MAGNETIC RESONANSE IMAGING
CUSROW WADIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PUNE: - 01
PROJECT WORK & SEMINAR REPORT
Magnetic Re!nance I"agining
(DEC 2012 – MAY 2013)
P#eente$ %&:-
Patil Vaiba! Ra!i"#$ Ra!i"#$a a (1030%3)
MAGNETIC RESONANSE IMAGING
CUSROW WADIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY'
PUNE-01 CERTIFICATE T(i i t! ce#ti)& t(at' S$ N 1
Na'
Rll N
PATIL *AI+HA I+HA* * RA* RA*INDR INDRA A
10,0 10,0, ,
T(i ce#ti)& t(at t(e )!..!/ing t$ent (ae ati)act!#i.& c!"2.ete$ t(ei# te#" /!#3 in t(e %4ect P$*+t ,$- a"# .'i"a$ a $etai.e$ in t(e H!2ita. R/b all Cli"i+ P/" $#ing t(e 2e#i!$ )#!" D+ 2012 Ma 2013
Date: -
5
5
Sta)) Me"%e#: -
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PRE4ACE
Data c!..ecti!n )!# e"ina# !n Magnetic Re!nance I"aging in t(e H!2ita. 7R%& Ha.. C.inic' Pne8 /a ca##ie$ !t %& t(e t$ent *ai%(a R6 Pati. $#ing Fe% 901,6 T(i iit /a c!n$cte$ t! ee3 !22!#tnitie t! i"2#!e t(e 2#actica. 3n!/.e$ge !) t(e t$ent %& (aing in$ii$a. iit in t(e c!"2an& !# an& !#ganiati!n #e.ate$ t! %4ect6 St$ent g!t 3n!/.e$ge a%!t /!#3ing !) t(e MRI canne#6
MAGNETIC RESONANSE IMAGING
T(e #e2!#t acc!nt )!# t(e MRI canne# an$ )aci.itie %ae$ !n acta. #e& an$ $etai.e$ ana.&i $#ing t(e iit6 T(e #e2!#t i %ae$ !n ce#tain gene#a.iati!n an$ a22#!;i"ati!n /(e#ee# necea#&6 T(e ie/ e;2#ee$ "a& #e).ect t(e gene#a. !2ini!n6
ACKNOW5ED6EMENT
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MAGNETIC RESONANSE IMAGING
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Pati. *ai%(a Rain$#a =10,0,>
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MAGNETIC RESONANSE IMAGING
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Hit!#& !) MRI
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Main C!"2!nent !) MRI
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MRI Scanne# !e#ie/
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W!#3ing P#inci2.e
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Magnetic Fie.$
11
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T(e P#!ce$#e )!# MRI canning
19
6
Tec(n!.!g& +e(in$ t(e MRI
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MRI e# CT canning
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10 6 116
Sa)et& A$antage )!# MRI
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Li"itati!n an$ Dit!#ti!n
1
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Re)e#ence
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A;STRACT< +i!"e$ica. Enginee# a#e $ee.!2ing ne/ an$ I"2#!e$ MRI "ac(ine t(at can )ate# an$ a)e# t(an 2at One %& a$ancing !.$ tec(n!.!gie T(e int#!$cti!n !)
