars ered ered 40 o 50 ss, o ol 20 ad ore a ele s. Hoeer, Hoeer, e essels ere eal eal aed ared e ad sall sall ed ros, ros, a eas or e o oerel sle era ss or o la ordale rads o 107
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lad. W a sallo dra so a e old ass ass oer e sada a e o o e o ere, s also ea e orsars old or lose sore.e essels ere also l or seed.e Fre adral orlle orlle sad e ol s a old a a alé orsa orsarr as as a ar ared ed alé orsar (alo e dd o sa o e laer e ared). e er o alé orsars orsars a sea sees o ae ae ee losel relaed relaed o olal odos odos e oe or: ere as ofl eer eer orsars o sea, or e dd o o, e oo er rzes a o oer ors, efl lers. lers. Hoeer Hoeer,, e e e alé orsars orsars ere o ore, e ere a ordale ordale rea o er rsa eees, eees, as e Els dsoered 1625. e das o Qee Elzae i e Els role raeer ad ee a o redaor ad er as s ad olaed erl ao aas Els Els ‘raes’. er 1600 e Els ad a e eeree: a o eo e re or e lere ad alé orsars o ere seadl eed er oeraos o e orer aers o e la Oea. 1625, e ear K arles i ae o e roe, as e ‘allee oers’ o ere e ral rea o Elad’s soer oass ad s. e sr o 1625 a leas 30 alé orsars ere sad o e rs e Els ael, o e sles o ll ad e rsol ael. a el. e ere arlarl arlarl Els Els ss se se o or eodlad a e sar o a ear’s fis seaso. Els arss ere se o e orsars, e ere ale o a er as-sal essels. Dr e ser e alé orsars ee oed d slad or a or o a as a ase or er oeraos e rsol ael. oe dar rad o soer orall e orsars ae asore o’s a ad sezed 70 e, oe ad ldre aed ae d da da sere a r. s ell as lad rads, rads, e orsars orsars ared a Els ss ad e ed o 1625 ere ere sad o e a leas 1,000 Els aes eld alé. alé. oe ros Els aal resose ae ee eeed o s seres o orsar aas, K arles ad oe o ar a ad oed or oroa asssae a roosed lo-D aa o e as as or o ádz. ádz. se sead ad o aa aa alé, e se a eo eo, o Harrso, Harrso, o oroo oroo,, ad Harrso Harrso oed oed o rase a ore o orso solders or se aas e as. Harrso’s sso as sessl, sessl, js le e Els aa o ádz, e 108
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Els oere reaed rela o ae sro ao aas e alé orsars le Elad as sll a ar a. 1627 Harrso ade aoer s o oroo. eae rea as areed eee alé ad e Els, Harrso rod a qa o ars ad ao eae or e release o soe Els aes. W e ed o Elad’s ar a 1629, Els relaos alé eae reasl osle oe ore. 1631 a ell ared Els era s ee ared a alé orsar essel. e rze as sold a ádz, as as s re, re, o eae slaes o e as. aos ased r ao e orsars ad soo er aas o Els s ere oe ore o e rease. e Eroea Eroea are saes ere ere o e o la dre aas o e or o alé realao realao or er losses. losses. 1629 saa de azll,, a K o ala ad a Fre azll Fre aal oader oader,, led a Fre Fre sqadro oarded alé ad as sad o ae s ree orsar sqadro essels. He ade aoer aa e ollo ear ad rasoed soe Fre aes. rea eee Frae ad oroo as laer areed, se e sla ad o orol oer alé, s dd o sole e orsar role, role, so 1635 ere as aoer Fre Fre aal aa o alé. e e reed oeraos, ad lle lo-er a o e orsars. s alé orsar aas o Els s reased e d1630s, K arles i ea ao ela e Fre ad la la a dre dre aa o e orsar or. e la o aa as dra les e, e, ose radso Wlla e e old oe da esals e olo o eslaa eslaa or era. les e e ad 30 ears o eeree e oro oroo o rade ad e as aqaed a o e loal leaders, ld aad al-as, o as o o e Els as ‘e a’. e firs assed s la or a eedo o e Els oere e ser o 1636. e ed o a ear e reeed s all or ao, sa a e olal sao alé ade e sess o s a aa ee ore lel. o ol ere e orsos ofl al-as, e ad alle o ao eseles. e dalsas ad dre e Horaeros o o e Kasa. a Els sqadro aded ‘e a’, seeed e orsos o alé old e deeaed. e as sse a a Els sqadro sold e se o o oroo as earl as ossle 1637. sold rea alé eore e 109
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orsars old se o o aa Els essels lea or e eodlad fiser. e as aare o e aaoal roles a e o o e o ere rer, so e adsed a e Els ore soldd ae a er sol er o sall essels essels,, o o as aes, aes, .e . e old arol e aels arod e sada ad ae a aal loade o e or ore eee. e’s las or e eedo o alé al é ere aeed e Els oere, s oer o oad e eedo as o. sead e oad as e o Wlla aoro, aoro, o as a era s aa ad aosl eae o a aa e alles o e Ks o ala 1628. o a oer e ’s a, aoro se o or oroo or e o ar ad e rose a o aes old e se o laer. laer. rr o alé ar 1637, aoro soo ade od od al-as, al-as, ose ose ores ere ese e orsos o e so a o e rer. aal loade o e rer o as as e, o e aes, aoro old o so orsar essels e ro a . e e aes ad arred ad e Els aal loade eae ore eee. eee. addo aoro aoro laded e ad ao a old alé o e or a o e rer as eld al-as. al-as. Fro ere fire old e dreed a e orsars e aror o e so a,do a, do seros seros daae o ee ee essels. essels. W eees o all all sdes, e dalsas dalsas ere ere o eo reasl deserae. Frs e red o ae a searae searae eae e Els, Els, aoro resed.e e roosal as or eae o e Els ad alas, as, e laer’s ers ers ere aeale. aeale.e e dalsas e o o er o e as, e ed deded o oer ssso o e sla o oroo. oroo. e Els sored e s deso, o e aoae o ‘e a’. rer aoro as e 300 Els aes ad old rer o Elad delar e eedo o ae ee a sess. lo a sess oed ore o loal oroa ols a e oer o e Els a, aoro as eoldeed o s a la or a aal eedo aas lers 1638, e oere o arles i ad ore ora rores as e olal dsoe ra reased. a e sla dd o e orol o alé ease s ar as deeaed e Dalaa, a e oer oroo. 1641 e Dalaa deeaed ad lled al-as.e dalsas o alé ere 110
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o oelled oelled o s o e Dalaa, or e ears e e rlers ere oe oe o leae e orsar or osderale aoo aoo as lo as e reeed relar re aes. s sao eded 1651 e a Dalaa oeror as salled alé ad e oles ere osed.e orsar or as o as ora or relar rade as or raeer, ad D ad Fre osls ad ee salled ere. e D ere o aee arla arlarl rl lose relao relaos s e Dalaa Dalaa dr e 1650s. e 1600 o all De fid er a o oroo ad ee raes ad reeades. reeades. 1610 a rea ad ee areed eee e D rel ad oroo, oroo, larel as o e or o a oroa e,, ael allae. D rade oroo reased e reased ad aer a er e D rered o ar a 1621, 1621, e o ores sared a oo ee. Hoeer, l soe sor o order as resored oroo,rade relaos ere sll dl.e Dalaa seeed o ae osed s order order d-er d-er.. e D sled s, ao, aal sores ad oer oods o oroo, ad oroa orsars eree ordde er ordde o aa er ss. ss.Ho Hoeer eer,, alé rea reaed ed s ls e orsars o lers, ad e lere orsars orsars oe se er D rzes ad rsoers o alé or sale. sale. D olas olas ao s ere ored e oroa aores. er 1660 e rle o e Dalaa as alleed oroo ad 1661 alé esaed ro er orol, ol o all der e aor o e e oer orer oroo, al-Kadr ala, soo aerards. 1666 e laes deeaed ala ad alé sed o e.e laes resored a sro eral oere oere o oroo or e firs e se 1603 ad e ere soo o ae all e oroa orsars der sae orol. Dr e firs al o e seeee er, e orsars o oroo, le ose o e Ooa reees or ra, ad ejoed a e o rea oer ad roser roser.. arel reed ro orol er oerlords, er are sre sre as oosed e e slls ro D ad Els raes. Wle e oer o a as e e o ae, a a o Fr Frae, ae, Elad Elad ad e eerlads ad o e ro sel o ose a seros allee o e orsars. e Fre, Els ad D ad ee reared o o-oerae sress sr ess er oo ee, ee, e arar arar orsars, e ae ad ore a. Hoeer Hoeer,, e reerred reerred o loo aer er o dd dal eress, a o defle e orsar orsar aas oo er rals.s rals. s 111
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r oas oe sad 1624 aer arra e rea eee Elad ad lers: lers: ‘ lle oers oers s o leae e Fre Fre or re: or orora orass ad oles s ae soe ood, else e ll seze o a.’ o-oerao eee eee e are oers as as o ossle, e old ol ae ee eee e ao as d ddal dal saes e er aes ere sro eo ad e ad eased fi ea oer sro oer.. ese odos dd o e o eere l aer 1660.
STLN CRISTIANS eras e os aos rsa ae ae e arar arar orsars as el el de era e raes es aae aaedra, dra, ol a le solde solderr a e e o s a, a, laer o eoe a’ a’s reaes rer, rer, e aor o Don Quixote . He ad o as a solder aoard oe o e rsa alles a e ale o eao 1571 ad ad reeed a er o ods. Oe redered s le ad seless, el sll oed as a solder Do a o sra’s aa or s. eeer 1575 el eraes deded o rer oe o a ro al. al. He eared o e alle Sol a ales, ales, alo s roer odro, o as also a solder. e alle as ar o a or-s ors sqadro, sqadro, der ao de ea, as ead or areloa. ear e as oas, e alles ere saered a sdde sor. sdde sor. al al aloe, aloe, e Sol as aaed o 26 eeer 1575 ree lere orsar alles der e laa reeade ra a.er a. er a fiere fiere ale, ale, e as as alle as as ared. ared.e e ea ad e oer ree alles ae oer e orzo ad e orsars ql deded o flee er rze. er arral a lers, el’s roer odro as oe o e rsa aes resered as oo or aada asa, e rler o lers. el eraes eae e slae o Dal a, a ree reeade o as ra a’s seod--o seod--oad. ad. Uorael o leers o reoedao reoedao ro ro as oals, e de o essa ad Do a sel, ere od o el. e ased s e aser o osder el a erso o soe orae. Hs raso as se a 500 500 old esdos, seeed o e ar ore a e eraes al old eer a or s release. s sa sare reeso eso ao s sas ad e a a s le ad as seless saed el ro e ore oeros ass a e 112
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osed o rsa slaes, s as ro e orsar alles. earl 1576 el ad soe oer rsa aes red o esae o e as oos o Ora o e or ra oas, e loal sl o ad areed o de e dsaeared aer ol a e das’ ar. er o lers, e rsoers ere l o esae ol eas as se or er ere. s 1577 odro, el’s roer, as leraed eredara os os o ad oe o lers o raso aes. e oe e ro o eal o e eraes al old ol raso oe roer ad el deded sold e odro. Hoeer Hoeer,, eore odro rered o a, e areed o sed a s o el e old esae ro lers. e essel as o oe ro ajora ad el old a or s arral a a arde ear e oas o e osrs o lers. lers. Oer rsa slaes joed el el s d lae, lae, e eeed essel aled o aear eeer eeer 1577. e e rsoers ere eraed o o e aores ad ae a o e . e rsa ardeer o ad roded e er d lae as orred orred o dea, el’s se se as o e rsoed as or fie os. ar 1578 el se ao r o arrae aoer esae. esseer as o ae a leer o e as oeror o Ora as or s asssae arra e esae. Uorael e esseer as ereed o s a o Ora ad as ro a a o lers, ere e as ee eeed ed e aled aled.. el as see seeed ed o reee re ee 2,000 los o e as asado ado as s se. se. s oled oled e eae a rod o e soles soles o e ee or o e soa. a lare er o los old sall ase e o de ao ao.. Ye Y e el el eer ree reeed ed s s ral ral s se. e. He sees o ae ad roeors ao soe o e os ora rsa reeades lers, o sll eed as a ora erso o as ore sel e ale. eeer 1579 el orazed s or esae ae, arra or a essel o e reared a rsa reeade lers o sed o rer rer o a a e esa aes. Hoeer Hoeer,, s lo as eosed ad el as oe aa reaeed dea, ol o esae fie os’ rsoe rsoe as. s erod Dal a sold e rolesoe el eraes o Hassa Veezao asa, a sa, e rler o o lers, lers, or 500 old old esdos. esdos. 113
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o rara os aeared lers o a sso o redee rsa aes a er rasos. e ad e s o 280 esdos earared or el’s el’s raso, Hassa old o o ae so lo a s. He reaeed o sed el o e sold as a slae sasal, a ae eared rsa aes or ra se seerel reded er aes o eer e rasoed. Eeall e redeos rars orroed aoer 220 esdos ro eras lers, so Hassa o rd o s ae or 500 esdos, a s ad orall ee o o el old eer rase. rase. el eraes as reed 1580 aer js oer fie ears as a ae, ad s eerees lers ere ere sed soe o s laer rs, rs, ld e ae’s ale Don Quixote . e reasos or e e eeoal lee lee so o el aer s reeaed esae aes ae esed s aros oraers, s a eeree as sal s rese,s oer sers lers ere sared es o osads o oer rsas o ere ared e arar orsars oer e ears. Esaes o e oal er o rsas ared e arar arar orsars ae alas ee l selae, ee ose ade oeorar Eroea oserers e seeee er. Oe oeaor laed a eee 500,000 ad 600,000 rsa slaes ere sold e ares o lers aloe eee 1520 ad 1660. Oers laed a all e arar orsars, ors sre ro alé o rol rol,, ar ared ed a llo rsas rsas eee eee 1530 ad 1640. 1640. a oe e e firs al o e seeee er, er, lers as sad o ae 25–30,000 rsa slaes, osads o rsa reeades also resdee e . . ore ree selae selae allaos ae laed a 1–1.25 llo rsas ere ared e arar orsars eee 1530 ad 1780. e erod ro 1580 o 1660 as roal roal e ea e or ‘rsa seal’ e arar orsars. reaer ers o rsas a ae ee ae e flees o ararossa e firs al o e see er, er, ese oeraos oled oled e arar orsars e ar o e a Ooa flee. Ol a oro o e rsa aes sezed s eedos old ae ee ae a o arar ors. Dese las o 500,000 o oe llo rsas e ae e arar orsars dr er eda, a ree aalss as roded a loer fire or rsas ared e erod 1574 o 1644. 114
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ord o ese allaos, arod 140,000 rsas ere ared a sea ss dr s erod, erod, le eras 40,000 rsas ere ared asore orsar lad rads o oasal reos.ese fires old e a oerall oal o arod 180,000 rsas ae eee 1574 ad 1644. Hoeer Hoeer,, s arlar allao s ased solel o e aes o e orsars o e Ooa reees o lers, s ad rol. aes ae e oroa orsars ere added, s a oserae esae o 20,000 rsoers, e e rad oal old e arod 200,000 rsas ae e arar orsars e 70-ear erod eee 1574 ad 1644. Wle a ood deal less a e ore ore flaed esaes, s s sll a sfia er o rsa aes, aes, aera alos 3,000 eslaed eer ear. ear. ad rads e arar orsars e firs al o e seeee er dd o r s lare ers o rsa aes a es as e das o arar ararossa. ossa. e osads osads o e, o oe e ad ldre e se ro rsa os ad llaes alo e oas. oas. er laer, laer, e ae as ore ore lel o e ered ered e dreds. lo e arar orsars old o rae ar o o e la, er lad rads laes le le Elad, relad ad elad ere ore oale or er oel a e lare ers o aes ae. es e ol eld a e dred rsa slaes. la areas earer o e oe ors o e orsars eld eer s. s. For For eale, 1613 orsar orsarss oo 700 a aes es ro e aar slads,le slads, le 1619 a rad o e slad o adera adera elded 1,200 rsa aes. Ye Y e e ede ederraea rraea oass o rs rsedo edo sll reaed e aore area or lad rads e arar orsars. O arod 100 orsar ors ar aas o rsa oass o o ae ae lae e erod eee 1574 ad 1644, 75 er e oo lae e ede ed erraea, rraea, e slad slad o l as e a are (41 aas). Oer relarl sed areas ere alara soer al ad e slads sla ds o arda ad orsa. Hoeer Hoeer,, e earl ear l 1600s o e oasle o rsa ores e eser ad eral ederraea ad ee desered s aas ease o e as raaes o e orsars.e ers o rsas ared ere oe lo, ad e sa orsars oo eee 400 ad 500 rsa rsoers a lad rad ear alero l 1619, as rearded as a ajor sess. 115
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e lare er o rsa aes ae ss a sea aer 1600 as larel de o e sead rease rease o Fre, Fre, D,ad Els s e ederraea ederraea ea ose ears. e eoers roded ore ad rer ares or e orsars a e as, orese o rese ad ala ss ad ad ee er a re e see er. er. as ee allaed a e arar orsars a ae ae a aerae o 200 ss ea ear e firs al o e seeee er, er, le e lae see er er aerae ae a ae ee ol 50 ss ea ear. ear. e rzes old e ee reaer reaer a era es. D sores alleed a a erod o less a e os eee 17 ar ad 13 oeer 1620, e orsars o lers, s ad alé ared soe 174 ss. O ese rzes, e flas o 106 essels are o: o: 76 ere D, fiee Fre, Fre, e Els, ad fie eloed o a or e era ors o Har ad üe. lo e res o os o ese essels ere ere roal sall, sall, oe allos a aerae re o e e ss old ea ea e ar arar orsars oo a leas 1,740 rsa aes a sea s sor erod. Oe arred o e arar ors, a rooro o e rsa aes ere ae e oere le e res ere sold o rae ers. e ll oed slaes oe edred e ors ser, e sed or ard laor s as ro alles or or o osro rojes. e ere sall osed rsos o as ‘aos’ (lerall ‘aose’, s sad o dere ro s a lae e sed as a slae rso sal). sal). rae slaes e osed ere oo, e ere ore lel o e eld o e roer o er oers. rae slaes ae sll less oeros or, alo e oo as o do arlral or o e or esaes o er oers as oe eas laor. laor. rso rsoers ers o ad a slls, s as alor, alor, e alloed alloed o or a e e , , os rofis o o er oers. Woe aes ere ore lel o e sed or oseold or. a o e e slaes, o l ad rae, old o sre er firs ear a, d o dsease, sarao or ll reae. Ee e e eae sed o er e esee,a esee, a rsa slaes laer ersed e reqe oreas oreas o lae o e arar oas. e rsa slaes ae e arar reees reees dd o es es solao. sola o. e ere ar o e der slae eoo o e Ooa ere. e rlers o lers, s ad rol oe se arae 116
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o rls ad os as s s o e Ooa sla. o ros ere lel o e oelled o oer oer o sla.e sla. e rls old rea e are, le e os e raed e eral sools o eoe Ooa oals. ere as a flo ro es o eas, ere as also oee e oose dreo. ssas ad a d oles ared e rea aars eeall ed lers or s. Oe o e os ole dses eee rsa aes e aos o lers as eee aol aards ad Orodo ssas. e aros aoales a leared o oerse ea oer ad er asers ‘la raa’, a ederraea de d oe oe larel ased o ala. e s ro alles o sqare-red sal ss e arar orsars dr e firs al o e seeee er aed e are se o rsa slaes. oe alles ere reaed, os ere ere o, s red red e dead or or roers. roers. rsa aes sll eared e res o arar orsars, e ere eer er ad lded ore slled salors raer a js sro e o old old ll ll o a oar. oar. l , , or eale, eale, ade rea rea eors o ld a so o ae rsa salors o old a s orsars. Eqall dead ere s’s areers ad oer are sealss o old or e sards o e orsar ors. e ae der ea ressre ressre o oer o sla ad rea rea as reeades, ee e oed o e rsas e ere ell rearded or er or. e arar orsa orsars rs ere er rela rela o e or raso er ared rsa salors ad slders. ad oerl rsa slaes rarel reaed orsar ads or lo.er lo. er al ad reds a oe sall roded er rasos ql. oe, oeer, e l. l lers e o ae Ks o ala or ears as a srae ol. ol. e as ar ared ed e rs rsas, as,e e s ol oldd e ea eaed ed o o ser seree s release. a o e rae arraees or raso rsa aes ere arred o a e de-ra era eors arod e ederraea, ederraea, eseall ose aaed es eras. For For eale, es lers or es oro, al,, o esre e raser o raso or rsa aes. lo al es ad ee eelle eelledd ro e a as s alad 1492, e reaed a’s or ra ooss or seeral ore eres, aa ls es eor sl error o asss 117
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raso aes ad aer aer ellee. lo e Eroea osls e arar ors ere sall oled raso aes o eal o er oe oeres, oeres, e also eled rae rae raso deals, a a sale ee or er or. ose rsa aes o e eas o e rael rasoed old ol oe o e reed dr e erod ss o e arar ors ose rsa relos orders sefiall ared e as o ree rsas ro sl a. e o r ral al aol aol orders ere e Order o e Hol r r (or rar raras), as), esals esalsed ed 1198, 1198,ad ad e Order o Or ad ad o er (or eredara eredaras), s), esal esalsed sed 1218.e 1218. e ad a lo sor sor o ree rsas ro sl sl a, a, eseall e oe o e eoqsa a ad oral. er o a sores o oe or rasos ere oros e ales o ree sefi aes ad eeral olleos o als old e sed o ree a or aol aes. Oe se se oe oe ad ee olleed olleed e os old oraze a sso o oe o e orsar ors, ersso ro ro o rsa ad sl sl rlers, ad arr o eoaos or e release o aes. eee 1575 ad 1769 a leas 82 s ssos o arar arar are o o ae ae lae, lead o e ree o soe 15,000 aes. aes. ro roesas esas ere ere o eld lare ers arar l e seeee er ad, alo roesa res ade olleos olleos o er eal, os raso as doe oeres raer a relos orazaos. We e rede redeos os orders ere se o eoae e release release o as aes, e ere e lear deles e as oere.roesas,rsa reeades ad lar deserers ere o o e reed e. reeree as o e e o oa e release o oere oals (l, lar ad aal); ersos eloed e des flee ( ro a reasre ro e eras); aol ler; ad oe ad ldre, se e laer ere o o e arlarl lerale o sl ressre or e o oer o sla. Osde Osde ese arlar ros, reere reereee sold e e o ree o ad fi eole, o e old ad s. arall e sl aores red o ore e rars o aree o raso e old ad s eore o o o ore ol aes. eale o a r a or e arar orsars as e ro o asseers aoard a des flee essel ared lere orsars 118
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e ser o 1663, e as ead o o e eras. o e oals ere osé de a erala erala o aarre, a eer o e ol o asle, asle, o as o o arr o a seo or Hsaola, Hsaola,ad ad edro edro de araajal araajal Varas o rjllo EreEreadra, also o e ol o asle ad a jde ao Doo, o as raell raell s e. e. e ere reed less a a a ear or er rasos. a erala as resed or 40,000 reales, le araajal ad s e ere reed or 28,000 reales reales ea. e aa o er s, a de Vllaloos, as reed or 24,000 reales. s e e aerae raso or a rsa ae as 1,000 o 2,000 reales. e as oere ad ese rasos ro oe olleed e e World World o a or e redeo o rsa aes eld e Old. Vllaloos as a l arer. arer. Hs s as as ared oe oe ore lere lere orsars 1667. Hs raso as aa 24,000 reales, reales, s e ol oe-rd o e s ae ro l ds; e ad o a e res sel. We olle ds aol rsedo, e redeos orders alas orraed a arar as ell o ear, reas o o e od ad e sol o e rsa rsoer. Ol sl ral old oel re rsas o e er a ad oer o sla.e os also as er o ss a ero l, e resso a e ere errle daer e s fidel lads. a e ere sall qe sae. arar rlers eloed el oed e ar arl l ease o e lare as je jeos os e ro ro o e loal eoo. o ol dd e rars ae o a or rasoed slaes, e also ad o a e eor a o e ad sale raes o loal oere oals. Hoeer, oasoall s e ro e ro, ,ad ad oe o e or ors s des des oo la laee le lers rs 1609 1609.. a ear ree rara rars e o lers ad rasoed 130 aes.e aes. e ere rear o rer rer o a e es reaed e a e e-ear-old daer o a oerl ze o lers as e deaed arda, alo er raso ro a ad ee arraed,o arraed, o e rods a se ad eressed eressed a desre o oer o rsa. Her aer ersaded e rler o lers o ee e ra raras ras e l e rl as rered. a as s oals ressr re ssred ed e r o do s, e ad o sess. sess. e rl as o sad o e a rsa ad so old o e se o lers. sead -ra sl aes aes a ere oered eae or e 119
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rars ad er rasoed aes, s oer as rejeed. sees e rars reaed lers ad resal ded rso ere. ease o s aar e as oere aed all rael o lers. Ol 1617 dd e ae o aler er oso. o ss arr 500 as solders ere ared o araea lere orsars.e oere o ordered e redeos rars o deer a laed sso o oroo ad o o lers sead 1618 a eor o raso e ared roos. For ose rsa aes o rael rasoed or reed e eors o e o redeos redeos orders, orders, e oloo as sall r. e aaed o esae, os seeed lel o sed e res o er les as rsoers o e sls. s sao, as ol aral a soe o e rsa aes sold dede o ‘r r’ o er o sla. sla.lo lo a a rs rsa a reeades reeades ad ee ee ar ared ed as ldre or eeaers ad ro as sls, ere ere also adlss o, ll adl lll l or ll lll l,, e oer oer o e sl sde. sde. Oe s as a odelas,a odelas, a as solder o as oe oe o ose ared o araea 1617 e lere orsars.e orsars. e roo rasors rasors ad le araea od or ales, o ae alos e ere ereed a orsar sqadro der e D reeade lea es (De Veeoer Veeoer).). e as a fiere fi ere eeall oereled. er e sold as a slae a lers, a ored or seeral ears o s aser’s esae as a arlral laorer. He e red o esae o Ora, Ora, as reared reared,, asadoe asadoedd ad rsoed rsoed as or s os. er s eeree, a ‘red r’, eo a sl ad a e ae saa. a o joed e re o a ler lere e orsar oade oadedd a es, a orso o ad ee eelled ro ro raada. raada. s s joed a flee o o doze oer lere orsars saled o e sra o ralar. Fre s as ared ad a’s s as dealed o esor e rze o eoa oroo oroo.. Hoeer Hoeer,, ear a or e rze ad esor ere ased o rsa orsars ad ad o e r asore. aar 1622 a ade s a o e orsar orsar or o alé ad e e aos D reeade reeade a aszoo, alas rad es. He joed aszoo’ aszoo’ss s, s, saled o a orsar rse rse o e aar slads oa aoer essel. a lsed e re o aszoo’s s as e D reeades reeades (ld aszoo), ree D rsa slaes, eee orsos, 24 ‘rs ad oors’ ad 120
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oe as ree reeade ade (se (sell ). ree ss ere ared, ared, se oe as a D essel aszoo ol sred o ars ad aro eore sed o s a. a. e D reeade e oo s ss o e so oas o e slad o rad aar ad se a ar asore o e aer. a as ao a ar ad oo e oor o sl aa.. He srredered o e loal aores ad as se o as alas aa o e red e qso o e aares. Hs ral ea Ooer 1622. a laed a e ad ee ored o oer, ad alas reaed a rsa a ear, ad o sed o e a rsa oe ore. e or oo a aorale e, e, os ol or se, ad 1623 a as ale o rer rer o a. lo soe rsa reeades oo e oor o rer o rsedo e as oered, oered, a ore ade ade e les sl or ra. dealed sdes o e aar slads as ee esalsed a eee 1569 ad 1650 ore a 2,000 eole ere aded arar orsar rads.e rads. e areers o soe 470 o ese ae ee olloed, ad 234 o e are o o ae eoe reeades (alos al), ld or os. Ol a adl o e reeades eer rered o rsa error. e rar erre Da, o sed lers e 1630s, laed a e e eld arod 25,000 rsa slaes ad 9,000 rsa reeades, o ale ad eale. He eleed ere ere 10,000 rsa aes ad 4,500 reeades a s, le rol ad arod 500 rsa aes ad 100 reereeades. learl a rsa aes reer reerred, red, lll lll or ll ll-l,, o eoe sls raer a edre oed slaer. l slaer. Waeer oe e e dered ro ared rsa ss ad aroes, as alas ‘rsa seal’ a as e a oer oer o e arar orsa orsars. rs. er rsa aes old eer ro rode de a alale laor ore ore or ra, e sold o e der slae eoo eo o o e Ooa ere, ere, or e raso rasoed ed or ard as ad rered o rsedo. rsedo.e e er o rsa aes arar roal eaed e firs al o e seeee er, er, s as eer js a oe-a ra. rsas oo sl aes as ell. Wa eae o e?
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IN INIL ANS ad aad al-Qad as e sre o ola ad al-asr,, e rler o oroo al-asr oroo.. e ser o 1586 e eared o a oae ro eoa o E, ere e eded o derae sla solarl sdes. lae l e s e as raell raell as ereed rsa orsars ro ala, ad e as ae o a slad as a ae. ere, as al-Qad laer roe, e as ‘rea dsress as a resl o er ad old, edrale s, s, eas ad oer desrale orres’. eereless e sl ae as ered o re leers o s roer Fez ad o s eloer ad al-asr as or asssae. Hs roer led a al deao o arraes o rer ressre o e oroa oroa rler, rler, ad al-asr eeded lle ersaso o ae a eres e aer. aer. He se leers o e oeror o eoa eoa ad o a eal era a order e o do all er oer o sere e release o al-Qad. Oe e roal eres e rele release ase o al-Qa al-Qad d eae o, e e alese orsars edael rased e raso deaded or er ae o 20,000 oes o old. e essar essar o oo s dead o oroo as a aard o as also aorzed o as a al-Qad sold e eaed or e a’s so as ar o e deal.e deal. e so ad ee ao e deeaed rsas ared a e ale o lazarqr 1578. ad alasr areed o a e raso oe deaded ad e al-Qad al oo e rsa slae o eoa ere e as aded oer o s aer. l-Qad as released e 1587, ad e as a arraes e ed o l l,, a s eloer or s eeros ad ell e sor o s eerees dr s elee os as a ae fidel ads. ad al-Qad as as a er l a. He ad a r ad ad oerl sorer e rler o oroo ad s esred e as ql rasoed ro s rsa aors. lso, lso, al-Qad as o a eer o a sl ro a e rsas old e rela o sed oe ee or raso. orae eole lded ae orsar aas ad sl rsoers o ad eoe eereed roers rsa alles. os sls o ell o rsa ads ere o as orae as al-Qad ad se lo ears as slaes. Ule e 122
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rsas, sls ad o relos orazaos orazaos sefiall ared e as o reoer sl aes ro rsedo. rsedo. Hoeer, as eerall aeed a sl rlers sold ae soe eor o reoer er los sjes, le sl eras eras oe sed er rsa rad oas o el raso aes. Ee Eroea osls el o reoer sl aes e ere ad a sale ee. oees rsa ores se a sl rsoers e oe o ro relaos e Ooa sla or e rlers o e arar reees. We r Fras Fras Drae raded as as ossessos e ar area ea 1585, e reed a e err o sl sl slaes ose as asers ad ae e aross e la. la. ese e ere se se o Elad ad lae 1586 e Els oere red aree lderse o ae e o sal s s. lderse le Elad Ferar 1587 arr 100 reed sl slaes. er arral sal o as ro e Ooa sla o e Els aassador.. e D oo slar ao. aassador ao. 1604 e reed sl slaes ro a as alle ared a ls Fladers.ese slaes ere se, o o raso, as a o e rler o lers. e D D ased o release a slar er o D aes o as or raso aes. ese sl ae aess ae o e ads o or Eroea rsas larel ade. ade. os sl rsoers rsoers ere eld e rsa ores order e ederraea ea. s o a ere ere? e as as eerall assed a sl slaes rsa ads ere ar eer a e ers o rsa slaes eld or ra. eel, eel, oeer, oeer, las ae ee ade a reaer ers o sl slaes ere eld e rsas a as reosl o. o. as ee alleed a eee 1500 1500 ad 1800 soe 500,000 sls ere ro o al as slaes. o s as ee added e la la a a slar er o sls a ae ee eslaed a ad oral dr e sae erod.s a llo sls are sosed o ae ee eslaed al ad era a e sae e a a llo rsas ere e eslaed e arar orsars. s eqalee s a lle oo ea, ad e e fires or sl slaes eld e rsas see osderal eaeraed. eral lare ers o sls ere ae rsoer dr e ars eee eee e as as ere ad e Ooa Ooa ere e 123
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ederraea dr e see er er,, e ers ared ared s ae alle osderal aer e ed o ose ars 1580. For reasos alread oed, oed, e erod eee 1580 ad 1660 1660 roal sa a ea ‘rsa seal’ e arar orsars, s erod o ‘rae ar’ raer a er-sae ofl e ederraea e rsas sl old o ae ae eqale ers o sl rsoers. Fo Forr oe ere as a la la o rsa redaors. redaors. Ee oe adds oeer e alles o e Ks o ala ad e Ks o ee o e ss o e rsa orsars lesed e s ad oer rsa rsa rlers, e oal e ea ea erod o a old ol e 50 essels, ad e old o all e a sea a e sae e. larl, ere ere rooroael eer ares or rsa redaors a or sl orsars.ere orsars. ere ere eer sl era ss ad e oasal olaos o sl lads ere less eros a ose o rsedo. ore oserae e o e ers o sls ae rsas e ederraea eee e lae see er er ad d-seeee er es fires are loer a e ers o rsas ae sls sls dr e sae erod. as ee allaed a eee e ee 1568 ad 1645 soe 50,000 sls ere ae ae, eras 30,000 o ese aes e ae e e alles o e Ks o ala ad e Ks o ee or rsa orsars lesed ose lar relos orders. a o e oer aes old ae ee ae as aal alles ad as orsars. s 50,000 sls a a ae ee ared o se aas 200,000 200,000 rsas rsas ae e arar orsa orsars, rs, as oed earler or a sll sorer erod (1574–1644). ese fires are orre, e e sl oal s ol 25 er e o e rsa oal. oe aled ese ereaes o e ole erod eee 1500 ad 1800, ass a oal o arod oe llo rsas ae e arar arar orsars, e arod 250,000 sls old ae ee ae e rsas.s rsas. s sees a ore lasle fire fire a e las o eqale ares e o sdes. lo lad rads rsa are ores ere eer a ose ade sl orsars, orsars, ere ere a er er o sessl aas e earl seeee er er.. Hoeer Hoeer,, ese ere o js ofied ofied o e arar oas. rsa raders also ae asore o sl error err or reee, reee, e slads slads o e eea ea ad aola. aola.O O e 124
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aas or ra, e Ks o ee ad ora sesses, a 1,500 sl sl aes a oa 1607 ad ad 480 a oe 1610.as 1610. as alles ro ro ales,aoaed ales, aoaed e alles o e Ks o ala, raded e Kerea Kerea slads o o e oas o sa 1611 ad oo aa alos 500 sl aes. aes.e e rsa rads ere o alas sessl. 1601 as raders ad ae seeral dred sl sl aes ro ro Haae Haae sa, a e aa s 1605 eded dsaser. dsaser. e as sqadro as aoaed alles o e Ks o ala, aer a al sess e lad ore ore as dre o e sea sl deeders. Oer 1,000 rsas ere sad o ae ee lled or droed, ld e as oader delaado de aslla. a ase, lad rads rsa are ores see o ae deled er aer a er 1613. eee 1568 ad 1634 e Ks o ee a ae ared ao 14,000 sls, eras oe-rd ae lad rads ad o-rds ae o ared ss. sl orsars sall so o aod eoers rsa arss ars s ad o oer eraed aed o a ar r l leral eralee ad ad ero eross rsrsa era ss. e oe o e reasos or e esee o e rsa lar relos relos orders as o sress sress sl orsars, e Ks o ala ad e Ks o ee ad o e do ee orsar essels a leas eqal sas re o sl era s.s led e o oerae o dere oeraos dere ars o e ederraea. ederraea. e eser ad eral areas o a sea sl era ss ere relael e er, sl orsars ere ere eros, eros, so e ere ere e ror are. e easer ederraea ederraea ee orsars ere ere larel ase, ere as ore sl era s, e relar oos eee sal ad leadra E a arlarl lrae are or rsa redaors. aroes ad eal asseers or raso ere os lel o e ae s area. eee 1563 ad 1665 e Ks o ee are o o ae ae a leas 300 sl ss e ederraea, ld 24 alles ad 32 allos. allos. sl asseers ad salors ae e easer ederraea ere ore lel o e rasoed a e arar arar orsar aas ad er res ae e eser ad eral ars o a sea.e sea. e as arlar red o aod ad a orsar oers or seae a aeer re. e ool o are ale e arar ors as 125
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o led, so s ol aed o rede ee rer. ared orsars sall eded ro e rsa alles, ee s oered a ossl o e reed e essel as ae a sl orsar.. Hee l ii o a ordered orsar ordered a ared orsar orsar aas sold e rsoed asles ell aa ro e oas. s e Els ad e D aeared e ederraea reas ers aer 1600, 1600, e ea o ae ae sl aes aes,, ld ld orsars. orsars. ese rso rsoers ers er eree eeral eerall l o ae o Ela Eladd or or e eerl eerlads, ads, ere sold rsa slae ares s s as ose a ádz, oro ad ala. rsa reeades od aoard orsar essels ere soees lale o edae eeo, os ere se or ral eore e qso, ad rals os ederraea aol ores. ese rals aded o o del der ses ses o reeades. ose e o ad aarel ee ored o oer o sla ad o eressed a sere desre o rer o rsa reee lee reae. ose o soed oed oe o sla ere ere se o e alles or, or, eree ases, seeed o dea, sall sall ea e red a e sae sae.. Ee Ee orsar orsars, s, eer reeade or o, o, as alas a rs sess, se e arar orsars sall realaed ee oe o er rsa aes. aes. For ose sl aes o ad e oo o e rasoed, res deeded larel o er ae. ae. Deals o soe redeo redeo res or sl aes a ala are o or e erod 1590 o 1620. Yo Y o e (der e ae o 30) ere e os alale, alale, rederedeo res sar a 200 és de ala ad sall o er. er. Yo Y o oe a aes, es, o o ere eer er, also oaded rasos. rasos. sl oa o as rea, rea, aed 25, as rasoed or 400 és. és. e sl oa a, a, orall ro ro aro, ar o,e e or ol ol 48 és, és, se as 75 ears ears o ae. ae. 1602 ed ed e dalla, dalla, aed 70, as rasoe rasoedd s rads radso, o, aed eee, eee, or a oal o 614 és – 566 or e o a ad 48 or e old a. oe as o alas e ed o eae. 1625 soe 23 sl slaes ere saed or a lare aro o ea o e delered a ala. Urasoed sl aes e sed a are o oaos, ld arlral laor ad does sere. e ed o e see er sl slaes ade a leas 1 er e o 126
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e olao o l, e e al e os, le o e ala alad ardal d’Ese ad fi sl slaes or a s lla ol ear oe 1584. rod rod 1600 ere ere sad o e 5,000 sl aes a ala ad a slar er a oro, oro, le ales as eleed o ae 10,000 sl aes e . . a’s ral ederraea ors a ae eld ee larer ers o sl aes. s arar, arar, slaes ere also lel o e sed or ea or s as osro ad . a e err es a lade ere arlarl arlarl dreaded, a slaes d ro oeror oer or ad err oso. Ye as alas ro sere e rsa alles seeed os sfia or o sdes. 1602 e e as alles o l ad 1,413 roers, o o 629 ere sl slaes; 1604 e s alles o sa (ld e Ks o ee) ad 1,487 roers, o o 772 ere sl slaes; ad 1632 e s alles o e Ks o ala eloed 1,284 sl slaes as roers. l ad sa old olee er ro ro res s rsa os, ala as larel deede o sl aes o ro s alles. sl aes eared e se o e alles, le er rsa aors ere ere rela rela o se e ree oe e ad eoe eereed roers. oras o e osads o rsa reeades or ra, r a, e sl aes eer oered o rsa rsa .. Ee sl slss dd eoe rsas, dd o eessarl roe er oso. a rsa alle slae slae ‘red r’, r’,e e sall esaed ro ro e ro e. sl alle slae o oered oered o rsa sall dd o. rsa reeades le Ulj l old old ae rlla areers e sla orld. sl oers oers rsedo old ol ee aral roee roee er odos odos.. e e sls, sls, e rsas sa o aes, ale ad eale, as re ares or oer oerso. so. eras e os aos o ese o oers as adre Ooao o ala. 1644 e alles o e Ks o ala ared a Ooa s e easer ederraea arred soe ora asseers. o e rsoers ere oe ro e sla’s are are ad a o o e. e rsa rsa aors deded deded e o,, o o o as Osa, Osa, as a so o la la ra, ra, alo alo ere ere as o real roo. We e oer asseers ere rasoed, e o as e ala. firs e o ressed aes o oer o 127
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rsa, fiall e aeed as a e ae o ree, rsa, e rad aser o e Ks o ala sad as s odaer. ere as soe soe al o rer rer e o o o e Ooas Ooas e sla oldd e ol e e slad o odes a o e s, s, oe e eae eae a rsa e old o e oelled o rer. 1658 e oer joed e Doa order ad eae o as adre Ooao. Eeall eo e ead o e Doas ala, e adre ded dr a orea o lae e slad 1675. adre Ooao ejoed soe Eroea oore e dseeee er, eras e os aos sl ae o oer o rsa as eo ras e firs al o e see er. or Hassa aad al-Wazza al-Fas raada, raad a, s ares fled o oroo aer e as oq oqes. es. He as ro Fez ad 1517 e as der dera a dloa dloa ssos or e rler o oroo. 1518 Hassa as o a oae ro E o s e s s as ared rsa orsars. lo s aors ere ere sad o e as, Hassa as ae o oe oe ad rsoed ere. Hs rea olede o e sla orld as areaed e aal or ad e as reseed o oe eo x. Eeall ded o eoe a rsa,Hassa rsa, Hassa as azed 1520 ad eae o as eo ras. 1526 e oleed s rea or o e eora ad sor o ra (ea al or ra), ad Eroeas ere o rea as oe o e os ora oos o e sje ell o e seeee er. s sad a eo laer le al ad rered o sl or ra. ra. lo or a sl o oer o rsa as sall sale dea, eo sees o ae rered o s earler relos alleae o de role ad e roal ded a s 1554. rl 1682 a released oroa ae a e aoaed e Fre aassador o s jore o s ola sal, e rler o a or. e reed ae ro leers ro oroa aes ro e Fre alles. e desred e rea ser e seredd a e ads o ‘ose Fr sere Fre e dos’: dos’: er er,, aedess, aedess,eas, eas, as, a s, rs rses es aas sla sla ad e roe, roe, ad e orrle orrle ser o ro. ro. sal ad se s o aassador aassador o Frae Frae o r a oroa aes, e erfidos Fre Fre ad se e alles o sea all e ale-od ale-oded ed slaes, so e aassad aassador or old ol reoer soe old ad s slaes le or. e aes eed sal o 128
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deler e ro e ‘ser o srae [lads]’ [la ds]’ ad reded o lla rearded ose o ere arale o e elless ad eed. ola sal as e os oerl rler o oroo se e dea o ad al-asr 1603, e ee e old ae role fle e resre Frae o os xiv. e firs al o e seeee er e arar orsars ad ejoed er eda, eda, e orsars o alé, lers, s ad rol rol ra del alo e oass o rsedo, rsedo, aer 1660 e aes o Frae, Frae,Elad Elad ad e eerlads re oer ad eeeess. e arar orsars old ae o ada o a e orld orld e adaae ad assed o e rsa are oers.
