Machine Drawing

MACHINE DRAWING [ IN FIRST-ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD ] 

By V. M. PANCHAL N.

Edition ISBN Size Binding Pages

D. BHATT

: 46th Edition : 2011 : 978-93-80358-46-8 : 170 mm × 240 mm : Paperback with 4 color Jacket Cover : 350 + 16

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110.00

Charotar

About the book

This text-book follows: (i) the metric system of length measurement measurement and (ii) (i i) r rst st-a -ang ngle lem met etho hod dof ofo ort rtho hogr grap aphi hic cpr proj ojec ectition on.. However,thethird-angle However, thethird-angleprojectionmethod projectionmethodhasnotbeen hasnotbeencompletelyignored. completelyignored. It describesin Itdescr ibesin an aneasyeasy-to-fol to-followstyle lowstyle andwith appli applicatio cation n of oftheprincipl theprinciples esof ofortho orthograph graphic ic projection,forms,proportionsandusesofsimplemachine,engineandboilerparts.Chapterson elementsofproductiondrawings,assemblyd elementsofproduction drawings,assemblydrawingsandeleme rawingsandelementsofcomputeraidedd ntsofcomputeraideddrafting rafting (CADr)arealsogiven. Thetechniquesoffreehandsketching,dimensioning,conversionofpictorialviews,sectional viewsandinterpretationofviewaretreatedinclearandsimplemanner.Mostoftheorthographic viewsareaccompaniedbythepictorialviewsoftheobjectstoen viewsareaccompanied bythepictorialviewsoftheobjectstoenablethestudentstovisualize ablethestudentstovisualize theshapeseasily. Thebook cover covers s the thesylla syllabi bi of Machi Machine ne Drawi Drawing ngto to meetthe requ requireme irements ntsof of Engin Engineerin eering g DegreestudentsofalltheIndianUniversitiesaswellasDiplomacoursesinvariousbranches ofEngineeringconductedbytheDepartmentofTechnicalEducationforI.T.I.studentsandalso tothecandidatesreadingforthe tothecandidates readingfortheA.M.I.E.andU.P A.M.I.E.andU.P.S.C.,I.E.S.and .S.C.,I.E.S.andothersimilarExamin othersimilarExaminations. ations.

CoNteNt 1 : 2: 3: 4:

PRINCIPLESO PRINCIPL ESOFPR FPROJEC OJECTION TION SHEETLAYO SHEETL AYOUT UTANDSKETC ANDSKETCHING HING LINES,LETTERING LINES,LE TTERINGANDDIMENS ANDDIMENSIONING IONING CONVERSIONOFPICT CONVERSION OFPICTORIAL ORIALVIEWSINT VIEWSINTOOR OOR THOGRAPHIC VIEWS 5: SECT SECTIONA IONALV LVIEW IEWS S 6: ORTHOGRA ORTHOGRAPHICREADI PHICREADINGORINTE NGORINTERPRET RPRETAT ATION ION OF VIEWS 7: SCRE SCREWT WTHREA HREADS DS 8: SCREWED SCREWEDFAST FASTENINGS ENINGS 9: KEYS,COT KEYS,COTTER-JOINTS, TER-JOINTS,PIN-JOINTS PIN-JOINTS 10 : PIP PIPEJ EJOIN OINTS TS 11 : VAL ALVE VES S 12 : RIVETEDJOI RIVETEDJOINTS NTSANDWELD ANDWELDEDJOINTS EDJOINTS 13 : SHAFTB SHAFTBEARINGS,B EARINGS,BRACKETS RACKETSANDHANGE ANDHANGERS RS 14 : SHAFTC SHAFTCOUPLINGS, OUPLINGS,CLUTCHES CLUTCHESANDBRAKE ANDBRAKES S 15 : PUL PULLE LEYS YS 16 : SPUR SPURGEA GEARING RING 17 : ENGI ENGINEP NEPART ARTS S 18 : ELEMENTS ELEMENTSOFPRODUCT OFPRODUCTIONDRA IONDRAWING WING 19 : ASSE ASSEMBL MBLYD YDRAW RAWINGS INGS 20 : ELEMENTS ELEMENTSOFCOMPUTE OFCOMPUTER-AIDEDDR R-AIDEDDRAFTING AFTING