MAGNETIC RESONANSE IMAGING
Magnetic Re!nance I"aging ee#a. &ea# ag! (a a t#e"en$! e))ect !n !# !ciet& t!$a&6 T(i 2#!ce$#e ena%.e 2(&ician t! $iagn!e an$ 2!i%.& c#e ee#a. $ieae /(ic( c!.$ !t(e#/ie 2#!e t! %e )ata.6 A )!# an&t(ing in !# !ciet&' t(e#e a#e !"e 2e!2.e /(! /i.. c#iticie an$ )in$ t(e negatie 2!int t! it' (!/ee# t(e 2!itie i"2act t(at MRI canning (a !n !# !ciet& $e)inite.& !t/eig( an& negatie6
INTROD=CTION< MRI "ac(ine a#e "ain.& e$ )!# t(e $iagn!i !) ee#a. $ieae52#!%.e" %& e;a"ining %.!!$ ee. in ee#a. 2a#t !) t(e %!$& =e;: %#ain' %ac3' (ea#t' etc6>6 T(e MRI "ac(ine $!e n!t e t(e c!""!n )!#" !) #a$iati!n t! 2#!$ce t(e can intea$ it e a "i; !) "agnetic an$ #a$i! )#eenc& /ae6 T(e 2#2!e !) an MRI i n!t t! ee %!ne #at(e#' it i e$ t! can tie /it(in a 2e#!n6 +& $!ing t(i' $!ct!# can $etect 2!tentia..& $ange#! t(ing )#!" a c.ea#e# i"age !) t(e %!$& eg"ent6 H!/ee#' t(e#e a#e ee#a. 2#!%.e" /it( t(ee can' inc.$ing t(e ina%i.it& !) 2e#!n /it( "eta. i"2.ant t! e it' t(e a"!nt !) ti"e t(e 2atient nee$ t! %e in it' an$ t(e ie !) t(e "ac(ine6 Magnetic Re!nance I"aging =MRI>' nc.ea# "agnetic #e!nance i"aging =NMRI>' !# "agnetic #e!nance t!"!g#a2(& =MRT> i a "e$ica. i"aging tec(nie e$ in #a$i!.!g& t! ia.ie inte#na. t#ct#e !) t(e %!$& in $etai.6 MRI "a3e e !) t(e 2#!2e#t& !) nc.ea# "agnetic #e!nance =NMR> t! i"age nc.ei !) at!" ini$e t(e %!$&6 An MRI canne# i a $eice in /(ic( t(e 2atient .ie /it(in a .a#ge' 2!/e#). "agnet /(e#e t(e "agnetic )ie.$ i e$ t! a.ign t(e "agnetiati!n !) !"e at!"ic nc.ei in t(e %!$&' an$ #a$i! )#eenc& "agnetic )ie.$ a#e a22.ie$ t! &te"atica..& a.te# t(e a.ign"ent !) t(i "agnetiati!n6 T(i cae t(e nc.ei t! 2#!$ce a #!tating "agnetic )ie.$ $etecta%.e %& t(e canne#an$ t(i in)!#"ati!n i #ec!#$e$ t! c!nt#ct an i"age !) t(e canne$ a#ea !) t(e %!$&6 Magnetic )ie.$ g#a$ient cae nc.ei at $i))e#ent .!cati!n t! 2#!ce at $i))e#ent 2ee$' /(ic( a..!/ 2atia. in)!#"ati!n t! %e #ec!e#e$ ing F!#ie# ana.&i !) t(e "ea#e$ igna.6 +& ing g#a$ient in $i))e#ent $i#ecti!n' 9D i"age !# ,D !."e can %e !%taine$ in an& a#%it#a#& !#ientati!n6 MRI 2#!i$e g!!$ c!nt#at %et/een t(e $i))e#ent !)t tie !) t(e %!$&' /(ic( "a3e it e2ecia..& e). in i"aging t(e %#ain' "c.e' t(e (ea#t' an$ cance# c!"2a#e$ /it( !t(e# "e$ica. i"aging tec(nie c( a c!"2te$ t!"!g#a2(& =CT> !# -#a&6 Un.i3e CT can !# t#a$iti!na. -#a&' MRI $!e n!t e i!niing #a$iati!n6
ISTORY<
MAGNETIC RESONANSE IMAGING