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Fa e e ea ea oers oers 1660–1720 ! 1
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e a aes es o e arar arar orsars orsars ad rea reaed ed a ea e firs al o e seeee er. Fro e 1650s e orsars ad o ae reas ooso ro e ree rs sea oers o rsa Eroe: Ero e: Frae, Frae, Elad ad e eerlads. ese saes soo ossessed lare flees o ell ared arss, ar ore oerl a a aa a all o or res es ee a ar rar ar o ors rsa ars rs o ol ldd de del lo o.. Ye ee o ors rsa ars rs o ol ldd s so o e e ol ldd s sa add o ee e r rle lerrs o ee oea eas. s.e e o olld e ee e o orre e rsa sea oers o ae reaes reozed a e orsars reaed sfia laers eraoal are ofl. e Frae as e rsa Eroea or e loes reord o o-oerao e Ooa sla, da a o e earl see er, er, e o e Fre Fre old fid easer o ae a e o ood od re rela lao oss ee a ar rar ar o ors rsa ars rs.. Ho Hoe ee err, s s r ro oed ed o o o e ee a ase se.e .e Fre e er eree a ar ee ar ara ar r re ee ee ess ee d d-see se e ee ee e e r r al al os os as o oe e as ee D D a add ee E El ls s. . de deed ed e 1680s e ere o fl ore desro o lers, e os oerl o e reees, reees, a a rsa oer oer ad reosl doe. elaos eee lers ad Frae ere sraed ease eer e er sde ade eor o arr o rsoer eaes alled or earler reaes eee e. e. e 1670s a leas 2,000 sl slaes ere ro roers ers Fra Frae’ e’ss aal aal alles alles e ederraea ederraea. . e rler rler o lers eeed e Fre o rer ose o e o ae ro s error.. e Fre error Fre larel ored ored s reqess, ol releas old ad s sl sl slaes,e slaes, e o o ae ro lers. lers.Ha Ha ade eae e D 1679 ad e ao o ae eae e El Els, s, e rler o lers deded e old rs a delarao o ar o Frae lae 1681 order o ore e Fre o ee er rea olaos. ol aos. 131
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K os xiv o Frae as oraed a lers sold dare o delare ar o . He as ee ore ros e e e leres ared e e Fre Fre ss, ld a aal aal rae, oeer oeer 1681 aloe. osl s e ser oler, os o deded e Fre Fre a sold deler a oo lo o lers. o aee s ooe a e eao eao old e deloed, deloed, e o essel. e orar ad lo ee a sale o see arller o lad, sed elose orar os oer alls o all o e oses ad oer lds . . 1680 oler’s oler’s roéé, roéé, erard ea ea d’Elçaar, d’Elçaar, a aal osror, osror, ad roosed sed e orar o sea or e firs e. 1681 e firs s orar-arr essel as laed ad os xiv as ee o r o s e eao a aa o e o lers. e ser o 1682 dral raa Dqese led a Fre flee o elee ss o e le ad fie o e e o essels o lers. l ers. Hadj Hadj oaed, oaed,e e rler o lers lers (o (o as e ‘d ‘de’ e’ ro ro 1671), ased s so--la aa Hassa, e real rler o e , o eer o eoaos eoaos e Fre Fre adral, adral, Dqese resed o arle. arle. sead e se dozes o orar os ras o e . . e al so as osderale. a a lds ere desro desroed ed or daaed ad arod 500 eole ere lled. lere ae o aa e o essels essels as deeaed, soo eae lear a eeal roles ere l l e oard oarde. e. oe oe orar os aled o rea e , , le oder oder as od o e o oor qal.. eoer ro qal ro er al al so, e leres resed resed o e or er ad Dqese’s flee fiall saled aa lle aeed. Dqese rered e ser o 1683 a flee o ree ss o e le ad see o essels. aa Hassa ad o relaed relaed s aer--la as de o lers, ad e se e Fre osl osl e , e azars res ea e Vaer, o see eoaos old e oeed e Fre Fre adral.Dqese adral. Dqese resed o al ad soo s o essels leased leased a oarde. oarde. essos ad ee leared ro e reos reos aa. Ea o essel as o oored oored o a lo aser so a old le o dr e da da,, aod lere fire, ad e aled lose a , e os o e oardes oo lae. Oe aa a lds lers ere desroed or daaed, asales ere eer a 1682 ease a o e olao fled e e e Fre flee firs arred. 132
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aa Hassa as deserae o so e oa oarde rde. . He reed ore a 500 rsa slaes o raso ad se e o o e Fre flee. Dqese areed o a re ad a er o lere osaes ere ae aoard s ss o araee e essao o osles. osles. addo Dqese o deaded a e rler o lers lers sold a a de o e Fre, ao ao o 700,000 lres. aa Hassa laed e dd o ae a ao o oe ad Dqese reaeed o oe fire aa. o e osaes aoard e Fre flee as Hadj Hsa, eer o s a aee o ezzooro (lerall (lerall ‘al dead’). dead’ ). ere ere a al ales o o o e aqred s ae, e os lel as a a las e aards e ad ee so adl oded a e ad ee e or or dead, ol o ae a aaz reoer. ossl a rsa reeade orall ro e slad o ajora, ezzooro as a lead orsar aa lers ad eaded e ‘aa’, ‘aa’, e ororae od o orsar aas aas e . . ezzooro oed Dqese a e old aer e lare s o oe or e de aser a aa aa Hassa. e Fre Fre adral sel se ree ad asore o olle e oe oe.. sead ezzooro aered oeer e orsars ad soe o e jassar solders ad sl sl oerre ad lled aa Hassa. Hassa.ezzoezzooro eae e e de o lers. He se a essae o Dqese ar ar a e oar oarde de as ree reeed, ed, Fr Fre e eol eolee lers old e eee eeed. d. e adra adrall ored e rea ad soo orar os ere elod e oe ore. Faer e Vaer Vaer,, old, s ad rled, rled, as ae ro ro e Fre Fre oslae ad arred o a aer o e ole roe e aror o lers. For 36 ears e Vaer ad ored o el ad o ree rsa aes aes o s ad lers, e rese rese o o rsas ad sls. sls. o e as laed ro o oe oe o e aos o o o o sea. a e e sal, e as as fired ad e Vaer as lo o ees. Dqese as o ressed.e orar os oed o all o lers. rel ezzooro desroed e ore Free a e ao’s o. saleae ad ee reaed.os ell ad Fre osaes ded, eer sde soed a lao o eoae. Eeall, s sl o orar os alos eased, Dqese saled aa, a aeed o rer desro e o lers. 133
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‘so ad ae’ e se o e e o essels ae ased a er firs aa o lers 1682 ad ee los e e ere sed aa 1683. s e Els osl, l a, osered o e leres 1683: ‘see o lle lle ese eole ale Fre Fre os.’ os xiv as rsraed e alre o s e eao o eer desro lers or ore e leres o ae eae o s ers. He ae ordered rer rer aas o e , , e a dloa sao Eroe ea a e sar o 1684 e eeded eae lers so e old se s flee elseere.e elseere. e or o eoa as o e e firs rsa are or e Fre Fre o essels. rl 1684 dral orlle, oe a K o ala ad Dqese’s seod oad e oardes o 1682 ad 1683, arred a lers. He as aoaed a eo ro e Ooa sla, o as also ee or eae o e areed eee lers ad Frae. ol a e ees ezzooro areed a rea Frae, larel js reared e e ers o earler reaes eee e o oers. oers. ere as o qeso qeso o lers a a a de o e e Fre. Fre. Hoeer Hoeer,, lers dd aree aree o sed a aassador o e or o os os xiv a Versa Versalles lles laer e ear. ear. e K old ell s sjes a s as a a o ssso s eae lere oes, e eole reall eleed a lers ad ee deeaed. eore e 1680s ere oer ere old e rer lood lases eee Frae Frae ad lers, ld aoer Fre Fre oarde o e 1688, ad rer reaes reaes.. e leres leres old old e ored o reoze e seror aal oer o Frae, ros o o aa Fre era ss, e old ol ae reaes sll alloed e o oe orsar orsar aas o oer, oer, lesser are saes o rsa Eroe. Eroe. os xiv ad o aree o s or orose ose ad aa s dea o oall desro e arar orsars. e eee er Volare old re a e Fre oarde o lers as oe o e reaes aeees o os xiv’s re, e orsars o lers sred ad oed er redaor aes.
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BATTL LTS AN BASS Oe reaso e arar orsars lorsed e rs al o e seeee er as ease er ss aed lle ooso or dsrao. O e oe ad, ad, e aal ores ores o rsa Eroe ere ere ea ad oe s ea oer. O e oer, e Ooa O oa sla as oled o ajor aal ol ol e ederraea ederraea dr s erod ad so e dd o eed o all or e sor o e ss o e arar orsars. o ese saos ea o ae ro d-er d-e r.. 1645 la ra ra ordered a Ooa aso o e slad o ree, oe o e e rea oerseas ossessos o Vee. firs seeed e Ooa oqes old e a eas oe, os o e slad oerr ql ql.. Hoeer, Hoeer, e aal, ada (o ralo), eld o aas e aders ad as o oe oe o do so or e e 24 ears, ears, ol srreder srreder 1669. as o e oe o e loes sees sor sor . a Vee Vee old sor oed ressae e rea or or so lo as ease e ase s a ael dsed orol o e eea ea e Ooas.e Ooas. e aal srle s a ad or,, e Vee or Veeas as sall sall ad e adaae. adaae. Ho Hoeer eer,, l lee e Veeas o os o e ales, as e Ooas o e ed o e ar, ar, a olee orol orol o ree ree 1669. al Veea aal sesses s ar oed o e a a e eree el as read o slee s alle flee reas ers ers o ared sal ss. oe ere s o arss, arss, oers ere essels red ro e Fre, e D ad e Els. El s. e Ooas Ooas ere sloer o ae sal arss arss a ajor ar o er flee, oe e deded o do so, e sor o e arar orsars eae ee ore ore ora. e d-seeee d-seeee er os orsar essels se o e arar arar reees o lers, s s ad rol rol ere sal s al ss ad o alles. e orsars ad as, ell ell ared sal ss ad eere eeree e er se. Fro Fro 1645 e arar orsars sall se a sqadro o s ss o jo e a Ooa flee ea ear. ear. e aerae er se as ele o eee essels, 1649 e as as 26 ss. eee e Ooa are o s 1574 ad e aso o ree 1645, e Ooa Ooa sla ad lle lle eed o all or aal asssae asssae ro e arar orsa orsars rs ad er eer-ro eer-ro flees ol oldd rad ar ad 135
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de. o e sl de. sla a eeded er s sor, or, eessa eessarl rl led o soe redo er orsar aes. oer e osra o ose aes as e ro oer o e aes o e a rsa Eroea sea oers: Frae, Elad ad e eerlads. Hoeer Hoeer,, a firs s e oer oer as o o rarl dreed a arar. Ee aer s rs deea o e as a a e ale o e Dos 1639, e D a reaed rarl oered e ar aas a l a fial eae eee e o sdes as aeed 1648. ardal ele ad e e reld o e Fre Fre a e 1620s, ro 1635 Frae as a ar a (l 1659) ad fi e as as e firs ror o e Fre Fre flee.s flee. s alo o e D ad e Fre Fre aes ere ro ro sze, as arar orsars as o er firs oer oer.. dee deed, d, s see a as er ral ral ooe ooe,, e old ee ee soe sor ro e arar saes sa es or o a as alas e ‘eeral ee’. ee ’. Ol e e D ad e Fr Fre e ad ade eae a old e ae a reaer eres oos e arar orsars. as Elad,e Elad, e rd o e rs sea oers, oers, a as o e e firs o leas s ro aal aal oer o o e arar orsars. Dr e l ars a raaed raaed e rs sles dr e 1640s,e 1640s, e Els a ad larel sored arlae ad o e . Oe e roalss ad ee eae, e e arlaear ree e o ar s D oeral oeral rals. e firs lo-D ar (1652–4) (1652–4) sa a ajor easo o e Els a ad a er o ard-o ores o res oer e D. D. o d s aal eas easo, o,oe oe o e sor sores es o fiae sed as a le orall osed o Els rade arlae o rase oe o raso Els aes e ads o e arar orsa orsars. rs. oe £70,000 ad ee olleed, ol £11,000 e o raso aes; aes; e res as as se o ld e a. a. er e ar e D as olded 1654, 1654, oer lae, ‘eeral-a-sea’’ ad ra zealo, as ordered o sal o e eder‘eeral-a-sea ederraea a flee o 24 ss, e lares ale flee Elad ad eer se o a reo. He as o re-esals rese or e Els fla ao e ores ores o e eser ad eral ederraea, ederraea, eer aol or sl, ad e arar orsars arlar ere o e ored o rear earler reaes Elad. s sere orders, orders,lae lae as old o o reare reare or a assal o e as o o delarao o 136
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ar. orall ar. orall a sae a as o o ar a old ee a leas asse asse sor ro ro e arar saes. saes. Ho Hoeer eer,, lae as o saae s sso so adl a o ol dd e aleae e arar orsars, e also alos rooed a ar eee Elad ad e Ooa ere, ere, eore e oo a ao aas a. lers, radoall e os aresse o e arar reees, as reared a firs o ae ood relaos dral lae, ad as s, o reosl a ajor ajor orsar oe o o e Els, a e ed a qarrel.e qarrel. e ors o e dse e a o 1651 1651 e e aser o a Els era s ad areed o ae 32 roe sas sas ro s o ra (o zr). Hoeer, soo ae aerr lea s, e s eoered e alles o e Ks o ala ad e sa asseers ere ae ae. deed as alleed a e Els sea aa ad sold s sl asseers o e s. er e Els eras s arrol esaed e slaered a ar o, e rler o s deaded a e Els oere oa e reedo o e sa sa aes eld eld ala. Eeall e Ks o ala areed o raso er rsoers, e s e deaded as . 1654 e sas sezed a Els era s as a a o ressre o e Els oere o sere e reedo o e aes ala. lae ad ee old o oa e release o e s ad s re, re, as ell as a aolo ro e sas sas or er od. Earl 1655 lae ro s flee o s ad eered o eo e oa ao os s.. es esee r ro oed ed sa sas sa ao or r a add ee ad ad ra rall de de de dedd o a ae e s ss o arda arda o e res res aer. aer. s e le e l o s, s,lae lae looed o oro oro Fara.er Fara. er seeral sessl rsa aas o a olea ole a earl e er, er, oro oro Fara ad ee ose as a or oree sere ase or e sa flee. s ere l ere ad as ro r oe ee edd a a as sle le a add o oe err o or rfi fia a o os. s.We We l la aee s se edd ee o or r,, e sa sa e e s s ss fi fi o o,, l ld d ee E El ls s r rz zee os osee rel elea ease se e ad ee ordered o oa. oa. s sqadro sqadro o e ared sal ss as eded eded o e e e or oro o o s o e a Ooa Ooa flee or s ear’s aa e ar o ree. Oall ese ere e sla’’s ss ad o arar orsars ao o se o o a rse. sla rse. lae as aare aare o o s ra rall ds dso, o, ad ad lle lle ae aeo. o. lae ro s flee a o s ar 1655 ad eaed rer rless eoaos. Feel e ad ee sled ad 137
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ele od’s ad as d , lae deded o eeed s orders la a aa o e sa sqadro a oro oro Fara. dar aa as ade ad all e ss ere red sall loss o e Els aaers.e aaers. e deed orfiaos ere ere sleed ad as laed a s as e firs e arss ad eer deeaed ors. Weer s as re re or o, lae’s aal or or as soo soo o r o a sra srae e deea. e rler o s s as o daed daed lae’ss ao. e e ss ere lae’ ere or e sla’ sla’s sere, e old e oesaed e sla. ar Ooa sla old old r e s oesao a le o e Els eras o e ea oa o raded s ere. as ee laed a lae’s desro o e sa sa sqadro eled e Veeas a ora or oer e Ooa flee e Dardaelles Dardaelles laer 1655, s sees lel lel.. e sal redezos or e a Ooa flee, ro sal, ad e ss ro e arar orsars as a e slad o os e eea ea. e flee ro sal as deeaed e Veeas eore old ee rea os. Ee ad o ro, ere old ae ee o arar orsar ss a. a. er lae’s aa a s, o lers lers ad s s e all er arss a oe o rease er ser. ser. o arar sqadro aded e sla 1655. e Els aassador sal as le o al e sla’s rae a lae’s aa ad ee ro delar ar o Elad. W reard o e or W oral al ase o e dse s, e e ae sas ere fiall released rl 1657 aer e Els ad er raso o e Ks o ala. Dese s, e rler o s s as slo slo o release release e 72 Els Els e ad ad oe e ad ae as osaes. Ferar 1658 aa o oaes oo s Els arss ars s o s ad sered e release o e Els a aes, es, alo e sll ad o a a osderale raso raso or e. rea o eae as areed eee s ad Elad, ad lded a lase a sa asseers o Els ss ere ere eer o e aded oer o a ee. s selee ae ee aeed 1655 ad lae ee ore adro ad less aresse. Elad’s a as a reasl reas l oerl eao, eao, s firs ajor deloe aas e arar orsars ad a less a resse ooe. ooe. We Elad oel ade ar o a 1656 lae red o ere e reasre flee ro e e World, aled. He e 138
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aeed o loade e as aal ase a ádz, od ard aeed o ee s flee sled. sled. s oral oral as also a ar a, so so ad e orese oos o aer or ra old rode soe sor, os o lae’s lae’s sles sll ad o oe all e a ro Elad. e sl saes o or ra, e radoal radoal oes o a, see o ae ee read o asss lae aer s ree aos aas e. 1657 lae deeaed a as flee a aa rz e aares, e ared lle reasre reasre ad ded laer e ear.. Hs se ear sessors ssors o oad ad e Els Els flee flee o a ea loo rod or a sale ase e area a e erael oed o ed Elad. aer seeed a ossl ossl,, le oers o ralar e ae ro a. Hoeer Hoeer,, o as doe doe ao e sesos. e ed o e 1650s eae as delared eee Elad ad a, le aa oaes sed lers, s ad rol rol o sere e reaes e arar arar reees. e Els ale flee e rered oe. Elad’s firs se o er e aal oer aas e arar orsars ad ee ol a qalfied sess ad deas o ser a ase e reo reaed js deas. er K arles ii as resored o s roe Elad Elad 1660, s ere o ae radl. lers o e arar saes oe olaed a Els oeres soed lle eres raso e Els slaes e ad ared. ar s as ease os aes ro e rs sles ere js ordar ordar ol,salors ol, salors or fisere, ls a e e, oe ad ldre ed ro ro rads o oasal llaes. ood as a rr o fid e oe o se e ree. as or ala arsoras, oe oere oals, oals, ora re re ad aal or lar lar oaders, oe ell o arar orsar ads. er oeres ad reds rsed o e e rasoed as soo as ossle, lll a ea rasos. Fe Els Els arsoras or ora oals oals eer e o e ederraea, ederraea, ad e dd, e ere oeed oeed arss arss or eal ared erae ere larel e o orsar aa. aa. 1659, 1659, or e firs firs (ad ol) e, e,a a ora ora arsora arsora ro ro e rs sles as ared e arar arar orsars. e as a rs, o Els. rro O’re, earl o q, ae ro a old rs al al ad ee ro as a roesa. roesa. We e l ars ae o relad e 1640s e as a dedaed ooe o e aol reels, firs ser e , e 139
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arlae, e e aa. Eeall q eae a roals ele ad sered e Fre ar dr e 1650s. 1657 e srrsed a oer oer o aols. aols. oeer 1659 e ad s so Wlla ere sal ro Frae o oral o ae oads e orese ar, er s as aaed a orsar ro lers. e es ale e lere s as oros ad q’’s so los a ee. Faer ad so ere rsoed a lers, q q as released aer arles ii ae o e roe Elad 1660 so as o seed e ae o e raso or o o e. arles ii ordered e raso o e ad ql ql ad eore e ear as o, e so rejoed s aer. e O’res, aer ad so, ere rasoed or a oal o 7,500 dollars (3,750 dollars ea). o ree e 72 Els aes ro s 1658 aa oaes ad ad a oal o 11,250 dollars (a aerae o js oer 156 dollars ea). e er as ad ala oerars, oerars, arso arsoras ras ro e rs sles old o e alloed o edre arar a or er lo. Wlla O’re laer seeded seed ed o s aer’s le ad rered o or ra as oeror o aer aer,, e e Els oos e reo. 1661 as aoed a K arles ii as o arr e orese ress aere o raaza. s ar o er dor oral old ad oer o Elad e or o oa (o a) da ad e or o aer o e oas o or ra ear e sra o ralar. lo laer eae oe o e rea es o rs da, oa eed lle eres Els oere rles 1661. 1661. as soo soo o o o roal roal ads, e assed o o Elad’ss Eas da oa as a rad ase. lad’ ase. aer aer,, o e oer ad, as o o e a os ora ora aqso e e Els ro. Elad old o ae s o ase o e la erae o e ederr ederraea. aea.ae aerr o old ld e a aal ase ase ro ro a Els Els flee old a a a ad Frae, Frae, le also a a ao o r e aes o e arar orsars. old also eoe eoe a rea oeroeral or old r rea eal o Elad. ee e e firs ooold o a lad ere Elad old esals aross or r ra a.. l lll es esee o oe ess er eree o r ro oee a als lse.W e.W o ol l a e e ea earrs, s,a aer old eoe as a eese rde o Elad as or ra ooss le Ora ad azaa ere o a ad oral. e 1661 Edard oa, earl o ad, led a Els flee o seeee ss so o o e ederraea. He as ordered ordered o 140
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r o aree a e rea lers; o ee a ee o a D flee der el de er, also sad o e o o lers; o ae ossesso o aer or Elad; ad o r ress aere o Eladd o arr K arles. ad Ela ad’’s s o lers as rless, rless, ed a al-eared Els oarde o e . De er ad eer l,aree l, aree a e e rea e leres. leres.ad ad dl dl oo ossesso o aer aer aar 1662; salled s e oeror, oeror, e earl o eeroro, a arrso o 2,500 roos; ad e olleed ress aere ro so. Els sqadro as le e ederraea ederra ea der e oad o r o aso. lae 1662 e aeed e ea o oa e reaes reaes all e ree ree arar reees, lers, lers, s ad rol, rol, e sae o a e os. s sal e rea rea lers as e os ora ad lded a sfia oao. re all Els era ss o o e ederraea old arr a sea seall ass ofir ofir er Els de de .. s s ol oldd e so e s as soed lere orsars ad aord o e rea, e orsars old e le e s sal o olesed. s sse o asses as o eoer aros roles e re, o leas a ore ore essels oe arred ored Els Els asses. eereless reaed ore l e earl eee er er . er s rer der e rle o ardal ele, e a o Fraee deled oe ore dr e 1650s. 1660 e Fre Fra Fre a ad arel e ss. e os xiv ea s ersoal rle. e o oar ad s se serr oler oler ere o oersee a draa draa rease Fre aal oer, s a e lae 1680s e Fre a as larer a a o e eerlads ad as e eqal o a o Elad. Wa laos old s ro ro o Fre Fre sea oer ae or e arar orsars? ld a lare Fre a reqred a easo o s oer ors. Were old Frae oa sfia ers o eereed sea oers? e Ks o ala ere o roe a alale sore o s e. ajor o e s ae ro Frae ad eer ear e s se o o er alles o oe oe e ‘eer ‘eeral al ar’aas ar’ aas e sls,s sls, s e ralled eeree o are are oa e ederraea.s ederraea. s l eee e Fre Fre a ad e Ks o ala as o las l e Fre eolo 1789 ad as o rode ro de s s rea adrals adrals as orlle orlle,, de rasse ad re. re. Oe o 141
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e firs ora Fre aal oaders o oe ro e ras o e s as ea-al de aer, aer, eer o as ealer al. er a less a sessl sessl s o e arar reees reees 1659 e alled or a rad rease Frae’ Frae’s ederraea sqadro, sqadro, ad ee ased a salors ro e la oas sold a se salors ro e ederraea oas o Frae ad ee oressed e arar orsars or so lo a e ad lle a e ale o deea e. er Elad oo ossesso o aer 1662, ad de er as sad o e loo or a ossle D ase o e oas o or ra, e Fre Fre el od od o see s a ase or eseles. eseles. as re e alread ad a oeral oos, o as e aso o Frae,, o a oas ear a alle, a a aal re o lers Frae or s se. se. Ho Hoeer eer,, s as a lerale lerale oso oso, , ad e oos oos ad ee saed seeral es e leres e as. eer or, earer o lers, old e sel as a Fre Fre aal ase. oler red os xiv o ae aresse ao aas lers. ealer al al ared e o o deresae deresae e leres, o ad a flee o 40–50 ss, ea arr eee 25 ad 40 s. oler as dssse, o o a lers ad ee sr a seere orea o lae 1663 ad lled a o e olao ad deoralzed e srors. Fall as deded 1664 o sed a eedo o lere error o seze a or o e or ra oas. oas. Fr Fraço açoss de Vedô Vedôe, e, d de eaor, eaor, saled oree ss o e le,e le, e alles alles ad oer ss, arr 5,000 roos. roos. ee alles ro e K Ks s o ala ere added o e ore. aeared a ordale ordale ore, s oad srre as soea osed.ealer osed. ealer al al as eaor’s eaor’s aal adser, adser, os xiv ad re rael o Voe, oader oader o e Fr Fre e alles, ell o ee a ee o eaor les e de do soe ras. addo, e oader o e roos roos old o oe a aal aal orders reard o er eloe. eloe. ealer al sesed e are o e or o oe, ad a ood aror ad a sall arrso. eaor ored s ade ad deded sead o aa Djdjell, ad a eror aror ad as doaed eor lls. sees ossle eaor eleed rors a e loal erers ere read o rse aas er rs asers lers. e Fre roos ere dl laded ad easl oo e o. rller as laded ad e solders oed 142
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lad o ae osos osos e lls.Hoeer lls. Hoeer,, e loal erers roed roed o e redl ad soo joed ores arr ro lers a aa o e aders. e Fre ere ere ored o re-ear rredl, rredl, lea ed or lea oree a 40 arller ees ad oer 400 rsoers, rsoers, a o o laer ‘red r’. o add o e sore, o e oae a o Fr Frae ae oe o e roo roo rasors aszed, dro dro all all o oard. Djdjell ad ee a la deea or e Fre. 1665 eaor ad ealer al oo a Fre sqadro alo e arar oas ad desroed a er o lere ss seeral eaees, s dd lle o resore Fre rese. 1666 Frae joed e D sde e seod lo-D ar (1665–7) ad Fre aal eor as oe oedd o o e ederraea. ederraea. e ale flees o Elad, Frae ad e eerlads o o e Els ael ad e arar arar orsars ere le larel dsred o oe er aas o rsa s, ld ss ro e ores e ad sosedl sed eae reaes. Elad Elad ae sered ser ed a ase o e or ra oas a aer aer,, as e e ro sre o e ree a rsa sea oers ad aled o ae las resso o e arar orsars.