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2 Chapter 1 : PRINCIPLES OF PROJECTION 1-0 Engineeringdrawing 1-1 Principleofprojection 1-2 Methodsofprojection 1-3 Orthographicprojection 1-3-1 First-angleprojection 1-3-2 Third-angleprojection B.I.S. code of practice Symbolsformethods of projection Combination of two methods 1-4 Isometricprojection 1-5 Obliqueprojection 1-6 Perspectiveprojection Exercises I Chapter 2 : SHEET LAYOUT AND SKETCHING 2-1 Sheetlayout Sheet sizes Title block Margin List of parts or the bill of materials Border lines Revisions of drawing Borders and frames Folding marks Orientation mark Scales and scale drawing Grid reference system 2-2 Typesofmachinedrawings (i) Production drawing (ii) Exploded assembly drawing (iii) Schematic assembly drawing (iv) Drawingforinstruction manual (v) Drawing for installation (vi) Drawing for catalogue (vii) Tabular drawing (viii) Patent drawing 2-3 Sketching Sketching materials To sketch circles and arcs To sketch straight lines Sketching procedure Exercises II Chapter 3 : LINES, LETTERING AND DIMENSIONING 3-0 Introduction 3-1 Lines Line thickness Leader or pointer lines Inked drawings Border lines Pencil drawings Short-break lines Types of Lines Long-break lines Outlines Hidden or dotted lines Margin lines Centre lines Dimension lines Cutting-plane lines Extension or projection lines Chain thick Construction lines Chain thick double-dashed Hatching or section lines 3-2 Lettering(IS:9609-1990) I Single-stroke letters II Gothic letters 3-3 Dimensioning Types of dimensions 3-4 Dimensioningtermsandnotations Dimension line Arrowhead Extension line Leader 3-5 Placingofdimensions (i) Aligned system (ii) Unidirectional system 3-6 Unitofdimensioning 3-7 Generalrulesfordimensioning 3-8 Practicalhintsondimensioning (a)Continuousor chaindimensioning (b) Progressiveorparalleldimensioning Exercises III

Chapter 4

: CONVERSION OF PICTORIAL VIEWS INTO ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS 4-0 Introduction (i) First-angle projection method (ii) Third-angle projection method 4-1 Orthographicprojection 4-2 Procedureforpreparingascale-drawing 4-3 Illustrativeproblems Exercises Solutions to exercises IV Chapter 5 : SECTIONAL VIEWS 5-0 Introduction 5-1 Cutting-planeline 5-2 Typesofsectionalviews 5-2-1 Fullsection 5-2-2 Half section 5-2-3 Partialorbrokensection 5-2-4 Revolvedsection 5-2-5 Removedsection 5-2-6 Offsetsection 5-3 Sectioningconventions 5-4 Hatching or section lines 5-5 Conventionsofsectionlines Illustrative problems Exercises V Solutions to exercises V Chapter 6 : ORTHOGRAPHIC READING OR IN TERPRETATION OF VIEWS 6-0 Introduction 6-1 Readingoforthographicviews(Blue-printreading) 6-2 Missinglinesandmissingviews 6-3 Identicationofplanes Exercises VI Solutions to exercises VI Chapter 7 : SCREW THREADS 7-0 Introduction 7-1 Denitions Crest Core or minor diameter Root Effective diameter Flank Effective diameter Angle Pitch Depth Lead Nominal diameter Lead Outside or major diameter slope 7-2 Formsofscrewthreads 7-2-1 TriangularorVthreads (a) Unied thread (b) Metric thread (c) Whitworth thread (d) BritishStandardFineandBritishStandardPipethreads (e) Sellers thread (f) British Association thread 7-2-2 Squarethread (a) Acme thread IS : 7008-1988 (b) Knuckle thread (c) Buttress thread 7-3 ConventionalrepresentationofthreadsSP:46-1988 Method I (a) External threads (b) Internal threads Method II (a) External V thread (c) External square thread (b) Internal V thread (d) Internal square thread 7-4 Multiple-startthreads 7-5 Right-handandleft-handthreads Exercises

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3 Chapter 8 : SCREWED FASTENINGS 8-0 Introduction 8-1 Types of nuts 8-1-1 Hexagonal nut 8-1-2 Squarenut 8-2 Typesofnutsforspecialpurpose Flanged nut Cap nut Dome nut Cylindrical or capstan nut Ring nut Wing nut 8-3 Washers 8-4 Types of bolts 8-5 Forms of bolts Hexagonal-headed bolt 8-6 Methods of preventing rotation of a bolt while screwing a nut on or off it Square-headed bolt Cylindrical or cheese-headed bolt Cup-headed or round-headed bolt T-headed bolt Countersunk-headed bolt Hook bolt Headless tapered bolt Eye-bolt Lifting eye-bolt Tap-bolt or cap-screw Stud-bolt or stud 8-7 Set-screws 8-8 Lockingarrangementsfornuts (i) Lock-nut or check-nut (ii) Split-pin (iii) Slotted nut (iv) Castle nut (v) Sawn nut or Wiles nut (vi) Simmond’s lock-nut (vii)Penn, ring or grooved nut (viii) Stop-plate or locking-plate (ix) Spring-washer 8-9 Foundationbolts (i) Eye foundation bolt (ii) Rag bolt (iii) Lewis bolt (iv) Cotter bolt 8-10 Spanner 8-11 Longitudinalorbarstay Exercises VIII Chapter 9 : KEYS, COTTER-JOINTS, PIN-JOINTS 9-0 Introduction 9-1 Keys joints (i) Taperkeys,Sunktaperkey,Saddlekeys,Roundkeyorpinkey Taper pin, Gib-head (ii) Parallel orfeatherkeys,Splineshafts,Woodruff key Cone keys, Staking-on 9-2 Cotterandcotterjoints (i) Socket and spigot joint (ii) Sleeve joint (iii)  Strap joint 9-3 Pin-jointorKnucklejoint Exercises IX