In 1B9' He#"an Ca## 2#!$ce$ a !ne-$i"eni!na. MRI i"age a #e2!#te$ in (i Ha#a#$ P(D t(ei6 In t(e S!iet Uni!n' *.a$i.a Ian! )i.e$ =in 1B?0> a $!c"ent /it( t(e USSR State C!""ittee )!# Inenti!n an$ Dic!e#& at Lening#a$ )!# a Magnetic Re!nance I"aging $eice' a.t(!g( t(i /a n!t a22#!e$ nti. t(e 1B@06 In a 1B@1 2a2e# in t(e 4!#na. Science' Ra&"!n$ Da"a$ian' an A#"enianA"e#ican 2(&ician' cientit' an$ 2#!)e!# at t(e D!/ntate Me$ica. Cent#e State Unie#it& !) Ne/ Y!#3 =SUNY>' #e2!#te$ t(at t"!# an$ n!#"a. tie can %e $itingi(e$ in i! %& nc.ea# "agnetic #e!nance =NMR>6 He ggete$ t(at t(ee $i))e#ence c!.$ %e e$ t! $iagn!e cance# ' t(!g( .ate# #eea#c( /!.$ )in$ t(at t(ee $i))e#ence' /(i.e #ea.' a#e t!! a#ia%.e )!# $iagn!tic 2#2!e6 Da"a$ianJ initia. "et(!$ /e#e ).a/e$ )!# 2#actica. e' #e.&ing !n a 2!int-%&-2!int can !) t(e enti#e %!$& an$ ing #e.a;ati!n #ate' /(ic( t#ne$ !t n!t t! %e an e))ectie in$icat!# !) cance#! tie6 W(i.e #eea#c(ing t(e ana.&tica. 2#!2e#tie !) "agnetic #e!nance' Da"a$ian c#eate$ t(e /!#.$J )i#t "agnetic #e!nance i"aging "ac(ine in 1B@96 He )i.e$ t(e )i#t 2atent )!# an MRI "ac(ine' U6S6 2atent K,'@B',9 !n Ma#c( 1@' 1B@9' /(ic( /a .ate# ie$ t! (i" !n Fe%#a#& ' 1B@6 T(e Nati!na. Science F!n$ati!n n!te' T(e 2atent inc.$e$ t(e i$ea !) ing NMR t! JcanJ t(e ("an %!$& t! .!cate cance#! tie6 H!/ee#' it $i$ n!t $ec#i%e a "et(!$ )!# gene#ating 2ict#e )#!" c( a can !# 2#ecie.& (!/ c( a can "ig(t %e $!ne6 Mean/(i.e' Pa. Late#%# e;2an$e$ !n Ca##J tec(nie an$ $ee.!2e$ a /a& t! gene#ate t(e )i#t MRI i"age' in 9D an$ ,D' ing g#a$ient6 In 1B@,' Laten%e#g 2%.i(e$ t(e )i#t nc.ea# "agnetic #e!nance i"age an$ t(e )i#t c#!-ecti!na. i"age !) a .iing "!e in ana#& 1B@6 In t(e .ate 1B@0J' Pete# Man)ie.$' a 2(&icit an$ 2#!)e!# at t(e Unie#it& !) N!tting(a"' Eng.an$' $ee.!2e$ a "at(e"atica. tec(nie t(at /!.$ a..!/ can t! ta3e ec!n$ #at(e# t(an (!# an$ 2#!$ce c.ea#e# i"age t(an Late#%# (a$6 Da"a$ian' a.!ng /it( La##& Min3 !)) an$ Mic(ae. G!.$"it(' 2e#)!#"e$ t(e )i#t MRI %!$& can !) a ("an %eing !n .& ,' 1B@@' t$ie /(ic( t(e& 2%.i(e$ in 1B@@6 an$ in 1B@B Ric(a#$ S6 Li3e )i.e$ 2atent ',0@',,6 In 1B0 Pa. +!tt!".e& 4!ine$ t(e GE Reea#c( Cente# in Sc(enecta$& NY' an$ (i tea" !#$e#e$ t(e (ig(et )ie.$-t#engt( "agnet t(en aai.a%.e a 16T &te" an$ %i.t t(e )i#t (ig(-)ie.$ an$ !e#ca"e 2#!%.e" !) c!i. $eign' RF 2enet#ati!n an$ igna.-t!n!ie' t! %i.$ t(e )i#t /(!.e-%!$& MRI5MRS canne#6 T(e #e.t t#an.ate$ int! t(e (ig(.& cce). 16T MRI 2#!$ct-.ine' /it( !e# 90'000 &te" in e t!$a&6 +!tt!".e& 2e#)!#"e$ t(e )i#t .!ca.ie$ MRS in ("an (ea#t an$ %#ain6 A)te# ta#ting a c!..a%!#ati!n !n (ea#t a22.icati!n /it( R!%e#t Wei at !(n H!23in' +!tt!".e& #et#ne$ t! t(e nie#it& in 1BB' a Re.. M!#gan P#!)e!# an$ Di#ect!# !) t(e MR Reea#c( Diii!n6 A.t(!g( MRI i "!t c!""!n.& 2e#)!#"e$ at 16T' (ig(e# )ie.$ c( a ,T a#e gaining "!#e 2!2.a#it& %ecae !) t(ei# inc#eae$ enitiit& an$ #e!.ti!n6 In #eea#c( .a%!#at!#ie' ("an t$ie (ae %een 2e#)!#"e$ at 2 t! B6T an$ ani"a. t$ie (ae %een 2e#)!#"e$ at 2 t! 916
MAIN COMPONENTS O4 MRI SYSTEM< MRI &te" c!nit !):
MAGNETIC RESONANSE IMAGING
Ra$i! F#eenc& =RF> T#an"itte#
Main Magnet 06 t! 960-te.a !# '000 t! 90'000 ga =Reitie' Pe#"anent' !# S2e#c!n$cting>
RF c!i.