T BATTL IT ALGIRS Frae’s d de eaor soea redeeed s la deea a Frae’s Djdjell fid a loros dea fi e rs e las saes o e seel edless see o ada 1669. Hs od, ad e Fre ore e as lead, as e rered o Frae. e oer ore rsa oes, eseall e s ro ala, also deared. Fall e las Veea oader srredered ada o e Ooas o ers ers ad e oe. oe. e ar or ree ree as fiall oer. W e Ooa sla fiall oros, e arar orsars oldd o ol o loer loer ae o sed ss eer ear ear o jo s flee, ad ol oldd ae ore essels aalale o o rs o rsa era ss. lers arlar seed s orsar aes, js as e Eroea sea oers,a oers, a eae ea oer oe oe ore, ore, ere sed sed er ale flees a o e ederraea. Els flee der r oas ll oeed oeraos oeraos aas lers lae 1669. ll’s aes o loade lers 143
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eessaed a ase loser o e ee a aer, so e sed aoraes e alear slads e a aroal o e as. aer as, oeer, sel as a ase or Els arss o arols or ear e sra o ralar, a aore rs rod o e lere orsars. orsars. reas er er o orsars ere ere ared or dre asore, le ee lare ros o e e dre o sle Els arss. eale o e laer laer ee orred orred Deeer 1669. 1669. Earler a ear e aos ars ad eraer Weesl Weeslas as Hollar ad ee se K arles ii o aer o ae dras o e ro’s ees ossesso. er ole s or, Hollar oarded e ars hms Mary Rose ,oaded ,oaded aa o Keore,or assae a o Elad. Frs Keore ad o oo soe era ss o ádz a. oo aer e oo le aer aer as aaed aaed a ore ore o o see lere orsars. orsars.e e oeraed oeraed o r o are e Mary Rose , or a ors ors Keore’s re ea e o. o. Eeall Eeall,, aer ea daae ad ee fled fled o e lere flas,e orsars dre,ad e Mary Rose ad s o o reaed reaed ádz sael. sael. Keore as rearded arles ii a ood, le Hollar oralzed oralzed e ee a era. era. Dese a o o er aal ars aas ea oer, Elad ad e eerlads old o oaso o-oerae e fi aas e arar orsars. 1670 dral Wlle a e ro a D flee o ree ss, dra ro e adrales o serda, ser da, oerda oerda ad Zeelad, o e eder ederraea raea ad ooeraed ll e ar aas lers. Els sqadro der aa ard ea as deaed o aoa a e’ e ’s ss aroll e sra o ralar ad s aroaes. ds 1670 e alles eoered a lere sqadro ear ae arel, ad e es ale e droe s ee ss asore, r e, ll seeral oed lere aas ad ree 250 rsa slaes. eeer 1670 ll aded oer oad o e Els ederraea ederr aea flee o r Edar Edardd rae ad rer rered ed oe. rae oed aresse oeraos aas e leres ad aeed s reaes or oer e a 1671. ee lere arss ere e aror a oe, ad rae se firess sessll red e all.s all. s rer ea lo o e a o lers led 144
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o a reolo e . e old rler as oerro ad e e oe as aos o ae eae Elad, as soo areed. Fro s o oards, e rler o lers as o as e ‘de’ (lerall ‘le’), a le elar o a . . e Els ad e D D ad fled oale deea deeas s o e arar orsars, ad e Fre Fre ad also arred o o lesser aal oeraos aas e ese ears. Hoeer Hoeer,, js as e arar orsars ere e o eel real ressre ro e Eroea Eroea sea oers, oers, a ressre as as sddel relaed. os xiv as deered o desro desro e D rel, ad e elsed e ad o arles ii o la a loFre assal o e eerlads 1672. Elad old fi e D l 1674, le e Fre Fre oed e ar aas e l 1678. Oe aa e arar orsars ere le larel oosed oosed le e Eroea sea oers o ao eseles. lo e D fiall ea a e Fre aso o 1672 alos alos desroed desroed er or or,, ad oer saes, ld a, laer joed er srle aas Frae, Frae, ere as lle do a s ar eaeed D oer oer.. s as eseall re e ederraea. e Fre Fre eoraed eoraed a reol reol l aas a, ad e D se a flee, der dral de er, o e ederraea o asss e as. a seres o sea ales arod e sores sores o l 1676 e Fre, Fre,der der dral dral raa Dqese, Dqese, eeall o o e eer o e D-as flee ad e aos de er as lled oe o e eoers. e Fre Fre ere o asers o e eser ad eral ederraea. Frae ad e eerlads ade eae 1678. D seaore oere ad larel ee elded ro e ederraea se 1672 ad D soers ere deserae o rea e rade e ad los o Fre Fre ad Els ss. as e arar orsars el ose o ores ree a D rade real e reo. We D eoaors eoaors ae o e arar reees 1679 1679 a a o oa e e reaes ro ro e,e e, e ae as slas. slas. s sal e rea areed lers old se e oe or ose s ad rol. rol. e ers e D D eeal eeall l areed lers ere o orr er Els ad Fre rals. lo lo e eerlads sll ad a sfia a ad os o s era ss e o e ederraea ell roeed roeed oos, oos, e D eeel alaed o e leres. 145
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e rea o 1679, rafied 1680, e D areed, ao oer s, o rode a as as ee a aal re ae ae o lers. le rs. dd o ae e or or o oe, oe, o a ree o ao, ao, firears, oder ad aal sores s as ass, ordae ad sld er. er. ee e D ere rod e aeral o eq lere orsars o aa e ss o oer aos ad rer e leres areed o o aa D era s. e D ad allaed as eaer o sed relar re o lers a o ae e os o sed e aal eedos aas e orsar .. e 1679 rea as o e e ass o D D relaos lers or e e dred ears ad ore. e Els ad e Fre ere lod er odeao o a e sa as a D D srrede srrederr, ad a d e resole resoledd o r e arar reees o ers ro rer aresse ao er aes. Elad led e a, a, ad ro 1677 o 1682 1682 aed a fiere aal ar lers lers.. Hoeer, e a Els flee, der r o arro, rered o e ederraea 1675 aer K arles ii ad eded s arao Frae’ Frae’ss ar aas e D, s firs are as o lers rol a. For os o 1675 arro red o aa a aal loade o rol. rol. e s alloed o se ala as s orard or ard ase, os o s sles ae ro e ore dsa or o oro (alled eor e Els) sa sa,, e ral ase or Els ereras e eral ederraea. arro eae ore ore aresse e ollo ear. ear. aar 1676 a ore o oas ro e Els flee, led arro’s arro’s roéé lodesle oell, eered rol rol aror ad red or ss o e rol flee. oo aerards arro’s ss eoered a rol sqadro a sea ad desroed all or essels. er er ese ea los o s flee, e rler o rol rol ade eae ar 1676, ree all s Els aes ad ros o a a fiaal de de.. e eole o rol rol reoled, oerre er rler ad ored s relaee o deoe e rea. rea. aroro aror o ql rered, rered, reae reae o oard rol less e e rler ofired ofired e rea, rea, e dl dd. s sess ae eoraed e oer reees o o e ore ore resel oards Elad, e leres ere ar ease so a ore ss ere s alse Els flas o aod are er orsars. s er olas o e Els oere oere ao s 146
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ad a ae ar rae’s rae’s desro o e lere sqadro a oe 1671. Herer as less eresed eresed a loade o lers, reerr o esor Els rade oos ro e orsar daer areas, osl or ear e sra o ralar, ad o o arols e sae areas. o ol dd s ss e o ae a sead oll o lere essels, essels, ar ared ed or desroed, desroed, e also aoed aoed or soe soe allee roers ro oroo as ell. e as e orsars ad alas ee ale o or Els arss, se e 1660s Els sards s ards ad rod roded ed a er er o as, ell ared essel essels, s, oe o sallo dra. e ere eqall sel oera ao e sadas o e or ea o e D oas or o o e sallos ear eadlads le ae aa ere arar orsars lred a or er re. re. lo e lo reaaer l e Els a aer as sad o e alos olee e lae 1670s, ad doe lle o roe roe e ’s aror. e s redeessors, Herer as rela o ae se o aer as a aal ase ad sall ol reeed oasoal ss ro aroll arss. s sao aed draaall 1680 e reeaed oroa aas o e deees o aer oelled oelled Herer o ae e flee ere,lad ere, lad salors ad ao o asss e arrso ea o e oroa assal. eereles eer eless, s, oe e daer daer as as, as, Herer looed looed elseere elseere or a flee ase ad od ralar. rl 1680 e as ae Herer ersso o se ralar as s a ase ad e oed o se l s rer o Elad 1683. o e o oers Herer’s flee as as eore ooe. los a qarer o o a er laer,, as dral ooe, laer ooe, e old are are ralar or Elad 1704. 1704. Herer soo ea o alae a sl slaes, osl ae ro ared lere lere essels.e essels. e s redeessors, redeessors,e e as der orders o o r e a o Elad. oe ere sed sed as laor aer aer,, or o e deees or osr e reaaer reaaer.. e res ere se o e aros slae ares rsa ederraea ores,s ores, s as ose a ádz ad oro oro.. 1679 aloe aloe Herer as sad o ae ade a rofi o 16,862 ees o e ro e sale o 243 sl aes. o all sl aes assed ress o slaer. slaer. leas o ss arr sl slaes aa ro aer eereed reols ao e aes.e aes. e ss ere sezed ad r asore o e oas o or ra. 148
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e sar o 1681 Herer’s Herer ’s ss ere aa a sead rae o sess aas e leres. ar 1681 o Els arss ared e oed lere orsar Golden Horse . (le (lere re essels essels dd o ae aes le rsa ss, ad e ere sall sall defied e ae o er aa. aa.We We ared, ared, e ere ere oe aed aer soe eare o e ar a e ser o e essel.) oe 500 sl re, re, ld e aa, a D D reeade, ere ere ae rsoer ad 90 rsa slaes slaes ere reed. reed. a sor reeaed sel sel e e ars hms Kingfisher as aaed e lere orsars ear arda. e s’s aa as ora Keore, so o o Keore o ad od sel a slar oso hms Mary Rose 1669. e s aer, ora ea o s assalas, e ale e as aall oded. eeer aoer lere orsar ell o e Els arss. Els reeade as od ao ao e oers o e ared essel. He as edael aed. aed. lo Herer as r reas ressre o ear o e a o lers, e ’s rler eae aorale aorale o eae Elad or oer reasos. reasos. lers lers ad ee a eae e D D ad e Fre, a ar e Els. lae 1681 e leres ere e dra o ofl Frae. e e radoal ol as o aod e a ar ore a oe o e a Eroea sea oers a a e, ar Frae Frae ea eae old ae o e areed e El Els s as soo as ossl ossle. e. 1682 ler lerss ade ade a eae eae rea Herer, ad s rea as o e e ass o Elad’ Elad ’s relaos lers l 1816. 1816. Ee eore ar roe o eee lers ad Frae lae 1681, e Fre ad alread ae ao aas arar orsars. dral ra raa a Dq Dqe es see a add e ee e se se a sq sqa adr dro o o s s ee o ors rsa ars rs o rol or er aas o Fre Fre s. s. 1681 Dqese ased a ro o rol orsars o e aror o e slad o os e eea ea. e adral alled o e Ooa oeror oeror o eel e orsars, e resed. Dqese ql red o load e or. sead e e ad desroed e rol sqadro. e Ooa sla, eed eed iv, iv, as oraed s aa o s error, error, ad or a e seeed a e Ooa ere ad Frae, oe lose alles, o o ar ea oer oer.. Hoeer Hoeer,, aer e al r ssded, e Ooa oere deded o rese resere re e eae. e ere eras eoraed s aes ro e Fre eras 149
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resde e ere. sead e Ooa sla e o ar e s sr ra as s,, e ee e al all l le lead ad o ee a ao os s O Oo oa a de dee ea a a Ve Ve aa 1683. Frae,, as alread oed,as Frae oed, as deered 1682 o desro desro lers lers oe ad or or all. os xiv lease leasedd s e eao, eao, e o essel, essel, o e e oardes o 1682 ad 1683. Hoeer, aled o rode e draa resls a a ad eeed, ad 1684 a eae rea as areed eee e o sdes. 1685 dral ea d’Esrées oo e e o essels o dae s ad rol. Here e Fre Fr e ad eer l, l, o reees reees o ql o ers, ers, alo a sor oarde dd ae o e fled o rol o oe s rler o eoae. er Elad ad rol ade eae eae 1677, 1677, a e Els osl,oas sl, oas aer, aer, ad ee dsaed o e ree, ree, alo e dd o aae o ae s os l 1679. aer alread ad osderosderale eeree o or ra, ad e ad ee a asssa o s roer Fras e e as Els osl s. s. aer reaed rol l l 1685 ad le a alale alale ao o s sere ere. Oe o s ral ass as o ae sre a rol rol e e eae Elad, Elad, ad ad relaos, relaos,ld ld oe arare, arare, e Fr Fre e ad e D. s as e as larel sessl. rol rol as sall eed as e leas oer oerll o e ree ree arar reees. Hoeer, old sll sed o eee fiee ad e orsars ea ear, ear, ar sze sz e ro a sall alle o a 46- sal ars as e flas o e oader o e rol rol flee. e orsar aas or res ere osl rs rs or rsa reeades, efl ree, oe Frea. Frea. e a rs rods o e rol orsars orsars ere e eral ederraea, ederraea, arod e oass o al ad reee. aer e a arel reord o e rzes ae e orsars dr s e rol, rol, ad er sesses ared are d ro ear o ear. ear. 1679–80 e al as e rzes, o ol a Fre s as alale. e ear 1680–81 as eer, eer, eee Fre, Fre, Veea, asa, eoese ad alese ss ared, ad or oal oer 400,000 as dollars. e ear 1681–2 as oor, s roed e o ollo ollo ears, o ol as o a r Fre rze ae ea o ose ears. e las ear o aer’s oslae, 1684–5, as arlarl ad. lo see rsa ss ere 150
Facing the Sea Powers, 1660–1720
ae, ol s s ere ere arr aro aro,, oe o o er alale alale,, ad soe soe o e res esaed asore, so a a oal o ol 79 slaes ere ared. oared e dozes o Fre rzes lers as a e sae erod, e aeees o e rol rol orsars dd o aear a rea. eereless e ere se o r a D aassador 1685 ee o ree eae rol ad oer e sal re o ars, od oer oder er ad aal sores. aer a ear dra drall d’Esrées o eae rol rol ro a sor oarde o e . a ase, ro 1685 oards, rol, le lers ad s, old ae o rede s orsar aes ease e Ooa sla old e all o o e reees o rode rode arss or a aal ofl ofl draed o l 1699. 1699. er e Ooa deea a Vea 1683, e ar eee e Ooas ad e sras oed or ore a fiee ears. Oer rsa saes joed e sra sde sde o fi e fidels. Oe as Vee, ee o e reee or e loss o ree,ad ree, ad e rel delared ar o e Ooa slsla 1684.e 1684. e Veeas Veeas dd ae oe aled ae o rea ree, or os o e 1680s e o (sessll) o ae e orea (o e elooese) soer reee ro e Ooas. e e 1690s e ea o rad del e eea ea.e ea. e sla as ee o ae e asssae o e arar orsars oos e Veea aal ores. earl 1685 e Ooa sla eed iv se o s firs soss o e orsars e e ar: lers as o rode so rode e arss;; s fie; ss fie; ad rol rol e.e e. e sla sla se as o ea ea ree o oer e oss o fi o ese ss.e ss. e old sere e a Ooa flee o ae, e old ee a rzes e oo ad e ere los le e sla’s sere, ser e, e old a oesao. s aer oed, rol as a o sed e reqesed sqadro,, ad as a roess a as o e reeaed a es sqadro es e o ears. s as Frae ade eae rol, rol, s relaos lers ea o dele oe ore. e old role o Fre relae o release o ad fi lere slaes ro er alles reed, ad Fre arss sezed a er o lere ss a sea. s 1687 e rler o lers, sll ezzooro, ezzooro, delared ar o Frae ad s orsars ere soo r r Fre rzes oe ore. 151
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e 1688 dral ea d’Esrées led a Fr Fre e flee o e ss o e le, e o essels essels ad soe soe alles o lers. lers. ezzo ezzooro oro,, eera o e 1683 oarde, as o reader o e o Fr Fre e reas or ao a e ad ee e as. D’Esrées alled or eoaos, ezzooro resed. oe 400 Fre eole resde lers,ld lers, ld e osl ad e arar-eera eeral,l, ere roded roded or se as osaes, le o e sl olao olao fled e aao o a as o oe. O 22 e 1688 d’Esrées’ d’Esrées’ o essels essels e o ao, ao, ad er orar os raed do o lers. lers. a lds e ere ere desroed desro ed or daaed, daaed, a asales see o ae ee l.s l. s 1683, ezzooro reled o e orar os selee eeos o s Fre osaes, e osl ad e ar-eeral ao ose lased aa a e ao’s o. D’Esrées reled r ee aes o e sl rsoers aoard s flee ad floa er odes asore o ras. ezzooro reaed ressed, oe o a l e sl o Fre os ra o. Els El s oserer, oserer, oe oer r ole,as ole, as ee ee sore,r sore, r o 7 l 1688: ‘ all, os fired 13,300, Fre rdered 49.’ e da d’Esrées ae ad s flee saled aa, lea a leas a rd o lers rs,, a aeed rs aeed lle lle else. Oe aa, aes Eroea eraoal relaos ere o r eae eee lers ad Frae aser a a lar ao. 1689 Fre Fre os xiv as a a ajor ajor ar e eae o sr, sr, a allae old lde e eerlads, Elad, sra ad a. os ad ore ora ass or s a a fi e leres. Fr Fre e eoaors ere se o lers ad eeer 1689 1689 a e eae rea rea as sed. e e reaes ade e D 1679 ad e Els 1682, s 1689 rea as o roe las, or e ass or Fre Fre relaos relaos lers o e Fre eolo a er laer. a lere orsars ere a ezzooro ease o e era ss o all ree a Eroea sea oers ad ee raed ro aa. Hoeer Hoeer,, ezzooro’s ore edae dl ae ro s sessl lad aas aas sa. ese alres led e rs jass jassare aress o lers o oer oerro ro ezzooro Ooer 1689 ad e fled aroad, eeall rea sal. e e 1671 reol lers aer rae’s sess a 152
Facing the Sea Powers, 1660–1720
oe a, e orsar aas ad a lare sa o eae de o lers, lers, ro 1689 oards oards e jassares ad e las ord o o eae rler a as esseall a lar lar rel. ezzooro ad dll se lere arss ea ear se 1685 o sere e Ooa flee fi e Veeas ad er alles. He also sees o ae oered ade o e reas addo o sal ss o e Ooa a ro e earl 1680s oards. s a reard or all s aal asssae, e Ooa sla lea ii as 1689 o o e ezzooro ezzooro e os o ada ada asa, oader- oader--e o e Ooa a, ollo e rado o e le ararossa ad Ulj l. Hoeer Hoeer,, ezzooro’s elso ro ro lers ea e os as e o aoer Ooa oal. 1690 ezzooro oaded e Ooa ss ser o e rer Dae e ar aas e sras, ad e e ad a oadd e la ea. 1691, e Veea oa Veea aal a a e eea ea as reas, ezzooro eae oeror o odes ad oader o e ss ased a a slad. e Veeas Veeas sezed os 1694, ezzooro reared 1695 aer deea e Veeas Veeas o aal aal ales. s a reard or rea rea os, os, e Ooa adral as 1695 a las ade ada asa. eee 1695 ad 1698 ezzooro led e Ooa lee a er er o aal ales e Veeas e eea ea. He as eerall sessl, eer eo o a dese adaae oer s rsa ee. e ar eded 1699 ad ezzooro ded 1701, e red os. Oe aa oe o e leaders o e arar orsars ad laed a al aal role e sere o e Ooa sla. er e loros eolo 1688 Elad, K aes ii as dre o ele ele ad relaed s daer Qee ar ad er sad K Wlla iii,o as also rler o e eerlads.W Fre eoraee, e-K aes roe o e rler o lers la a Wlla ad ar ere srers ad a e leres old seze a Els era ss o o e ederraea arr asses ade o er aes. e leres er sel ored s ae o erol e a ar o Elad ad e eerlads. lo-lere relaos relaos ere rer roed roed e 1691 o oas as aer, aer, re reosl osl osl osl a rol rol,, ea eaee e Els osl a lers. aer sees o o ae ee ell o ad 153
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reseed all ree arar reees. We e fiall rered o Elad 1695, aer oo oe 45 45 reed Els aes, all a e reaed lers, s ad rol, ‘ee oe a resed s ler’. s as e dae daerr o are arar arar orsar orsarss seeed o e ds or Els seae, e ere o o ae e daers ro Fre orsars. e reqe lo-Fre ars eee 1689 ad 1815 saed a os o raeers, e Fre Fre sde e ar e os eee. deed e Fre Fre raeer or o Dr eae o as ‘e lers o lers o e or’. or’. e Fre Fre orsars orsars ejoed er eda eee 1695 ad 1713, ad s sel o oare oare er aeees ose o e arar orsars dr er erod o reaes sess e firs al o e seeee er. er. eee 1622 ad 1642 e arar arar orsars ere esaed o ae ared oer 300 Els essels ad ae arod 7,000 Els aes. eee 1695 ad 1713 e Fre Fre raeers ared ared earl 10,000 ee essels, o eee 50 ad 75 er e ere Els/rs ss. e 1620s ad 1630s, e arar orsars ared a aerae o fiee Els ss ea ear. e erod 1695–1713 Fre Fre raeers oo a aerae o 600 ee essels ea ear,, o ao 400 ere ear ere Els/rs Els/ rs ss. learl Els era ss ad er res ad a reaer daer o all o Fr Fre e raeers raeers a o arar orsars, ee e erod e e arar saes ere ejo er reaes are sess. Fre raeers le ea ar old fl reaer daae o e rs era flee a a arar orsar, e reaed re a or e Els salors e rs o are a a Fr Frae ae as eer as re re a ro rose se as eo eo a slae lers. Els salors ared ad ae o a Fre or a raeer sed ol a e os a e sse o rsoer eaes eee Elad ad Frae Frae as or sool. sool. Ee a as o dra o or loer, loer, ere as alas e rose o reedo a defie e erod. e lo-Fre lo-Fre ars ea delaraos o ar ad eded eae reaes; e ere o ‘eeral’ le e sosedl edless ofl eee eee rsedo ad sla ores. ores. lo lo a rel relos os dde searaed roesa Elad ro aol aol Frae, Frae, rsoer rsoerss o ar eer or ere rarel 154
Facing the Sea Powers, 1660–1720
oressed ease o er relos eles or ressr ressred ed o oer o e alerae a lerae relo. a e arar saes as alas a less leasa eeree. eer ee. e rsoers ad o dea o lo er a old las; e ere reaed as slaes, o rsoers o ar; ad e ere alas der ressr ressre, e, ars ral ral or ar roses, roses, o e er rsa relo relo ad ‘r r’. r’.Waeer Waeer sers aaed Els seae ared Fre Fre raeers, e ere fiel reerale reerale o e oeless ser o arar a. Hoeer, ro e 1690s sezre e arar orsars as less ad less lel or e era salors o e a Eroea sea oers. 1690 e arar orsars, aer 30 ears ears o srle, ad reaed reaed soe d o dersad e ree ajor rsa sea oers o Eroe: Frae, Elad ad e eerlads. e ad eae reaes e all e orsars rosed o o aa e era ss o ose ose ores. rer e sea oers oers ere a a o le e arar arar orsars oe o re o e s o e lesser are saes o rsa Eroe, ad e D ee se aal ses o araes ad aal sores o eer eq e arar orsars or a er rose. s e as, ese reaes ae roe do, lead o reeed ar eee eee e arar orsars ad e ajor sea oers. eral e Els ad e Fre osls e arar saes ere alas r r o e e orsars o ae ar o er rals. Hoeer, e arar orsars, le a o reee e ‘reses’ ‘ reses’ ad res ro e ral osls, ere arel o o jo e rea lo–Fre lo–Fre ars a eae s a eare o Eroea eraoal relaos ro 1689 oards. e orsar aas ola ao e ale o aa Fre, Els ad D ss, ere ere sll a ares aalale o e: o js ss ro radoal eees le a, oral ad e ala saes, also e s le e Das ad eds ss ere reasl er o e ederraea. eereless old o e deed a oe oe ro orsar orsar as lel o all, a all rer eaeraed e eed o sed arss o ad e Ooa sla s ar a lased l 1699. all oe ro orsar dd o ol ose drel oled a a a e arar reees. also reded oe oe o e oeres orolled orolled e rs jassares ose saes. 155
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Ule e orsar aas, e jassares old e rer oe reas er aes o lad. ore eedos ere se o e eror o or ra o r ore aes ro realra res,ad ere ere ore ars eor saes rs o oo oo.. For For eale, alo lers ad o o oroo oroo ad sa e as, s ars ere ere o eoe a ore ore relar orre orree. e. rol ee alled lers o la aas o sa. sa. e arar arar saes eae ore dsraed lad ars or ra, e a Eroea sea oers oers ere ee ore ore dsraed e ars eee esel eseles. es. Elad (ra (ra ro 1707) ad Frae old e eaed a as ee alled e ‘eod Hdred Years Years War’ W ar’ eee 1689 ad 1815. s lo as e arar arar orsars e reasoal re o er reaes s sea oers, e old oe er aas o e ss o e lesser are saes o Eroe. s a easre o e aal dele o e eerlads e earl eee er a s era s as soo o eoe a are or arar orsar aas oe ore. ore. e rea Eroea Eroea ars ere also o r ore ore dre eefis o e arar saes, arlarl lers. a’s oer ad deled radl dr e seod al o e seeee er, ad e e s las Hasr arles ii ded 1700 e re sral o a ad s ere ere seeed rolea. rolea. os xiv orard s radso l’s la o e as roe; e sra Hasrs orard e la o rde arles. oo Eroe as a ofl aa e ar o e as sesso, o a ars o Eroe, Eroe, ld a sel. s radoal eees o o a, e arar orsars ere derdere ao o e ro, ro, lers as o rofi ro ro e srle. e Els ad D sored rde arles s ar aas e Fre reeder ree der o e as roe. 1704 e lo-D flee oo orol o e eser ederraea ad old oe a doae or soe ears o oe. e Els, o ad dra dra ro ro aer 1684, o sezed ralar ralar (1704) ad ora (1708) ro a e ele a ese laes old e eer ases o sor er ro oer e ederraea. ederrae a. e srle e oeror o Ora, e a as oos o o e oas o or or ra, sored l, l, e Fre Fre reeder o e as roe.s roe. s e lo-D flee sor sor rde arles 156
Facing the Sea Powers, 1660–1720
orolled e eser ederraea, s ade sea oaos o Ora reasl dl. dl. o e ro ro solao o e Ora arrso ro 1704 oards, saa e Yosse Yosse (also alled oelae), o rled eser lera or e de, ea a lad loade o e oos, oos, laed e ores ores o derae a relar relar see. see. 1707 e de o lers deded o ae e are o Ora. He se a ar der der Oze Hassa, see arller arller,, ad as as soo joed joed loal erer rese. Fro eeer 1707 e oer as ors ere sored sored oe aer aoer. aoer. e as e r r o Ora sel, sel, e adel all a e sar o aar 1708. ers el Ker oed e srle or a lle lle loer, loer, ell d-rl. d-rl. er o eres o rsa oao, Ora ad ers el Ker ad ee rered o sl rle. e arr oers oers o Eroe sarel sarel oed ese ese ees o e oas o or or ra, e leres el el e ad a rea rea or o elerae.e elerae. e srle or Ora ad ee fiere ad lood, lood, ea asales o o sdes, oo ad ee o o ad oer 2,000 rsa rsoers ae,ld arsora oers o old eld rasos.e rasos. e de o lers se e es o Ora o e Ooa sla as a oe o e rea or or ad ased a Oze Oz e Hassa sold e ade a asa. e reqes as o raed. deed e Ooa sla soed lle ore eres e are o Ora a e rsa rea oers oers ad doe. doe. e see er e rsa– sl ales or ra ad ee o al oer o e Ooa oere, oere, o e e ere re aed rsa reas loser o sal ad ese ere s firs ror ror . e arar arar orsars ad sred e rea osed e rse o e rea Eroea Eroea sea oers aer 1660. e ae o r er aes reard o Fr Fre, e, D ad Els s, ere ere sll le o rsa essels e ederraea ad eod old e are aress or er rse rsers. rs. o ol ad e ara arar r orsars sred e rse o e sea oers, e ofls eee ose oers old e eloed o e eefi o e orsars, os draaall e lere are are o Ora. a ad ee led s or ra eees. eees.Wo Wo old elee a ol a e sor ears, e arar arar orsars old ae o ae e real o er old as ee as a lar ad aal oer? 157
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MRCC: ISMAIL’S CRSAIRS lo e so-alled so-alled ‘ ‘rae rae rel’ rel’o o alé ad los s s deedee deedee e 1640s, e or oed o e a ajor ase or orsar aes aes der aros aros rlers, rlers, o oo oo a sare o e rofis. rofis. alé, le eoa eoa, , e oer a orsar ase oroo, also e s ls e Ooa ree o lers lers or a e, allo lere orsars orsars o se e or as er orard ase o e la la Oea. 1660 alé ae der e rle o al-Kadr ala, ala, o ad sered orol orol o o orer oro oroo. o. 1662 e Els oo oer aer aer ro e orese, ad ala so o roe s oe o e jad la aas o e e rsa oas oas o e .. 1664 ala’s ores ee aaed o as ad ll ord eo, e oeror o aer aer,, ad a o s roos. 1666 ola al-asd, oder o e lae das sll rles oroo oda, oda, ared Fez ad sded orer oroo oroo,, or ala o o ele. ele. alé ql aeed e rle o asd, e as lled a ade 1672 ad s al-roer ola sal oo oer. oer. ala oo ar a reol e or aas sal 1673, as deeaed ad lled. oroo ad ee raed olal sal se e dea o ad al-asr 1603. ola sal, a ral ad rless a, as o o e e or 50 ears o sal ad order. s e old o ase s oer o e relale ra ad erer res oroo, sal reaed a la slae ar, ar, e d al-ar, as loal loal ol o ad e ed o s re ad ro o 150,000 e. Dsrsl o e olal ros e old aal o Fez, sal l a e aal or sel a ees. are o laor as sed o ld sal’s alaes ees, ld e ro s la ar, ar, oeorar Eroea Eroea rers led o e e resso a rsa aes,ae e oroa orsars, dd os o e or. as alleed a as a as 25,000 rsa rs a slaes laored aall aall od odos os.. fir fires es ere asrd. asrd. e lae seeee er e er o rsa aes aes oroo a a oe oe e roal dd o eeed 2,000, le e earl 1700s e er as roal earer 1,000. 1,000. os rsa slaes ere orese, as as ad ala, ol sall oes o Fre, Fr e, Els ad D slaes. slaes. sal as as eral a ral rler rler,, 158
Facing the Sea Powers, 1660–1720
soe o e ales old ao s reles o rsa aes a es ere aas. as sad e ordered ordered ass eeos o o rsas, e eee eee 168 6844 a add 172 7277 ee re eor ords ds o ee Fra ra s sa a o os s o lle edd l los osel el e aes reorded e eeo o ol 127 rsa rsoers. lar oer o ol resored order oroo, also alloed allo ed sal o deal eeral reas. He aded lera 1679, 1682 ad 1695–6 o s e rs o lers or erer eral oroa aars, ad e eeall areed o rese oroo’s deedee. sal also so o reoe reoe e rsa ooss a sll esed alo oroo’ oroo’s oass. He ad soe sess o e la oasle, or e as o o o aora 1681, arae 1689 ad sla 1691. e as ooss o e ederraea oas o oroo roed roed ore ressa o oroa ressre, ressre,as as so e aarel edless oroa loade o as-eld ea. e 1680s ad 1690s, sal so o e a oral allae Frae old old rease rease e ressre ressre o e as, os xiv old o ole. sal’s ores e soe ressre o e Els aer dr e 1670s, e dd o e oered aas o e l 1678. earl 1680 e oroas oerra soe o e oer Els ors ad e oeror o aer, Wlla O’re, 2d earl o q, o s aer ad ee rasoed ro e leres 1660, as alled oe dsrae. dsrae. o add o e oad oso, oso, e leea-oeror leea-oeror,, r ales ales Farore, Farore, as e lled dr a sore. Forael roos roos der er er Kre ad salors laded rr Herer deeaed rer oroa aas laer e ear ad o a soe osos. 1681 Kre sed sal ad ad a ree-ear re as areed. eereless, sal’s aas ad doe eo o oe e Els oere a aer as a osl oll. 1683 ord Daro, aoaed e dral oal ad dars ael es, es,as as se o o aer sere sere orders o dra all Els Els ores ad selers ro e lae. s as doe a e sar o 1684. eore e le, e Els le e o, s orfiaos ad e aos reaaer or ole. sal oo oer a le o rs. all e oao o aer eee 1662 ad 1684 ad os e Els oere £2,000,000 (o oe-rd as se o ld e ole), as ore a e os o all K arles ii’s oer 159
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arrsos a oe ad oerseas oeer. aer ad eer oe lose o l o Els oes a old eoe a rea oeral or ad a aal ase old r e arar orsars. lo–oroa relaos ae roed aer e draal ro aer , as e Fre, oed aas oroa orsars ade eoa eae reaes dl. Ha oaed a oool o olee olee o lad oroo, oroo, as ol aral a sal sold see o oa a oool o olee a sea as ell. eee 1680 ad 1700 e seadl oo orol o alos all oroo’s orsar essels. s a firs easre, e ordered all rae orsarr aas o ad oer er a orsa aes es o , e soe as oesao rer.e e rae orsars ere o a eer larer sares o er ros o e rler r ler.. oo as easer js o sell o o sal, ad e sar o e eee er alos all oroa orsars ere der e orol o e sae. sal sed e rsa aes s orsars oo a sea o o ld e alaes a ees ad o e as s eors o era dloa ad rad oessos ro ro Eroea saes, saes, aoe all Frae Frae ad Elad. oroa orsars ere o arlarl eros. alé eer ad ore a e a a oe e dr sal’s re, ad eoa soea eer, e er 20–40- raes ere s ad oer o er ll r reda edaor orss ra raed ed del del o o e la la, ,ad ad ee ee ad adee oasoal oaso al oras o e ederraea. ederraea. rsa rsa reeades eased o e doa ao e orsar aas. 1671 ere ere ele ral r al res a alé, o o e ere oroas oroas ad or rsa reeades (o ro Frae, Frae, oe ro reee ad oe ro ro ajora). roal e os aos oroa res o e lae seeee er as dalla e a (or sa) o alé. e s areer e 1670s, e arrol esaed are are Els arss 1684. eee 1686 ad 1698 sa s o o ae ared 33 ss. O ose ose aoal s o, oree ere Fre, or Els, El s, o or orese, ese,oe oe eoese eoese,, o D ad ad oe as. as.e e rzes ere ae a are o laes: o e la oass o era; ear la la slads slads s as adera, adera, e aares, aares,ad ad e zores; zores; ad e a o sa. Eeall eo adral o alé, a e o a dloa sso o Fra Fraee or ola sal 1699. oees oe es e s ad e ae o a. s 1684 1684 oas el els s saled ro Elad as aser o e s Success o 160
Facing the Sea Powers, 1660–1720
odo. er rs s a rs or, e e eaded or e slad slad o adera, eore e old rea s s as ared a oroa orsar earl Ooer. Ooer. e orsar laer ared o oer era ss ad e rered o alé s rzes. els ad e oer aes ere e ared o ees, ere e joed 800 oer rsa slaes or o sal’s sal’s ld rojes e aal . er s ae o e rasoed aled, els deded o esae. a 1685 e ad ree oer Else esaed ro ees ad od er a o alé.e sole a oa ad roed o o e ars hms Lark, oe o ree Els arss ae o loade e orsar ase. lad o s reedo, els also aed reee. He oed e Els aal aas a e old lo e o e ear or o aora (or arora) ere soe alé orsars ad od ree. e ree Els arss desroed e orsars ad reed soe rsa aes aoard e. els laer reeed a aal reard ro s oe o o rsol ‘or s ood seres desro e all e o Warr arora’. 1700, e sal leared a os xiv as orard s radso o e e e o a, e soed r o e a Fre Fre allae aas a. sal o red o e o eer ers e Els. El s. 1701 sal sal areed o release release 194 Els Els aes, aes, ld ld- fie solders ared a aer aer 24 ears earler, rer or a raso o £15,000, 1,200 arrels o oder ad a ae rose a Elad old asss a oroa aa o as-eld ea. We W e eae lea learr e Els old o aa aa ea, sal leased s orsars o er s oe ore. er e Els ared ralar ralar 1704, e red o roe roe relaos oroo oroo,, ad soo eoa eoa as a ora sore o sles or e e Els oos. 1712 sal’s relaos e Fre ad deeroraed osderal, reds e Els as lle lle eer. eer. 1711 1711 rs ss ad aroes or or £100,000 ere sad o ae ee ared oroa orsars, alo e o ores ere sosed o e a eae ea oer. 1713 a e lo–oroa lo– oroa rea as areed, areed, e e ‘ ‘reses’ reses’ro rosed sed e rs aled o rea rea sal, e delared ar 1714. 1714. eee 1714 ad 1719 oroa orsars ared 27 ss ro e rs sles ad e Elad or era, a 263 161
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aes. O ese aes, 53 ded oroa ads ad fiee oered o sla o esae slaer. Oe o e laer as a ors eeaer alled oas ello ello,, o laer laed e as ll-reaed s aors o ae eoe a sl. s a rsa reeade, ello as elle or rer o Elad der a laer lo– oroa rea. rea. er e raed as a solder ello o seeral aas oroo. Ol 1738 dd e fiall aae o esae ro e or, rer o Elad ad laer r a ao o s eerees. eeer 1720 oodore arles ear saled ro Elad a sall sqadro od or oroo oroo.. He as der orders o eoae a rea o eae ola sal. sal. ear ear’’s ss reaed eoa eoa Deeer ad eoaos ea. Wle W le aoled rs doae a sea, e oroas ere ere osos o e relae relae leral o er or. e a oroa es, s as ees, Fez Fez ad arraes arraes, , ere ere ar lad. Ol a ad ar old reae reae e. ra ra’’s ar ered arel 30,000 e; sal oldd assel ol asselee a ar o oer 100,00 100,0000 e ease. e rs old eer ose a seros lar rea o oroo, le e e rs ase a ralar as deede o sles ro or ra. e oroas oroas ad adaaes, e also ad desres. desres.e e aed o rease er rade rsa Eroe ad ood relaos ra, alread eras e orld’s reaes rad ao, ere al. alé ad eoa ere ere o ol oroo’ oroo’s a orsar ases; e ere also e a ors or e o or’s r’s ro ro rade e osde orld. e eee er as rade reased, e aes o e orsars deled. aar 1721 e lo–oroa rea o eae as areed. lo ere ere o e oasoal reaes o sdes e o ears, s as o e a defie rea e sae a as e Els rea lers 1682. old oer lo–oro lo–oroa a relaos dr e eee er ad eod. eod. sal released 296 rs aes,ad aes, ad e e ere rered o Elad e oo ar a ereoal arade o al’s odo, ere ere as a relos sere o elerae er release ro fidel a. s sal, e rs aded oer ‘reses’ o sal, ld 1,200 arrels o oder ad 13,500 los a sal’s arorers old se o ae ses. 162
Facing the Sea Powers, 1660–1720
Frae ad e eerlads old o aee reaes oroo l laer e 1720s, oroo ad o reaed e sao a e ree Ooa reees ad aeed 1690. as oeded o e era ss o e a Eroea sea oers rer or e rea oers r a ld ee o oroa orsar aas o e s o lesser aos.e rea oers ee roded ars ad oder o eq oroa ores or a as. e e oer arar orsars, e oroas ad sred e allee ro e e sea oers ad old oe er old aes o a reded sale. sal’s orsars ad o e rd rese o e rs, e dessed as sll eld ooss o e oas o oro oroo o.. deed deed,, e sal sal ded 1727, 1727, as as oer ee seeed o e re.
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CAP GATA, GAT A, oodore ee Dear as a a a rr. oodore rr. s e led s sqadro o era era arss o e ederraea ea e 1815, 1815, e el e rdes o o d ad ralr ear eal o s solders. Dear’ss d as o r Dear’ r e ar eee e usa ad e ree o lers o a earl ad oros olso.e oodore ad firs ade s reao as a era aal ero dr a earler ar aas e ree o rol. rol as e eaes o e arar saes, e ad ae or ears o ofl, ro 1801 1801 o 1805, o ore ore s rler o ae a eae aeale o e oere o e usa. Dearr eeded s Dea sess ess ees ees,, or a os a e os. e reaso or s as a s sqadro as e firs o o era aal ores roeed o e ederraea o oose lers.e seod sqadro as oaded Dear’s ral, oodore Wlla arde. ar de.He He as seor o Dear ad e laer ad alread delared delared a e old o sere der arde. Oe e oer oodore oodore arred, e o sqadros old e ed der s oad, ad Dear old rer o era. e ar aas rol rol ad ee e a o Dear’s areer ad alos eded eded a o arde.s arde. s oader o o e rae uss Philadelphia , ard arde e ad ae e s oo lose o e sore ear rol 1803 ad ad r arod. He ad s re ere ored o srreder, ad e ared rae as laer ae o rol aror.. Earl 1804 Dear ad led a dar rad aror rad resled e r o e e ared essel. arde ad s e reaed reaed a l e ed o e ofl. We ar roe o eee e usa ad ra 1812, o We Dear ad arde ad all doe ell. oad e 165
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rae uss United States , Dear oo e rs rae hm s Macedonian Macedoni an. lle laer, arde, e rae u ss Constitution, ared aoer rs rae, rae, hms Java . e rs rs loade loade e reded e aes o e era a.Hoeer,a e sar o 1815, Dear as deered deered o e s rae rae uss President o sea. rs seeed e seed, e s s e a seror rs sqadro. er a sor ere ressae, Dear as ored o srreder s s. a a eae rea o ed e ar ad alread ee sed, es o ol reaed or era aer Dear’s deea. o Dear, Dear, le arde, ad los a era rae o e or’s ee. e oodore e o e ederraea deered o ree s reao or sess a sea eore s ral old arre o relae relae . e e led e e ad aalale, Dear’s oes o aral sess ad or or a eae o lers seeed a, ood ore as o sor s eors. O 17 e 1815 Dear’s sqadro o ree raes, o sloos ad or saller essels as sal easards alo e so oas o a. Dear sa a aeared o e a rae o ae aa, a aore rs so or lere orsars o e looo or s. s e era ss aroaed, e srae s ra rs olors. Hoeer, Dear as o deeed. He eleed e s eloed o lers ad e edael losed . oe sa Dear also rased a rs fla o ose ose s ooe, ooe, eer e dd or o, e oader o e lere rae sees o ae eleed e sqadro sqa dro as a rs oe ad ee a eae lers. Ol e e era ss o lose o e rae dd e rea o era aoal olors. olors.e e lere s edael red aa o e soso-eas, eas, ead ead or ler lerss ad all ossle sal. Hoeer,, e era sqadro as lose ed ad Dear seeed Hoeer era o oe s re a sor e. Uo o e era oodore, s as o js a lere orsar e ad oe oe o. as e lares s e lere flee, e rae Meshuda (46 s), ad as oaded e adral adr al o le lers, rs, Hado Hado es. e laer as o js e oader o e lere flee, also e os aos aos ad sessl o e arar orsars dr e erod o e Fre eoloar ad aoleo ars. e ddle o e eee er er e aes 166
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o e arar orsars seeed o o e seros dele, ee a lers, aer 1793 orsar reed osderal. osderal. Hado es as sal o js or s s eeoal seaas ad s sess a rzes, s ors as ell. e as orsar aas ased lers ad ee eer rs ro e ea or rsa reeades, reeades, e a aas o o ro e ae ae olao o e . . ere s sll soe dse ao e al ors o Hado, e eral ae ro e ae olao olao o lers or s eorood. Orall a roéé o e oeror oeror o Ora, Hado ae o e oe o e de o lers ro s orsar sesses dr e 1790s. Fro 1797 Hado oaded e ral ss o e lere flee, ad 1802 e ared a rae ro e orese a,, esla a esla e re o earl 300 e. er a olal olal reolo reolo lers 1808 Hado fled o ele er. Hoeer Hoeer,, e la o oe ro s rze-a aes oersed e reasr o lers ad led o rer olal res. 1809 a e de sezed oer lers, realled Hado ad ade adral o lers. e ar eee s ad lers 1810–12, Hado ared ared a sa sa rae, e flas o er flee, ad ro a rr o lers. O s orsar rses Hado es sall led a sqadro o lere arss old easl oerel oer el a ore era s a e eoered. e 1815 Hado ad js led s a sqadr sqadro o o e la la o a rse, e e rered ro e sra o ralar ralar,, e los o e oer ss o s ore.o ore. o e lere orsar od sel sel aloe ad der fire ro a seror era sqadro. Hado as oded ood slers roded e a o era aoalls. es o o elo o ae s ods eded, e ad a ar ro o de so e old old s ere ad oe o e orders. orders. ee e old o or e era arss, Hado aed orse ad eaded s s oards e as oas, o o fid ree eral aers. Dear’s Dea r’s flas, flas, e rae uss Guerriere (44 s), s), o loed loed e Meshuda ’s’s a, asssed e sloo uss Ontario. e Guerriere ’s’s roadsdes sased o e lere s ad Hado es as o a aoall. aoall. os o s rea rea re fled elo de ad 167
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Dear assed e ee s old srreder srreder.. Hoeer Hoeer,, e leres oed o fi. as ol aer e sloo u ss Epervier fired e ore roadsdes o e lere rae a e Meshuda ’s’s olors ere fiall aled do. do. Hado ad ao 30 o s e ad ee lled. s oer 400 leres ere ae rsoer,a e oded.Dear’s sqadro ad los ol a adl o e lled ad oded. e rae uss Macedonian esored e Meshuda o araea a as a ar rze, rz e, le e res o e sqadro oe oedd o er jore oards lers. O 19 e e eras ae o aoer lere ars, e rae Estedio (22 s), o ae alos ad ared aer a sor fi, ll 23 o e e ee ad a 80 80 rsoers. We Dear’s sqadro reaed lers o 28 e, e oooodore ad e dloa Wlla aler se ord asore o e era sesses. sesses. Oar Oar,, e reel reel salle salledd de o lers, lers, as le os os o s eole ll o elee a e eras old ae fled so daae o e lere a so ql. ql. oe o e ared leres ere se asore Dear so a e old sear o e r o s las. a sae o so, Oar areed o 3 l o e eae ers ers a Dear ad aler oered. er ol oesso oesso o e rler o lers as o rose e rer o ol o lere rsoers, rso ers, also o e o ared ared lere lere arss. arss. Oar eared eared a e dd o e s rose e old e oerro. e eras aed a q areee ad aed o aod a olal rol lers a ro a less ola rler. rler. e ler leres es o old ld o lo loer er dea deadd a r re e ro ro e er er-as o esre e sae o er era ss ss ro orsar aa.s aa. s oesso led e usa o o e ras o e lesser re-a are saes le Dear ad ede ad e or or o a ar ra ad Frae Frae,, ores a eer ad re o e arar orsars.e orsars. e salors o e sle era era s a ad ee ae e leres ere released o ae o raso, ad oesao ad o e ad or e s ad s aro. Wlla aler as o eoe eoe e era osl o e arar saes, e ased lers. lo as o reqred s orders, oodore Dear o oo s sqadro sqadro o ss o s ad rol. rol.e e rlers o ose arar reees ere ol oo a o ree er reaes e 168
Decline, Revival and Extinction , 1720–1830
usa ad a oesao or a Dear laed ere as sdeeds. Earl s Dear e arde’s el el arred sqadro a ralar. Had oer oad o e oed ore, Dear saled or oe a ral arred o s a o deea lers eore arde arde arred. ad ae or ears ears o ore ore rol o ae a eae aeale o e usa. Dear ad ored ored lers o ae eae eae less a or ees. e era era sess aas lers e ar o 1815 as o ar e ed o e real o arar arar orsar ad ae lae e reos o o deades. e a o Dear’s or or old e reored e ollo ear e e lo-D flee der dral ord Eo oarded lers ad desroed e rea ss o e lere a. a. e arar orsars eer reoered reoered ro ese los ad e aed fial eo aer e Fre oqes o lers 1830. ee Dear dd o le o ear o a ee. 1820 e as oded a del aoer era aal oer ad ded sorl aerards.