Chapter 10 : PIPE JOINTS 10-0 Introduction 10-1 Cast-ironpipes 10-1-1 Cast-ironangedjoint 10-1-2 Stocketandspigotjoint 10-1-3 Hydraulicjoint 10-2 Wrought-ironandsteelpipes 10-3 Coperpipes 10-3-1 Unionjoint 10-4 Leadpipes 10-5 Expansionjoints 10-6 Pipingdrawing ExercisesX Chapter 11 : VALVES 11-0 Introduction 11-1 Typesofvalves 11-1-1 Flapvalve,India-rubberdiscvalve 11-1-2 Ballvalve 11-1-3 Metaldiscvalve 11-1-4 Stopvalves 11-1-5 Feed-checkvalve 11-2 Safetyvalves 11-2-1 Spring-loadedsafetyvalves 11-2-2 Leversafetyvalve 11-2-3 Dead-weightsafetyvalve 11-3 Blow-offcock Exercises Chapter 12 : RIVETED JOINTS AND WELDED JOINTS 12-0 Introduction 12-1 Riveting 12-1-1 Caulkingandfullering 12-2 Formsandproportionsofrivet-heads 12-3 Failureofrivetedjoints 12-4 Dimensionsofarivetedjoint 12-5 Typesofrivetedjoints 12-5-1 Lapjoint 12-5-2 Buttjoint 12-6 Rolled-steelsections 12-6-1 Connectionofplatesatrightangles 12-6-2 Gussetstay 12-7 Weldedjoints 12-7-1 Welding 12-7-2 Typesofweldingprocess (i) Pressure welding or forge welding (ii) Fusion welding (iii)F usionandpressurewelding Types of welded joints Types of welds 12-7-3 Representationofweldedjoints Exercises XII Chapter 13 : SHAFT BEARINGS, BRACKETS AND HANGERS 13-0 Introduction (i) A journal bearing (iii) A collar or thrust bearing (ii) A pivot bearing 13-1 Journalbearings 13-1-1 Solidbearing 13-1-2 Bushedbearing 13-1-3 Pedestalbearingorplummerblock 13-1-4 Methodsofpreventingrotationofbrassesinabearing 13-2 Pivotbearing 13-2-1 Foot-stepbearing 13-3 Wallbrackets 13-4 Hangers 13-5 Wall-plates 13-6 Wall-box Exercises XIII


4 Chapter 14 : SHAFT COUPLINGS, CLUTCHES AND BRAKES 14-0 Introduction 14-1 Fastorrigidcouplings 14-1-1 Boxormuffcoupling 14-1-2 Half-lapcoupling 14-1-3 Split-muffcoupling 14-2 Flangedcoupling 14-2-1 Protectedtypeange-coupling 14-2-2 Solidangedcoupling 14-3 Flexiblecouplings 14-3-1 UniversalcouplingorHook’sjoint 14-3-2 Oldham’scoupling 14-3-3 Gearcoupling 14-4 Looseordisengagingcouplingsorclutches 14-4-1 Clawcouplingorclutch 14-4-2 Conicalfrictioncouplingorconefrictionclutch 14-4-3 Singleplateclutch 14-5 Brakes Exercises XIV Chapter 15 : PULLEYS 15-0 Introduction 15-1 Typesofpulleys 15-2 C.I.beltpulleys 15-3 Fastandloosepulleys 15-4 Speedconesorsteppedpulleys 15-5 Splitpulleys 15-6 Built-uppulleys 15-7 Ropepulleys 15-8 V-beltpulleys Exercises XV Chapter 16 : SPUR GEARING 16-0 Introduction 16-1 SpurgeardenitionsPitch 16-1-1 Relationshipbetweenthepitches 16-1-2 Toothproportions 16-1-3 Involutespurgears 16-1-4 Constructionofbasecircles 16-1-5 Approximateconstructionofteethprole (1) For gears of 30 teeth and over (2) For gears of less than 30 teeth Gears in mesh 16-2 Rackandpinion 16-3 Cycloidaltoothprole Exercises XVI Chapter 17 : ENGINE PARTS 17-0 Introduction 17-1 Steamengine 17-1-1 Cylindercover 17-1-2 Pistons 17-1-3 Stufngboxes 17-1-4 Cross-heads 17-1-5 Connectingrods (i) Big end (ii) Small end 17-1-6 Cranks (i)  Overhung crank (ii) Disc crank 17-1-7 Eccentrics 17-1-8 Slidevalves,Internalcombustionengine 17-2 AnI.C.engine 17-2-1 Piston 17-2-2 Connectingrod 17-2-3 Crankshaft (i) Forged crankshaft (ii) Built-up crank Exercises XVII