, G#a$ient Magnet 1 t! 9@-"i..ite.a !# 10 t! 9@0 ga
RF a"2.i)ie#
F!#ie# T#an)!#"e#
C!"2te#
MRI .+a""$ !$!i,<
MAGNETIC RESONANSE IMAGING
WORKIN6 PRINCIP5E :-
MAGNETIC RESONANSE IMAGING
MRI "ac(ine "a3e e !) t(e )act t(at %!$& tie c!ntain .!t !) /ate#' an$ (ence 2#!t!n =1H nc.ei>' /(ic( get a.igne$ in a .a#ge "agnetic )ie.$6 Eac( /ate# "!.ec.e (a t/! (&$#!gen nc.ei !# 2#!t!n6 W(en a 2e#!n i ini$e t(e 2!/e#). "agnetic )ie.$ !) t(e canne#' t(e ae#age "agnetic "!"ent !) "an& 2#!t!n %ec!"e a.igne$ /it( t(e $i#ecti!n !) t(e )ie.$6 A #a$i! )#eenc& c##ent i %#ie).& t#ne$ !n' 2#!$cing a a#&ing e.ect#!"agnetic )ie.$6 T(i e.ect#!"agnetic )ie.$ (a 4t t(e #ig(t )#eenc&' 3n!/n a t(e #e!nance )#eenc&' t! %e a%!#%e$ an$ ).i2 t(e 2in !) t(e 2#!t!n in t(e "agnetic )ie.$6 A)te# t(e e.ect#!"agnetic )ie.$ i t#ne$ !))' t(e 2in !) t(e 2#!t!n #et#n t! t(e#"!$&na"ic ei.i%#i" an$ t(e %.3 "agnetiati!n %ec!"e #e-a.igne$ /it( t(e tatic "agnetic )ie.$6 D#ing t(i #e.a;ati!n' a #a$i! )#eenc& igna. = e.ect#!"agnetic #a$iati!n in t(e RF #ange> i gene#ate$' /(ic( can %e "ea#e$ /it( #eceie# c!i.6 In)!#"ati!n a%!t t(e !#igin !) t(e igna. in ,D 2ace can %e .ea#ne$ %& a22.&ing a$$iti!na. "agnetic )ie.$ $#ing t(e can6 T(ee a$$iti!na. "agnetic )ie.$ can %e e$ t! !n.& gene#ate $etecta%.e igna. )#!" 2eci)ic .!cati!n in t(e %!$& =2atia. e;citati!n> an$5!# t! "a3e "agnetiati!n at $i))e#ent 2atia. .!cati!n 2#!ce at $i))e#ent )#eencie' /(ic( ena%.e 2ace enc!$ing !) 2atia. in)!#"ati!n6 T(e ,D i"age !%taine$ in MRI can %e #!tate$ a.!ng a#%it#a#& !#ientati!n an$ "ani2.ate$ %& t(e $!ct!# t! %e %ette# a%.e t! $etect tin& c(ange !) t#ct#e /it(in t(e %!$&6 T(ee )ie.$' gene#ate$ %& 2aing e.ect#ic c##ent t(#!g( g#a$ient c!i.' "a3e t(e "agnetic )ie.$ t#engt( a#& $e2en$ing !n t(e 2!iti!n /it(in t(e "agnet6 +ecae t(i "a3e t(e )#eenc& !) t(e #e.eae$ #a$i! igna. a.! $e2en$ent !n it !#igin in a 2#e$icta%.e "anne#' t(e $it#i%ti!n !) 2#!t!n in t(e %!$& can %e "at(e"atica..& #ec!e#e$ )#!" t(e igna.' t&2ica..& %& t(e e !) t(e ine#e F!#ie# t#an)!#"6 P#!t!n in $i))e#ent tie #et#n t! t(ei# ei.i%#i" tate at $i))e#ent #e.a;ati!n #ate6 Di))e#ent tie a#ia%.e' inc.$ing 2in $enit&' T 1 an$ T 9 #e.a;ati!n ti"e' an$ ).!/ an$ 2ect#a. (i)t can %e e$ t! c!nt#ct i"age6 +& c(anging t(e etting !n t(e canne#' t(i e))ect i e$ t! c#eate c!nt#at %et/een $i))e#ent t&2e !) %!$& tie !# %et/een !t(e# 2#!2e#tie' a in )MRI an$ $i))i!n6 MRI i e$ t! i"age ee#& 2a#t !) t(e %!$&' an$ i 2a#tic.a#.& e). )!# tie /it( "an& (&$#!gen nc.ei an$ .itt.e $enit& c!nt#at' c( a t(e %#ain' "c.e' c!nnectie tie an$ "!t t"!#6