SPANIS RIAL e reaes eded e ar o as sesso 1713–14, os xiv’s radso as aeed as e e oro o a, eo l v. Hoeer, o aease e eees o e Fre ad a as s o or ro os, s, a a a add o a ae e a a o o es ess so os. s.O Oee as o e e os o s ala ossessos, ld arda, l ad ales. ese e se los losses ses e ere re o o a ae eed ed l l v’s a ala la ee El Elzae zae Fa Fare rese, se, orr o ss e e s ser er l lo o l le ero ro ,, a ao oe err al ala a.e .e lo loo oed ed o orr a earl oor or a o rea s los ala errores. reoqes old reqre e deloe o eee as lar ad aal ores, ores, dr e ree ree ar e as ared ores seeed o ae reaed a e lo o aer al a er o dele. s ade er s real aer 1714 all e ore ore srrs. e oros ro ore ee eee e ads adsrae rae eods ro Frae, Fra e, ese old ae ad lle a ere ere ad o ee ale aards, a ards, aoe all osé año año,, ll ll o ado e. s rearao or ao al, al, e as so o e aor o e oe, lee xi. Vee as oe aa a ar e Ooas ad a Ooa lad o e slad o or seeed o 169
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ose a rea o al as ell. 1716 as arss ad alles ere ere se o asss e Veeas Veeas dr e Ooas ro or. s as sessll sessll aolsed, aolsed, ad as a reard e oe ade lero lero a ardal. 1717 l v ordered año o olle a flee ad ar a areloa, o e sor a ese ores ere o e se aas e Ooa rs as e reos ear ear.. s e eedo eedo saled, as o o aa e sl oe. sead roos roos der e arqs o ede ere laded o arda, ad e ed o e ear e slad ad ee rered o as rle. e ollo ear a ee larer as eedo as se aas l, ql oerr e slad.e slad. e oer rea oers o Eroe Eroe ere ar a a as r o oerr e selee o 1713–14 ad reared o ae lar ao. ra sr firs, s ederraea flee desro a as sqadro o ae assero l s 1718. sra joed e oalo oalo aas a, ad earl 1720 as ores ere dra ro ro l ad arda. e as ad eeall ee ored ored o e o seror seror ore, ore, er aos eee 1716 ad 1720 ad so sr edee a as lar ad aal or ores es ere eer eere e a sfia sfia real. real. o derle s ae, o sooer ad as ores rered rered ro l ad arda a a e eedo as e reared e deaale año. e are as e oroa ar a ad ee ese e as-eld or o ea o e or ra oas or soe soe ears.e ears. e as sqadro sqadro, , der arlos arlos rllo, rllo, saled ro ádz Ooer 1720 arr 16,000 roos der e arqs o ede. e ar as laded a ea soo aerards ad ql droe e oroas a. e ed o e ear e oroas ad e er ae o are ea. a old o reoer reoer l ad arda,eras arda, eras ae eer l r o reoer ralar ad ora ad ee ored o ede o ra. 1727 e as e o ar e rs ad red o reare ralar. e aled ad e ar soo eded. eaee e as sll red o ee ressre o e rs arrsos ralar ad ora ora resre resre easres. Hoeer, e rs red o or ra or os o er sles. eoa eoa oro oroo o sl sled ed ral ralar ar,, le ler lerss sled sled or ora. a. e as ere o a ao ese ls ad ased e rs 170
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o allo lere orsars o fid seler e aers arod ora. or a.e e leres old e eqall ssos, ssos,ar ar e rs rs o o sell o o a ea ad ee sled o ora ro lers. e e ederraea ere o roesa ra, e ral eees ere ere aol Eroeas, Eroeas, le os sor or e e rs ooss ae ro sl or ras. Ee E e o orre a a r ral ala arr a add o orra a,, ee a as s a a ed ed o re rea ae e Ora, los o e leres 1708 1708 aer o eres o as rle. 1732 e as ea assel oerl aal ad lar ores a ádz, la lae e ad areloa, areloa, ad oer ores ores aosl aosl seselaed ao e eded desao o e eedo. e flee as oaded Fraso orejo ad e roos osé arrllo de loroz, o o oear. O 6 e 1732 l v lsed a aeso delar a e ojee o e eedo as o reare Ora.e eedo saled o 15 e ad aeared o Ora e das laer. er a oosed lad, e as sl roed e loal lere ores. ers el Ker Ker ell o e as firs, ad e o o 5 l e o o oear eered Ora as s oqeror. O s rer o a oear reeed e Order Order o e olde Fleee, as dd osé año año,, e ‘orazer o or’. or’. er er al oso, oso, e leres olleed er ores ores ad laed sro oeraas dr s 1732. eorees ere rsed ro a, a, ad aer a er srle e lere assal o e a or oerloo Ora as fiall relsed. s a dsrao, a as aal ore der las de ezo raded e ear or o osaae. e as aed osderale rese ro er reoqes o ers el Ker ad Ora, soo ese ooss o e or ra oas ere as a rde o e as eeqer as e ad ee orer eres. ld o s sess a Ora, oear e o o e ores al e a oo ar e ofl ofl o as e ar o ols ols sesso (1733–5). (1733–5). 1735 e as ad o a l ad ales. 1736 osé año, año, e ‘as oler’, ded. We e ad e s areer as sae sere 1717 e a o a arel esed, esed, e e ded ossed o ore a 30 ss o e le,aa doze raes ad e le, e lesser arss. arss. as a ore ore a old old sad oarso e flees o ra ad Frae, ad as a ajor rea o e arar orsars. 171
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a’s lar ad aal real ad led o sfia sesses al,, e oer oers al oers oe aa laed ls ls o a sess. sess. e alad do o ales ad e slad do o l old e ed a sae o e alled e do o e o les ( ore ool o as e do o ales), e e do old o e ar o e doos o a. eer o e as oro roal roal ose old rle e e sae, sae, old o e ar o e as as ere. Oe resl o ese arraees as a e e do o ales old o ejo e roeo o e as ared ores. o ol old ales e lerale o ressre ro e rea oers, or eale as eersed e ederraea ederraea lees o Frae Frae ad ra, old d sel sel sro o deal e rea ro e ree Ooa reees reees o or ra. e aes o lers, s ad rol ere o lare sze, a arel e essel es selss ea ea, , e ee err as e ea eaol ola a le lee. e. zo zoe e o a aal al lera l eral l o e ese sedd or e r rs sa a sa saes es o e e era rall ederraea. ddall e aal ores o arda, arda, sa sa,, e aal saes ad ales ere arel a a or e arar orsar lees. or old e r or asssae o Vee, or s a e o osderale dele dr e eee er. Uless e Fre, Fr e, as or rs aes ere ll o rode sor, sor, e aes o e ala saes old o e sre o a seror oer e arar orsars. Ol e K Ks s o ala reaed reaed as a os osa a sor o a rsa sae e del, ee e ere d ard o ee e os o er sall lee, el oered ro alles o sal arss. eereless s e area o eaess as o edael aare ease e as a reaed sro ad oed o e ae aas e arar orsars.e orsars. e as flee erored reasoreasoal ell e ar ra ro 1739 o 1748, ad e 1750s rer aal ad lar reors ere arred o e arqs o Eseada. Oe ae e a as e sead redo e er er o alles ser e as flee. s as a eeral red ao e ederraea ederraea aes, Frae la la s las alles 1748. ere ere ere o e o ore ore alles, ere as o ore ore eed or sl alle slaes, ad s ae ad a sfia a o e roess o ree rsa aes ro e arar saes. 172
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reosl as aes e ads o e arar orsars ad reosl sall ee redeeed or or as, ro ro e 1730s oards, oards, ere as as a reas ede ede o eae a or a, rsa ae or sl sl ae. ae. W e del ora orae e o alles, e as ro as ore ll o e sl alle slaes or s eaes.e eaes. e firs s eae as 1739. 1739.e e eredara rars ad as rasos or 350 as aes lers, also eaed 50 lere slaes ose e rler o lers or 50 as aes ose e as ro. o e oroas deded a o rer redeo redeos s o as aes old ae lae less e lded a dre eae o aes. 1740 e oeror oeror o aer old e eredaras eredaras o o oe oe o s o o s a arraee. arraee. K l v areed o s, s, ad 1741 e rars e o aer 60 sl slaes ro e as alles, o o e raded or a eqal er er o aards. oer eae eae oo lae a aer 1759, 1759, 88 aards aards resed, o o 36 ere oaed or oe sl slae ad 550 esos ea. e ler lere e a ade de o s e ol o dre ea eae e as alas aale. Free Free sl slaes ro e rsas old e rler o lers olar ala s ,, as doe o a a or a eae, old o r a as raso. e reee o e oere o lers dered ro orsar ad ee seadl del se 1700 ad e oere reerred o e as or s rsa aes old. e las rea as relos redeo o rsa slaes lers as 1768–9. eoaos or ad e 1766 ad ro earl o e lere oere ade lear a aed ol as rer or s rsa rsa aes.Hoeer aes. Hoeer,, es o s ade leaed o ad olar res lers oelled e rler o e o aree a soe rsa aes old e saed or sl slaes eld e as. e leres leres aed orsar aas aas lded e sl aes or eae.radoall e as ad ee er rela o e e ared orsar aas, eeall e areed o er lso s eae. e a as s a as o rese all le leae ae a as s a aes es rea lers, as ell as aols o oer oer aoales o ad ee ae rsoer rsoer der der e as fla, fla, or eale, eale, rs aol aol solders as as sere. olders o ad desered ro ro e as 173
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ooss or ra old o e resed, or old aards o ad oered o sla ad eoe reeades. lo a o e aes old e rasoed or as, dre eae old e a ora ar o e deal. e redeo redeos s rars arre arredd lers as as arss arss,, r 1,246 lere slaes or eae. s as a larer er a e oere o lers ad ee ee. e eredaras ere old e de o lers a e ‘dd o a oors, oor s, oe’. oe’. Ho Hoeer eer,, e olao olao o e eae resless resless ad reae, reae, so e lere oere oere ea e dre eae. e 26 orsar aas ao e lere aes ere eaed e aed or e sae er o as as aal oers ad aas o era ss. e oer sl slaes ere ere eaed a a rae o o lerleres or oe aard. Dr e orse o e redeo, e lere oere reeaedl red o rese arraees so a e old e as a as rasos as oss ossle. le. We e roess as o oleed, leed, a oal o 631 rsa aes aes ad ee eaed or 1,236 leres, leres, ad 819 rsa aes ad ee rasoed or as.e as. e oal ao o e as rasos as 694,463 esos. e as as rede redeo o a lers lers o 1768–9 oo lae dr e re o K arles iii. For Forerl erl rler o e e do o ales, arles ad seeded o e roe o a 1759. 1759. -rs ad ro-Fre, ro-F re, e sel oled a e laer saes o e ee Years Y ears War War.. Haaa a ad ala e les ere los o rs aas. ese laes ere rered o a a e eae 1763, a ad o ad oer Florda o e rs. e Fre ae osaa o e as as oesao oesao or s loss. arles iii oed o ld s ores aao o a e ar ra, ad as e dd so e as ll o ae a ore olaor olaor le oards soe o e arar orsars.e orsars. e redeo a lers as ar o s ol,, ad a also sed a eae rea oroo 1767. ol Hoeer,, a sll ad o eo o a o s oHoeer oss o e e or ra oas ad e e reaed a rooao o e loal sls. ossl rs eoraee, oaed e dalla (oaed iii), rler o oroo, deded o aa e as oos o ellla 1774. sssed lere ores, e oroas or oas se see les osde ellla Deeer 1774 ad 174
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ea a oarde o e .. e as oeror, oeror, rs-or a erlo,, e a deered erlo deered ressa ressae, e, le a sall sall as arrarrso der Floreo oreo lese ressed a oroa aa o Vélez de la oera.e ar 1775 a as sqadro ro roo reorees reorees o ellla ad e oroa ad lere aaers ere ored o aado e see. e lere olee e aa o ellla eoraed eoraed e as o ae rer ao aas lers. rearaos rearaos ere ade or a ajor eedo aas e , e ere ll-orazed ad lle ellee as aered ao e are. e leres soo leared o a e as ere do, do, so e ade er o rearearaos o ress e as assal. rs-or lejadro O’ell, reosl a l sessl solder a ad also a aore o K arles iii,as iii, as e oad oad o e as roos, roos, le edro edro ozález de asejó oaded e flee. e as eedo arred arred o lers a e sar o l 1775. ossed o see ss o e le, ele raes, see alles, 30 oas ad 20 oer arss, oer 200 rasors, arr 20,000 roos. roos. e Eeror Eeror arles v a 1541,e 1541, e as ooaders ose o lad er roos o eaes eas o lers o 8 l l.. ere as lle lere ressae ad e firs o aes o roos ae asore o a role.e arller sared o oe asore, ol o e oed do as as draed draed aross e sad des.lled des. lled o a alse sese o ser, e as dd o ld adeqae field ors or s ro ro e ress a ler leree oe oeraa. raa.ddel ddel e lere ores, sored osads o erer rese ro e oas, se do o e dsordered as roos. a deserae dese rae srle, srle, e aards aards rereaed rereaed o e aer’s ede, ad e eree l er l a os o e sold solders ers er eree ed ed ad ae a o e flee. eereless as a seros deea or as ars. all 500 aards ere lled, 2,000 oded ad 2,000 ere ae rsoer e leres. oe fiee arller ees ell o e ads o e ors. s e deeaed roos rered o a, olar orae ered adrd ad elseere. as e os la as deea o e er, er, ad seeed o dere e or’s aal ad lar real a ad ee o o se 1714. Ol e sor o arles arles iii saed O’ell ro a orse orse ae a js l osl. eereless e reaed a s 175
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ared ores, ad 1779 e ose o o e o o e Fre Fre ad era sde e ar o era deedee. deedee. lo a ree ear see o ralar eded alre, as ores dd ae Florda F lorda ad ora ro ra, ad e reaed as ads a e eae 1783. We e eae as olded 1783, a ad ad ee ao o sed a ar ad flee o jo e Fre a oed assal o e rs slad o aaa e Wes des. arles iii sa o reaso o ase s rearaos. sead o aaa, e are old e lers, ad e as oed o ea soe reee reee or er deea a a 1775. flee der oo arelo oarded oarded lers or e das s 1783, 1783, o roos roos ere laded ad as deded o osoe rer ao l e ollo ollo ear. ear. a esre o defiae, fie lere orsars ae o eeer 1783 ad ared o as era ss ear alaos. For e aa 1784, e as flee as o e joed ss ro s radoal eees o lers as ales, oral ad e Ks o ala. all oo arelo ad a oed flee o e ss o e le, le, elee raes, raes, fie alles alles ad alos 80 saller saller ararss,, efl oas ss oas ad o essels. essels. e oarde oarde o lers lers ea o 12 l 1784 ad oed or a das. arelo as dre oeraos ro a sall ars e as s a l so ro e lere sde. He as lled ro e aer ared. aa lere oas o e rsa rs a flee as relsed loss, ad as e das assed os o e lere essels ere s aror ad e as adl daaed. eereless e oere oere o lers resed o oe eoaos or eae e rsa flee. W s os r lo, lo, arelo arelo deded o ed e aa o 21 l. l. e oed flee ad los los ol 53 lled lled ad 64 oded, oded, lere asales s ae a e ee osderal reaer reaer.. Udeerred e oarae oarae la o sess aeed e oardes o 1783 ad ad 1784, e as eded o sed aoer flee, der osé de azarredo, aas lers 1785. Hoeer, as o reqred.e leres ad sered se loss ad daae o ae e ll o eer o eoaos or a eae rea e as 1785. s as a ajor oesso o er ar. e e reao o e orsar sae o lers e ararossa roers e earl see er, ere ad eer ee a eae rea eee lers ad 176
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a. e ad eor ee a ar ea oer a. oer or alos alos 270 ears e ars.. o o o o sd sdes es e ere re fi fiall all re read ad o fid a a o a ea eae e se sele lee e. . e eoaos roeeded srrsl sool sool.. a as o read o dra ro ro Ora ad ers el Ker, Ker, alo aed o rea a rad os a e laer or. rer e leres old ease all aas o as s.W s. W e rose o e rer o Ora, e leres ere a o oede a rad os o e sae ers a e Fre eld er rad os a e aso o Frae, a aal re ae o lers. e rea o 1786 e aeale o e as oere, e as l oo a dere e. olar orae a e ers o e rea ased e as oere oere o dela arr o ose ers. ers. arlar, arlar, e as seeed o rr o leae Ora. arles iii ded 1788 ad e Fre reolo roe o e ollo ear. e e , arles iv, ad ore o ao a e e ae o Ora. e de o lers ea eae e reas reasl l ae ae as as rorasao. e ed o 1789 e ad e a e loade o Ora, ad 1790 e ea o assele s ores or a oral see. e are oo a ad. Ooer 1790 a ole earqae sr Ora ad dd osderale daae o e o ad s deees. e leres ler es sa er oor oor ad la laed ed a ed edae ae assal. Hoeer, e as old sll assele eo ores o fi a, ad e aa as relsed. relsed. o e leres leres ea o esee Ora ore losel. losel. e eoaos ere ere oeed eee e o sdes ad lae 1791 a e rea as areed, o larel ofired e ers o e earler oe. O e las da o Ferar 1792 e leres oo ossesso o Ora. e Ooa sla sal se se s oralaos a e ad ee rered o sl ad rs rle.ree rle. ree dred dred ears earler e aol oars, Ferdad ad saella, ad ae ossesso o e o raada, ed e las sl sae a. o a’s os ora ossesso o e oas o or ra ad ee aded a o e sls. lo a e as ooss reaed (ad rea ee oda), e leres ell eel a aer a srle o ree eres e ad fiall deeaed rsa aes a easo sl or ra. as lar ad aal oer ad reed real dr e eee er, er, e leres ad o ol ol sred a real: 177
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e ad ee fled a ora deea o e as, o aal ad sol.os sol. os oe ore ore o e rsas 1732,Ora 1732, Ora ad ee o a or sla 1792. Hoeer, Hoeer, e orld as a. Hol arrors, arror s, ee eerr rs rsa a or sl, ere eo reas reasl l rrelea eraoal eraoal aars. e Eroe a old eere eere ro e Fre reolo ad e ars roded old e a reaer rea rea o sl or or ra a e aol oars o e as. e eee er rsa Eroeas old old ae o js a e es o e orer sores o ra; r a; e old ae e ere oe.
TRATIS, TRIBT AN TRIBLATINS Dr e e eee ee er er ors orsar ar as o del delee as a a a rsed e ree Ooa reees o lers, s ad rol or o eral ad eeral reasos. reasos. Eerall e sead eeso o reaes o o alos all e a Eroea are saes arall reded e er o oeal ares. Hoeer, relar re aes as or oods ro lesser are saes seeed reasl r easl reerale reerale o e loer orsar orsar ad eoe. e ss oo alale rzes, os dd o. oer eeral ae as e dele de le e Ooa O oa sla’s eed or aal el ro e arar orsars. eee 1718 ad 1770 e Ooas aed o aal ar e ederraea ad so ad o eed or orsar asssae.. We a ssa ae ssa flee ae o e ede ederrae rraea a e o aa e Ooas 1770, 1770, e aal ores o o e arar reees ere so deleed a e ere rrelea o e srle. erall erall,, e reees, reees, ad eseall eseall sa, sa,ea ea o see ore ore rade rade as a ore lrae oao a orsar.e rade as o ol oer ars o e Ooa ere, reasl Eroea Eroea ores, arlarl Frae Frae.. Fro 1714 oards e relaos eee e Ooa reees ad e a sea oers o Eroe Eroe ere larel eael, eael, dese oasoal dses. dses. ra od e or ra saes a sel sore sore o sles or s ederraea arrsos ad sqadros o eae ad ar. Frae eae a ora rad arer o e reees, s dd o ree seeral sor oreas o osles. 1728 dral olas de radré as se a sall sqadro o rol aer Fre Fre ss ere ae s orsars.er orsars. er a sor oarde 178
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ad a loade, e rler o rol ae o ers ad e Fre deads. e lae 1760s Frae as o ae a slar sor ar s s a dse oer orsa. orsa. e slad o orsa, rled e rel rel o eoa, ad sered a rads e arar orsars oer e reed reed o eres, eres, ad a er o orsas ad eoe rsa reeades o rose o e ora orsar aas. 1768 e eoese sold orsa o Frae. Frae. re orsas old la e roeo oered Frae’s reaes e Ooa reees, ad e orsars ere deed alale ares.e ares. e rler o s as arlarl aered s e resro ad red o oa rs el o dse e Fre aqso o orsa. orsa.e e rs ere ere o eresed, eresed, le e Fre Fre dsaed a sqadro der aa de roes o dae e sas. sssed soe ss ro e Ks o ala, e Fre ore oarded e ors ors o zera ad osse 1770, ql or e rler o s o ae e e real. e eerlads ad reosl ee raed ao e ral aal oers o Eroe Eroe , aer e ed o e ar o as sesso, e or’s a as reasl eleed. s e D era flee reaed lare ad lerale, s eae o aal oer o er as a eloe eloe deelo deeloe. e. e all redaor redaors, s, e arar orsars ere eer aler o ss o eaess ao er oeal re, re, ad e ea aas o D s. eee 1714 ad 1720 1720 e leress ared soe 40 D ss ad 900 D lere D salors. salors. 1723 ad 1724 a D rae aa, orels rjer, oo seeral lere orsars, orsars, as lear a dloa, o aal ao, old e e ol a o r eae. e D D ere alread e ol ajor aal oer ad re o lers (der e 1679 rea) ad e ol a e old eae as oer a rease s re. lers areed o eae 1726, ad e D also ade e reaes s ad rol. rol. 1730 orels rjer sed lers o o o ae ar, ar, o deler e re ad redee redee D aes. oe 256 ere ere reed, ld oe orae Da o ad alle o lere a as lo ao as 1690. d-er as lear a e eerlads ad sled o o e ras o e a Eroea sea oers ad old re e o a ar e rar lesser are saes. e D relaos 179
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e arar reees sall oled a dle aderee o e ers o e reaes,sed re o ars,oder ad aal sores alos eer ear. ear. 1783 e D re o lers lers lded 44,000 ods o oder, e leres od er sel or ress e as aas o er a ear ad e e. Oasoall, e deads o e arar orsars eae oo eesse, e D old old fi a. e ere ere a ar lers ro 1755 o 1757 ad 1792 o 1794, ad rol ro 1789 o 1791. Hoeer Hoeer,, e ed eae old oe ore e olded. aae o re as alas eaer a aa a aal sqadro e ederraea or ears o ed. o e lesser are saes e D D o joed ere e dos o Dear (e ld ora) ad o ede (e ld Flad).er era flees re osderal dr e eee er, larel ease e o ores reaed eral dr e ajor aal ars eee ra ad Frae e erod. Das ad eds essels eae ore oo e ederraea ad ed lrae rade. e edes ad or orall all od roeo roeo ro e ara arar r orsars sed er ss alo D D oos od or e ederraea. er e D eae lers 1726, ore ss ere o alloed o aoa aoa s oos.e oos. e edes old ae o eoae drel e leres ao e re sae o er s. eore eore oe, a osa resde lers, eled arrae e firs rea eee ede ad lers 1729. rer or relar re, eds ss, ere o arr seal asses, old e raed raed ro ro aa. oed as e firs eds eds osl lers as a reard or s or, oe e o o eoae eds reaes s 1736 ad rol 1741, all o ers slar o e lers rea. e Daes dd o eoa eoae e er firs rea rea lers l 1746, ad ad e sal rosos a re old e ad ad Das ss old arr seal asses. eee 1735 ad 1746 e edes ad re ao o 68,000 rdollars o lers. lers. 1766 e rler o lers reaeed o o o ar ede less s re as reased ad ad ore relarl. e edes ql areed. e Daes ere ere less ol, ad eee 1769 ad 1772 e eree a er a ar ar l lers, ers,ee ee de dera ra a o er ee eee e ae ae o 180
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oard e 1770. oard 1770. Dese s roes roes ars, ars, e Daes fiall ad o e ad ae ae o er re o e orsars. er 1790 e arar reees ea o dead ee larer re aes. Fd e edes all resose, lers delared ar 1791. We eae as resored e ollo ear, ede areed o a a eaed re o 175,000 rdollars. Ee e edes eeall red o ese edless deads. e reased er aal resee e ederraea ro ro 1798, ad 1801 e e o ar ar e ree o o rol. rod e sae e e usa as e s o ar rol, ad all e eras ooordaed er ae o loade rol e aes o a ore o or eds raes der Olo dol edesrö. Hoeer, e eds oere soo deded a a re as eaer a ar.. ar o e dss o e eras, e e edes areed a eae rea rol rol Ooer 1802 rased er re ae o 650,000 rdollars. e older reaes ra ad Frae, Frae, oeer e eer areees e D, e edes ad e Daes, ea a o e rsa era s e ederraea as o e o aa e arar reees. Oasoal ‘reses’ ro e ajor sea oers ad relar re ro e lesser oes ea a sead srea o reee o e ree oeres, as sll eessar o e a ar soe rsa saes oerse oer se e orsars old ease o e a redle rea ad so old lose er oer o laal oeal re. e 1760s e a rea ares or e orsars o e Ooa reees ere e ss o aos ad ee er ral eees se e see er: a, ora oral,l, al ales, es, Vee ee,, eo eoaa ad oer oer ala ala saes. saes. Ho Hoeer eer,, e roded ro ded e rzes o a rea ale. er a a eae e Ooas 1718, Vee rsed a ol o sr eral all ederra ed erraea ea aal ars.s ars. s a ose oseqe qee, e,le le Dear Dear ad ede ede,, Vee sa s era lee ead osderal. s ro er o ss arall araed e aeo o e arar orsars ad or a e Vee oed o o ale e orsars.e, orsars. e, 1764–5, Vee oo a e a, a eae reaes lers, s ad r rol. ol. e e eree ree e el l as o rea read d o ro rode de r r ee o 60,000 das a ear or e r o sal olesed ro seas ad oe doaed. 181
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e e arraee soo roe do, ad e 1780s Veea aal ores der elo Eo ere ae aas e arar arar orsars. Eo,e Eo, e las rea adral o o Vee, Vee, red o reor e rel’s rel’s a e l o raes e rs ad Fre Fre aes, ol led sess. eereless, e dd sre soe los aas e orsars, arlar arlar r e rler o s o ers ers 1785. Ye e e o Eo’s dea 1792 Vee ad e o e orsars oe ore, e reared o a a aal re rer or or s ss. oo ee a as loo o rea a selee selee e orsars.e rea eee a ad lers 1786 as a firs se, ad e earl 1790s oral oo ad e o eoae e arar orsars. seeed e Ooa Ooa reees soo ae o rsa ee le ose ss e old aa. s o aer o soe o e reees, eseall s, s, ere are rade rade as seadl eo ore ore ora a ororsar. sar. rade osderaos ere also e o ressre o o sl ad rsa sdes o r e ‘eeral ar’ a sea e ederraea o a lose. s earl as 1697 e Ks o ala ad areed o o allo er o ss or e alese orsars e lesed o ae sl rzes aers lose o e oas oas o alese. alese. s as ease o Ooa reas o dsr e rsa lr rade o ersale realao. Dr e eee er er,, Frae Frae,, lose all ad ajor rad arer o e Ooa ere, ere, reas reas ressre o o e Ks o ala ad oer rsa saes sed o orsars aas sl s s o o oerae e easer ed ederra erraea. ea. s s as arar orsar as del de o reaes o os rsa are saes, saes, so rsa orsars orsars od er er aes seadl reded laos osed Frae ad oer saes ae rade e Ooa ere. oo e ol sl ss e Ks o ala ad e rea rsa orsars old aa ere ose elo o e arar saes, ere e er ad rarel arred alale aroes.e s sa a dro er oe js as e eeded ore oe o sor er e flee o ss o e le ad raes. leas e s o sal arss ad e dele o er alle flee ea e Ks o ala ad less eed o sl alle slaes. osos a os os ala are saes reaed lerale lerale o orsar aas aas ease o er ea aes, e Ks o ala o 182
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so o js er oed esee sress er role as are olee o e eral ederraea. e Ks o ala ere fid reasl ard o js er role as rsa ‘ol arrors’, e arar orsars ad slar roles. Oe e aard o a oerl ad ead Ooa ere, e orld’s os oerl sl sl sae, e orsars ad e d-eee er s o a or role e srle eee sla ad rsa. lo e relos jsfiao or er aes a es as sll see as ora,e ora, e arar orsars ere o ore lel o rade e rsa Eroeas Eroeas a aa er ss. or ere e orsars a loer a ora ora aal ala alar r or e Ooa sla. e Ooa Ooas s ade eae Vee 1718 ad e Ks o ala 1723,alo eer rea lded e arar reees.O reees. O e oer a aal aal oers e ederraea,Fra ederraea, Fraee as a all o e Ooa Ooas s ad e rs rs ere eera eerall ll re redl, dl, alo e dd asss e ssas e e se a flee o e ederraea 1770 o fi e Ooas. ar ro e esode a or 1716, e real o as aal oer oer osed o rea o e Ooas, ad 1782 e o saes sed a de-ra de-ra rea. rea. s e eee ee 1718 ad 1770 er eree as as o aal ofl ofl e ed edererraea lead e Ooa sla o as or ad ro e arar reees. addo e d-eee er e a Ooa a as e deeloed o Eroea les.e Ooas ere ore lel lel o as or aal ade ro Frae a ro e arar orsars o ad e s asssae e see ad seeee eres. We e ssa flee ae o e ederraea We ederraea 1770 ad rsed e Ooa flee a e ale o ese, ese, e arar orsars eree larel er larel rr rrelea elea o e aal srl srle. e. er e or e ssa aal ores old oerae e easer ederraea larel oosed l e eae o 1774.We 1774. We e Ooa O oa a a as rel aer e ar, aal asssae as roded Frae o e arar reees. deed s e Ooa flee as o o eoe a rea o e aoo o ose saes. e 1780s e Ooa oere sed aal ressre o r aard roes le E a der eral orol. orol. seeed s ol old e e eeded o e arar reees, eseall rol ad s. Hoeer, a e ar roe o 183
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e ssas 1787 ad e Ooa Ooa flee as se o e la ea sead. s ar ( lased o 1792) o ssa sqadro ae o e ederraea. ederraea.arar arar ad o e Ooa Ooas s s srle as ed ad dre dre.. For eale, e ede joed e ar aas ssa eee 1788 ad 1790, lers eerosl aed e re a or as de o a o e orsars ose ears. e arar reees o loer ae asssae o e Ooas aal aers,s aers, s as js a refleo o e ro ro esraee eee e o sdes a ad e e earl eee er.. 1705 Hsa l sezed oer s er s ad esalsed a das a old las l 1957. 1711 ed Karaal oo slar ao rol ad s das old rle ere l 1835. lso 1711, e de o lers added e le o asa asa o s o ad resed o ae a ore ore asas aoed sal.e sal. e Ooa sla ad e as o eer ressre o o e reees. Oe a as o ord e o rer rer e rs rs orsa orsars rs ad jassares e earlads earla ds o e ere s as aola. aola. Hoe Hoeer er,, s a rea as o loer as ora ora as e as. as. s ad rol o solders solders ad salors reasl ae ro e loal olao raer a e ored ro osde. For lers e rere rere o rs jassares ro aola aola ad elseere sll reaed reaed ora, ee ere e laer ears o e er loal rers ere as ora ao e orsar aas as rs rs or rsa reeades. e lae 1780s e arar reees ad aaed a d o sal. ee oasoal ‘reses’ ro e rea Eroea are saes ad relar re ro e saller oes, e sll aaed sal s alll o ors rsa arr fle flee ess (a (arro od d e e e ess ssel elss ea ea ,, e e o orre a a e e ee s) ose rea as se o ee e are ar e laal. e reees reees sll aa aaed ed soe ls ls e Ooa Ooa sla, sla, ese osed e olaos o e ad seeed o e del del.. s er orsar orsar ae aess ds dsed, ed, e rlers o lers, s ad ro roll oo a re reaer aer e eres res ar are e rad radee o e Oo Ooa a eree ad rsa er rsa Eroe. Eroe.s s sal sal as, oeer oeer,, o roe roe sor-led.e sor-led. e ars olloed e Fre reolo o 1789 ere ere o desro oleel oleel e old Eroea eraoal sse. a eor o adjs o e e reales, e arar reees old old rer rer o er old orsar aes a a, ad s r old rooe a Eroea reao old ed ose aes oreer. 184
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MRCC: CRSAIRS AN IPLMAC eeer 1753 a oroa salor alled Hae aeared eore e oeror o eoa eoa ad e rs osl a ,, Wlla ere.. Hae ad a srae re srae sor o ell. 1736 e ad ee ar o e e re o a oroa essel a a aro o or ro alé o oador (o Essaora) soer soer oroo. oroo. e essel as ereed ad ared a orese orese rae.e rae. e rze as ae o azaa (o El adda), e las orese orese oos o e oas o oroo. oroo. Hae ad aoer a esaed ad e o a rs era s e aror. lo e o e dd o sea Els, e see o ae o a der e reaes eee ra ad oroo, e rs ad areed o asss esaed oroa slaes e oe. Hae ad s oao oed e e rered o oroo a Elad. Ela d.e e rs rs s o sea, sea, e e o o Elad, Elad, o e rs r s oloes oloes or or era. era. arleso arleso,, o arol arola, a, e o oroas ere sold as slaes o a laao oer. e ere ae o a laao soe 150 les ro arleso. For e e fiee ears e reaed ere, ere, sed o er e rd or o eed e laao’s la slae laor ore. Hae ad s oao ere saed e e laao oer e ar ar. . e ad o leared eo Els o ell e redors o e ere. ere. e oroas ere ere alloed o rese er ase o aes le, e oeror o o arola, ad e areed o sed e a o oroo. oroo.er er Hae old s sor o e oeror ad e osl 1753, e rs rereseae rereseae areed o e e o oroas oro as oer £30 oesao, a lare s or o salors ose es. e ere re aeed Hae’s olede o Els Els as orroora s sor. e osl’s eeros oesao refleed rs ses o a rea o er reaes oroo. also soed a lless o e sl slaes as e dere o la ra oes. oroas ade a slar dso eee rsa slaes ad la slaes slaes,, ad e 1750s e ere s rsa aes ro er orsars as a dloa leer o e oeral ad oer oessos ro e Eroea are saes. er e dea o ola sal 1727, sal rered o oroa ols. ols.e e la slae ar ar ade ad ade ade rlers. rlers. e earl 1750s soe oral ad ee resored. dalla as oal 185
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rler, s so oaed as e real oer e oere. oaed so o aease e la ar red aes e or, s as ol ossle oere reee old e ade ro oer sores. easo o orsar ell lead o oe ar e ajor Eroea sea oers. sead orsar aes old e arred o a s a leel a a e ressre o e Eroea saes, dd o lead o o ar. ar. rer or oroo oroo r e orsars, e larer Eroea oers old ae oeral oessos a old oos oroo’s ore rade. aes o a rade old rode e reee los ro a redos elseere. esser Eroea are saes old e ored o js o ae rade oessos, also o a relar relar re o aod orsar aas. oo asss e eas easo o o ore rade, oaed aed ore ore osls o e esalsed oroo. oroo. e sr o 1756 a r rs s a aa all o oe err, a a a a H Hde de ar are err, s se edd o oro ro oo o re ee e ee reaes eee e o ores. oaed reqesed e aoaoe o a rs osl oroo ad a o a aro o aal sores. arer ad ee ordered ordered o rese o reqess, ad e dd so a a a le oaed eel e ad ee ersoall sled.e rde aa o aa saed, s 1756, oaed se o e oroa orsars o seze rs ss ad so ressre o e rs oere. eeral rs era ss ere ared alos edael, ld e Ann, as o a oae ro ralar o Elad. o e asseers o oard as a o oa alled Elzae ars. e as o e firs rs oa o all o e ads o arar orsars, se as e ol oe oe o rode rode a ao ao o er sor a, a, as lsed 1769. 1769. ae firs o alé ad e o arraes, o oe aa e aal o oroo, Elzae ee ad a ere oaed. rer or rs roses o osder s earler reqess, oaed released Elzae ad oer rs aes oeer 1756. Hoeer, Hoeer, ere as o roress eoaos,, so e oroa eoaos oroa orsars rered rered o sea.e sea. e ad rer sesses ad 1758 e oroas eld alos 400 rs aes. Deel oled e ee Years War, ra old do o s oroa dsrao. addo, eeded ree aess o oroa resores resor es o e sles or s ralar arrso ad s ederraea flee. e eases orse seeed o e o e o e ses o 186
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oaed e dalla (oaed iii), o ad eoe oal rler o oroo oroo 1757. 1758 e rs oere oere aolozed o or aa arer’s ad aers, ad 200,000 as dollars or e release o e rs aes,ad aes, ad areed o ae a rs osl osl lae oroo 1760 o eorae rade relaos eee e o ores. Dr e 1760s oaed ade a er o reaes o reds ad oere oere Eroea saes. e less oerl ores, s as Dear, Dear, ede ad Vee, Vee, o ol ade ade rade oessos oessos also ad o rose relar re aes o oroo rer or ro orsar orsar aa. ease o s ea aal losses e ee Years Years War War,, ee a ajor oer le Frae aear lerale o oroa ressre. ressre. er reas losses o oroa oroa orsars, e Fre se a aal eedo o oroo 1765. Daal de esé a 50- s led a ore o 15 raes, o essels ad oer arss o alé. o e oaders s sqadro ere o Ks o ala o old oe da eoe aos Fre Fre adrals: de rasse ad re. e firs al o e 1765 e Fre Fre oarded oarded e or o alé or e das. e e oed o o arae, arae, as oarded or seeral das oard oard e ed o e o. e a ro o Fre Fre oas der aa aoe earearde as se o e oos rer o r oroa ss oored ere. Uorael e Fre ore ell o a oroa as. oe 200 Fre ere lled, 48 ared ad ol e o a o er sqadro. Dese s dsaser, Fre osles orooo oed l oro l 1767, e a eae rea as sed sed ad e Fre Fr e aes ere released. o o e o os osee r rso soe ers rs a add s se e e err e a a do do lldd or o e e or oaed as rea a oador. oador. ll e ore rade o soer oroo as o e oeraed ere,ad 1770 a Eroea eras ad ae resdee. Wle rea re a e oasal oasal e es, s, oa oaed ed as also r o reoe reoe e las Eroea ooss alo oroa sores. 1769 e orese fiall ae azaa, ad s ea ere ere o ajor oreeld ors le o e la oas o oroo. 1774–5 oaed laed la ed aas o ea, Vélez ad ellla,e ellla, e las as-eld oooss o e ederraea oas o oroo, oroo, all ese assals ere relsed. re lsed. 1780 ad 1785 oaed ade reaes reaes a. 187
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e 1770s oroo oroo’s’s orsar flee ad alle o arel e ss, o ol ol al ere ere as,ell as, ell ared ared raes.or raes. or as as s flee alas sessl. 1773 a rae ro sa’s sa’s sall a eoered fie oroa oroa orsars ad aaed aaed o are ree ree o e. s all e orsars ere ere o sae-oed, e eer o see e as e oroa a raer a a orsar ore. os o e aas ere oroas, ere ere sll a e rsa reeades, ld a Dae alled eor Høs o laer roe s eors. 1777 oaed eae e firs ore rler o reoze e e usa, ad e oeed oroa ors o era ss. Oe era deedee ad fiall fiall ee sered 1783, oaed eeed e eras o oe dloa ad oeral relaos or oro ooo. We e o o re rel l as slo slo o do s, s,o oa aed ed se s orsars aas era s, lead o e are o e Betsey Ooer 1783.e 1783. e era oere oo oo oe ad dloa eoaos eoaos ere soo oeed. oeed.e e s as released 1785 ad a rea eee eee oroo oroo ad e usa as areed 1786. e qeso o re as sdosl ored e eras, e oroas old laer la a as a lesser are sae e usa sold ae soe ae. lo e orsars ere sll soees soees se o sea, e oroas ere o e a o er rsa aes esla e srors o Eroea ss ere reed o er oass. Oe s as aes r, a osa ae e ra slae rade ro e or o erool Elad. a 1789, oard od ro erool o Wes Wes ra, s s, e Anna , as reed o e oas o oroo ad as e o eae a slae. r eeall aaed o oa rs oslar oals a oador ad aer aer,, ad e as fiall reed e a o 1790. r sees eer o ae areaed e ro o s oso, e slae rader eoe a slae. He olaed erl erl o e ‘a slae o a saae rae o dessed ad aed e or [rsa] ele’, e dd o ae s oao oe e reaed s reedo. rl 1791 r as a Wes ra, ore ore a 300 la slaes o e old oas or rasor o e area. rsas ere o e ol oes ae ree aes. oaed ade osderale eors dr e 1780s o ree sl slaes eld e rsas. Hs oer as o js or oroas 188
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or all sls. o ol as redee slaes a relos relos d, d, oaed also sa olal adaaes s ol. sessl, old add o oaed’s rese, rese,o o js or or ra, ra, e der sl orld. arlar e oed old r loser relaos e Ooa sla. oaed oeraed oeraed s eors o e lare er o sl slaes sll eld e Ks o ala. er seeee os o eoaos, eoaos, oaed aaed aaed 1789 o raso soe 600 sl slaes a a os er ead o 400 rals or as asres. O 3 l 1789 57 oroas oroas ad see oer oer or ras saled ro ala od or aer, ad o 20 s 536 sls le ala or sal, e arred a asa s ad o Fre essels. oaed e dalla ded 1790 ad oroo oe aa eereed olal sal.Hs so laa ae o e roe 1792, e dd o oleel esals s oer aross e ole or l 1798. 1798.We We ar roe o eee e usa ad e Ooa ree o rol 1801, 1801, laa as sae o e sl sde ad 1803 e as osder sed o s orsars aas era s. e era sqadro o rol ad alread sezed a oroa essel red o sl ro er loade. e ser o 1803 aa Wlla arde, o as r e rae uss Philadelphia o jo e era sqadro e ederraea, e a oroa orsar ear e la erae o e sra o ralar. e orsar, e Mirboka , ad a er era a rze,e Celia o oso, oso, ad e ere ere ead oards oards aer aer.. arde oo e o ss o ralar sead, ad e e oroa orsar as seared a order as od or aas o all era s.arde s. arde assed s doe o o oodore oodore Edard rele, oader o e us ederraea sqadro, e e arred a ralar e rae uss Constitution. rele dd o s o add a ar oroo o e es ofl rol, e old ardl ore ore e oroa rooao. rooao. Ooer 1803 rele oo ree era raes o aer as a so o ore ad so o eoae e oroa aores. rel ae, ae, laa as s s e aer area ad rele rele as ale o ee ersoall. laa laed ere ad ee a orae sdersad ad a e ad ssed ss ed o orders o aa era ss. e 1786 rea as reared, ad e era 189
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oodore ade lear a e u sa old eer a re o oroo or oo.. laa laa ased a as a ood oodll ll esre e er eras as sold release e o oroa ss e ad ared, ad rele relal areed. e usa seeed oo sro or e oroas o arass er orsars, laa o e ad od a eaer adersar sra. eore 1797 1797 e or o rese ad ee sra’s sra’s ol sfisfia ole o e dra ad ederraea seas, ad e sra oere oo lle eres are aers. 1797 aoleo oaare assed e Veea rel, s ree oqes, o o sra as ar o e eae eae selee eee e o o sdes. ddel sra ad a sfia (e-Veea) era flee o deed ad as oelled o sar deelo deelo a a. a. We e oroa orsars ea o aa sra ss 1803, e sras ere ored o rea. e se a ore o o aal rs, der e Fre éré o arles oa de oll, oll, o e oroa oas ad e ss arolled lle sess le e dloas eoaed. eae eee e o sdes as fiall areed oeer 1805. We e aoleo ars ars ere oer oer ad laa essed essed e era, rs ad D aas o lers 1815–16, e deded as e or oroo o e orsar. He ade a aoee o a ee 1818, or ears eore s dea. Hoeer, e oroas sll aed o reee re ro saes le Dear, ede ad ales, so as eessar o ee soe orsars orsars read as a rea. derraa ae o e roe roe 1822 ad as soo eed eed o resar orsar. 1828 e aroaed e 1805 1805 rea sra ad a oro oroa a orsar ared a s sra ra era s. sall sra sqadro der Fraeso adera arred o oroo a e sar o 1829 ad aeed o ose a loade o oroa ors. dar rad reed reed e re re o e ared ared s, s, ad l 1829 1829 e sras oarded arae. e sra oere e reded adera o e esseall deese are o s sso, dd sed rer arss. ar 1830 1830 adera areed a eae selee e oroas, ad e ared sra s as rered. e Fre oqes o lers e ser o 1830 led o rer oroa roesaos a e ad e orsar ad e a o rsa aes. Hoeer, e oroa oere 190
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as sll eor re ro e saller Eroea are saes. s ro a eaola eaola sqadro 1834 led o a redo e ao o o re ad ales, ales, dd o o ed . 1840 Dear ad ede-ora ased e oroas or a redo er re aes, e oroas resed. Fall, 1844, ra ad Frae reaeed osle ao aas oroo less e re sse ae o a ed. e ollo ear oroo areed o s, roded all arrears o re ere ere ad. Oal sosors o orooroa orsar as a a ed. lo ere old e a e saes o ra oroo laer e er er,, s as a aa o a Fre s 1851 led o a Fre oarde o alé, ese ere rae aos.We oroo ae a res 1845 e ae o e arar orsars fiall ae o a ed.