Chapter 18 : ELEMENTS OF PRODUCTION DRAWING 18-0 Introduction 18-1 Geometricaltolerances 18-2 Typesofgeometricaltolerances I Form tolerances II Position tolerances 18-2-1 Terminology for geometrical deviations (i) Tolerance of straightness (ii) Tolerance of atness (iii) Barrelform,bowformandcurvatureofaxes (iv) Taper (v) Oval form and lobed form (vi)Radialrunoutandaxialrunout (vii) tMisalignment (viii) Incorrect location of intersecting axes (ix) Non-perpendicular surfaces (x) Datum 18-3 Representationofgeometricaltoleranceonadrawing 18-4 Dimensionaltolerances 18-4-1 Terminology for dimensional tolerances (i) Basic dimension (viii) Bilateral limits (ii) Upper deviation (ix) Maximum material condition (iii) Lower deviation (x) Allowance (iv) Tolerance zone (xi) Mating surfaces and mating dimensions (v) Actual size (xii) Basic shaft (vi) Zero line (xiii) Basic hole (vii) Unilateral limits 18-4-2 Selectionoftolerances 18-4-3 Representationofdimensionaltolerances (i) Letter symbol (ii) Number or grade method 18-4-4 Representationofdimensionaltolerancesondrawings 18-5 Fits (i) Clearance t (iii) Transition t (ii) Interference t (iv) Sliding t 18-5-1 Hole basis and shaft basis system (i) Hole basis system (ii) Shaft basis system 18-5-2 Representationofholes,shaftsandts 18-6 Surface-roughness 18-6-1 Terminology for surface roughness (i) Ideal surface (ii) Roughness (a) Roughness height (b) Mean roughness index (c) Surface roughness number (iii) Waviness (iv) Lay 18-7 Representationofsurface-roughnessondrawings Exercises XVIII Chapter 19 : ASSEMBLY DRAWINGS 19-0 Introduction 19-1 Typesofassemblydrawings (i) Designed assembly (iv) Working drawing assembly (ii) Layout assembly (v) General assembly (iii) Installation assembly 19-2 Acceptednormstobeobservedforassembly drawings (i) Selection of views (iv) Dimensions (ii) Sectioning (v) Bill of materials (iii) Dotted lines 19-3 Sequencesofpreparingtheassemblydrawing Illustrative problems Exercises XIX


5 Chapter 20 : ELEMENTS OF COMPUTER-AIDED DRAFTING 20-0 Introduction 20-1 ComputerAidedDrafting 20-2 Computer(CPU) 20-2-1 Processor 20-2-2 Display 20-2-3 INPUTDevices (a) Keyboard (c) Tablet or digitizer (b) Mouse 20-2-4 Graphicoutputdevices (a)DotMatrixPrinters(DMP)andLaserPrinters (b) Pen plotters (c) Ink-Jet printers/plotters 20-3 CADsoftware (1) Modelling and drafting (4) Modularity (2) Ease of use (5) Low maintenance cost (3) Flexibility 20-4 AutoCAD 20-4-1 Drawingentities (1) Line (6) Donut (2) Circle (7) Polygon (3) Arc (8) Ellipse (4) Trace (9) Solid (5) Pline

20-4-2 Draftingaids (1) Layer (2) Blocks (3) Dimensioning (4) Object snap (5) Hatch patterns (6) Zoom (7) Text 20-4-3 Editingofadrawing (1) Move (11) (2) Rotate (12) (3) Copy (13) (4) Mirror (14) (5) Array (15) (6) Erase (16) (7) Oops (17) (8) Break (18) (9) Fillet (19) (10) Chamfer 20-5 Symbollibrary 20-6 Three dimensional modelling Illustrative problem Exercises XX

Change Extend Offset Stretch Trim Scale Pedit Explode Undo


Machine Drawing

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