MAGNETIC RESONANSE IMAGING
MA6NETIC 4IE5D<
T(e#e a#e t(#ee t&2e !) "agnet:
R.i.ti! Ma8"t.<
T(e #eitie "agnet (a "an& c!i. !) /i#e t(at /#a2 a#!n$ t(e %!#e' t(#!g( /(ic( e.ect#ica. c##ent a#e 2ae$' c#eating a "agnetic )ie.$6 T(i 2a#tic.a# "agnet #ei#e a .a#ge a"!nt !) e.ect#icit& t! #n' %t a#e ite c(ea2 t! 2#!$ce6
P$'a""t Ma8"t.<
T(e 2e#"anent "agnet i !ne t(at $e.ie# a "agnetic )ie.$' /(ic( i a./a& !n at ).. t#engt( an$ t(e#e)!#e' $!e n!t #ei#e e.ect#icit&6 T(e c!t t! #n t(e "ac(ine i .!/ $e t! t(e c!ntant "agnetic )!#ce6 H!/ee#' t(e "a4!# $#a/%ac3 !) t(ee "agnet i t(e /eig(t in #e.ati!n t! t(e "agnetic )ie.$ t(e& 2#!$ce .
S/>$+"#/+ti"8 Ma8"t.<
T(e 2e#c!n$cting "agnet a#e e#& i"i.a# t! t(e $eign !) t(e #eitie "agnet' in t(at t(e& t!! (ae c!i. t(#!g( /(ic( e.ect#icit& i 2ae$ c#eating a "agnetic )ie.$6 H!/ee#' t(e "a4!# $i))e#ence %et/een t(e #eitie "agnet an$ t(e 2e#c!n$cting "agnet i t(e )act t(at t(e c!i. a#e c!ntant.& %at(e$ in .ii$ (e.i" at -96C6 T(i c!.$ te"2e#at#e cae t(e #eitance !) t(e /i#e t! %e nea# e#!' t(e#e)!#e #e$cing t(e e.ect#ica. #ei#e"ent !) t(e &te"6 A.. !) t(ee )act!# a..!/ )!# t(e "ac(ine t! #e"ain a "anagea%.e ie' (ae t(e a%i.it& t! c#eate (ig( a.it& i"age' an$ ti.. !2e#ate at a #ea!na%.e c!t6 T(e 2e#c!n$cting "agnet i t(e "!t c!""!n.& e$ in "ac(ine t!$a&' giing t(e (ig(et a.it& i"age !) a.. t(#ee "agnet t&2e6
6$a#i"t Ma8"t.<
T(e#e i an!t(e# t&2e !) "agnet t(at i )!n$ in a.. MRI "ac(ine' ca..e$ g#a$ient "agnet6 T(ee "agnet a#e #e2!ni%.e )!# a.te#ing t(e "agnetic )ie.$ in t(e a#ea t! %e canne$ an$ can "agnetica..& .ice t(e tie t! %e e;a"ine$ )#!" ee#& ang.e6
MAGNETIC RESONANSE IMAGING
TE PROCED=RE<
•
Once t(e c!nt#at $&e (a %een in4ecte$' t(e 2atient ente# t(e %!#e !) t(e MRI
•
"ac(ine !n t(ei# %ac3 .&ing !n a 2ecia. ta%.e6 T(e 2atient /i.. ente# t(e "ac(ine (ea$ )i#t !# )eet )i#t' $e2en$ing !n t(e a#ea t! %e
•
canne$6 Once t(e ta#get i cente#e$' t(e can can %egin6 T(e can can .at an&/(e#e )#!" 90-,0 "inte6 T(e 2atient (a a c!i. t(at i 2.ace$ in t(e ta#get a#ea' t! %e canne$6 A #a$i! )#eenc& i 2ae$ t(#!g( t(e c!i. t(at e;cite t(e (&$#!gen 2#!t!n in t(e
•
ta#get a#ea6 T(e g#a$ient "agnet a#e t(en actiate$ in t(e "ain "agnet an$ a.te# t(e "agnetic
•
)ie.$ in t(e a#ea t(at i %eing canne$6 T(e 2atient "t (!.$ c!"2.ete.& ti.. in !#$e# t! get a (ig( a.it& i"age6 =T(i i
•
(a#$ )!# 2atient /it( c.at#!2(!%ia' an$ !)ten ti"e a e$atie /i.. %e gien' i) a22#!2#iate6> T(e #a$i! )#eenc& i t(en t#ne$-!)) an$ t(e (&$#!gen 2#!t!n .!/.& %egin t!