RLTIN, AR AN T CRSAIR RIAL e Fre reol reolo o o 1789 ad e eda edae e ees o e Ooa reees. Ol e ra ad Frae Frae e o ar earl 1793 dd e ofl rooed e reolo sar o ae aderse ees o e arar saes. Frae ad ee er ral ore rad arer eaee. o dre oa ors s as arselle as o e rs aal loade. es o oe oe rade a eral ors s as eoa ad ol ol led sess. eee ro e aes leed o e reees’ reees’ eeral rade ea o dele. addo o s, seeral are saes eased o a a ore re. e eerlads ae der Fre orol ro 1795 ad Vee as oqered Frae 1797, ol o e assed o o sra e eae as ade. o e D ad e Veeas eased o o a re o e arar saes. aoleo oaare’ oaare’ss aa al 1796–7 dd o dsr e olal ola l ad eoo sas qo e esla.e Ooa reees od ore dl o rade ors s as eoa ad oro. oro. error as oed e Fre or ell der er orol as q o la e ro re araeed e reaes eee Frae ad e reees. Faed s ro loss o reee ro rade aes a es ad re, e Ooa reees ea o osder a rer o ll-sale orsar a eor o o oos er oe. oe. Oe osale o s a real real o orsar aes as reoed e 1798. aoleo oaare ad 191
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deded o ae a Fre Fre ar o ade ade E, ad o e a e sezed e slad o ala,ed ala, ed e rle o e s s a ad lased a lle oer 260 ears. Ho o aor e sla orld, aoleo released e las 2,000 sl slaes eld o e slad o as or raso. er a d-er sl, sl, e Ks o ala ala ad reed er o oeraos aas e arar orsars aer 1770, ad e ad also asssed oer saes s as a ad Vee Vee aas o e orsars ad er er ases. Dr e 1790s e s s oo 32 rzes,os rzes, osl l sa aers, ad sered 468 sl aes. er las rze as a sa sa essel ae aer a sor fi o 26 rl 1798. oe 30 sas ere lled, ld e aa, ad 95 ae as aes. aes. e ol ar a sea e Ks o o ad e a odes e earl oree er o eded e all o ala e las ears o e eee er. e aal deeders o rsedo ere oe ad e arar orsars o loer aed er os laale ee. oe osale o orsar ad ee reoed aoleo, s aso o E 1798 seeed o rose a eal o e rzes or e orsa orsars rs o aa. For For o ad a al eres, dese dese oasoal lases, Frae ad e Ooa ere ad asall ee o ood ers, ad o oaso ere ere lose alles. lo e Ooa sla, sla, el iii, as a Fr Frao aole, le, e old ardl ore aoleo’s aso aso o E, oe o e Ooa ere’s ere’s res roes. roes.e e Ooas eared o a ar Frae a old old las l 1802.e 1802. e Ooa sla alled o s arar roes o e orsar aas o Fre s edael. e arar orsars roed dsl rela o do e sla’s dd. e sll ad ls Fre eras ad soers, ad a ase e rs flee e ederraea as load e Fre Fr e oas. sead e orsars o lers, lers, s ad rol reerred reerred o dre er aas aas Veea ss ad reel ee delared o e sra. eee 1798 ad 1799 arod 40 s essels ere ae, e s res aroes sad o ae a oed oed ale o soe o llo flors. as o js e-Veea e-Veea ss a sered. sra sr a ss ro rese ere also aaed, aaed, ad er oers laed laed e ad sered losses o oe ad a qarer llo lors a e ads o e leres aloe. aloe. W reard o e e-V e-Veea ss, e 192
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sra oere ad alread ored e Ooa sla a e ss ad aed aoal ad ere o oered e reaes eee sra ad e Ooa ere. s dd o ress e arar orsars. e laed o ae reeed o oe o e ae o fla. e osdered e ss o e Veea, ad se Vee Vee ad eased a re e ere le leae ae ares. lso lso e sras laed a arss aale aale o ds s s erreao. Eeall e Ooa sla ressred e orsars o a soe reso o e sras, eerall e arar saes ad doe ell o o e aar. e real o orsar orsar e 1790s led o a rasorao rasorao e flees o e Ooa reees. reees. e 1780s ose flees ad reaed a e lo. lo. lers ad ol ree ss, e lares o 34 s. s s ad 38 38 essels, essels, os ere sall ad e lares ad ol ol eee s. rol olloed s s oree sall essels o relael rela el e s. ese flees refle refleed ed a or oree r rsr sred ed orld or orsar oeraos. lers reaed soe larer ss ease s rsers oeraed oeraed o e eder ederraea raea oass ad slads o a, oasoal oaes ro e sra o ralar o e la. la. s ad rol rol ere larel resred o oeraos arod arod arda, l ad soer al, al, so saller essels ere ore sale or ose ass. eee 1790 ad 1815 e ooso o e flees aed osderal. e laer dae lers ad fie raes (40–50 s), or orees orees (20–30 (20–30 s),ree s), ree rs, rs, o sooers, sooers,aa al-alle al-alle ad 20–30 oas. s ad ree raes (all 48 s), o orees (20–28 s), fie ees, a r, o sooers, o o elas, a allo, ad or oas. oas. addo ere ere ere 24 sall orsar essels oed oed ddals. rol ad oe rae o 40 s, oe oree o 20 s, ree olares, ree ees, oe allo ad fiee oas. lo ese ere sall flees e oared o e rea aes o ra or Frae, Frae, e ree flees ad ee ssaall sreeed se e 1780s ad old easl oerel er era s re. re. e firs lere rae, rae, 44 44 s, s, as l l a lers 1791 1791 der e dreo o a aard.s o s firs rae 1796 ad rol rol s firs s essel essel 1799. 1799.e e leres leres also oeered e se se o oas.e oas. e ad ee ressed e as as se o s ra e oardes o lers lers 1783 ad 1784, ad deded o deelo er o flee or oeraos lose sore.e sore. e e oas ere o 193
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js a deee aas re rsa aa. e ere also sed lers s ofls e eor ree o s. s. deed, addo o e easo o orsar, orsar, e rease flees as also eoraed a loal aal osro rae, efl eee lers ad s. s. 1815 e ‘aal s’ s’ o e ree aes as e rae o 40–50 s l o e sae des as Eroea aes. o lers ad rol, as oroo, e orsars ere o orolled e loal oere ad o rae ddals. sa sa as sal rea a ed sse sse. . eee eee 1798 ad 1805, os sa orsars ere se o rae ddals, eee 1806 ad 1815, ol 20–30 er e o ose ose orsars ere ere r ae oers. Ee e rae orsars sll ad o a a ereae o er rze oe o e sae. all e reees reees a sall sare o rze as as ad o sla relos odaos, a rado a e a o e ae o e ararossas ad eod. s s as also s sal al e des desread read ar aree o o orsar orsar e or. s e os orsar as oeraed a lers, e oer ors e ree a a oro as e ad doe e as. rol ad alas ee e ral orsar or a ree. sa ere ere see a ors sed o orsars: a olea (e or o s), zera, Djera, oasr, oro Fara, a ad osse. s as arl de o e a a a orsarss ere se o loal oerors. orsar oerors. Fo Forr eale,o eale, o 98 orsars se o ao aodd elll, elll, 75 le ro ro a, er eree e as oeror oeror,, 12 ro osse, ere e also eae oeror oeror,, ad 17 ro ro a olea. olea. O e orsar aas, e res, a reas er ere loal eole raer a rs ors or rsa reeades. s alread oed,, era oed eras s e reaes arar arar orsar o s erod,Had erod, Hado o es, as a ae o lers, o a eer o o e rs ele ele a . . rol rol a s erod ol a qarer o orsar aas ae ro e Ooa earlads o aola, e alas ad e ea; os o e oer res ere or ra ras. s also ad a reoderae o aas dra ro e loal olao, olao, alo e larer orsar essels ere sall oaded rs rs res ro laa, reee, reee, ad elseere. Dese e sess o Hado es, eras al o lere orsar aas ere sll rs, rs, s as sll a oras o e jassar arrso lers ose rers ere all sll dra ro e Ooa earlads.e earlads. e oras eee lers o e oe 194
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sde ad s ad rol o e oer learl refles e dere oere sses. o s s ad rol rol dases ad rled or alos a er. e ad sared o rs, ad ee seadl ‘azed’ as e ears assed. Ol lers resered rle a rs lar ele. rsa reeades ere o a ddl or ao e arar orsar aas. lers a s e a ae ad ol oe, a alese.ere alese. ere ere ere sll sll a e a rol, rol,ad ad oe o e, e, e osa osa eer le, as roal e las aos rsa reeade ao e arar orsars. 1793 le ad ee ar o e re o a rs essel s rol. er e ased o e, e jed s ad oered o sla, a e ae rad es. He as o ae a sessl areer rol, arr e rler’s daer ad eo adral o e rol flee.e flee. e rsa reeades o o ad ee s a ora ar o e arar orsars e see ad seeee eres ere o ol a adl. os orsar aas see o ae oe o o ol a e rses, ad os o e aas dd o ae lo areers. Hado es as e os oale aa a lers, ere ere oers. ed elHaddad o lers araed e are o elee Eroea ss eee 1798 ad 1815. eer le alas rad es as e os aos aa a rol, oaed rao ad Oar ell also ad lo areers, oad oad orsar ss ro ro e lae 1790s o 1815. 1815. sa a leas fie res res e o eee eee 17 ad 24 rses ea oer a slar erod, erod, aada rao a a e os rses, soe 24, ee eee e 1797 ad 1815. 1815. ded e er o orsar rses ro lers, s, s, ad rol, rol, e e a erod o e orsar real as eee 1793 ad 1805, a ea arod 1798. rol as der era loade ro 1801 o 1805 reded orsar sals. lers as e es reords o rzes ae. eee 1783 ad ad 1792 e leres ared ared 67 rzes, eee 1793 ad 1802 e er soared o 172 ares, 1798 as e es ear 42 rzes ae. oe 60 rzes ere ae eee 1803 ad 1813, e 17 1814 ad e 1815. lo e flees o e arar arar orsars ad ore ss o a ore eal ed e, er rs rods reaed e sae. lers oeraed oeraed o e ederraea oass o a ad osore slads oasoal oras o e la; s ad rol 195
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oeraed o arda, arda, l ad soer al. al. ere as soe ross ross oer,, lere orsars soees rs ear l ad sa oer sa oes o e oas o aaloa. aaloa. Oe ae as e r reas eas se o ala as a or o all. er e Fre arrso o Vallea Vallea srredered o rs ad alese eseers 1800, e slad ae der rs o o ro rol.e l.e r rs s la lar rel el o oo o a d dl le e a a de de o oa ard rdss ee o ors rsa ars rs o ee a ar rar ar re ee e es es.. e e ee ee 18 1801 01 a add 18 1816 16 so soe e 66 o ors rsa ars rs s se edd ala,, or ro ala ro lers, 38 ro s saa ad 24 ro rol rol.. s oer al ese ss oo lae e erod 1801–5.e 1801–5. e orsars osl ae o e sles ad aer, or o rear sor daae. oees e ae a rze ad e rs rased o ojeos. e real o orsar o ol led o ore aas o ss a sea, also o a rease rads o lad. lad rads ad eoe seadl ore oo dr e eee er, o e reased oe ore. e ral ares ere llaes arda, l ad alara. ro alara alara as aaed ea ear ro ro 1803 o 1805, le e ala dra oas eee esara ad rds as aaed elee es eee a ad oeer 1815. Oe o e os ooros rads as e aa o arloore, o e slad o a ero o arda, arda, eeer eeer 1798.los 1798. los 1,000 sa orsars e ss laded o e slad, ql oerae loal ressae, ressae, ad e oo aa alos 900 rsa e, oe ad ldre. sa sa aes o reea s sess a oer laes 1799 ere deeaed, laer, Ooer 1815, e sas sas sessll raded a’oo (o e slad o e sae ae o arda) ad oo aa 150 rsa aes. ere are o ‘al’ orsa orsarr rses, rses, e ollo ollo eal eales es e soe dea o a e o ad a old old o ro. ro. eeer 1805 a ela, arr or ao ad a re o 40 e, der Hassa azol es o oasr, le s ad e o rse o alara ad arda. la essel ad a eoese eoese essel ere ared ared ad se a o s rze res. s e ela ad oars as ell as sals, old or lose sore, lead o e are o seeral fis oas. e Deeer e sa sa essel as sr a sor ad dre asore eaola eaola error. error. e aa ad re eded er rse a eao eaola la aol. oea oea ore orae orae as e ee o oaed oaed Karaa es le le rol Ooer Ooer 1815. e essel, arr 10 s ad 70 re re,, e o rse rse o alara. 196
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soed fie ss o se er aers. ree ere Ooa ss ad o ere ere der e rs fla, so all ad o e released ared. ared. e e rol orsar aaed aaed o are o o eaola ss, oe allas ad e oer arr ra. ra. e re o oe essel esaed asore e s’s oa, oa, e re o e oer s eae aes. e o ares ere se o rol rol rze rz e res. Daaed a sor earl Deeer Deeer,, e ee e o o ala o ae ae rears, e rered o rol rol o a a rer rzes. as ee esaed a eee 1798 ad 1816 e orsars o lers, s ad rol rol roal oo arod 500 rzes, rol e roor rooro o 200 lers, lers,200 200 s, s,ad ad 100 rol rol.. as, orese ad ala essels redoaed, ad ol a e ere o sfia ale. rzes ere e sra (osl ee-V Veea) ss ae 1798–9 1798–9 ad e oasoal oasoal eds, Das or era s e e orsars ere dse dse ose aos. Vessels ro aoleo’s ere or ro errores ejo rs roeo sall assedd oed. asse oed. e sae old sall sall e sad or Ooa ss, ss, e rzes re sare, e orsars soees sezed ree era ss sal der der e Ooa fla, o e aoae aoae o e sla. ore ss ae sall ea ore rsa aes orsar ads. lo lo e er erss oled old ardl oare oare ose e see ad seeee eres, eres, ere as a defie rease rease er ers. 1795 ere ere 630 rsa slaes slaes lers ad e er eaed a 1,645 1813. s roal ad ers sll elo ose o lers, le rol ad ol arod al e lere fires. e 1790s slaes ere osl as, orese ad ala, ala, 1815 e o orer ros ros eared less ad alas, arlarl ro eaola errores, ade e lares ro. sras, eras ad D ere also aes or era erods aord o e aes eraoal aars. a e arar orsars old old oerae so reel as as larel de o e dlee so e e rs a doaed e ederraea or os o e erod 1793–1815.s dd o s ell a a rs aal oers, oers, ld e os aos aos o e all, dral dr al Horao elso. elso. ar elso osered osered 1799: ‘ lood ols a ao asse ese raes. e old o so eseles e ederraea ederraea dd o or or er. eer le s al 197
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o e rel o e ra slae rade le e er s a orrd ar.’ ar .’ Ye, le all e res, elso, e oader--e e ederraea, ad o do s es o aease e rlers o e arar saes order o ee loal sles flo o s flee. elso ded eroall a raalar 1805 ad s seod--oad a a ale, dral er ollood, ollood, oo oer e ederraea oad (o 1810). er 1807 aoleo’s oeal sse so o ed all rs oeral ls Eroe, a e sor o e Ooa reees ee ore ora o e rs. les ere eeded or arrsos laes le ralar, ralar, l l,, ala ad e oa slads; or e ss o e flee; ad laer or e rs ares oral ad a. oll ollood ood ad s sessors ad o oe e rado o aeas aeas e arar orsars, ld allo allo e o se ala as a sor ase. Wa W a led o soe slae slae o e arar arar orsar rea reall ae aerr 1806 as o e aos o ooes, ooes, e oe o e oeral oores. oores. e rs loade ad e Fr Fre e oeal sse ea a eral sers r oods o Eroe,eer leall or lleall, old ae a ore. ree soers e Ooa ere ere soo ead er flees as s eral rade ooed. as ol aral or arar eras o a a sare o s lrae rade, rosed rosed a lare ad relar oe oras o e loer o orsar. Hoeer, s as ol a are eoeo. W e rer o eae 1814, Eroea eras reaed er rade, ad e eras o arar ea o loo oe ore a orsar. Usall s a sro real o arar arar orsar aes old ae rooed ole realao realao ro e Eroea Eroea are oers. Hoeer e er,, o s s o oa as so o e e er eree o ooo s s fi fi ea ea o oe err o a ae e o orre ess o sare or e eedos aas arar ors.e ol or a as ll ad ale o fi e orsars as e e usa,ad ee e o rel ad all reerred a re o dsa arss ars s o o e e ederr ederraea. aea.dee deede deee ad ad ea ea a a er era a ss los e roeo aorded e oal a ad ra’s reaes e arar saes. s e usa ad o a as a arlarl ler l erale ale os os o o e 178 1780s. 0s.e e all r reda edaors ors,, e or orsar sarss er eree q q o so ad aa ea re. re. e ed o 1793 e leres ad ae a doze era rzes ad eld oer 100 eras as aes. 198
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oe eras aed er oere o a re o e orsars as e Daes ad e edes dd. dd. Oers aed e usa o ld a a ad fi e orsars. lo e odaoss o e us a ere lad e deso 1794 o ld s odao raes, e sor er e eras ere ored o ae re reaes e orsar orsar saes. rea as areed lers 1796 ad e 88 eras sll ale o o e oral 119 ae ere rasoed or a ae o 650,000 dollars. lar reaes ere ere ade rol 1796 ad s 1797. 1801 1801 oas eerso, eerso,e e e e era era resde resde,, deded s or sold sad o e orsars ad ordered e rearao o a aal sqadro o e se o e ederraea. odee, js as e resde ade ade s deso, oe o e arar saes ad deded o delare ar o era. Ys Karaal, rler o rol, el e soldd reee e sae r sol ree ro e er eras as as a e o lers ad ad s, s, e era era osl osl sad s as o o ossle. ossle. realao Ys Ys se o s orsars o aa a a era s. era sqadro o ree raes ad a sloo, der oodore ard Dale, aeared o rol l 1801 ad ea o loade e or. s a ars ro rol rol as ared e eras aer a sor ao, as e usa as o orall a ar rol, rol, e essel old ol e sred o s s arae arae ad released. released. oress sll resed e resde a oral delarao o ar o rol, rol, ad e ad o e oe oe a resolo allo us arss o ae lar ao o deed era era era s. 1802 oad o e era sqadro e ederraea assed o oodore o odore ard orrs, o roed ee ore eee a s redeessor. redeessor. e eras o-oeraed or a e eds arss eor e loade se a or as also a ar rol. rol. Hoeer Hoeer,, e edes soo red o s, ade eae rol rol ad rered o a re. e eras ad e se o e rs ases a ralar ad ala, ad eel eel roded e desero o rs salors o era ss ade s arraee reasl dl. e fiaal ers oered Ys Karaal or a e eae eae ere aeale aeale o e eras, so e loade draed o, oasoal lases eee e o sdes. 1803 oodore Edard rele as se o oad e ederraea, ad e as o roe ore ore aresse a eer orrs 199
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or Dale. s alread oed, rele aaed o aod a e ar oroo, o a so o ore sessl eoaos a aer aer.. eore e oed o ro ralar o rol, e leared a a ajor sore ad ealle s sqadro.O sqadro. O e las da o Ooer 1803 e rae uss Philadelphia , oaded Wlla arde, e oo lose sore ear e erae o rol rol aror ad sr a ree. Uale o e o, o, e s as soo srroded oas ad oelled o srreder. arde ad s re o oer 300 e eae aes, aes,le le e Philadelphia as laer refloaed ad ae o rol rol as a rze. o ol as s aar a lao lao or e eras, Ys o ad a e rae o add o s flee ad e lare er o era aes sreeed s ad a eoaos. rele o se a sl ase or s sqadro a rase l ad se ao osder a o do ao e ared rae. Ferar 1804 e se ee Dear o a dar sso o rol rol aror led o e r o e Philadelphia . ss as a rea sess, e eras ere sll o earer or Ys o ae eae. addo, rele as oe aa aed e ossl o a e ar rea o. sa sa essel ad ee sezed le r o r e era loade, ad e rler o s as reae o oe osles. osles. For Forael ael e oer o eer eeros os fia fiaal al oesao e eras o rer eae s rl. e ollo o rele osled r o o, e re ser o e do o ales, ao e aal ooerao aas rol. rol. Fre-or Els aol, o o ad a d orall sered e a o sa, a ar e ll-aed as aa o lers 1775. 1775. e e ad joed e eaola eaola sere, reoraz e e a eore o o o o er olal olal oe. o areed o led e eras s oas ad o o essels or a aa o rol. s 1804 rele laed a oarde o rol, rol, dr s oas lased ose se se o e orsars. ee Dear aa dssed sel, ar ree ee oas, s roer as lled lled e fi. rele o o leared a a e oodore, oodor e, ael arro, arro, as o ro era era o relae relae , so e redoled s aas o rol e oe o or Ys o ae eae eore arro arred. He ee se a essel aed eloses oards rol aror, o s eloso old reae 200
Decline, Revival and Extinction , 1720–1830
s aos a e era aes esae e oso. as a las deserae deserae ro ro o e de, ad aled.e aled. e essel le le rearel eore eore reaed e aror, aror, ll all e eras o oard. seeed a aer ears o eor, e eras ere sll o earer o or or Ys Karaal Karaal o se or eae. o a e aroa aroa as red. Wlla Eao, Eao, o ad ee era osl s, roosed eora Had, e eled elder roer o Ys Ys Karaal, o rer o e ree o rol rol ad rase a reol aas s roer. roer. resde eerso ae s sor o s roje. ar 1805 Eao resde ad Had aded a ro E a ore o erear roos ad a adl o us ares. rl e sezed e or o Dera ad e relsed a oeraa oeraa Ys Ys’s’s ores. ll seeed o e o ell e Eao reeed ord a e ar as oer oer.. Had’s ase as ql droed ad e eras eras dre ro Dera. Dera. lo lo Eao’s aso o s error ased o edae rea o Ys Ys Karaal, as sel ad ade ore ll o ae eae. oodore arro ad era eo oas ear soo reaed reaed a eae deal .e . e us old a 60,000 dollars or e release o all era rsoers, resed o a rol a rer re. O e 307 re o e Philadelphia , 296 ere released, s ad ded a, ad fie ad ‘red r’. arro as o ae ll, ad oad o e sqadro sqadro assed o aa aa o oders, o oo e oor o s s s ad oel s oere o aree ers aeale o e usa. er a, a, os o o e era era ss ss rered oe. lo s ar ad ee a sess or e usa, ad ae a er lo e ad s os osed a lare ao o oe er oe.. s alread alr ead oed, oed, e e usa eared o aoer ar aas e arar orsars 1815, as a odel o re. oodore ee Dear aeed dese sess aas lers ees o ears. ese o arar ars ad o os e eras lood, a oal o ol 35 salors ad ares lled ad 64 oded, e fiaal oss ere ere ea. ea. e ar aas rol aloe ad os oer 3 llo dollars a a e e e ere aal eedre o e us oere as arel 10 llo dollars. dollars. Fr Fro o a raa eo, e usa old ae od eaer sl o a o e arar orsars. Hoeer, a e sae see o ae s ar o e orld 201
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ad a soe o o fi or s rs. rs. e allee allee o e arar orsars led o e reao o e us a, ad as a a led e Ooa reees.
T CNST ALGIRS lae 1814 e rea oers o Eroe ere ee e oress o Vea o re-order eraoal aars aer e ed o e ar aas aoleo Frae. Frae.e e rs, o ere rod rod o er aolo o e la slae rade 1807, ere arlarl ee a all are saes soldd aree o e sr sol sresso esso o a rade. rade. Hoe Hoeer er,, o all ros ros a Vea ere oed a ror sold e e o s a-slaer easre. aer rs adral, r de , o a or oree a ae e o o a add r re e s so old ld e e e o ee fi fial al s sr res ess so o o ee a o e rsa aes e arar orsars. ere ad alread alread ee ro roosals osals a e Ks Ks o o o e re-esalsed ala so a e old rese er eres-old srle aas e arar orsars. orard e dea o a laoal aal sqadro e ederraea old eror a slar as, ad e eerosl oered o e s oader. Uorael r de as del dsrsed rs oere rles. Hs rea aeee ad ee o asss e deea o aoleo a e see o re o e alesa oas 1799, se e e rs a ad ee rela o elo . e redoa rs e as a lers ad e oer Ooa reees ad larel osered er reaes ra, aod all aas o rs-roeed s,ad so ere as o reaso o ae osle ao aas e. eereless, s a arro arro aoals aoals e old o o sre or lo. rs dloas ere ell aare a er or as oe o ares o ors or see a ed o e rasala rade la slaes le or e l o e rsa slaes or ra. Wle aoleo’s aoleo’s Hdred Das olded olded dr e ser ser o 1815, ed deea a Waerloo, e era oodore ee Dear as s l ar aas lers. lers. Ooer 1815 soe 150 rsa e, oe ad ldre ere aded ro e slad o a’oo o arda arda sa sa orsars. s ol reased e ro orae rsa Eroe a e oed 202
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aes o e arar orsars. Wold ra, e orld’s doa aal oer, oer, eer do a o sress sress e? Edard elle, ord Eo, as e adral oad ra’s’s ederraea ra ederraea flee. e sr o 1816 e oo s fie ss o e le ad see raes o s lers, lers, s ad rol. Dese s so o ore, Eo’s orders ae ass o zarre ad ral. He as o or e rlers o e Ooa reees a e oa slads ere o a rs olo ad so s aas ad er esselss ere der rs roeo. la essel larl, rl, e era sae o Haoer, sll led o e rs ro, ad eaed s are eress aqr e or o Ede der e eae reaes. Haoera ss ere o e reaed as rs. Eo as also o arrae eae reaes e ree arar saes or e reel reaed do o edo-arda, edo-arda, ad asored e rel o eoa, ad e do do o e o les,sall les, sall js o as e do o ales. ales. reaes ere ere arraed, o ese saes sll ad o a re o e orsars. lso, Eo ad e la as o al e orsars ao e rasos o e ad or slaes ro ose o saes rrel eld e orsar saes. ese ere ardl e des a aal oader e orld’s os oerl a ee o eror. Ha ade s ss o e ree ors, arraed e reaes ad ad reed dreds o ala slaes, Eo e reeed orders orders o rer o lers ad oa a delarao d elarao ro e de a e old o loer eslae rsas. e de as ll o do s ad laed e old firs fi rs ae o osl s aser aser,, e Ooa sla. s as learl lear l a dela a, se e rlers o e Ooa reees ol aoleded er sordao o sal e sed e. e de sad ae s os o e e sla’s oo, ad Eo eel areed areed o s dela. dela. Hoeer Hoeer,, e adral as less ssse e seeed olar dsraes edaer rs aal oers ad e rs osl H Doell, o ae o a era loals al. Eo’s reas o e de, Oar, led o e laer ss orders or e arres o rs eole roo e ree. e qarrel as larel aed eore Eo’s dearre, osl Doell reaed der ose arres lers. e adral ee roded roded a rs rae o arr Oar’s Oar’s essar o sal ad esor a s arr reses ro Oar o s oal 203
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oerlord, e Ooa sla. Eo dd dd o o a ao ose reses ere 40 sra rsa slaes. ord Eo rered rered o Ela Eladd lae e 1816. He od sel dededl olar, olar, alo e ad ol arred o s orders. seeed o a eole a e ad a d laed ra eoa a a a o o raes. raes.e e dssas dssasao ao red o orae e es reaed ra o a assare o e lera oas. oe ears earler ra ad ee e e r o r a oral fiser o a oas, alo alo earl all e fisere ere ere las. las. We Oar se o s order o arres rs eole, e loal oals eleed s order lded e las. arr o e order e e ressae, so seeral dred las ere assared ad e res rso. rsa Eroe Eroe as oraed, ad ra as ade o loo loo ea ad oardl.. e oere ordered a sqadro e reared or dsa oardl o lers. r de ade a oel lea a e e s oader, Eo as o e alloed o rer o lers o resore s reao. Hs orders ere ere sle. sle. e de as o e o all rs deads or lers old e oarded. s a oer o hms Albion roe: ‘We ‘We are o e oe o e ss eloed e ol ar, or rsa rsade, de, o roeed aas aas e fide fidels ls o ler lerss o aols aols rsa slaer ad o asse ose araras or e oraes e ae ee o e ederraea.’ ralar Eo’s flee aqred a all. all. e eerlads ad eased a re o e arar arar orsars le as der Fr Fre e doao aer 1795, oe Fre eeo eded 1814 e orsars aed a reso o D re aes. e D oere as ll o ol ad ad se arss o e ederrae ede rraea a o deed s er eress. ess. sqadro sqadro o D ra raes es der dral eodors a aella as as a ralar ad Eo Eo areed o a D reqes o jo s flee.e flee. e adral o ad a rs rs ore o e ss o e le, a 50- s, or raes, e sloos ad or o essels, alo a D ore o or raes ad oe oree. rr o lers e seod al o s, Eo od e de ll o e a o rs deads, so rearaos ere e e o o oe e a o o ar ard de e..E Eo o o ol ldd o o e er ra aee ss a aa a o e orfiaos alo e seasore ad o e lere lere flee, ld fiee r fi r a aes es a add o or r o ore re es es,, o oor ored ed ee a ar ro orr, la lar rel el a ao od d ee 204
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Hoeer, eore s rder Hoeer, rder,, Oar ad e reld e orfiaos o lers ad s flee. 1817 lers reeed oe essel as a res r ese e r ro o ee r rle lerr o o r ro oll,, llee o or r o oe err re ela lae ee e e ess ssel elss e ere re o al, o a oro ad o a ales. 1818 lers reeed a 46- rae as a rese ro e Ooa sla ad ii ad a 36- rae as a rese ro e rler o oroo. s sl sl soldar soldar as o joed joed s sa, a, ad ee lad lad o see s ree ee lers led e rsa flee. e 32- rae as l a lers. 1820 e lere flee ad larel ee res eso orred o ee s sa aee a add e ee e e eo orre o orrd E Eo o ad adee ss a aa a . . Dese e reaes reaes o 1816,soe 1816, soe orsar orsar oed. oed. 1818 e Eroea oers e a e oress o -la-aelle (o ae). o e o oss osd osdered ered as e are sao e ederraea. ederraea. as deded o sed a dloa dloa oe o e ree Ooa reees ell e o reoe er ‘sse o ra’ ad r o eael oere. oere.e e oe as delered a lers, lers, s ad rol rol 1819 1819 a oed rs ad ad Fre Fre aal sqadro der d d ra rall rr o oas as Fre rea a le le a add d d ra rall er erre re r re e de la r ra aè ère re.. e rlers o e arar saes ere ressed, eseall as se 1814 e ederraea rsa saes ad ee la resros o e eael oere o arar eras ad s. s . 1821 ere as a ajor reol reee aas Ooa rle. We e Ero Eroea ea oer oerss eeall eeall ereed o a e e rsa rsa rees, s old fiall lead o a deede ree sae 1832. Hoeer,, e earl ears o e reol e rees o larel aloe Hoeer ad seeed e Ooas sress e. e. s ell as lad ores, e rees ad ae sqadros e eea ea ad or e firs e a ears e Ooa sla alled o e arar saes o sed aal asssae. asssae.as as o e real o orsar orsar aer 1793, 1793, ose saes o ad soe sfia essels o sed, eseal eseall l ell ared raes. raes. 1821 lers lers se se e ss, ss, a lare ar o s flee, flee, ad e dd o rer ro sere e sla’s flee l e a o 1823. We e dd so, e rler o lers as dse e osls, eseall rs osl Doell, ad e as also osder osle ao aas e s o a ad e eerlads. o s ss ss ad rered, e old la s ao. aar 1824 a rs era era s arre arredd a le lers rs ro ra arr 60 rs rers or e jassares o orolled 206
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e . lo e rers ere eloe, e lere aores reaeed o seze e essel. e sae o lere orsars orsars ere se o o aa as s, ad soo a ared s as se ad e as aes o oard ere delared o e slaes, orar o e 1816 rea. er e rs osl olaed, e as reaeed arres. Fall e le e a rs ars ad soo aerards a lere orsar lased a rs rs rae. lers ad ra ere oe aa a ar. Dr e sr ad ser o 1824 dral r Harr eale a a a ae edd a l lo oa ade de o l l er ers, s, as o er er e ee e e e d dee o a la a o ss s sqadro. Oe oel as a e sqadro lded a seas, hms Lightning , e firs s essel sed rs aal oeraos. s role as o o sal arss o oso o oard lers ere as o d o fill er sals. lae l eale deded o o o ar ardd l l er erss e ee e o o ss sq sqa adr dro o er ered ed o ol l o oee s s o e le, ree raes, ree o essels ad a doze saller essels, ld e addle seaer. seaer. er soe deslor fire ro ro o sdes, ee de re req qes esed ed r rer er e eo oa ao os s.. E Ee ea all ll e er rss e ere re ar areed eed,, e de o os rs deads.e as rsoers old e reed ad a rs osl osl old rer rer o lers. lers. Ho Hoeer eer,, old o e H Doell.e de laed e as aed e olae ad old e daer, daer, so eale ae a o a o. er e osles eee ra ad lers 1824, eed er lle eres ra, e leres old rer rer o asss e Ooa sla e ollo ear. e 1805 oaad l ad reaed a se-deede sae E, Eroea adsers ld ld s ared ores. er soe deeas a e ads o e rees, e Ooa sla, ad ii, as ored o all o s oal assal E or lar asssae. 1824 oaad l’s so ra oo a Ea E a flee ad ar o reee o ad e Ooa ores. ores. a 1825 a oo le le leadra od or reee a sles ad reorees or ra. ad a lare aal esor, osl osl Ooa ad Ea arss, also ld fie ro lers (o (o raes, o orees ad a sooer) ad or ro ro rol rol (a oree, a r ad o sooers). Wle W le ra ra ad las lased ed lers lers,, or e firs al o e 1820s Frae ad eerall ad ood relaos e ree. s sao aed draaall o 30 rl 1827. a ar ee 207
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e Fr Fre e osl, erre Deal, e de de,, Hsse, ad sr e dloa a fl saer saer.. er s a sl, Deal le e ad e Fre oere se a la o e de dead a aolo.. Hsse resed aolo resed o e oe, oe, ad e 1827 1827 Frae Frae delared a loade o e lera oasle, oasle, sed arss o eore eore . For e firs e se e 1680s seros osles ad roe o eee Frae ad lers. e ora orall dse eee eee Dea Deall ad Hsse Hsse ole oledd o sses. Frs, Deal’s ee ee,, leadre Deal, De al, Fre Fre e-o e-osl sl oa, ad ee or Fre Fre oeral oeral esalses ere ad a a alle orar o rea. (e Fre ere eaaed ro ese ooss eore e aal loade as osed.) eod, e de eleed a e Fre oere oed a lare s o oe. eee 1793 ad 1798 e Fre ar ad rased lera ea ro o es era ro era ales, ales, ar ad saq, saq, ae as delaed delaed.. ose os e era ale aless oed oe o e ler lera a oere ad sad old o e ad l e Fre ad e firs fir s.. er er de dela la, ee Fre e o oe er re e o oer ered ed a se se le lee e 18 1820 20 o e eras, dd o eo oe oed oed o e de alo s la ad ee orall loded. Hsse sseed a Deal ad ee ollaora ao ar o ar e de’s las. las. ease o e Fre loade, e leres old o sed a sqadro o ad e Ooa sla s ar aas a as e ree reels 1827. s as roal js as ell, se e ree ar as rea a e leel o eraoal olee. oed rs-Fre-ssa rs-Fre -ssa lee, der e oerall oad o rs adral r Edard odro, ad ee se o sado e Ooa-Ea lee ree aers. aers.e e sl lee oo ree e a o aaro (o los), ad e, o 20 Ooer 1827, odro red o lead s ss o o e sae aorae, e as red o. ale resled ad os o e Ooa-Ea lee as desroed. e ol arar essels rese ere ree sa raes, e do o see o ae see ao ad oeer odro alloed e o leae aaro. e ale o o aaro as a lo o js o Ooa sla ad ii ad s oer- oer- assal oaad oaad l o E, o all sls e ederraea. ederra ea. Hoeer Hoeer,, e leres ere ere deered o sad sad r er ol Frae. 208
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a ad a adee ro ro a aa a el De De--oa oars, rs,o o ad arre arredd o relar arols arols alo e lera oas dr e 1820s, e Fre Fre oere ea rear las or a eedo aas lers. ese ere ell adaed e sar o 1828, e a e oere ae o oer ars ad soed less eres a s dre ao. sead e aal loade as esfied ad seeral lases oo lae eee Fre ad lere ss.e loade o e lera oas ea o oeee Fre eras ore a e leres. leres. e eras eras o arse arselle lle,, ose ose rade e easer easer ederraea ad alread ee dsred e ree ar, ar, olaed a e loss o or ra rade as rer reas er losses. firs e sored sored e dea o a selee e de , as e dsro draed o, a ae rod o e e a e es solo old old e or Frae o seze lers ad ossl e res o e ree as ell. 1829 e des sreeed Fre resole ad ade a ajor Fre eedo aas lers see ore lel. e e oas ro o Fre Fre raes ere se o rad e lera oas, er oas oas ell o o a as,los as, los a leas 23 e lled. lled. s e de ad oer oered ed oe or e ead o a Fre Frea, a, e e eads o ose sla ere edael se o lers so a e reard old e olleed. o laer a Fre s o e le as alloed o lers der a fla o re o see eae eoaos old e oeed. e ed. s as o ossle ossle ad ad as e s le lers, lers, sll fl fl a fla o re, as fired o e lere aeres. Forael e s esaed saed, s orae ol added o alls or ore aresse Fre Fre ao aas lers. e Fre oere oe re o ea o e s ol lers a der oe. e a o 1829 e Fre re ser, e re o ola, oeed dsssos oaad l o E, a lose all o Frae. Frae. Frs oaad oaad l as o e oered oered a loa ad e o or ss o e le, le, o ae or s losses a e ale o aaro, e old aa lers. e ola sesed a e Ea rler sold o all e ree Ooa reees or or ra. ere old e e a sro sl sae alo e soer sores o e ederraea as led o Frae. Fra e. oaad l as ll o osder osder e dea, dea, e e Fre aed er la. o Frae Frae old ae oer e ree o 209
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lers, lea s ad rol o e oed ores ores ro E. E. oaad l l old ol reje reje s la. e as see o e ad Fre Fr e easo o sl error old daae s reao e der sla orld. lo e dsssos ae o o, o, rors o e alared o ol e rler o lers also ose o s ad rol. W W Frae e oere o K arl arles es X as a a reas allee allee ro e leral ooso. ooso. eleo as o or 1830 ad e oere eared a e lerals old eoe doa e assel. assel. e roals sers deded a a sessl ore adere le e oqes o lers old e sor or e oro ad eras r a e leral de. ar 1830 e Fre oere deded o la a aa o lers, ad e ar ser, e o o oro, as e oad o e lar oe old e se. dral -Vor Derré old oad e flee. ee a 1830 rer flaed Fre see aas e leres ad esred l sor or a aa o lers. o Fre aal rs aroll e lera oas ere reed aer los er a o.e o. e srors ere edael edael aaed loal eole. oe 109 Fre salors ere lled ad 73 ae rsoer, ld e o oaders oaders o e rs.e rs. e rsoers ad e eads o e sla e ere edael dsaed o lers, ere e ere reeed reeed olar olar rejo rejo ad ae ro ro e de. de. Fr Fre e aer a s ee e e old soo e raslaed o ao. aoleo ad o oe oaso dr s eral rle osdered la a aa o lers as ar o s der see o rea e Ooa Ooa ere. ere. Ve Ve--Yes o, o, a oer o eeers eeers,, as se o lers 1808 sere orders o sre e ad s deees ad dra a la o aa. o oleed s sso, aoleo ad ee dsraed dsraed oer ees. ees. eer eereless eless e aso la as e e ar ar sr files. o’s la as radradall dere o e reos, aled aas o ler lerss rsa Eroea saes. O ose oasos e aders alas laded o eaes e a o lers o e eas o e . . o roosed roosed a e e aso sold oe asore a d Ferr Ferr o e es o lers. le rs. e aders aders old e oe oards oards e ad seze e rod doaed . arlar e old a o a210
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re e Eeror’s For.s orfiao as l o e sosed se o Eeror arles v’s a dr s sessl 1541 aa o lers. Oe e or or as ae,e ae, e aders old old orol orol e es oerloo lers ad old o a sessl assal o e sel. e 1820s s la sees o ae eoe ell o. u s osl Wlla aler oled as e es a o ae e s oo o lers, as lsed 1826. oro olleed ore a 35,000 roos or e eedo, alo oer oer 80 ees o o arller, arller, ld lare see s. s. a Derré saled ro olo olo a aal ore o or or ss o e le ad seeee raes ll ared; e o e le ad see raes soe s reoed o allo arr arrae ae o roos; ad oer fi fi saller aal essels, ld ld o addle seaer seaers. s. addo oer 600 raso rasor r ss, ss, o o aes, aes, also joed joed e aso aso ore. ore. Kee s as ao o s order as o eas, eseall as a firs ae ae o rea lers lers as dsred dsred a sor. Ho Hoeer eer,, os o e eedoar ore reasseled a ajora ad e se o or lers oe ore. e dela roed e Fr Fre e o a elee o srrse er aa, e de ad alread reeed reeed deals o e Fre Fre las ro ro ss a ae es s a ars rse ellllee a add o olo lo. .H Hss sse e o o a add o orre e o o olllle e s ores. Hs oerors Ora ad osae se oer 30,000 e, e, osl os l aalr, aalr, o lers. lers. e sel ere ere ao ao 12,000 e, o ol l a all er eree r r s s so sold lde ers rs.. E Ee e es esee r rs s,, ee a a o oe e o ee lere ar, ad er defiees. a ere elderl ad o e r rs s re rer rs s ad o oee r ro o ao aola la s se e 182 18277 e eas asee o e Fre re aal loade. oal e de ad a ar o oer 40,000 e, relael e ere dsled dsled roos.Hsse roos. Hsse ad ee ared a d Ferr as e lel lad lae, lae, so e se a ore o 12,000 e o e a, a, os o ese roos ere ere aalr. aalr. O 14 e 1830 e Fr Fre e ar ae asor asoree a d Fe Ferr, rr, dese fire ro lere aeres, ad ql droe a e deed lere ores. Ule reos aders, e Fre edael ea o ere ad ld field orfiaos. e leres soo laed a aa o e Fre osos, e ere relsed. e e Fre adaed ad ared e lere a a aoel aer a fiere ale. ea ea o a lere oeroeraa a d Kal, e Fre adaed seadl ad e ed o 211
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e o e ere rear o esee e Eeror’s For. s a dsrao, Derré arred o seeral larel eee aal oardes o e seaard deees o lers. Oe e Fre ea er oarde oarde o e or, s arrso dre dre o lers, lo e aaze as e le. e Fre ere o read o aa aa l lers ers se sel, l, r rer er lar ao roed lar roed eessar eessar . O 5 l 1830 e de o lers alaed, srreder o js e e ole ree o lers o e Fre.e Fre oo ossesso o lers o a loo or oer eesses. eesses. e reasr o lers elded oer 48 llo ras, as eo o a e os o e eedo ad o e rze oe o eers o e oros Fre Fre ores. s ar o e ers o srreder, e Fre roded Hsse a s o ae o ele ales, e as o ered o ae oe oe . e ed o l all e rs lers ad ee eelled, e Fre Fre rod rasor rasor o ra or os o e. addo o lers, Fre ores ad oed Ora, oa ad oe, e res o e ree as sll osde er orol. a lers e Fre ad los 400 dead ad alos 2,000 oded. oro ad ad ae s or sos alo o e eedo ad, sorl aer e eeral’s or, or, oe o e ded o s ods. ods. e leres ad los eras 2,000 dead, a ore ore oded. er ell reared aso, e Fre ad so oldess ad deerao. e lere deeders ad so dsled orae, all oo easl deeeraed o oso.oro as rod o s ar’s aeee aeee ad e old s e: ‘ ‘e e das ae ee se o desro e sae ose esee as eared Eroe or ree eres.’ Oe o e reasos or e eedo o lers as o flee olal deeloes Frae aor o e roals oere. s a as a olee alre. e lerals ad o e eleo, ad aes e oro oere o sress osoal leres ql led o a reolo lae l 1830. os le, ro e Orléas ra o e Fre roal al, relaed arles x as a e leral oar oar.. s a sorer o arles x, e o o oro oro so o olle s ar a lers lers ad ae a o Fra Fraee o os e e . Ora, oa ad oe oe 212
Decline, Revival and Extinction , 1720–1830
ere ea eaaed aed.. Hoeer, Hoe er, soo ea eae e lea learr a e ar old o sor oro, oro, so e e e o ele a. e oqes o lers, a rsa drea or ore a ree eres, ad ee aeed, e oqeror oqeror olloed e deeaed de o o ele ol a e ees laer. o e Fre ad lers, a ere e o o do ? eae e loo aer ao a le sl rler? Drel o as a solaed oos le e as resdos or Elad’s aer aer a earler e? e? Or old old e se as a ase ro o la e oqes o e ole o e ree o lers? ease o e olal rol Frae, Frae, ere ere o lear deles ro ars ad as le o e deso o e e lar oader lers, le rs, eer eeral al errad errad lazel.e lazel. e s sas as ad o ee sorr o see e doall o e de o lers. e oeed oeed eoaos eoaos lazel, ad ere as al o sa res rl Ora ad osae as assals o Frae. Frae. lers old old rea Fre Fre ads,ad ads, ad lazel ea e a e roess o Fre olozao ad arod e . as e e o a e-ear ar o oqes, a e ed o e Fre Fre old ae orol orol o os o lera. lera. er e oqes o lers, a Fre aal sqadro der dral de osael osael sed o s ad rol o oel oel er rlers o s s e e r rea ea es es a ao or ra ale le o Fra ra ee a add a ae e a de defi fi ee r ro os see o edd al e alll o ors rsa ar r a add ee sl sla aer er.. s s,, al alre read ad a ao or ral alee o ee Fre re reseee lers, e so ar as o aree o a Fre rese Fre dead a lad sold e se asde ere a eoral o os, e Fre Fre o ad ded lead a rsade aas s s 1270, old e se . ro roll ad ejoed e joed soe s oe sess s ess ress re ss e e lesser less er Eroea Eroe a aree saes dr e 1820s. arlar ar arlar,, a eaola eaola lee ad ee se 1828 o dea dead d a ed o r re e aes, aes, e lee’s oarde o rol as eee ad e eae as all resored, resored, e eaolas sll ad o a re o aod aa e rol orsars. Ys Karaal, o as sll e rler, ad less sess adl e ajor oers o ra ad Frae. Haer eore Warro Warro ad ad eoe rs osl a rol rol 1814 ad soo ea o esals a lose, ee doa, doa, relao relaos s Ys. Ys. er er a e Ys Ys ae a e o rese Warr Warro’ o’ss daes da es ad looed or sor ro e Fre osl. s a rea aorale o Frae 1830, Ys ol reased Warro’s 213
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osl o . We ere ere ral reols aas Ys soo aerards, Warro as sseed o eora e. Hoeer, a e oer as o eree e aars o e ree o ro rol. l. lo e Ooa sla ad lle dre orol o aars e reees o lers, s ad rol, rol, as a rea lo o ae lers reoed ro ee oal eers o s ere a rsa Eroea oer. ssa ad sra ad alread ae Ooa lads. Was Frae o o do e sae? lo ere as o dre oroao eee Frae ad e Ooa ere, e ressae lera o ed, rler o o osae, osae, lased lased l 1837, as derae e ae o e Ooa sla. e Ooas soo ad o ae a lera as los, e ere deered o o e er las o rol rol ad s. s. s reols aas Ys Karaal reased, a Ooa flee ad ar arred e o or r 1835. e Karaal das as oer oerro ro ad rol rol as oe aa ro der dre Ooa orol, a sao a old oe l e ala aso 1911. er er sess a rol e Ooas red o ore s o ae dre Ooa rle 1836, 1836, e Fre Fre seed o resere e sedeede sas o sa. o resere s oso e sas ad o alae eee Frae ad e Ooa sla. e o sles o ed, s asss e Fr Fre e oqes o osae, dr e rea ar o 1853–6 e se roos o jo e Ooa sla’s ar. ar. e ala a old o o las oreer, oreer, ad 1881 e Fre delared a roeorae oer sa ad oo orol o e or. Wlla Wl la ale alerr ad ee sall salled ed as us osl a lers aer Dear’s or e sor ar o 1815.e osl as easeraed a e sa as e ea Eroea resose, ee ra ad Frae, o e allee sll osed e arar orsars. 1826 aler roe arl: ‘a le e rea are oers o Eroe eree esal er esals s olo oloes, es,a a a as as ee eese se o a a le le ad o rea reasre sre,, a e os erees o e ear, a ere adl o seos ad as ee le e qe ejoe o e ares oro o e loe,, a er er resold, loe resold, ad ree ree ro e e ssso, ssso,ll llee sor o oae’. W or ears s eres-old sao as eded, ad e ae o e arar orsars.e, orsars. e, slol srel srel,, 214
Decline, Revival and Extinction , 1720–1830
lera, sa, rol ad oroo oroo ere ro ro der e oloal rle o e Ero Eroea ea rsa oers. e drea o Ferdad Ferdad ad saella ad eoe a real.
215
olso: e arar? ! 1
e resde ad e e order order,, ad e oader oader o e desroer desroer ad assed o o e sers deloed a e s’s ser. e ree raes reaeed e le o er osae, e sers ere o oe oe fire. e raes rased er ak47 assal rfles. e rsoer de a a oe.e sers ro e u s a’s seal oados oeed fire. ree oal raes ere lled, ad aa ard lls o Maersk rsk Ala Alabam bama a as e Mae as ree reedd ar ared. ed. or or oal oal rae rae eae a rsoer aoard e desroer desroer.. e dae as 12 rl 2009. e fire fire order order ro ro oader oader Fra asellao o e desro desroer er uss Bainbridge ro o a ed e las a a draa ad e e firs sezre o a era-fla era s raes se e earl eee er. oal raes ad o ooard e Maersk Alaba Alabama ma o 8 rl ad seeed see ed lel o are e s ql. ql. Hoeer,, e re o Hoeer o a, ad e oso e ared oe ra rae e llee a a a a llll ss a ass a ae e ee o oe err a aa a er ers. s. e e a ae e as areed, le e rae as release releasedd e re re,, aa lls as o reed reed e raes. sead e fled ro ro e Maersk Alabama e s’s leoa, a e aa e as a osae. e era arss reaed reaed e see ad aer aes a eoao, e aar as olded olded ree sos sos ro e e seal sers. s de lded a l eee e arar orsars o old ad e oal raes o oda. oda. oader asellao’s desroer desroer as aed aer Wlla arde, arde, e us a aa o ad los a rae o e orsars orsars o rol e firs arar ar (1801–5), ad redeeed sel ar a rs rae dr e ar o 1812. s l as rel odeal, ad dese ears soe oeaors a oala s eo ‘a e arar’, e raes ro a 217
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or ao e osdered as e ers o e arar orsars. eeror eless ere are arallels eee e o ros ad s orle o osder a slares ad derees ere are e e sor o e arar orsars s oared e oder oal rae eae. e e e reaso reaso e arar arar orsars orsars ad s a a a e ssee er as ease e ere losel led o e Ooa rs rs ere, e os oerl sla sae o a e. e Ooas ere seadl s s a e roers o rsedo, ad e arar orsars ere er aard e eral ad eser ederraea. o s sla seroer ess oda, reeaed aes ae ee ade o l e eoeo o oal ra ra e rea ro slas errors. s e o s l as ee learl esalsed. deed, e slas slas las oala la o e srol oosed o ra. ra. e oal raes a e sls, e oao or er aes aes s a o erear rals, o relos zealos. e ra s e ol lrae eoo a oala oda, s eale a os loal olal ros sold see o dere soe fiaal eefi ro . oe raes a ae aes o slas las, so ar ere s o s o e raes ado er olal/relos aeda. s sao a ae, ae, as e ere s lle lle s o . e arar arar orsars ejoed er eda e firs al o e seeee er larel ease o a rss o olal aor o ao er oal Ooa oerlords ad er rsa eees. eral reols eaeed e aor o e Ooa eral oere, allo allo e reees o lers, s ad rol rol o eoe se-aooos se-aooo s saes. oarale ollase o eral oer oer oroo alloed s orsars o aee a slar sas. O e oer, rsa sde, a ad oral ere los olal oer ad aor,, e e oers aor oers o Fra Frae, e, Elad ad e eerlads ere o e e sro sro eo o relae e ad sad o e sl orsars. lso, lso,e e rsa oers oers ere ere dsraed e ars eee e, aoe all e r Years Years War War.. oda’s oda’s oal raes eral eefi ro a ollase o olal aor oala.e or as ad o o aoal oere se 1991, lead o e rse o reoal aores. aores. os o e oal raes are ased e se-aooos reo o lad, e oere o a area ao or ll o ae eee 218
Conclusion: A New Barbary?
easres o r er ral aes.e aes. e la-ased oal raes re ease ere are o oere aores oala read o oose oose e. Osde oala,a oala, a ores ores ae oe oe orard o ore arss o e a-ra flee rrel aroll o e oas o oala, roles roles o dded aor ad leal loooles loooles ae reeed a o-ordaed resose a r e ro oal ra. e sess o e arar orsars as also relaed o e adaaes oerred er eoraal oso. Dr e see er e Ooa ere oo orol o alos all e soer soree o e ede sor ederrae rraea a ea, eos eos a rs rsa a ar are e rade roes o sl sl orsar aa. aa. lso, e arar orsars doaed ora ‘oe os’ le e sra o e ralar ad e la l a arr arros, os, e e ae aell ee eee e a slad ad or ra. eolo eoloal al ae alloed e arar arar orsar orsarss o eed er rs rods o e la Oea e earl deades o e seeee er. oda’s oal raes also ae eoraal adaaes. e are lose o ajor are rade rade roes e da Oea ad e ed ea, le e l o de de,, a aore rod, leads o e oe o o e a al ada sra eee Yee Y ee ad r ra. a. e lao laoal al a- a-ra ra flee as ad soe sess red e er o o rae aas e l o de, s as erel led o e oal raes eed er oeraos rer aross e da Oea. e seod al o e seeee er e arar orsars ad o ae e ll oer o e ro aes o Frae, Elad ad e eerlads. essae o e rsa sea oers eeall eeall roed le ad e orsars areed o o aa e era ss o ose saes. Hoeer Hoeer,, e Eroea rea oers oers ere o o a or e arar orsars o oe oeraos aas e s o e lesser rsa are are saes. s a e era era flees o ose saes old e reeed ro eo seros rals o e Fre, Els ad D era flees.e eraoal s dsr s er dere e e-firs er ad e oal raes ae leared o ae adaae o s deree. e arar arar orsars led a e o eer Eroea ao saes. Fre era s, or eale, as Fre-oed, fle e Fre fla ad ad a Fre re. o are as o e 219
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realao ro e Fre oere ad s a a.. oda e orld de s dsr reses reses a oall dere re. re. e ae o loalzao a era s a a e oed oe or, or, fl e fla o aoer ad ae a re dra ro a er o ores. e sad a s oder ders s refleed e laoal ooso o e a-ra flee o arss o asseled o oala, e ll o aoal eress oled essels ared e raes s a sore o eaess o sre. e Maersk Alabama de 2009 as er er e eeo roes e rle. o ae a er era a ars sae e allera re o a era-fla era s as a eo o a earler,, sler e. eerall earler eerall era ss ared e oal raes ase as a eraoal olaos as does e sessl ereo o sseed rae ra arss o a-ra arol. e Ooa Ooa reee reeess o lers lers,, s s ad rol ad ade las reaes e a Eroea are saes 1690, ad oroo dd e sae e 1720s. 1720s. Oss oed a a e arar saes old o r aa ro redaor aes ad ae eael are rade. rade. Hoeer Hoeer,, orsar as o oe oe a ar leels o es or aoer dred ears ears ad ore.s ore. s as larel de o e a a e o os oerl are saes sa es rsa Eroe, Elad/ra ad Frae, ere o sed os o e erod 1689– 1815 fi ea oer e so-alled ‘eod Hdred Years War’. rs e las reas o e arar orsars as o a ror or ose oers as lo as e orsars dd o aa rs or Fre s. deed are e o oed Fre oed sdes ere lel o e od r o re e arar orsars o aa er ooes.e orsars sel oo e res saed o o e ars. oda’s oda’s oal raes are o a ror oer o e usa ad s alles, aeer e reor o ro e u s ae Deare or e Eroea Eroea Uo. Ees le e Maersk Alabama aar 2009 ad e ra ll o a era a re Ferar 2011 a eorarl os os era aeo o e oal raes, eeral us eres as ee oeraed o ees ores le raq, asa ad asa. a l eee e oal raes ad slas errors old e learl esalsed, e e u sa old doedl do edl ae a reaer reaer,, ad ore aresse, aresse,ere eres s ose raes. larl,, e rea ra reol o 2011 sold rede larl rede Yee o a sae 220
Conclusion: A New Barbary?
o aos, s res a lead o e ro o ra a or, reae e a al ada oe o ad e l o de.e usa ad s alles old e e ored o rease er a-ra aes. a es. Ul Ul s ees or, or, sees lel a as lo as e oal raes rea js ‘ordar rals’, ere ll e o eee eraoal eor o ed er aes. Wa fiall eded orsar ro e arar saes aer ree eres as e oqes o or ra Eroea eralss ea e Fre sezre sez re o lers 1830. s alread reeed sdo a oal ra a ol e fiall eded ao o lad raer a a sea. lad ao learl ao e ore oqes. W eores o e ‘la Ha Do’ Do’ de o 1993 sll res, e e usa s lel o a o s roos o e rod aa oala e ear r re. e. a ase, e aoer Weser Weser aso o a sl or old o o do ell e der sla orld. s leaes ol oe oo or re-esals soe sor o sae oer o lad oala. oala.e e rre ae ae a a reed aoal aoal oere, e un-aed oal rasoal rasoal Federal oere, arel orols ore a a seo o e aal, oads. ore reals aroa o ed e oer a oala old e o or ee o o re reo oal al o oer ere es s a a o or r. esee are e sel-delared deede sae o oallad ad e es se-aooos se-aoo os reo o lad. e oere o e laer s arlarl ora se lad oas os o e oal rae ases. Weser asssae a el o sree sree e lad oere so a s sro sro eo o sress sress e oal raes, raes, a s roess s lel o e oleed ql. s le e real o e oal raes s lel o eoe a e arar, ere are sfia arallels eee e raes ad e arar orsars, l o derees ad slares. oo Eroea ad era saes ore a ree eres o deea e arar orsars. Oe a ol oe oe a oda’s eraoal eraoal oo ll ed e aes o e oal oal raes a raer sorer erod er od o e.
221
Glossar y of Place Name Changes ! 1
PAST
PRSNT
lazarqr zera oa oa, ô ôe oe, a ada ae ao osaole oro Djdjell, er Faasa a alle a olea eor eao aora, arora azaa odo oador orea, e aaro erooe ersa oro Fara asa r a rol rol Valoa
Ksar el Ker (oroo) zere (sa) a (da) aa (lera) ejaa (lera) ralo (reee) ordj El ar (lera) sal (re) Koro (reee) jel (lera) azasa (orer rs) El Kala (lera) a olee (sa) oro (al) aaos (reee) eda (oroo) El adda (oroo) eo (reee) Essaora (oroo) elooese, e (reee) los (reee) Eoea, E Ea (reee) ra ar al el (sa) Dro (roaa) zr (re) arals (a) (a) Vlore (laa)
223
Chronology ! 1
1415 1415 1453 14711 147 14822 148 1487 14911 149 1492 1497 14 97 14999 149 1500 1501 1505 1505 1508 1509 1510
1512 1516 1517 1517 15188 151
or ore ese se a ar ree e ea a o or r r ra a Ooa rs a Ooa are re os osa aole ole.. Ed o za zae e er eree or ore ese se a ar ree a aer er ar o a ar arr o o oqe qerr do do o ra raad ada, a, las las s sl l sa sae e era Ooa sla Ooa sla seds Keal es o e aal asss asssae ae o raa raada da l al adar adar o oes es o eo eoa a,, or oro ooo, r ro o ra raad adaa ad sars ld a orsar flee Fal srr srreder eder o raa raada da o e ‘a ‘aol ol oar oars’ s’ a a s s a a r ree e ellllllaa sl s l re reol ol ra raad adaa (la (lass ss ll 150 1501) 1) r rs s ors orsars ars rj ad Kzr (ar (araros arossa sa ro roers) ers) arr arree a a olea, sa ll sl sls s as asle le orde ordered red o oe oer r o rs rsa a or lea leae. e. oers o as orsos (slar order o ade rao l 1526) a a s s a a r ree e ers rs el Ke Ke rr as a as are re Velez de la oer oera. a. r rs s ors orsar ar Kro Krol l es arres a zera,sa as oq as oqes es o Ora ar ardal dal se seros ros ad edro aa aarro rro aar: aa r: a aarr arroo a ares res o oe. e. l lers ers s ss s o as as, , o arrso o osore slad. l: l : aarro ares rol rol a. s: aarro’s aarro’s aa o slad o Djera relsed. ararossa roers ased Djera ad asss relse o aarro eoesee sqad eoes sqadro ro der dr drea ea Dora desr desros os ar araros arossa sa ss a a olea, sa Ooa sla Ooa sla el i so sos s Kro Krol l es o o oad ad Ooa ss aa o oqer E (oleed 1517). ararossa roers ae orol o lers rjj ar r ara aro rossa ssa a aes es os osses sesso so o le lee e as a s dr dree rj rj o o le lee e ad l lll a s sr rs. s. K Kzr zr 224
Chronology
1519 1519 1520 1522 15288 152 1529 1530 1533 1534 1535 1536 15388 153 1541 1543 1544 1546 15 46 1550 1551 1552 1553 1555 1556 1558
o sole rler o lers ad older o ae ararossa. ararossa ararossa ss o Ooa sla el i ad s ossessos eoe a Ooa roe. rsa orsars are eo ras as a s a aa a o l le ers rs re rel lsed sed oal sl sl reol reol or ores es ar araros arossa sa o o l lers ers (e re rers rs 1525) Ooa Oo a sla sla le lea a e a afie fie ese esees es K Ks s o o odes. Ks srreder ad are ered o leae (aar 1523) drea d rea Dor Dora a ad e e eoes oesee a ae e sd sdes, es, r ree ser ser a a o Frae araros ar arossa sa a ares res as as orr orress ess o osor osoree sla slad d ear l lers. ers. lere orsars deea a as sqadro o slad o Foreera Ks K s o o ae osse ossesso sso o sla slad d o ala ad rol rol a, e o e Eeror arles v. drea Dora’s aa o erell eds alre la le la lea a s sos os ar araro arossa ssa o sa sal l o ae o oad ad o Ooa flee as ada asa araro ar arossa ssa sezes s ro s ro as as sl sl rler Eeror Eer or arle arless v dres ara araross rossaa o o s, re rers rs sl sl e rler, rler, ad leaes as arrso a a olea. ararossa rads ao o slad o ora llae ll ae e eee ee Fr Frae ae ad e Ooa Ooa er eree s oel rolaed Hol ea Hol eae e or ored ed o res ress s O Ooa oa a ares resso so. . e ee eer: er: ararossa deeas Hol eae flee der drea Dora a reeza Eeror Ee ror arle arless v’s aa o l lers ers eds deea araros ar arossa’s sa’s flee jos Fr Fre e ad ads a are re o e e.. Ooa Ooa flee seds er o 1543–4 a olo, olo, Frae araro ar arossa ssa ras rasos os r r es ro eoa ar a rar aros ossa sa d des es a s sa a l l r r es a ares res ad adaa s sa. a. as as ae ad adaa ad aa Djera. r es as arro esae r r es ad a a asa sa rad ala ad ozo ozo,, eor eoree o o o esee ad are rol r r es ad a a asa sa deea dr drea ea Dora Dora’s’s sqad sqadro ro o oza r r es ad Ooa Ooa flee asss asss Fr Fre e as aso o o ors orsa a al es ro l lers ers aes o oe e ro e as as r r es eo eoes es rler o rol rol a a r r es ad al alee a asa sa seze a adella della or ora a ad reae oas o a. as ar ro Ora deeaed e leres ear osaae 225
lords
1560 1561 15622 156 1563 1564 1565
1568 1570 15711 157
1573 1573 1574 15755 157 1576 1578 1580 1585 1587 15 87 1601 1606 1607 1607 1609 1610 1611 16144 161 1617 1618
of the
s e a
as eed as eedo o s desr desro oed ed a e sla sladd o Djera al alee asa ad r es as sqad as sqadro ro deea deeaed ed r r es ear a ar r sla slads ds as a s a alle lles s los los a so sor r a al ala aaa lere le re aa aa o ers el Ker ad Ora s re relsed lsed as eed as eedo o rea reare ress Vélez de la oer oeraa ar: ar : lar laroo de aza aza ss lo loss ss rer lead lead o oro oroa a orsar or o eoa. eoa. a: Ooa aso o ala. e: r r es lled dr assal assal o For Elo. Elo. eeer: ele ore lads o ala ad Ooa ores leae e slad Ulj l eo eoes es rler o l lers. ers. Dee Deeer: er: ar o ors orso o reo reoll raada (lass l 1570) aar: a ar: Ul Uljj l se sezes zes s, s, a ale le o re reo oee a as s ar arrs rso o a olea. l: Ulj l desros alle sqadro o Ks o ala o l. l. Ooa aso o Vea Vea eld slad o rs a: e Hol Hol ea eae e or ored ed a aa a,, a a, , ad Ve ee. e. s: Fall o Faasa, Faasa, las rsa oos rs. Ooer: ale ale o eao. Hol eae flee der Do a a desros Ooa flee. flee. Ulj l esaes sr Ooa ss o sal. Ulj l ade ada asa ad relds Ooa flee Do Do a a a a r res es s s Ulj l ad Koa a a asa sa rea reare re s eraes era es a ar red ed l ler ere e or orsa sars rs d al al aes or orol ol o or oroo oo Ooa Ooa s sor or K eas easa a o or oral al ad ades es oro oroo o.. Deea Deeaed ed ad ll lled ed a ale o o lazarqr. lazarqr. ad al asr eoes eoes rler o oroo (o 1603) re e eee ee a ad Ooa Ooa er eree e ede ederrae rraea. a. eraes rasoed ro a lers lere le re orsa orsars rs rad azar azaroe oe e aa aar r sla slads ds Dea De a o Ul Ulj j l l s sa a l l as eed as eedo o aa aas s l lers ers dsr dsred ed a sor Els El s ra rae e o Ward arr arres es s. a as as ad Ks o ala o Haae, Haae, sa, relsed K K ss o e ee e se seze ze a a a a es es ra radd o o oaa e e o e elso lso o ors orsos os ro a (ol (olded ded 1614) 1614).. Frao as sqadro desros desros orsar ss a a a olea, sa as ae oss as ossesso esso o ara arae e oro oroo o.. ors orsos os ro Horaos, Hora os, a, arr arree alé, oro oroo o Forer Fo rer ree reeade ade o Dase Daserr s sss l lers ers ad s ee eeed ed as a s a ar ree a aora ora or oro ooo Frs ar arar ar ors orsar ar rad radss o al ala a (or es a a)) o as as la oas er rad rad e aa aar r sla slads, ds, a orsa orsar r sqa sqadro dro re rer r o 226
Chronology
1620 1621 16222 162 1623 1624 16255 162 1627 1628 1628 16299 162 1631 1637 1638 1641 1645 1655 1658 1658 1659 1662 16644 166 16666 166 1669 1670 1671 1675 1676 1677 1679 1680 1681
lers s ereed sra o ralar ralar a D as flee ad sers ea losses D ree reeade ade le lea a es ro l lers ers des al alee rsa ss ear araea. dral asell leads Els flee aas aa s lers. lers. er lle sess, sess, e rers o Elad Elad 1621 l eo eoes es ead o orsa orsar r oro orora rao o l lers ers Frs re Frs rea a e eee ee l ler erss ad e e eerl erlad adss Dea o Ys es ( o Ward) s. Frs rea rea e eee ee Elad ad lers dral d ral ae aer r leads a D eed eedo o aa aas s l lers ers ads a ds al aléé or orsa sars rs o so so es es E Ela ladd orsars ors ars der ree reeade ade ra radd es rad ela elad. d. alé orsa orsars rs rea rea ree ro rle o sla o oroo. oroo. rea eee Elad ad alé Frs Fre Frs re r rea ea l ler erss Fre re flee flee d der er de az azll ll o oar ards ds al aléé orsars ors ars der ree reeade ade ra radd es rad al alore ore,, re relad lad Fre Fr e flee se o l lers. ers. l sas e as aso o o Fr Frae ae.. Els flee der aoro sals o alé ad rees soe aes lere l ere s sa a sqad sqadro ro desr desro oed ed Veea eeas s Ooa Ooa or o Valoa laa alé loses s dee deedee dee ad s ss s o e Dala Dalaa a Ooa Oo a as aso o o Veea eea eld sla slad d o re ree. e. esl esl ar lass l 1669. Dea o l lers dral d ral la lae’s e’s El Els s flee desr desros os a s sa a sqa sqadro dro a oro Fara Ela E ladd a aes es ea eae e ss ad l ler erss ord q q ad s so a ared red le lere re orsa orsars rs (raso (rasoed ed 1660) or oral al asse assess osse ossesso sso o a aer er oro oroo o o Ela Elad d Fre re a aa a o Dj Djdje djell ll ed edss de deea ea aléé o al oes es d der er e o oro roll o e l la aes es Els El s flee se o ede ederra rraea ea o fi le leres res D flee der Va e ad El Els s ss der ea deea lere sqadro o ae arel Els El s flee der ra rae e ses fires firess s o desr desro o le lere re ss or o oe Els El s flee der ar arro ro se aa aas s rol rol er El Els s s sesses, esses, rol rol ar arees ees eae rea rea El Elad ad lers l ers ad Ela Elad d o o ar ar.. ar arro ro re rers rs o ede ederrae rraea a rea e eee ee l lers ers ad e e eerlads erlads.. Herer aes oer ro arro arro as oader o Els flee ederraea Els El s arr arrso so ad flee re relse lse oro oroa a aa aass o a aer er Fre Fr e sqad sqadro ro der Dqes Dqesee desr desros os orsa orsars rs ro rol rol a ree aror o Ooa slad o os. lers delares 227
lords
of the
s e a
ar o Frae. Frae. ola sal, rler o oroo, oroo, aes aora ro ro e as. 1682 Fr Fre e sqa sqadro dro der Dqese o oards ards l lers, ers, s o essels or firs e. eae eae rea eee Elad ad lers lers 16833 Dq 168 Dqes esee o oa ards rds l le ers rs o oee aa aa. . Ee Ee o o o Fa Fae err e Vaer. ezzooro sezes oer lers 1684 Fr Frae ae ad l lers ers ae ea eae. e. El Els s d dra ra ro a aer er ad oroas ae ossesso 1685 Fr Fre e sqa sqadro dro der d’Es d’Esrées rées o oards ards rol rol.. El Els s ars arss s desro oroa orsars a aora 1686–98 oroa orsar dalla e a ares 33 rsa ss 16877 l 168 ler erss del delar ares es a arr o Fra rae e 16888 Fre 168 re flee flee d der er d’E d’Esr srées ées o oar ards ds l le ers rs 16899 ea 168 eaee re rea a e eee ee Fr Fra aee ad l ler erss ezzooro oerro lers ad flees o sal ola sal aes arae oroo ro e as as 16911 o 169 ola la s sal al re rea ass s sla la 1695 ezzoo ezzooro ro leads Oo Ooa a or ores es rea rear ree os ro Veeas. ezzooro s ade ada asa o Ooa flee 1701 17 01 De Dea a o e ezz zzo oor oro o 1704 17 04 E El ls s a a r ree r ral ala arr 1708 r rs s a are re or ora. a. le leres res ae ers el Ker ad Ora ro e as 1715 Yo El Elsa sa oa oass ello a ared red oro oroa a ors orsars ars.. eae a reeade ad dd o rer o Elad l 1738 1720 eae rea rea e eee ee oro oroo o ad Ela Elad. d. as as ed oro oroa a see o ea 17266 D 172 D r rea eaes es l ler ers, s, s, s, ad r rol ol 1728 Fr Fre e sqa sqadro dro der rad radré ré o oards ards rol rol 1729 Frs rea rea e eee ee ede ad l lers ers ( s 1726; rol rol 1741) 1732 as as rea rear ree ers el Ker ad Ora ro e le leres res 17466 Frs 174 Frs r rea ea e eee ee De Dear ar ad l le ers rs 1756 oro oroo o la laes es orsa orsar r aa aass o rs rs er era a ss 17588 r 175 ra a ar arees ees ea eae e se sele lee e or oro ooo 1764–5 Veea reaes lers, lers, s, ad rol 1765 Fr Fre e sqa sqadro dro o oard ardss alé ad ara arae e oro oroo o,, a oa aa a arae eds deea 17677 Fra 176 rae e ad or oro ooo re rea a ea eae e ar aree eee e 1768 as as as rel relo oss rede redeo o ss sso o o l lers. ers. Fr Frae ae aes ossesso o orsa 17699 or 176 ora all a ads ds oe oerr aza azaa a o or oro ooo 1770 Fr Fre e ars arss s o oard ard zera ad osse s sa. a. Das Das arss oard oard lers. ssa flee desros desros Ooa flee a 228
Chronology
ese eea ea 1773 sa ra rae e a ares res ree oro oroa a orsa orsars rs 17744 a 177 as s re rel lse se or oro oa a a aa a o el elll llaa 17755 a 177 as s e eed edo o d der er O’ O’el ell l se se o a aee l ler ers, s, eds deea 17833 a 178 as s flee flee d der er ar arel eloo o oar ards ds l ler erss 17844 ar 178 arel eloo re reea eass o oa ard rde e o l ler erss 1785 Veea eea sqad sqadro ro der e elo lo Eo or ores es s o ae eae 1786 Frs rea rea e eee ee a ad l lers. ers. Frs rea rea e eee ee usa ad oroo 1789 ler o oro oroo o raso rasos s 600 sl sl sla slaes es eld a al alaa 17900 Ear 179 Earq qa aee a Ora Ora. . l ler ere e a ae e o a aee re rel lsed sed as arrso 17911 e re 179 rea a e eee ee a a ad l ler erss 1792 a ads oer ers el Ker ad Ora o e le leres res 1796 17 96 F Frs rs r rea ea e e ee ee usa ad lers ( rol 1796; s s 1797) 1797 Fr Fre e oq oqer er Veea eea re rel l,, e ass err error or o o e sras 1798 Fr Fre e oq oqer er al alaa ad ed rle o K Ks s o ala ala.. Fr Fre e ade Ooa roe o E. Ooa sla delares de lares ar o Frae (lass o 1802). sa sa orsars ae 900 rsa aes ro arloore, arda 1798–9 arar orsars aa sra (e Veea) Veea) s s 1800 rr rreder eder o Fr Fre e arr arrso so o ala ala.. sla sladd o rled ra ra 1801–55 er 1801– era’s a’s firs ar arar ar ar ar (usa aas rol) 1802 le lere re ors orsar ar Ha Hado do es a ares res a or orese ese ra rae e 1802–33 Hos 1802– Hosle less e eee ee usa ad oroo 1803 us rae rs arod ad s ared ared o rol. rol. aal ofl eee oroo ad sra ere o 1805 18044 a 180 ar red ed r ra aee r red ed a r rol ol us aal raders. era sqadro oards rol seeral es 1805 er era a eed eedo o o Dera Dera.. rol rol aes ea eaee usa 18099 Ha 180 Hado do e ess e eoe oess ad adra rall o l ler erss 18155 181 er era’s a’s se seod od ar arar ar a arr (usa aas lers). Hado es lled ao o ae aa. leres e o us deads. sa sa orsars ae ae 150 aes ro a’oo, a’oo, arda 1816 r rs s flee der ord Eo Eo ad D sqa sqadro dro o oard ard lers. lers, lers, s ad rol rol rose o e orsar a ad a o rsa aes 1819 l loo Fr Fre e aal sqa sqadro dro ss l lers, ers, s ad rol rol deler dloa oe dead ed o orsar ad a o aes 1821 Orea Orea o ree ar o de deedee edee.. le lera, ra, s ad rol rol 229
lords
1824 1827 1828 1828 1828 –30 1830 1835 1845 1848 1851 1881 1911 1912
of the
s e a
sed ss o ad Ooa sla aas ree reels leres le res seze as as s ad esla eslae e re re.. rea reala lao o rs rs sqadro oards oards lers. lers. ad re released released rl:: ler o l rl lers ers sr sres es Fr Fre e os osl.l. e: Fr Frae ae o oses ses a aal loade o e ree o lers. Ooer: rs/Fre/ rs/Fre/ ssa flee desros Ooa/Ea flee a ale o aaro eaol ea ola a flee flee o oar ards ds r rol ol aall ofl aa ofl e eee ee oro oroo o ad s sra ra er eree Fre aal ad l Fre lar ar eed eedo o a ares res l lers, ers, e e Fre oqes o lera. Fre ose e reaes o s ad rol Ooa eed Ooa eedo o res resores ores dre dre rle o sa sal l oer rol rol.. Fre ree Ooas ro os slar rle oer s s oroo oro o ar arees ees o ed a a o r re e ro ore ore saes rer rer or o arr o orsar aas Fre Fr e o olee lee oq oqes es o os o le lera ra (rle l 1962) Fre Fr e ars arss s o oard ard alé aer ra rae e aa aa o Fr Fre e s Fre Fr e ae or orol ol o s saa (rle l 1956) alas al as seze rol rol ro Oo Ooas as ad e e oq oqes es o a a (rle l 1943) oroo oro o dde ddedd e eee ee a ad Fr Frae ae (rle l 1956)
230
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EI MM ODNB
Encyclopedia o Islam (2 (2dd ed, ed ede, e, 196 1960–2 0–2002 002)) The Mariner’s Mirror Oxord Dictionary o National Biography (Oo (Oord, rd, 200 2004) 4)
INTRCTIN: T BARBAR LGN Somalia:: The New Barbary? Piracy Piracy and Islam in the Horn o 1 . . r r, Somalia Arica A rica (odo,2011),.100–1. 2 e ord ord ‘rsa ‘rsa’ (ors (orsar) ar) eered eered ra ra dr dr e er er as a loa ord ro ala ease o e eed eed o dss raeers ro raes (e ra ra er or e laer raslaed raslaed as ‘sea sea roer’). ee er o ‘rsa ‘rsa’ EI . 3 For oo oos s o e usa’s o arar ars see aer For elo. 4 ee, or ea eale, le, se seos os o ar arar ar ors orsars ars . Earle Earle,, The Pirate Wars (odo, 2003); . rae raers, rs, Pirates: A History (ro (rod, d, 2007) ad ad . Piracy: y: The Complete History History (O Kosa, Pirac (Oor ord, d, 200 2008). 8). 5 Fo Forr a ree ree sre sre o or ors s o ra ra ,, ra raeer eer e. see D. . ar are e,, ‘Volar ‘V olares es ad ea oers: ee o e ade erare erare o r aeer a eer, , or orsar sar ,, ae aeer er ad ra ra’, ’, MM , 97 (20 (2011) 11),, .. 12 127–4 7–47. 7. Jihad in Islamic History: Doctrine and Practice (r 6 . oer ( Jihad (reo eo,, n, 2006), . .149–51) 149–51) aes e relos relos oao o e arar arar orsars, Islam and the Abolition o o Slavery Slaver y (odo, le W. W. . laree ( Islam 2006),, 2006) .. 28–30) s ore ore seal. seal. Fo Forr orsar orsar oro oross o a sla sla relo rel oss odao, odao, see . Hoe Hoeer er,, Endowments, Rulers, and Community: Waq al-Haramayn in Ottoman Ottoman Algiers (e (ed de e,, 19 1998 98), ), .. 12 12–1 –15. 5. 7 For a eer eeral al sor sor o o rsa rsa– –sl sl ofl ofl see . . . a aeso eso, , Faith and Sword: A Short History o Christian–Muslim Conflict (od (odo, o, 200 2006). 6). 8 . r reee eee,, ‘e O Ooa oas s e ed ede erra rraea ea’, The Early Modern Ottomans: Remapping the Empire , ed ed.. V. H. sa sa ad ad . o o a a (ard (a rde, e, 2007), .. 104–1 104–16; 6; see also D. l lafia, afia, The Great Sea: A Human History o the Mediterranean (od (odo, o, 201 2011), 1), .. 411 411–51 –51.. atars s (a 9 e eee . W. F Fs ser er,, The Crimean Tatar (ao ord rd,, ca,1978). 231
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10 ee . O’ O’o or re e,, The Cossacks (a (aeser eser,, 2007). 11 ee H.. H... . r re, e, The Knights o Malta (e (e Hae Hae,, ct, ct,ad ad odo odo, , 199 1994). 4). 12 . l le ee, e, Warare at Sea, 1500–1650: Maritime Conflicts and the Transormation o Europe (o (od do o,, 20 2000 00), ), .. 60 60–6 –65, 5, 93 93–1 –111 11,, 14 147– 7–64 64.. 13 . . a asr sr,, A History o the Maghrib (2d ed, e d, arde, 1975), . 17 173– 3–6. 6. Wars o the Mamluks (odo, 14 ee . Wa aer erso so, , The Knights o Islam: The Wars 2007). 15 . Fa Faro roq q,, The Ottoman Empire and the World Around It (odo, 2004), . . 82– 82–4. 4. Morocc occo: o: Fr From om Emp Empire ire to Ind Indepe epende ndence nce (Oord,2003),.93–6. 16 . . . e ee ellll,, Mor (Oord,2003),.93–6. Christian ian Slaves, Musli Muslim m Masters: Masters: Whit Whitee Slavery in the MediterMediter17 . . Das, Christ ranean, ran ean, the Barbary Barbary Coast, Coast, and Italy, Italy, 1500 1500–1 –1800 800 (a (as sso soe, e, 2003 2003),), .. 3–26 3–26.. 18 . .W W. Fse Fserr, ‘s ‘so o ad e la la ea la laee rad rade’, e’, Canadian-American Slavic Studies , 6 (197 (1972), 2), .. 575 575–94 –94.. ee als alsoo . . a a s, s, ‘E ‘Esla slae ee, e, lae aor ad reae o aes e rea Kaae’, Ransom Slavery S lavery along the Ottoman Ottoman Borders: Early Fiteenth–Early Fiteenth–Early Eighteenth Eighteenth Centuries , ed. ed. . Da Dad d ad . Fodo odorr (ede (ede, , 200 2007), 7), .. 193 193–22 –220. 0. 19 . e eal, The Black Diaspora: Five Centuries o Black Experience Outside Arica A rica (e (e Yor or, , 199 1995), 5), . 4. 20 D. az zaa, Les corsaires barbaresques. La fin d’une épopée 1800–1820 (ars, Corsairs: The End o a Legend 1999). El Els s ras raslao lao, , The Barbary Corsairs: 1800– 1820 (e (ede, de, 200 2005). 5). 21 ee . Vad adero eror, r, Wars o Imperial Expansion in Arica, 1830–1914
(odo,, 199 (odo 1998). 8). ar,, Tr Trade ade 22 r odr odre e Fser Fser ro roded ded a oo oo el eled ed Barbary Legend: War and Piracy in North Arica, 1415–1 1415–1830 830 (Oo (Oord, rd,1957 1957).). os oso os s o e osle osle ade o e arar orsars orsars os earler oos rela rela o e, Fser e o e oer er eree, ee, s s o e lae lae or or e are ofl oo e ad a ad aresse aos o e rsa sde.