•
#et#n t! t(ei# nat#a. tate6 T(e "agnetic )ie.$ #n $!/n t(e cente# !) t(e 2atient' caing t(e .!/ing (&$#!gen
•
2#!t!n t! .ine-26 T(e 2#!t!n eit(e# a.ign t(e"e.e 2!inte$ t!/a#$ t(e (ea$ !# t(e )eet !) t(e
•
2atient' !# "!t cance. eac( !t(e# !t6 T(e 2#!t!n t(at a#e n!t cance..e$ c#eate a igna. an$ a#e t(e !ne #e2!ni%.e )!# t(e
• • •
i"age6
MAGNETIC RESONANSE IMAGING
•
T(e c!nt#at $&e i /(at "a3e t(e ta#get a#ea tan$ !t an$ (!/ an& i##eg.a#itie
•
t(at a#e 2#eent6 T(e $&e %.!c3 t(e -Ra& 2(!t!n )#!" #eac(ing t(e )i."' (!/ing $i))e#ent $enitie
•
in t(e tie6 T(e tie i c.ai)ie$ a n!#"a. !# a%n!#"a. %ae$ !n it #e2!ne t! t(e "agnetic
•
)ie.$6 T(e tie /it( t(e (e.2 !) t(e "agnetic )ie.$ en$ a igna. t! t(e c!"2te#6 T(e $i))e#ent igna. a#e ent an$ "!$i)ie$ int! i"age t(at t(e c.inician can ea.ate'
•
an$ .a%e. a n!#"a. !# a%n!#"a.6 I) t(e tie i c!ni$e#e$ a%n!#"a.' t(e c.inician can !)ten $etect t(e a%n!#"a.it&'
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an$ "!nit!# 2#!g#e an$ t#eat"ent !) t(e a%n!#"a.it&6
TECNO5O6Y ;EIND MRI SYSTEM<
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Proton spin •
T(e at!" t(at c!"2!e t(e ("an %!$& (ae a 2#!2e#t& 3n!/n a 2in =a
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)n$a"enta. 2#!2e#t& !) a.. at!" in nat#e .i3e "a !# c(a#ge>6 S2in can %e t(!g(t !) a a "a.. "agnetic )ie.$ an$ can %e gien a Q !# ign an$ a "at(e"atica. a.e !) ".ti2.e !) 6
MAGNETIC RESONANSE IMAGING
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C!"2!nent !) an at!" c( a 2#!t!n' e.ect#!n an$ net#!n a.. (ae 2in6 P#!t!n an$ net#!n 2in a#e 3n!/n a nc.ea# 2in6 An n2ai#e$ c!"2!nent (a a 2in !) an$ t/! 2a#tic.e /it( !22!ite 2in cance.
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!ne an!t(e#6 In NMR it i t(e n2ai#e$ nc.ea# 2in t(at 2#!$ce a igna. in a "agnetic )ie.$6
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/'a" b# i. 'ai"l +'>.# ? ?at a"# ,at$ ,i+ 'a-. t /'a" b# +'>.# ? ab/t @3 #$8"
P$t". I'>$ta"t t MRI
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P!itie.& c(a#ge$ S2in a%!t a cent#a. a;i A "!ing =2inning> c(a#ge c#eate a "agnetic )ie.$6 T(e t#aig(t a##!/ =ect!#> in$icate t(e $i#ecti!n !) t(e "agnetic )ie.$6 W(en 2.ace$ in a .a#ge "agnetic )ie.$' (&$#!gen at!" (ae a t#!ng ten$enc& t!
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a.ign in t(e $i#ecti!n !) t(e "agnetic )i.e$ Ini$e t(e %!#e !) t(e canne#' t(e "agnetic )ie.$ #n $!/n t(e cente# !) t(e t%e in
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/(ic( t(e 2atient i 2.ace$' ! t(e (&$#!gen 2#!t!n /i.. .ine 2 in eit(e# t(e $i#ecti!n !) t(e )eet !# t(e (ea$6 T(e "a4!#it& /i.. cance. eac( !t(e#' %t t(e net n"%e# !) 2#!t!n i ))icient t!