1 ANGAR T SLTAN, 1492–1580 1 For For l lers ers 1541 see . ae oole, oole, The Story o the Barbary Corsairs (od (o do o,, 18 1890 90), ), .. 11 112– 2–23 23;; . . He Hess ss,, The Forgotten Frontier: A History o the Sixteenth Century Ibero-Arican Frontier (ao, 1978), . 74–5; Barbary Coast: Coast: Algeri Algeriaa under the Turks urks,, 1500 to 1830 1830 (e Yor, . . .W Wol ol,, The Barbary 1979), 197 9), .. 26– 26–30; 30; H. H... .. r re, e, The Knights o Malta (e (e Ha Hae, e, ct, ad Spain’ss Road to Empire: The Making o a odo o do, , 19 1994 94), ), . 65 65;; H. Ka Kae e, , Spain’ World Power, 1492–1763 (o (odo do,, 200 2002), 2), .. 75– 75–6; 6; . D. D. ra ra, Emperor Charles V , Impresario o War: Campaign Strategy, St rategy, International Finance, and Domestic Politics (a (ar rd de, e, 200 2002), 2), .. 170 170–76 –76,, 179 179–81 –81;; . Hee Heers, rs, The Barbary Corsairs: Warare in the Mediterranean, 1480–1580 1480–1580 (Els raslao,
odo, 2003), . 81; er er o r oa oass aloer aloer e Elder Elder ODNB ; 232
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3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Ba ttle or the Mediterranean, . ro role le,, Empires o the Sea: The Final Battle 1521– 1580 (od (odo, o, 200 2008), 8), .. 72– 72–3; 3; E. ar are err, L’alliance impie. François Ier et Soliman S oliman le Magnifique contre Charles Quint (1529–1547) (a (ars, rs, 2008), Crusaders: The Hundred-yea Hundred-yearr Battle or .. 202–7 202–7;; . oe oerso, rso, The Last Crusaders: the Centre o the World (od (odo, o, 200 2009), 9), .. 309 309–13 –13.. . F F eel, Osman’s Dream: The Story o the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923 (odo (o do,, 200 2005), 5), .. 48– 48–114 114;; . r reee eee,, ‘e Ooa Ooas s ad e e ederra ede rraea ea’,’, The Early Modern Ottomans: Remapping the Empire ,ed. , ed. V. H. s sa a ad . o oa a (a (a rd rde, e, 200 2007), 7), .. 104 104–16 –16;; . . or , A History o Venice (e (e Yor or, , 198 1982), 2), .. 325 325–89 –89.. . . Hl Hlla lar r,, The Spanish Kingdoms, 1250–1516 , 2 ols (Oord, 1978), ol. ii, . 366–93; . Edards, The Spain o the Catholic Monarchs, 1474– 1520 (alde,ma, 200 2000), 0), .. 10 101–4 1–40; 0; o oe ers rso, o, Last Crusaders ,.114–32. ,.114–32. Er E r o Ke Keal al e ess EI ; Hess, Forgotten Frontier ,.60. , .60. rom the . . Dse e, A History o Portugal and the Portuguese Empire rom Beginnings to 1807 , 2 ols (a (ar rd de e,, 20 2009 09), ), o ol.l. ii, .. 1– 1–13 13;; Hess, Hess, For gotten Frontier , .. 12– 12–17, 17, 26– 26–34; 34; o oers erso, o, Last Crusaders ,.13–62. , .13–62. Hlllla H ar r,, Spanish Kingdoms , o ol.l. ii ii,, .. 57 570, 0, 57 573; 3; He Hess ss,, Forgotten Frontier , .. 36– 36–7. 7. Faith: The Purging o Muslim Spain (e Yor, . a arr rr,, Blood and Faith: 2009), . 52–69. Ka Ka e e,, Spain’s Road to Empire , .. 30 30–3 –32; 2; He Hess ss,, Forgotten Frontier ,.38– , .38– 9; . . áez Doe Doel,l, Presencia de España en Orán (1509–1792) (oledo, 1991), 199 1), .. 125 125–64 –64.. Hlllla H ar r, , Spanish Kingdoms , ol. ii, . 574–5; Hess, Forgotten Frontier , .. 39, 39, 42. Eress o Ere o rj rj ad ara araross rossaa EI ; E. E. rad radord ord,, The Sultan’s Admiral: Barbarossa – Pirate and Empire-builder (re (rerr odo, odo, 2009) 2009).. rre, Knights o Malta , .. 25–39; . al alard ard Fla Fla,, Histoire de l’ordre de Malte ( (ar ars, s, 200 2006), 6), .. 127 127–44 –44.. E. r re e de la ra raè ère re,, Doria et Barberousse ( (ar ars, s, 188 1886); 6); . . Es Ese e, , Genoa and the Genoese, 958–1528 ( (a ael el Hll Hll,, nc nc,, 199 1996), 6), .. 314 314–15 –15;; . . . ra raza za, , Andrea Doria: un prince de la Renaissance (a (ars, rs, 2008). Wol ol,, Barbary Coast , .. 8–1 8–14; 4; W. e eer er,, Algiers in the Age o the Corsairs (ora, ok,1976),.16–22. oe o ers rso o,, Last Crusaders ,.280–282. , .280–282. Military History History o the For e ja jass ssar ares es see . U Uar ar ad E. . Er Ers so, o, A Military Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk (aa ara arara, ra, ca, 20 2009 09), ), .. 36 36–4 –44. 4. rre, Knights o Malta , .. 57– 57–9; 9; oers oerso, o, Last Crusaders ,.157–8,262– ,.157–8,262– 1480–1522 (o 5; E. ro roa, a, The Two Sieges o Rhodes, 1480–1522 (odo do,, 196 1969). 9). rre, Knights o Malta ,.59–61. , .59–61. Wol ol,, Barbary Coast , . 15; rol role e,, Empires o the Sea ,.46. , .46. ro r ole le,, Empires o the Sea ,.47–8. , .47–8. oe o ers rso o,, Last Crusaders ,.295. , .295. d. d.,, .. 29 296– 6–30 300, 0, ra ra ,, Emperor Charles V , .. 14 145– 5–57 57.. 233
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s e a
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1060–66, 1068– 1060–66, 1068–73. 73. 43 r ra ade del,l, Mediterranean,ol.ii,.1066–68. Crescent nt and Cross: The Battle o Lepanto Lepanto 1571 (o 44 H. e eoo, Cresce (odo do,, 200 2003), 3), West: The Great Christian–Muslim Clash . 176 176;; . a ao o, , Victory o the West: 234
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46 d d.,., .. 10 1088 88–9 –92. 2. 47 . ea, ea,‘e ‘e a aes es o e ed ed:: e Flore Floree e a ad e a o e ared a ared lar lar Order o ee, ee, 1547– 1547–1648’ 1648’,, War at Sea in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance , ed ed.. . . Ha Ha ed edor or a add . W. Uer (Wo (Woodr odrde, de, 2003) 2003),, .. 169–8 169–86. 6. 48 For e ale ale o eao 1571 see eo, eo, Crescent and Cross ,. , . 227–56; ao, Victory o the West , .. 253 253–86 –86;; la lar r, , Gunpowder and Galleys , .. 235 235–68 –68;; . F. la lar r, , Galleons and Galleys (odo, 2002), .. 138–49 138–49;; ra radel, del, Mediterranean, ol ol.. ii, .. 110 1100–1 0–105; 05; r rol ole e,, Empires o the Sea , .. 251 251–86 –86;; o oers erso, o, Last Crusaders , .. 39 390– 0–94 94.. 49 a a o o,, Victory o the West ,.279–80. ,.279–80. 50 d d.,., .. 29 296– 6–30 303. 3. 51 D. az zaa, La marine ottomane. De l’apogée à la chute de l’Empire (1572–1923) ( (ar ars, s, 200 2009), 9), .. 15– 15–46. 46. 52 d d.,., .. 46 46–5 –51. 1. 53 d. d.,, .. 51 51–2 –2;; r ra ade del,l, Mediterranean,ol.ii,.1127–33. 54 a aza za, , La marine ottomane , . . 51–4; radel, rade l, Mediterranean, ol. ii, . 1133–9. Morocco: o: Fr From om Emp Empire ire to Ind Indepe epende ndence nce (Oord,2003),.83–5; 55 . . . e ee elll, Morocc E. W. o o llll,, The Battle o Alcazar: An Account o the Deeat o Don Sebastian o Portugal at El Ksar el Kebir (odo, 1952); . . er erer er,, La bataille de l’oued el-Makhasen, dite bataille bataille des Trois-Rois (4 août 1578) (a (ars, rs, 1985) 1985);; oerso, Last Crusaders , .. 39 399– 9–42 422. 2. ee also also W. W. F. o oo o,, The Hundred Years War or Morocco: Gunpowder and the Military Revolution in the Early Modern Muslim World World (ol (older der,, co, ad Oo Oord rd,, 199 1994). 4). 56 r ra ade del,l, Mediterranean,ol.ii,.1160–65.
2 LRS T SA, 1580–1660 Islam m in Hist History: ory: Idea Ideas, s, Peo People, ple, and 1 . e es, s,‘ ‘or orsa sar rss el elad’ ad’,, . e es, s, Isla Event Ev entss in the Mid Middle dle Eas East t (2 (2d d ed ed,, a aoo, 20 2001 01),), .. 23 239– 9–46 46;; . Ka Karls rlsso, so, The History o Iceland ( (ea eaol ols, s, mn, 200 2000), 0), .. 143 143–5; –5; . Hel Helas aso, o, ‘Hsoral arrae as ollee era: era: e ase o e rs rs ad o elad’, Scandinavian Journal o History , 22 (1 (199 997) 7),, .. 27 275– 5–89 89;; . . War and Human Bondage: Tales o Christian–Muslim Slavery Slaver y in Das, Holy War the Early Modern Mediterranean (aa ara arara, ra, ca,2009),.48,92; .sood, Pirates o Barbary: Corsairs, Conquests and Captivity in the Seventeenth Century Mediterranean (o (od do o,, 20 2010 10),), .. 13 132, 2, 13 134; 4; . l lo od, d, English Corsairs on the Barbary Coast (o (od do o,, 19 1981 81), ), .. 98 98–9 –9.. For e rad o alore alore see D. E, The Stolen Village: Baltimore and the Barbary Pirates (D (Dl l,, 200 2006); 6); s sood ood,, Pirates o Barbary, .. 126 126–42 –42.. 1500–1650: 50: Marit Maritime ime Conflicts Conflicts and the Tr Transorma ansormation tion 2 . le eee, Warare at Sea, 1500–16 235
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5 Er o Edar Edardd lea lea (or (or lea lea) ) ODNB . 6 D. o ood oda a, , Spanish Naval Power, 1589–1665: Reconstruction and Deeat (ar (a rd de, e, 200 2003), 3), .. 1–1 1–10; 0; . a aar ar,, Britain and Barbary, 1589–1689 (ae (a es slle lle,, , 200 2005), 5), .. 13– 13–36; 36; . . Har Hare e,, Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614 ( (a ao o,, 200 2006), 6), .. 343 343–9. –9. 7 F. r ra ade del,l, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age o Philip II , 2 ols ols (e (e Yor or,, 197 1973), 3), ol ol.. ii, .. 123 1232–4 2–4.. 8 E. . Fr red eda a, , Spanish Captives in North Arica in the Early Modern Age (ad ( ads so o,, wi, 19 1983 83), ), . 11 11.. Faith: The 9 Fo Forr el elso so o ors orsos os 1609– 1609–14 14 see . arr arr,, Blood and Faith: Purging o Muslim Spain (e (e Yor or, , 200 2009), 9), .. 202 202–78 –78.. 10 a arr rr,, Blood and Faith, . 171 171;; . ar ara a r rea eall ad ad . We Weers ers,, A Man
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ora or e easo o arar orsar; or a ore seal e see . osso, ‘e Elso o e orsos ro a 1609–14: e Desro o a sla erer erer’,’, Journal o Global History , 2 (20 (2007 07), ), .. 20 202– 2–11 11.. . Ea Earl rle, e, The Pirate Wars (o (odo do,, 200 2003), 3), .. 26– 26–33. 33. 1830 (e . . Wol ol, The Barbary Coast: Algeria under the Turks, 1500 to 1830 Yor, Y or, 1979), . 147, 181–2, 193, 197. . H. de r rooo o,, The Ottoman Empire and the Dutch Republic: A History o the Earliest Diplomatic Relations, 1610–1630 (ede ad sal sal,, 1978) 1978),, . 36; . Vere erele, le, Sultans, slaven en renegaten: de verborgen geschiedenis van de Ottomaanse rijk (e (e e, e, 20 2001 01), ), .. 32 321– 1–5. 5. . . .W Wllso so, , Pirate Utopias: Moorish Corsairs and European Renegadoes (2dd ed, e Yor (2 Yor,, 200 2003), 3), .. 96– 96–100 100.. Er o o Ward ODNB ; Wlso, Pirate Utopias , .. 51 51–6 –69; 9; . a a, ,
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arar raes, 1661– arar 1661–1669’, 1669’, French History , 23 (2 (200 009) 9),, .. 1– 1–21 21.. Eres o Weesla Weeslass Hollar Hollar ad ad o o Keore Keore ODNB ;..Ke ; ..Ke ore,‘r o Keore ad s os’, MM , 12 (192 (1926) 6),, .. 28 289– 9–31 31.. . H. de roo roo,, ‘Oo ‘Ooa a or ra ad e D e el l e eeee ad Eee eres’, Revue de l’Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée , 39 (198 (1985) 5),, .. 13 139– 9–42 42.. Forr aa Fo aass o arro arro ad ad Herer Herer aas aas e e leres leres see see . . 1674–1688: A Horse, The Restoration Navy and English Foreign Trade, 1674–1688: Study o the Peacetime Use o Sea Power (l (lder derso so,, 199 1991), 1), .. 109 109–47 –47.. ee also . . e Fere, Fere, ‘rr rr Herer, Herer, Earl o orr orro, o, 1648–1 1648–1716’, 716’, Precursors o Nelson: British Admirals o the Eighteenth Century ,ed..e , ed..e Fer eree ad . Ha Hard rd (odo (odo,, 200 2000), 0), .. 19– 19–41. 41. . W Wlllls, s, The Admiral Benbow (o (od do o,, 20 2010 10), ), . 56 56.. d. d.,, .. 40– 40–41 41.. Navy: A History History rom rom the Earliest Earliest Times to the W. . l lo oes es,, The Royal Navy: Present (re (rerr aols, aols, md, 19 1996 96), ), o ol.l. ii, .. 45 455– 5–7; 7; Wl Wllls, s, The Admiral Benbow, .. 65–6; Ke Keore ore,, ‘r o o Keore Keore ad ad s os’, os’, MM , 12 (1926) (1926),, .. 289 289–31 –317. 7. . . Ho Holl,, . .K. K... a a o o a add . e es s,, eds eds,, Cambridge History o Islam, 2 ols ols (r (re err. a a r rd de, e, 19 1977 77), ), o ol.l. ii, . 26 264. 4. Forr ea Fo ea d’Esrées d’Esrées see alle allee, e, Histoire ignorée de la marine rançaise , . 153–7. eee . . e e ee ellll,, ed ed.,., Piracy and Diplomacy in Seventeenth-Century North Arica: A rica: The Journal o Thomas Baker, English English Consul in Tripoli, 1677–1685
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(odo,, 198 (odo 1989). 9). d. d.,, . 18 188. 8. laa la ar r,, Scourge o Christendom,.158. D. a aza, za, ‘e a a o e e Ooa Ooa a a e e Heda Heda o o al al (1660–1850)’ (1660– 1850)’,, Arming the State: Military Conscription in the Middle East and Central Asia, 1775–1925 , ed ed.. E. . Zü Zürr er er ( (o odo do, , 19 1999 99), ), .. 41 41–4 –4.. Er o Hadj Hadj Hsa Hsa asa asa (ezzo (ezzooro) oro) EI . laa la ar r,, Scourge o Christendom,.166. . Earle, Sailors: English Merchant Seamen, 1650–1775 (odo, 1998), . 115–18, 115–18, 120, 123–4. 123–4.e e Els Els se o rae raeers ers as ell ell ad e ederraea ese orsars lased Ooa aor; aor ; see . Heood, ‘Ooa erroral erroral Verss Verss are Usae: e Oo a slads ad Els raeer e Wars Wars Frae, Frae, 1689– 1714’, Insularités ottomanes , ed. . Va ad . Ves Vese e (ars, 2004), . 145–73. Wol ol,, The Barbary Coast , .. 282 282–4; –4; . á áez ez Do Doel el,, Presencia de España en Orán O rán (1509–1792) ( (ole oledo do,, 199 1991), 1), .. 211 211–13 –13.. . . e ee elll, Morocco: From Empire to Independence (O (Oor ord, d, 200 2003), 3), .. 101 101–2. –2. olllle o e,, Captives , . 30 30;; s soo ood, d, Pirates o Barbary ,.242–53. ,.242–53. 241
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32 . a az za ae, e, Salé et ses corsaires (1666–1727). Un port de course marocain au XVII e siècle ( (ae ae, , 20 2007 07), ), . 17 172. 2. 33 d. d.,, . 17 179; 9; . o o dr drea ea, , Les corsaires de Salé ( (ar ars, s, 194 1948), 8), .. 78– 78–84. 84. 34 E Er r o o o oas as el els s ODNB . 35 o olllle e,, Captives ,.55. , .55. 36 d d.;.; ee eell, ll, Morocco,.103. 37 e eee . l lo o,, White Gold: The Extraordinary Story o Thomas Pellow and North Arica’s A rica’s One Million European Slaves Sla ves (o (odo do,, 200 2004). 4). 38 l lo o,, White Gold , .. 172–20 172–202; 2; olle olle, Captives ,.68. , .68.
4 CLIN, RIAL AN XTINCTIN, XTINCTIN, 1720–1830 America’s 1 For e ar o 181 18155 see see F. . e eer er,, The End o Barbary Terror: America’s 1815 War against the Pirates o North Arica (e Yor, Yor, 2006). Fo Forr ee Glor y: The Lie o Commodore Stephen Dear see .. . de Ka, Ka, A Rage or Glory: Decatur USN (e (e Yor Yor,, 200 2004); 4); . . ll llso so, , Stephen Decatur: American Naval Hero, 1779–1820 1779–1820 ( (er ers, s, ma, 2005); . . er er,, Stephen Decatur: A Lie Most Bold and Daring (a (aol ols, s, md, 200 2005); 5); ad .F . F. r rde de,, Our Country, Right or Wrong: The Lie o Stephen Decatur, the US Navy’s Most Illustrious Illus trious Comm Commande ander r (e Yor, Yor,2006). 2006). Fo Forr Hado Hado es see see . Deol, Le raïs Hamidou (l (lers, ers, 1859) 1859);; . . Earle Earle,, Corsairs o Malta and Barbary
2
3
4 5 6 7 8 9
(odo, 1970), (odo,1970), .. 195–2 195–262; 62; . de or or re relad, lad,‘as ‘as Ha Hado’ do’,, MM , 60 (1974) (19 74),, .. 187 187–96 –96;; ad D. aza aza, , Les corsaires barbaresques. La fin d’une épopée, 1800–1820 ( (ar ars, s, 199 1999), 9), .. 54– 54–5, 5, 226 226,, ad El Els s rasl rasla ao, o, The Barbary Corsairs: The End o a Legend, 1800–18 1800–1820 20 (e (ede de,, 200 2005). 5). Contention: A History History o Gibraltar (odo,1974),ad eee . e .H Hlllls, s, Rock o Contention: Illusor y Prize: P rize: A History o the British Occupations D. re reor or,, Minorca, the Illusory o Minorca between 1708 and 1802 (od (odo, o, 199 1990). 0). ee also also . ol olle le,, Captives: Britain, Empire and the World, World, 1600–18 1 600–1850 50 (o (od do o,, 20 2002 02), ), .. 69 69–7 –72. 2. . , Bourbon Spain, 1700–1808 (O (Oo ord rd,, 19 1989 89), ), . 12 129; 9; W. W. . Harreaes adsle adsle,, Eighteenth-century Spain, 1700–1788 ( (oo ooa, a, n, World 1979 19 79), ), .. 67 67–8 –8;; H. Ka Kae, e, Spain’s Road to Empire: The Making o a World Power, 1492–1763 (o (odo do,, 200 2002), 2), .. 455 455–6. –6. H.. H. ... rre, The Knights o Malta (e (e Hae Hae,, ct, ad od odo, o, 199 1994), 4), Knights o St John .. 95, 97– 97–8; 8; . a aal aler ero, o, The Last o the Crusaders: The Knights and Malta in the Eighteenth Century [19 [1960] 60] (od (odo, o, 200 2009), 9), .. 44– 44–51. 51. E. . Fr red eda a, , Spanish Captives in North Arica in the Early Modern Age (ad ( ads so o,, wi, 19 1983 83), ), .. 15 157– 7–8. 8. d d.,., .. 15 158– 8–61 61.. . ez eze ee e,, The Spanish Enclaves in Morocco ( (ar ars s,, 19 1976 76), ), . 42 42.. Er o o leade leaderr (leja (lejadro) dro) O’e O’ell ll ODNB ; , Bourbon Spain, .. 294–5, 311–12 311–12;; Harrea Harreaes es ad adsle sle,, Eighteenth-century Spain, .. 124 124–5 –5.. ,, Bourbon Spain, . . 321–2; Harreaes adsle adsle,, Eighteenth242
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(ola, sc, 19 1993 93), ), .. 15 150– 0–51 51,, 15 155, 5, 15 159; 9; . H. de r roo oo,, ‘O ‘O o oa a or ra ad e D el e eeee ad Eee eres’, Revue de l’Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée , 39 (19 (1985) 85),, .. 143 143–5. –5. . ü üllller er,, Consuls, Corsairs, and Commerce: The Swedish Consular Service and Long-Distance Shipping, 1720–1815 1720–1815 (U (U sa sala la,, 20 2004 04), ), .. 54 54–6 –69, 9, 12 124– 4– 31; D. H. der derse se ad ad H. . Vo, ‘e ‘eral ral ad eder ederraea raea der der e Das Fla, 1747–1807’, Scandinavian Economic History Review, 48 (2 (200 000) 0),, .. 5– 5–23 23.. . . or r , , A History o Venice (e (e Yor Yor, , 198 1982), 2), .. 598 598–9. –9. aal a alero ero,, Last o the Crusaders ,.81–5. , .81–5. olllle o e,, Captives ,.85–7. , .85–7. d. d.,, .. 12 126– 6–7, 7, 13 131– 1–2. 2. ee al also so . o olllle e,, The Ordeal o Elizabeth Marsh: A Woman Woman in World History History (e (e Yor Yor, , 200 2007), 7), .. 50– 50–86. 86. . . e e s, Admiral de Grasse and American Independence (a (aol ols, s, md, 1945 19 45), ), .. 41 41–3 –3.. . . Ha Hallll,, The United States and Morocco, 1776–1956 (ee, n, 1971), . 44; 44; . . ee eell, ll, Morocco: From Empire to Independence (O ord o rd,, 20 2003 03), ), .. 10 108– 8–9. 9. Hal all,l, United States and Morocco,.43–57. Qoe ro er o aes r ODNB . ee also also . arz arz,, Slave Captain: Capt ain: The Career o James Irving in the Liverpool Liverpool Slave Slave Tr Trade ade (red ed, erool, er ool, 2008). a aza za, , Les corsaires barbaresques ,.23. , .23. Hal all,l, United States and Morocco, .. 62– 62–3; 3; . . El as asr r,, ‘e a aro ro s o are are ad: ad: e us–or –oroo oo ofl ofl o 1802–3’, 1802–3’, The Atlantic Connection: 200 Years o Moroccan-American Relations, Re lations, 1786–1986 , ed. . . oo oo We Weer er ad ad . El as asrr (aa (aa,, 199 1990); 0); . W. oll oll,, Six Frigates: Frigat es: The Epic History History o the Foundation o the US Navy (e Yor, 2006), 200 6), .. 181 181–4. –4. . o od da as s,, The Habsburg Empire and the Sea: Austrian Naval Policy, 1797–1866 (W (Wes es a aa ae e e, e, in in,, 19 1989 89), ), .. 14 14,, 74 74–5 –5.. Hallll,, United States and Morocco, . 64; es, History o French Navy , Ha . 293. 243
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Tripoli: How America’s War with the Barbary Pirates Established the US Navy and Built a Nation (Ho (Hoo oe, e, n, 200 2005); 5); F. F. a aer er,, The Barbary Wars: American Independence in the Atlantic Atla ntic World World (e Yor, Yor, 2005); . Zas, The Pirate Coast: Thomas Jeferson, the First Marines, and the Secret Mission o 1805 (e Yor, Tripoli: oli: The United Yor, 2005) ad D. er ers, s, Trip States’ First War War on Terror (e (e Yor Yor,, 200 2006). 6). ee also also . W. l lle le,, Our Navy and the Barbary Corsairs [1905 [1905]] (rar (rar,, n, 2005) ad .. .... Kze, Tripoli and the United States at War: A History o American Relations with the Barbary States, 1785–1805 1785–1805 ( e ee ers rso o,, nc nc,, 19 1993 93). ). 36 Er o r o o o ODNB . ee als alsoo H. H. o o,, The Bourbons o Naples (o (odo do,, 195 1957). 7). 37 o oo o, , Breaking the Chains , .. 5–2 5–23. 3. ee also also . oo oo, , A Thirst or Glory: The Lie o Admiral Admiral Sir Sydney Smith Smith (o (odo do,, 199 1996). 6). 38 o oo o, , Breaking the Chains , .. 32– 32–41; 41; . . Har Hard d. . ‘o ‘or r r ra a
39 40 41
42 43
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CNCLSIN: A N BARBAR Somalia:: The New 1 For ee Maersk Alabama d de e see see . . . r r, Somalia Barbary? Piracy Piracy and Islam in the Horn o Arica A rica (o (od do o,, 20 2011 11), ), .. 10 104– 4–6, 6, So mali Pirates, Navy SEALs, ad . ll lls s ad . . al al,, A Captain’s Duty: Somali and Dangerous Days at Sea (e (e Yor Yor, , 201 2010). 0). ee also also . e es, s, Understanding Somalia and Somaliland (odo, 2008); . . Es Esaed aed,, Pirate State: Inside Somalia’s Terrorism at Sea ( (a ao o,, 201 2010); 0); . . r r , Small Boats, Weak States, Dirty Money: Piracy Piracy and Maritime Terrorism in the Modern World (e Yor Yor ad odo, 2009); . . a aore, ore, Pirates o the 21st Century (o Piracyy Today: Fighting Fighting Vil(odo do,, 200 2009); 9); . . a ae e,, Pirac lainy on the High Seas (Do (Dos s Ferr Ferr,, ny, 2010); D. arle arle,, Modern Piracy: A Reerence Re erence Handbook (aa ara arara, ra, ca, 201 2011); 1); . a aad adrr, The Pirates o Somalia: Inside their Hidden World (od (odo, o, 201 2011). 1).
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260
photo Acknowledgements ! 1
oo ores ores o e ser serda da Hsora Hsorall se, se, ser serda: da: . .130; 130; ro eor ra ad Fraz Hoeer, Civitates Orbis Terrarum, o ol.l. ii (olo (olo e, e, Histoire oire de Barbarie et de ses Corsaires (ars,1637): 1575): 157 5): . 22; r ro o err erree Da, Hist .74; . 74; as as ores ores o a eal ealss ss d., F Fr, r,Wsos Wsos: : . . 6–7, . 8–9; u.s. a oora ass oao eals 2d lass Ve . ree: . 217; oo ores o e aoal are se, odo: . . 10; oo ores e u.s. aal Hsor ad Herae oad, Waso W aso dc: . 164; oo ores e jsse, serda: . 205; ores or es o Wesle eslea a U Uers ers,, ddle ddleo, o, oe oe :: . 147.