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2#!$ce an i"age E"$8 Ab.$>ti"< • •
T(e MRI "ac(ine a22.ie #a$i! )#eenc& =RF> 2.e t(at i 2eci)ic t! (&$#!gen6 T(e RF 2.e a#e a22.ie$ t(#!g( a c!i. t(at i 2eci)ic t! t(e 2a#t !) t(e %!$& %eing canne$6
R."a"+ •
T(e g#a$ient "agnet a#e #a2i$.& t#ne$ !n an$ !)) /(ic( a.te# t(e "ain "agnetic
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)ie.$6 T(e 2.e $i#ecte$ t! a 2eci)ic a#ea !) t(e %!$& cae t(e 2#!t!n t! a%!#% ene#g&
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an$ 2in in $i))e#ent $i#ecti!n' /(ic( i 3n!/n a #e!nance6 T $."a"t ?$B/"+? ? a" R4 +il i. #t$'i"# b Y;? W$ ? la$'/$ ?$B/"+ ; .t$"8t ? a>>li# ?il# 8$ 'a8"ti+ $ati F#eenc& =H> !) ene#g& a%!#2ti!n $e2en$ !n t#engt( !) e;te#na. "agnetic )ie.$6 T(e #e!nance )#eenc&' /0' i #e)e##e$ t! a t(e La#"!# )#eenc&6
MAGNETIC RESONANSE IMAGING
I'a8i"8< •
W(en t(e RF 2.e i t#ne$ !)) t(e (&$#!gen 2#!t!n .!/.& #et#n t! t(ei# nat#a.
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a.ign"ent /it(in t(e "agnetic )ie.$ an$ #e.eae t(ei# e;ce t!#e$ ene#g&6 T(i i 3n!/n a #e.a;ati!n6 F!# ee#& nit !."e !) tie' t(e#e i a n"%e# !) ce..' t(ee ce.. c!ntain /ate#
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"!.ec.e' eac( /ate# "!.ec.e c!ntain !ne !;&gen an$ t/! (&$#!gen at!"6 Eac( (&$#!gen at!" c!ntain !ne 2#!t!n in it nc.e6 Di))e#ent tie t( 2#!$ce $i))e#ent i"age %ae$ !n t(e a"!nt !) t(ei# (&$#!gen at!" 2#!$cing a igna.
Rla.# "$8< • • •
Re.eae$ a (eat E;c(ange$ an$ a%!#%e$ %& !t(e# 2#!t!n Re.eae$ a Ra$i! Wae6
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MAGNETIC RESONANSE IMAGING
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T(e "!ing 2#!t!n ect!# in$ce a igna. in t(e RF antenna6 T(e igna. i 2ic3e$ 2 %& a c!i. an$ ent t! t(e c!"2te# &te"6 T(e #eceie$ igna.
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i in!i$a. in nat#e6 T(e c!"2te# #eceie "at(e"atica. $ata' /(ic( i c!ne#te$ t(#!g( t(e e !) a
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F!#ie# t#an)!#" int! an i"age6
MRI VERS=S CT SCANNIN6<
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T(e e !) -#a&' a t&2e !) i!niing #a$iati!n' %& c!"2te$ t!"!g#a2(& =CT> canne#' t! aci#e i"age' "a3e c!"2te$ t!"!g#a2(& a g!!$ t!!. )!# e;a"ining tie c!"2!e$ !) e.e"ent !) a (ig(e# at!"ic n"%e# t(an t(e tie ##!n$ing t(e"' c( a %!ne an$ ca.ci)icati!n =ca.ci" %ae$> /it(in t(e %!$& =ca#%!n %ae$ ).e(>' !# !) t#ct#e =ee.' %!/e.>6 MRI' !n t(e !t(e# (an$' e n!ni!niing #a$i! )#eenc& =RF> igna. t! aci#e it i"age an$ i %et ite$ )!# !)t tie =a.t(!g( MRI can a.! %e e$ t! aci#e i"age !) %!ne' teet( an$ een )!i. CT can e i!niing #a$iati!n =-#a&> t! 2#!