261
index ! 1
A Christian Turn Turn’’d Turke 90
ae 206 d al-al 71 dalla, dal la, rler o oroo oroo 185 dalla e a 160 derraa, rler o oroo 190 d al-ar 158 re 202 o, o, r o 200 200 de, d e, l l o 219, 219, 221 dral,, e 159 dral dra d ra ea 65–7 65–7,, 89, 98– 98–9, 9, 190, 196 ee e ea a ea ea 34, 101 101,, 12 124, 4, 13 135, 5, 13 138, 8, 14 149, 9, 151 151,, 153,206 asa 220 r ra a 18, 20 20,, 31 31,, 39 39,, 12 128, 8, 17 178, 8, 21 2199 ad ad alal-a asr sr 71, 81, 103, 106, 106,122, 122, 129, 158 ad aad al-Qad 122 ed, oeror o osae 214 edd i, Oo e Ooa a sla 96 ed e dalla 126 ed el-Haddad 195 ed Karaal 184 a 126 -la-aelle, oress o 206 lae la e das das 111, 158 la, de o 24 la l a aa 67, 99, 10 100, 0, 112 112,, 19 1944 lero, ler o, ard ardal al 169–70 loroz, lor oz, osé arrllo arrllo de, de, o o o oear 171 ladee, lad ee, o o (i) 52 ladee, lad ee, o o (ii) 56 lazarq laza rqr r 71, 84, 122 lderse,, aree 123 lderse leadra 39,58,62,66,89,99,125,207 lare 79
lera 20,37,71,96,157,159,204,208, 209, 20 9, 21 210, 0, 212 212–1 –155 lers le rs ( ( & ree ree) ) 12, 16–18, 20, 23–8, 33,36–41,43,46–7,49,51–2,56,58,62–3, 66–7,69,71–3,75–81,83–5,87–9,91–108, 111–23,129,131–5,137–159,162,165–82, 184,190,192–215,218,220,221 l al-adar 103 l 98–101, 117 l Zade 85 la l ae e 79, 79, 93, 171 ll,, r oas ll oas 143–4 lade 127 loads 30 lorads 30 ls,, e 24 ls ljarras oas 62 l,, Elza l Elzae e 102 era deedee, deedee, ar o 176 serda 144 a aol ola a 16 16,, 34 34,, 38 38,, 47 47,, 67 67,, 94 94,, 12 124, 4, 18 184, 4, 19 194, 4, 211 dalsa 25,31,62–3,65,83,85,105,107, 109,110 lo-D lo -D ars 136, 143, 145 aa 29 ra reol (2011) 220 raa 28 ra ra 12, 29 ra r ass 16, 16, 84, 15 158, 8, 194 rao r ao 28–32, 28–32, 36, 82–3 d’rao, d’ra o, ar arel el 49 rea (ae) 126 ra a 112 rj see ararossa (i) sjarar sj ararso, so, o 77 sla 159 aala 42
262
Index la la Oe Oea a 18, 20, 31, 72, 75–6 75–6,, 78–8 78–80, 0, 86–7,89,91–2,103,105,107–8,115,123, 140,142,158,160,167,189,193,195,219 la/ la /ra ra sla slaee rade rade 18, 18, 20, 188, 202 sr sr,, lea leaee o 152 sra 18,23,94,149,150,152,156,170, 190–93,197,204,214 d es 40 zore zo ress 75, 75, 86, 160 a al ada sra sra 219, 221 aa Hassa 132–3 adad 100 ar a rd de, e, Wll Wlla a 165– 165–9, 9, 189 189,, 200, 217 aer,, Fras 150 aer aer,, oa aer oass 150–51, 153–4 ar al 207 ar, ao 208 ale a lear ar sla slads ds 30, 39 39,, 40 40,, 43, 51 51,, 14 1444 ala al as, s, e 16, 38, 194 alore (relad) 78, 106 adera, ade ra, Fra Fraes esoo 190 araro ara ro,, os oso o 66 ararossa (i) (rj) 33–8, 40 ararossa arar ossa (ii) (ii) (Kzr) (Kzr) 23–4, 33–49, 51–2, 59–62,64,84,114–15,153,176,194 arar ars (o u ) 12–13, 12–13, 165– 165–9, 9, 200– 200–2, 2, 217 arelo ar elo,, o oo o 176 ar a rel elo oaa 29 29,5 ,50, 0, 55, 79 79,, 11 112, 2, 170 170,, 17 1711 arro ar ro,, a ael el 200, 201 ar,, ea ar ea 13, 154 aro,, Eda aro Edard rd 80 aso as o o Frae Frae 96–8, 96–8, 100, 142 142,, 177 aezd ii, ii, Ooa sla 29 aza, az a, l lar aroo de 56–7 56–7,, 66, 68, 103 ea,, ea ard ard 144 eaor, ea or, d de see Vedôe, Fraços de eale-ersa eale- ersa 92, 96 er 167 eja 63 ejaa 29 erers 14,16,27,63,84,142–3,157,158 esas 47 essasadr 76 r 58–9 sa, a o 160 sa so, so , a ard rd 89 zer zera a 35–6, 35–6,64, 64, 70 70,, 179 179,, 19 1944 ‘la Ha Do’221 la la ea 14–1 14–15, 5, 72, 153, 184 laeard 13 lae,, oe lae oer r 136–9 laqllo orso 85
odr 47 o ess essels els 132–4, 150, 152 Bombardment o Algiers 10,12 oa 140 oa o a 29,39 29, 39,, 43 43,, 12 125, 5, 20 208, 8, 21 2122 ôe 29 orj El ar 27 oso (u ) 189 o ere ere rer 104–5, 108, 110 oe 27,29,33,35–6,51–2,125,142,144, 148,153,212 oro o ro al al 169, 169, 172 172,, 210, 212 o, Ve-Y Ve-Yes es 210 rds 196 rsol 160 rsoll ael rso ael 90, 108 ra 12,19,20,80,102,153,156,161–2, 165–6,168–72,174,176,178–81,183, 185–7 18 5–7,, 19 190–3 0–3,, 19 195–9 5–9,, 20 202–8 2–8,, 21 213–1 3–14, 4, 217 rs r s sl sles es 102, 136, 136,139, 139, 140, 161 rs r s a a 161 161,, 166, 170, 172 172,, 182, 186 186,, 192,, 197– 192 197–9, 9, 202– 202–77 roes, ro es, aa aa de 179 rserr, ar 102 rse saq al 207 zae za e ere ere 28, 34 sa
sa
ádzz 80, 10 ád 104, 4, 108 108–9 –9,, 126 126,, 13 139, 9, 144 144,, 14 147–8 7–8,, 170,171 alar 42 aro a ro 29, 126 alar al ara a 60, 98, 115, 196 aa a ar r sla slad dss 79, 84 84,, 88, 88,92, 92, 10 103, 3, 115 115,, 12 120, 0, 121,139,160 ada 135, 143 aas 91 ae aa aa 148, 148, 165–6 ae ao 27 ae o ood Hoe 31 ae alos alos 120, 120, 168 ae assero 170 ae arel 144 aella,eodors a 204 aello, oo aro 99 aa Warda 90 araajal Varas, Varas, edr edroo de 119 ar ar ea ea ea ea 81, 81, 104 104,, 123, 188 arloore 196 ara ar aea ea 50, 88, 120 120,, 168 asso, asso , Ed Edd d 102 asejo, edr edroo ozalez de 175 asellao ase llao,, Fr Fra a 217 asle as le 28, 28, 30–32 aslla, as lla, dela delaado ado de 125 263
lords
aalas 30, 55 aalas aalo a aloa a 46, 55, 83, 196 aere ae re o raaza raaza 140, 141 aol a ol oar oars s,, e 28, 28, 30, 31, 177 177–8 –8 a a ol ol ss 24, 32 32,, 60 60,, 80, 91 91,, 11 117–1 7–19, 9, 126 126,, 136,139–40,154,171,173,200 aass, aas s, e 16 16 edesrö edes rö,, Olo dol 181 eraes era es aaedra, aaedra, e ell de 112–14 eraes era es aaedra, aaedra, odr odroo de 112–13 e e aa 31, 31, 15 159, 9, 16 161, 1, 170 170,, 18 1877 aloer,oas 26 aers, a ers, eor eoree 10, 12 arles, arle s, ar arde de 156 arless i, o Elad arle Elad 108–10 arless ii, o Elad arle Elad 139–41, 139–41, 144–6, 159 arless ii, o a arle a 156 arless iii, o a 174–7 arle 174–7 arless iv, o a arle a 177 arles a rles v, e eero erorr 23–8 23–8,, 36, 38– 38–9, 9, 41–6 41–6,, 48, 54,63–4,81,175,211 arless x, o Fra arle Frae e 210, 210, 212 arleso 185 eaoe 103 er e rel elll 27, 36, 41 ese 183 ealer al 142–3 les 82 os os 138, 149 149,, 153 rsedo 23,29,43,45,60,88,96,101, 115,119,121,123–4,127,129,154,192, 217 rsa iv, o Dear Dear 77 rs rs a a ree reead ades es 16, 25 25,, 40, 41 41,, 60 60,, 61, 75 75,, 77,79,85–8,90,98,107,112–13,118, 120,121,126,133,143,149,150,154, 160,161,167,174,179,188,194–5,201 rs rs a a slae slaess 14, 17 17,, 18 18,, 20, 26 26–7, –7, 32 32,, 43 43,, 46,49,51–2,54,68,71,79,94,99,102, 110,112–21,133,144,149,157,159, 160–62,167,173–5,179,197,201–5 ro 196 seros, se ros, ard ardal al 32–3, 37 adella 51 aea 39 lazel,l, erra laze errad d 213 lee lee xi, oe 169 odro, odr o, r Edard 208 oler ol er 132, 141– 141–2, 2, 171 ole, oer oer 152 ollood oll ood,, er er 198 oares, oar es, arq arqs s o 37 oae, laes errszoo 105
of the
s e a
oress (u ) 199 osae os ae 39, 211–14 osaole (see also s sa al) l) 28, 34, 44 oeae 77–8 ordoa, ord oa, los losoo de 56 ordoa, s Fajardo Fajardo de 92 ordoa, ord oa, ar de 56 or o r 44 44,, 65– 65–6, 6, 100 100,, 16 169–7 9–70, 0, 183 orejo, Fraso 171 orall or all 108, 108, 161 oro 41 orsa 30,39,48,50–2,79,97,115,179 orso, ors o, ae aero ro 50 ores or es,, Her Hera ado do 25, 27 ossas 15 oa, r Fras Fras 92 ree 39,65,78,100–2,135,137,143,151 rea re a aars 14–15, 17–18, 72, 117 rea ar 214 a 174 rs rs 34, 65– 65–6, 6, 70 sa
Daore, oer 90 Daore, Dalaa 110–11 Dale, Dal e, ar ardd 199, 200 Dal a 112 Da,, e Da err rree 98, 98, 121 Daser Da ser,, o o 75, 87–8 87–8,, 90, 96–7 Daee rer 24, 153 Da Daa as 23 Dardaelles 138 Daro, Dar o, ord 159 Dear Dea r,, e ee e 165–9, 200–2, 214 Dells 27 De De ar ar 19, 19,76– 76–8, 8, 155 155,, 16 168, 8, 180 180,, 181 181,, 187–8,190,191,197,199 Dera 201 Deal,, lea Deal leadre dre 208 Deal,, err Deal erree 208 Discourse o Pirates 90 Djera 33,35–6,48,53–5,59,62,194 Djdje Dj djell ll 36, 36, 39, 142 142–3 –3 Doa order 128 Do a a o sr sraa 63, 65–71, 112 Don Quixote 112,114 Dordre 87 Dora al 15, 15, 35 Dor Do ra, a, dr drea ea 16 16,, 24 24,, 26– 26–8, 8, 35 35–6, –6, 41 41–2, –2, 44–8,50,51,53,55 Dora, Dor a, a a dr drea ea 53–4 53–4,, 56, 64–8 64–8,, 81 Dora,, ae Dora aeo o 47 Dos, Do s, e 136 Drae, Dra e, Fra ras s 16, 123 Dra see r es
264
Index Daal de esé 187 Dr 154 Derré, Derr é, -Vor Vor 210–12 De-oars, Deoars, el 209 Dqes Dq ese, e, r raa aa 132– 132–3, 3, 145, 149 Eas da oa 140 Eas des 93 Eas Ea so o,, e eer er 87, 91 91,, 95, 10 1055 Eao,, Wlla 201 Eao Edr 102 Elsso, Els so, Olar 77–8 77–8 E E 16 16,, 20 20,, 28 28,, 34 34,, 36 36,, 38 38–9 –9,, 47 47,, 58 58,, 89 89,, 122,125,128,183,192,201,207–10 El adda 185 El Kala 96 Ela 50 d’Elçaar, erard ea 132 Ede 203 Eo,, el Eo eloo 182 Eeror’s For 210–12 Ela E ladd 16–18, 16–18,25–6 25–6,, 71–2 71–2,, 75–6 75–6,, 79–8 79–82, 2, 85–96 85– 96,, 99, 10 100, 0, 102 102–5 –5,, 107 107–1 –12, 2, 115 115–16 –16,, 123,126,129,131,135–49,152–62,185–6, 188,, 20 188 204, 4, 218 218–20 –20 Els E ls a ae ell 89, 90, 96, 105, 105,108, 108, 143 Els E ls a a 92–3, 92–3, 110 110,, 136– 136–9, 9, 141, 143– 143–8, 8, 156,160,219 Eseada, Ese ada, arq arqs s o 172 Elzae Elza e i, qee o Elad Elad 16, 81–2, 103, 108 Essaora 185 d’Ese,, ard d’Ese ardal al 127 d’Esrées, d’Esr ées, ea 150–51 Eoea 29 Eroe 18–20,23–5,28,44,46,54,59,63, 76–7,79,80,93–4,101–2,105,128,131, 134–5,154–6,162,178–9,198,202,204, 212,214,220 Eroea Uo 220 Eo, Eo , ord see elle elle,, Edard Ereadr Er eadraa 83, 104, 119 Farore, r ales ales 159 Faasa (azasa) 65–6 Farese, Far ese, Elza Elzae e 169 Faa l ad 103 Faersa 89 Ferdad, Fer dad, eeror 54 Ferd Fe rdad, ad, o rao rao 28–9, 31–3, 36, 177,215 Fez 37, 37, 12 122, 2, 12 128, 8, 157 157–8 –8,, 161 Flad 180 Frs World War 20
Fladers 123 Fles 42 Florda Flor da 174, 176 Foreera 40 For elo 58 For Elo 58–9 Frae 12–13,16–18,20,25,31,36,39,43–4, 46,49–52,55,64,69,71,75,81–3,87–9, 92–3, 92 –3,96– 96–102 102,, 10 107–9 7–9,, 11 111–1 1–12, 2, 116 116,, 12 120, 0, 128–9, 128 –9, 131 131–6, –6, 140 140–6, –6, 149– 149–55, 55, 157– 157–62, 62, 168–9 16 8–9,, 17 171–2 1–2,, 17 174, 4, 176 176–83 –83,, 18 187, 7, 189 189–9 –93, 3, 196,198,202,204,206–14,218–21 Frasa order 159 Freale, Frea le, r oas oas 206 Fre Fr e a a 97–8, 97–8, 100, 109, 131– 131–4, 4, 136, 141–3,145,149–51,172,178–9,182,187, 206–12,213,219,220 Fre Fr e eol eolo o 19, 141, 152, 152,177– 177–8, 8, 184, 191 Fre reoloar ar 13, 166 ra r aes es 165– 165–8, 8, 176 176,, 179, 181 181–2, –2, 185 185,, 193– 193–4, 4, 200,203–5,206–8,210 Frzell, Fr zell, aes 94 ale, oa ale, oa Do see Ulj l alleasses allea sses 66–7, 66–7, 69 alllles a es 24–6, 24–6, 35 35,, 39– 39–40, 40,42, 42, 44 44–5, –5, 47 47–8, –8, 50 50,, 53,55–6,64–70,75,79–80,86,91,94, 101,112,117,123–4,127–8,131,135, 142,172,182 ala (a) 91 arde,, a arde al l de la 50 azasa (Faasa) 65–6 eo e oaa 14–15, 14–15, 24 24,, 30, 30,34– 34–6, 6, 42, 44 44–8, –8,50– 50–53, 53, 55–6,66–7,79,134,150,160,179,181, 191,196,203 era 23–7,42,53–4,56,66,70,71,116, 203 ar al el 70 e,, Wlle a e a 144 ral ralar ar 19, 139 139,, 148, 156, 156,162, 162, 169– 169–71, 71, 176,186,189,198–200,204 r ral ala arr, ra ra o 29, 29, 31 31,, 79, 92 92,, 95, 99 99,, 10 103, 3, 120,140,144,148,167,189,193,219 lea, le a, Edar Edardd 80 le, aes 185 loross eolo, loro eolo, e 153 old oas 188 olde Fleee, Fleee, Order o e 171 ozaa, oza a, Fe Ferae rae 24 ozo 49 raada raa da ( & do do) ) 28–32, 28–32, 62, 82–4, 103,120,128,177 rad aar 121
265
lords
rad Haror 58–9 radré, rad ré, o olas las de 178 rasse, rass e, d dral ral de 141, 141, 187 raère, erre re de la 206 ree r eee e 13, 13, 29 29,, 34 34,, 38 38,, 41 41,, 44 44,, 57 57,, 66 66–7 –7,, 69 69,, 89,99,112,124,151,160,194,197–8, 206–9 ree (odo) 12 reor re or xiii, oe 69 rllo,, arlos 170 rllo 170 rda 76 era 55 se,, de o se o 97 Haarle 75, Haarle 75, 88 Has Ha sr r a al l 23, 36, 54, 94, 155 155–6 –6 Hadj Hsa see ezzooro Hadj oaed 132 Hasds 35 Har 116 Hae 185 Had Karaal 201 Hado es 166–8, 194–5 Hado Haae 125 Haoer 203 Harore, Haror e, Wlla 80 Harrso, Harr so, o 108 108 Hassa a 25–7, Hassa 25–7, 41 Hassa azol es 196 Hassa aad al-Wazza al-Fas 128 Hassa asa Hassa asa 52, 56 Hassa Veezao Veezao asa asa 79, 113–14 Haaa 174 Has, Ha s, o 16 16 Haes, Hae s, le 102 Heae 76 Her ii, o Frae Frae 50 Her iv, iv, o o Frae Frae 87, 96 Herer, Here r, r rrr 147–9, 159 Herradra a 55–6 Hersjord 76 Hds 31 Hsaola 119 Histoire de Barbarie et des corsaires 98 Hollar,W Hollar, Weeslas 144 Hol a ad, d, e 15, 34 Hol oa oa Eer Eeror or 23, 23, 38, 54 Hoor 88 Horaer Hora eros os 104, 107, 109 Hora Hor aos os 83, 83, 85, 104 Høs, eor 188 Heos 82 Hdred Hdr ed Das, e 202
of the
s e a
Har 15,18,23–4,48,54,94 Hsa l 184 Hsse, Hsse , de o o lers lers 208, 208, 212 era e era es sla la 28–3 28–30, 0, 37, 81, 84, 107, 123 123,, 160 ra (E) 207 ra ra ,, Oo Ooa a sl sla a 100, 100, 101, 101,127, 127, 135 el ela add 17, 75– 75–8, 8, 86, 89 89,, 10 106–7 6–7,, 11 1155 as 42 q, q, earls o see O’re da d a 31, 31, 40 da d a Oea Oea 11, 11, 31, 219 qso q so,, e 121, 126 oa sla slads ds 19, 198, 203 ralo 135 ra 72 raq 220 relad 17,71,75,78,86,89–91,102,106–7, 115,139,173,175 r,, aes 188 r sael sa ella, la, qe qee e o as asle le 28, 32, 177 177,, 215 slass sla ss 218, 218, 220 l’sle-da, le Vllers de 39 sa s a l l 15–17, 15–17, 28, 39 39,, 41, 41,44– 44–50, 50, 53 53–4 –4,, 57, 61–2,64,67–8,70–73,80,93–4,97,100, 101,106,114,123,125,138,152,157, 177,184,189,203 al al 12, 14– 14–15 15,, 23– 23–7, 7, 30– 30–33 33,, 35– 35–6, 6, 39, 39,41– 41–2, 2, 44,46,48–51,53–6,58,60,63,66,70,71, 79,86,89,91,94,112,115–17,123,127–8, 139–40,150,155,158,169–72,181–2, 191,193,196–7,203,205,213 zr 137 aaa 176 aes i, o Elad 82, 89–90, 92 aes ii, o Elad 153 jassares 38, 79, 107, 133, 153, 155–6, 184, 194, 205 205–6 –6 aszoo, a 75, 88, 105–6, 120, 121 eerso, oas 199, 201 erse 99 ersale 15, 182 essa 90 ess 87 es 40, 111, 117, 208 jel 36 Karoa 42 a a da da as asa a 24, 24,41, 41, 49 49,, 51, 69 69,, 72 72,, 153 Kara Hodja 65 Kara ose 25 Kaera 34 266
Index Kasad 76 Keal es 29, 29, 30 Keor Ke ore, e, o 144, 149 Keor Ke ore, e, ora 149 Ke 89 Kerea slads 125 al-Kadr al-K adr ala ala 111, 158 Kar ad-D 38 Kzr see ararossa (ii) Kdd, aa aa 13 Kl l see Ulj l Kre, Kr e, e er r 159 K,, Fra K Fras s 99 Ks o ala see Ks o o Ks o odes see Ks o o Ks o o o ersale (Ks Hos Ho s al alle ler) r) 15, 25– 25–7, 7, 34, 39 39,, 42 42,, 47– 47–9, 9, 53, 55,57–9,64,66–8,71,78,80,94,99,106, 109–1 109 –10, 0, 117 117,, 124 124–5 –5,, 127 127–8 –8,, 134 134,, 13 137–8 7–8,, 141–3,172,176,179,182–3,187,189, 192,202 K K ss o e ee e 15, 15, 66, 79, 80, 124– 124–5, 5, 127 Koa a asa 70 Ksar el Ker 71 Krol Kr ol es es 35–6, 39 a alle alle 96, 142, 142,208 208 a olea 22,35,41–3,50,57,63–4,70,89, 92,96,98,137,194 a eza 24 as alas 121 aer a er,, d dra rall 92, 95 azaroe azar oe 79, 88 ara a ra ee 92, 10 105, 5, 159 159,, 18 187, 7, 19 1900 aoe earearde 187 aso, aso , r o 141 141 azarss azar ss 101, 101, 132 e asella 60 e Vaer Vaer,, ea 132–3 ear,oas 201 ede, arq arqs s o 170 eor see oro eo x, o oee 36, 36, 128 eo ras 128 ea e aoo 45, 66–7 66–71, 1, 112 esos 34 ea e a, , ee 16, 16, 69 69,, 167 167,, 19 1944 ea oa oa 94, 94, 138 ea, e a, a ao o de 56, 56, 112 ezo, las de de 171 aa 50 a 12,33,49,51,146,201 ra 48
ar slads ar slads 35, 55 so 139, so 139, 141 o o,, Wlla 90 erool 188 o or roo 15, 94 94,, 11 117, 7, 12 126–7 6–7,, 14 146, 6, 148 148,, 191 191,, 206 oe, eor eoree 180 odo o do 91, 102 102,, 16 161, 1, 162 os ix ( ( os), os), o Frae Frae 23, 23, 213 os xiv, o Frae Frae 129, 132, 134, 141–2,145,150,152,156,159,161,169 os le, o Frae 212 osaa 174 oos rer 187 üe 116 a erala, erala, osé de 119 d slad 108 le,, e le eer er 195 Doell, H 203, 205–7 Doell, ader ad eraa 86, 86, 115 115,, 161 adrd ad rd 81, 91– 91–2, 2, 175 ar a re e,, e 29–3 29–32, 2, 37, 41 ada 48 aod elll 194 ad a d ii, Ooa Ooa sla sla 206, 207–8 ao 43 aa a ar r, , He Her r 90, 91 ajora 24,85,93,99,113,133,160,211 ala a laa a 55 55,, 57, 82 82,, 93 al a laa 15, 19 19,, 25 25,, 39 39,, 47 47,, 49 49,, 53 53–4 –4,, 58 58–9 –9,, 62 62,, 64,94,99,101,122,126–8,137,146,150, 182,189,192,195–9,202 a es 120 al a lss (E (E) ) 16, 28–9 28–9,, 34, 36, 38 aora 90,92,105,107,159,161 ala 174 asel a sell,l, r oer oer 91, 93 ards ar ds 30, 31 arra ar raes es 122, 122, 162, 186 ars a rse ellllee 46, 87 87–8, –8, 92 92,, 96 96–7, –7, 19 191, 1, 209 209,, 21 2111 ars,, Elza ars Elzae e 186 arl rer 103 ar ii, qee o Elad Elad 153 azaa az aa 140, 140, 185 185,, 187 azarredo, azarr edo, osé de 176 ea 12 eda 12 eda doa, doa, de o (i) 31 eda doa, doa, de o (ii) 83 edael, eda el, de o 53–4 ederraea ea 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 23–4, 23– 4, 28 28–30 –30,, 33 33–6, –6, 38 38–9, –9, 42 42,, 44 44–51 –51,, 53 53–7, –7, 59,62,65,68–70,72–3,78–81,86–7,
267
lords
89–92, 89–9 2, 94 94–7, –7,103 103,, 11 115–1 5–17, 7, 123 123–6 –6,, 135 135–6, –6, 139–48,150,153,155–8,160,165–6, 170– 17 0–72, 72, 17 178, 8, 180 180–84 –84,, 18 189–9 9–90, 0, 19 192–3 2–3,, 195 195,, 197–9,202–6,208–9,217,219 eda 90 eedd ii, Oo ee Ooa a sla 34 eedd iv, Oo ee Ooa a sla sla 149, 151 ee roo 66 ee oll 69 ees 158–62 elll el llaa 31, 174 174–5, –5, 187 edoza, edoz a, erar erardo do de 25 edoza, edoz a, Fr Fras asoo de 56 edoza, edoz a, a de 55 eredara er edaras s 113, 118, 173–4 ers e rs el el Ke Kerr 32, 51 51,, 56, 56,157 157,, 171 171,, 17 1777 essa 65 essa, ess a, sra sra o 98 eo e o 25, 25, 27 ezzooro ezzo oro 133–4, 133–4, 151–3 la, l a, 51 ora 19,43,51,147,156,170,171,176 lee 34 odo 69 oads 221 oadorr 185, 187–8 oado oa de oll oll,, arles 190 oaad l (E) 207–10 oaed e dalla (oaed iii), rler o oroo oroo 174, 186–9 oaed rao 195 oaed Karaa es 196 oasr oas r 194, 194, 196 oada, oad a, Ho de 38 38 oa, oa , Edar Edard, d, earl o ad ad 140 140 oello 79 oor o orss 37–8 37–8,, 40, 40,77, 77, 12 120, 0, 174 orea, ore a, e 151 oreo, ore o, Flore Floreo o 175 orsos 25,32,40,52,60,62–3,65,79, 81–5,91,103–7,109–10,120 oroo 17,18,20,31,37,52,56–7,71–2, 75,79–81,84–5,89–92,94–5,103–11, 115,120,122,128–9,148,156,158–62, 170,173–5,185–91,194,200,206,215, 218,220 oro de la Froera 85 orrs,, orrs ard ard 199 osa os aae ae 39, 39, 52–4 52–4,, 56, 171 ola Hada 63 ola Hassa 41–3 ola sal, rler o oroo 128–9, 158–62, 158 –62, 185 ola al-asd, rler o oroo 158
of the
s e a
ola Zda, rler o oroo 106–7 o’s a 108 ezzzade l asa 65–6 aad, e-rler o oroo 71 aad al-as 107, 109–10 aad al-a 92 a 140 radd iii, Oo ra Ooa a sla sla 71, 80 radd iv, Ooa ra Ooa sla 100 rad a 50 rad es ( ( rol) 195 rad es e Elder (lers) 79, 88 rad es e Yoer (lers) 75–8, 88–9,105–6,120,121 ra 83 sl sl sla slaes es 26, 26, 32, 56 56,, 64, 66 66,, 12 122–9 2–9,, 14 148, 8, 173–4,185,188–9,192 saa asa 58–9 saa e Yosse 156 aaos 66 ale a less ( ( & sae sae)) 35, 35, 42, 50, 51, 55–6 55–6,, 64, 66,70,99,112,120,125,127,169,171–2, 174,176,181,190,191,196–7,200,203, 206,212,213 aoleo ao leo oaar oaaree 190–92, 197–8, 202, 210 aoleo ao leo ars 13, 166, 190 aollo, ao llo, aso 97 arro ar ro, , r o 146–7 aoal are se (odo) 12 aaro 208–9 aarre 119 aarro aa rro,, e edro dro 32–3, 35 eale, eal e, r Harr 207 207 erooe 29 elso, els o, Hora Horao o 197–8 e e erl erla ads ds,, ee 17, 17, 18 18,, 42 42,, 52, 54 54,, 62 62–3, –3, 70 70,, 72,75,79–82,85–9,91–6,99,102,104–6, 108,111,116,120–1,123,126,129,131, 135–6 13 5–6,, 141 141–6 –6,, 149 149–5 –50, 0, 152 152–8, –8,160 160,, 162 162,, 169, 16 9, 17 179–8 9–81, 1, 19 190–9 0–91, 1, 197 197,, 20 204–6 4–6,, 21 218–1 8–199 e asle 83 e Elad 161 e Yor 106 e e o odl dla add 17, 75 75,, 87 87,, 90, 91 91,, 107 107–8 –8,, 110 e 46 osa 65 e serda 106 or o r r r aa 11, 12, 14 14–17 –17,, 20 20,, 23, 23,25, 25, 27 27–8, –8, 30–33,35,37,40–41,48,50,52–3,55–7, 62–3,65,69–71,73,77–8,80,83–4,88, 91,93–4,96,101,103,111,113–14,117, 121, 12 1, 12 123–4 3–4,, 12 127–8 7–8,, 13 139–4 9–40, 0, 14 142–3 2–3,, 148 148–9 –9,,
268
Index 156–7,161,170–72,174,177–8,189,194, 202,209,219,221 or or e era ra 17, 75, 106, 109 109,, 161, 166, 185 or ea 148 ora 180 O’re, rr O’re, rro, o, 1s earl o q q 139–40 O’re, O’re , Wlla, 2d earl o q q 140, 158–9 Oal see Ulj l Olasso,, Ola 76 Olasso Old asle 83 Ola, o o 40 Oar,, de o ler Oar lerss 168, 168, 203, 205–6 Oar ell 195 Ora 31–2,37,51–2,55–6,83,113,120,140, 157,167,171,177–8,211–13 Order o e Hol r see raras Order o Or ad o er see eredaras O’ell O’e ll,, leja lejadro dro 81, 81, 175 Orleass 212 Orodo rsas 117 Osa 127 Ooa O oa ere ere 14, 14, 16, 23–4 23–4,, 28–3 28–30, 0, 33–4 33–4,, 36,44,61,72,93–7,116,123,137,149, 158,, 16 158 169–7 9–70, 0, 178 178,, 18 182–3 2–3,, 19 192–3 2–3,, 19 197–8 7–8,, 210,, 21 210 214, 4, 218 218–19 –19 Oo O oa a a a 15, 24 24,, 36 36,, 38, 38,41, 41, 44 44–7, –7, 49–54,57,61–2,66–70,101,121,135, 138,150–3,183,206,214 Ooa O oa sla sla 13–1 13–17, 7, 23–4 23–4,, 29, 36–8 36–8,, 44, 46,55–6,59–61,64,70–71,73–4,80–81, 93–5,99,100,117,123,131,134–5,138, 143,, 14 143 149–5 9–50, 0, 153 153,, 15 155–7 5–7,, 17 177–8 7–8,, 18 183–4 3–4,, 189,192–3,203–8,214 Oord Uers 90 Oze Hassa 157 adre Ooao 127 adre ae, a e, aso aso le 98 asa 220 alaos a laos 46, 176 alero a lero 55, 115 ale ales se e 15, 34, 182, 202 allae a llae,, ae aell 111 ala 24 aellera 50 aa a all sae saess 42, 44, 50 50,, 53, 53,172 172 ars a rs 209, 209, 213 arer,, Hde 186–7 arer año a ño,, osé 169–71
aras 41 aras, a ras, l o 66 all (ae) a (ae) 76, 77 eloo e looese, ese, e 151 elle e lle,, Edar Edard, d, ord Eo Eo 169, 203–6 ello,oas 162 e, e , les 109–10 109–10 e, e , Wlla 109 eslaa 109 es, e s, ae aell 159 erala e rala,, loso de 51 erez, e rez, la la 85 ers ersa a 72, 72, 93, 100 er 42 esara 196 eeroro, eeror o, earl o 141 ere er e,, Wlla 185 ersso, er sso, Hallrr 78 els,, oa els oass 160–61 l l ii, o o a a 52, 54–5 54–5,, 57, 60, 62, 64–5,69–70,72,126 l iii, iii, o a 82–3 l v, o o a a 169–71, 169–71, 173 les l es,, e 174 lls, ll s, a ard rd 217 edo-arda 203 eda 79 ra ra 12– 12–14, 14, 16 16,, 75 75,, 85– 85–6, 6, 88 88–91 –91,, 95 95,, 99, 104,, 107– 104 107–88 r es 29 saa 14, s 14, 15 ss v, o oee 65, 65, 69 ale ale as asaa 51–4, 57–9 57–9,, 61– 61–2, 2, 70 zarro, Fraso 42 lo 93 ol ola add 14, 15, 18 18,, 11 1177 ola o la,, r ree o 209 ols sesso, ar o 171 oza 50 oe,e 24,31,39,44,50,65–6,69–71, 169–70 orsesdor orse sdor,, sa 78 oro o ro Fara Fara 70, 137–8, 194 orooo 91 or or a all 18 18,, 19 19,, 31 31,, 42 42,, 71 71–2 –2,, 75 75,, 79 79,, 84 84,, 86 86–7 –7,, 107,116,118,123,139,140,155,157–8, 160,167,176,181–2,185,187,197–8,218 ordo,, odro de 40 ordo rel r ele, e, Ed Edard ard 189, 189, 199, 200 resdos res dos 33, 212 ree r eeza za 24, 44–5 44–5,, 47 r r a aee eer r 13, 13,14, 14, 16 16,, 86, 86,88– 88–9, 9, 108 108,, 15 153–4 3–4 ro r oes esa a ss 24, 24, 80 80,, 82, 94 94,, 118 118,, 13 139, 9, 154 154,, 17 1711 roee 97
269
lords
lad lad 218, 218, 221 ras 136 los 208 reees, ree es, e 81 81 aa 105 asa a sa 150, 189 aoro ao ro,, Wlla 94, 110 aada rao 195 aada asa 112 azll,, saa de 109 azll eoq e oqs sa, a, e 28, 84, 118 ed ea 219 eesr 24 eja 76 od odes es 15 15,, 34 34,, 39 39,, 57 57,, 12 128, 8, 15 153, 3, 19 1922 a de Vo 91 era, er a, a de 82 el ele e,, ar ard dal al 97–8, 97–8, 100, 136, 141 le, ar 102 le odel od elas, as, a a 120, 121 oders, ode rs, o 201 201 oe,, r o oe oas as 94, 112 oee 36, 43, 127– o 127–88 oeas, oe as, a ar r 57 ooe,, eor ooe eoree 148 osael, osa el, d dral ral de 213 osas 46 osera ose raz, z, Holer 76 oerda 144 ssa 14,15,18,117,178,183–4,208,214 se asa 49 er,, er el el de 141–2, 145 a, a , l 134 134 lée, lée, Fr Fraços aços de 64 al’s aedral (odo) 162 Ve de al 101 afi 103, 103, 106 ad e Faraj Faraj al-Dal al-Dal 84, 103 alé a lé 17 17,, 75 75–6 –6,, 79 79,, 85 85,, 87 87,, 89 89,, 91 91–2 –2,, 94 94–5 –5,, 103–12,114,116,120,129,148,158,160, 161,162,185–7,191 al al e es s 40, 44 44,, 46, 46,49, 49, 51 allee,, ra allee raa a a 106 allee,, allee o o a 106 ade, ad e, l lar aroo de 54, 59 ad, ad , earl o o see oa oa, , Edar Edardd alar de araeda 104 a ero 196 aa rz 139 a’oo a’ oo 196, 196, 202 ao Doo 119 arrd a d aa 25 25,, 29 29,, 31 31,, 39 39,, 41 41–2 –2,, 47 47,, 50 50,, 64 64,, 79 79,,
of the
s e a
91,115,119,137,149,169,170,172,193, 196,202 ad raa 12 aer,, ea-al de see ealer al aer ao, d ao d o 90, 90, 91 rjer,, orels 179 rjer ll,, sles o 108 ll o ola lad d 82, 82, 90 90,, 102 102,, 18 180, 0, 188 188,, 19 1955 oados (u a) 217 easa, o oral 71–2 eod Hdred Years Years War War,, e 155, 220 el i, Ooa Ooa sla sla 16, 16, 36–9 el ii, Ooa Ooa sla sla 62, 68 el iii,Ooa iii, Ooa sla 192 elea 58–9 eree er ee e el l,, e 100, 100, 135, 181 essa,de essa, de o 112 ee Years Years War War,, e 174, 186–7 a 194 aler a ler,, Wll Wlla a 168, 168, 211 211,, 214 erlo,, a 175 erlo ss lere Estedio 168 Golden Horse 149 Meshuda 166–8 ss, s s, er era a u Bainbridge 216–17 Betsey 188 Celia 189 u Constitution 166,189 u Epervier 168 u Guerriere 167 u Macedonian 168 Maersk Alabama 217,220 u Ontario 167 u Philadelphia 165,189,200,201 u President 166 u United States 166 ss, s s, Els Els/r /rs s hm Albion 204 Ann 186 Anna 188 Dolphin 91 hm Java 166 hm Kingfisher 149 hm Lark 161 hm Lightning 207 hm Macedonian 166 hm Mary Rose 144,149 Sampson 94 Success 160–61 ss, s s, oer Krabbe 76–7 eal
s
ss
ss ss ss ss
ss ss ss ss
s
s s s s s s
270
Index Mirboka 189 Sirius Star 11–12 Sol 112
oell, lode oell, lodesle sle 146 la l a arros, arros, e 219 l l 19 19,, 24 24,, 29 29,, 31 31,, 33 33,, 38 38–9 –9,, 42 42,, 50 50,, 53 53,, 55 55,, 59,64–6,69–71,81,90,115,127,145, 169–72,193,196,198,200,204–5 d Ferr 210–11 d Kal 211 o es 87 oardor,, drdr 78 oardor a asa 49–51 a a es es 40, 44, 47 sas 34 ls 123 , , r de de 202, 202, 204 r raa 40, 13 137, 7, 206 206,, 21 2122 oal raes raes 11–13, 217–21 oal o alaa 11, 12, 216, 218– 218–21 21 oallad 221 or 79 osse 179, 194 o arola 185 a a 12 12,, 15– 15–19 19,, 23– 23–33 33,, 35– 35–44 44,, 46, 48 48,, 50–58,60,62–6,69–72,75,79–93,95–6, 98–9,, 103 98–9 103–4, –4,107 107–9, –9,111 111–13 –13,, 116 116–25 –25,, 127–8, 127 –8,133 133,, 136–7, 136–7, 139– 139–40, 40, 144 144–5, –5, 148 148,, 152,, 15 152 156–9 6–9,, 16 160–6 0–63, 3, 166 166,, 16 168–7 8–78, 8, 18 180–8 0–83, 3, 187,192–3,195,197–8,200,207,213,218 as a s rad rada, a, e 16, 16, 80, 83 a as s a a ,, 55 55–7, –7, 62 62,, 66 66–7, –7, 70 70,, 72, 72,107 107,, 124,136,139,169–73,175–6 as se as sesso, sso, ar o 156, 169, 179 ra r ae, e, r Edar Edardd 144, 148 148,, 152 aoel, ao el, 211 ae Deare (u ) 220 ear,, arle ear arless 162 oaes, oae s, o 138–40 138–40 re re,, d dra rall 141, 187 laa, la a, rler o oroo oroo 189–90 le l ea a es es 75, 88, 120 lea e afie, Ooa sla 15,23–4,39,41,48–9,57,62 lea le a ii, Oo Ooa a sla 153 K, K, e 134 134 ro, r o, oer 13 ede 19,155,168,180,181,184,187, 190,197,199 ede-ora 191 rase 200 ra r a 28, 28, 34 34,, 36 sa
aara aara 35
aeras 62 aeras ajora ajora 50 aer aer 31, 139–44, 147–8, 156–60, 161, 173,188–9,200,213 eeos, eeos, a o 27 ees ees 37 eoa eoa 57, 84, 103, 120, 122, 158, 160, 161–2,170,185 eo, eo, ord 158 r Years Years War War 101–2, 218 oso, oas 102 o, o 79–80 ol 127 lee 32, 37 oledo oledo 30 oledo, oledo, ara de (i) 33 oledo, oledo, ara de (ii) 56, 59 orro, orro, ord see Here Herer, r, r rrr olo olo 46, 210–11 orlle, orlle, dral 108, 134, 141 raalar raalar 198 rasoal rasoal Federal oere oere (oala) 221 raa raa 81 rese rese 190, 192 raras raras 114, 118–20 rol rol (a) ( & ree) ree) 12, 16–18, 33,39,49,51–4,58–9,62,66–7,72,80, 93–4,99,114–15,121,129,135,139,141, 145–6,149–51,153,156,165,168–9,172, 178–8 17 8–81, 1, 18 183–4 3–4,, 18 189, 9, 19 192–7 2–7,, 19 199–2 9–201 01,, 203 203,, 206–7 20 6–7,, 21 210, 0, 214 214–1 –15, 5, 21 217–1 7–18, 8, 22 2200 ro, ro, aare 94–5 rjllo rjllo 119 s s ( & ree) 16–18, 22–3, 25, 31, 33,35–7,41–3,45–6,48,50,57,60,63–5, 69–72,80,84,87,89–96,98–9,101,112, 115–17,121,128–9,133,135,137–41, 145,150–51,153,167–8,172,178–84, 192–7,199–201,203,210,214,218,220 sa sa 35–6, 48, 63–4, 70, 98–9, 115, 125, 137–8,152,156,167,178–9,192,194, 196,200,202,206,208,212,215 r r es (Dra) 12, 12, 40, 44, 46–52, 54–5, 57–62 rres rres (o) 47 re re 12 ‘rs ‘ rs ados’, ados’, e 78 rs rs a 12 rs rs 24–5, 28–30, 33–4, 36–40, 43–7, 52, 54,59,63,65,69,77–8,84–5,107,120, 142–3,151,159,167,177,184,194–5, 206,211 sa sa 15, 127, 146, 172, 188, 200
271
lords
sa,, rad de o 66, 89 sa o o les, do o e 172, 203 Uraee 14, 18 Ura Ulj l (O (Oal, al, Kl l) 51, 53, 58–70, 72,127,153 Ued aos 221 U 12,13,19,165–9,176,181,188–90, 195,197–202,205,210,214,216–17, 220–21 Ued aes ares 201 Uedd aes a 12, 19, 165–9, 189–90, Ue 199–202,, 216–17 199–202 Val ale e aa 40, 52 52,, 63 63,, 82– 82–5, 5, 87 Vale alea, a, l o 40 Vale alee, e, ea ar arso so de de la 47, 47, 53, 58 Valladold 51 Vallea 196 Valler aller,, asa asard rd de 49, 51 Valoa 67, 99–101 Varas aras,, ar de 40 Vaso, arqs o 42 Veeoe eeoerr, a de 75, 88–9, 120 Veere 105–6 Vea, arlaso de la 42 Vele elezz de la oe oera ra 32, 32, 56– 56–7, 7, 59, 175, 187 Vedôe edôe,, Fr Fraços aços de, d de eaor 142–3 Ve ee e 14, 28–3 28–30, 0, 39, 44–6 44–6,, 65–7 65–7,, 69–7 69–70, 0, 79,89,98–101,135,138,143,151–53, 169–70,172,181–3,187,190–93,197 Vera, Deo de 37
of the
s e a
Vere eree, e, a 42 Versalles 134 Vesa slads 76, 78 Vesa, o osso 77 Vdazaal,l, el de Vdazaa de 92 Vea 150 Vea, or oress ess o 202 Vllaloos, Vllalo os, a de 119 119 Vllerae 90–91 Veerre 97 Vsos 30 Voe 142 Vlore 67 Volare 134 Wales 99 Wales Walsa, W alsa, oer 90–91 War W ar o 1812 217 Ward, W ard, o 87, 89–91, 95 Warro, W arro, Haer eore 214 Waerloo W aerloo 202 Wes W es ra 95, 188 Wes W es des 176 Wlla iii, o Elad 153 Ya a 34 Ya Yee Y ee 219–20 Yoal Y oal 102 Ys Y s Karaal 199–201, 214 Ys Y s es 90 Zaraoza 85 Zeeladd 105, Zeela 105, 144
272