$ce i"age' /(ic( can $a"age DNA an$ %eent.& cae cance# 6 T(e#e i a "a.. inc#eae$ #i3 !) cance# /it( CT can6 It i eti"ate$ t(at 06 !) c##ent cance# in t(e Unite$ State a#e $e t! CT 2e#)!#"e$ in t(e 2at an$ t(at t(i "a& inc#eae t! a (ig( a 169 /it( 900@ #ate !) CT age6 Un.i3e CT' MRI $!e n!t e i!niing #a$iati!n' t(!g( it i a!ciate$ /it( !t(e# #i36 C!nt#at in CT i"age i gene#ate$ 2#e.& %& -#a& attenati!n' /(i.e a a#iet& !) 2#!2e#tie "a& %e e$ t! gene#ate c!nt#at in MR i"age6 +& a#iati!n !) canning 2a#a"ete#' tie c!nt#at can %e a.te#e$ t! en(ance $i))e#ent )eat#e in an i"age =ee A22.icati!n )!# "!#e $etai.>6 +!t( CT an$ MR i"age "a& %e en(ance$ %& t(e e !) c!nt#at agent6 C!nt#at agent )!# CT c!ntain e.e"ent !) a (ig( at!"ic n"%e#' #e.atie t! tie' c( a i!$ine !# %a#i"' /(i.e c!nt#at agent )!# MRI (ae 2a#a"agnetic 2#!2e#tie' c( a ga$!.ini" an$ "anganee' e$ t! a.te# tie #e.a;ati!n ti"e6 C!""!n.& e$ MRI c!nt#at agent "a& %e c!nt#ain$icate$ in 2e#!n /it( igni)icant 2e#"anent !# t#anient 3i$ne& $&)ncti!n6 CT an$ MRI canne# a#e a%.e t! gene#ate ".ti2.e t/!-$i"eni!na. c#!-ecti!n =t!"!g#a2(&' !# .ice> !) tie an$ t(#ee-$i"eni!na. #ec!nt#cti!n6 MRI can
MAGNETIC RESONANSE IMAGING
gene#ate c#!-ecti!na. i"age in an& 2.ane =inc.$ing !%.ie 2.ane>6 In t(e 2at' CT /a .i"ite$ t! aci#ing i"age in t(e a;ia. 2.ane =!# nea# a;ia.>6 T(e can e$ t! %e ca..e$ C!"2te$ A;ia. T!"!g#a2(& can =CAT can>6 H!/ee#' t(e $ee.!2"ent !) ".ti-$etect!# CT canne# /it( nea#-i!t#!2ic #e!.ti!n' a..!/ t(e CT canne# t! 2#!$ce $ata t(at can %e #et#!2ectie.& #ec!nt#cte$ in an& 2.ane /it( "ini"a. .! !) i"age a.it&6 F!# 2#2!e !) t"!# $etecti!n an$ i$enti)icati!n in t(e %#ain' MRI i gene#a..& 2e#i!#6 H!/ee#' in t(e cae !) !.i$ t"!# !) t(e a%$!"en an$ c(et' CT i !)ten 2#e)e##e$ a it ))e# .e )#!" "!ti!n a#te)act6 F#t(e#"!#e' CT a..& i "!#e /i$e.& aai.a%.e' )ate#' an$ .e e;2enie6 H!/ee#' CT (a t(e $ia$antage !) e;2!ing t(e 2atient t! (a#"). i!niing #a$iati!n6 •
MRI i a.! %et ite$ )!# cae /(en a 2atient i t! n$e#g! t(e e;a" ee#a. ti"e cceie.& in t(e (!#t te#"' %ecae' n.i3e CT' it $!e n!t e;2!e t(e 2atient t! t(e (aa#$ !) i!niing #a$iati!n6 H!/ee# MRI i a..& c!nt#ain$icate$ i) t(e 2atient (a an& t&2e !) "e$ica. i"2.ant' c( a age ne#e ti".at!#' i"2.anta%.e ca#$i!e#te#-$e)i%#i..at!#' .!!2 #ec!#$e#' in.in 2"2' c!c(.ea# i"2.ant' $ee2 %#ain ti".at!#' etc6 "eta..ic )!#eign %!$ie c( a (#a2ne. !# (e.. )#ag"ent !# "eta..ic i"2.ant c( a #gica. 2#!t(ee6 T(ee $eice can "a.)ncti!n !# (eat 2 $#ing a can' an$ a c(' )!# 2atient (aing t(e"' CT can a#e c!ni$e#e$ t(e a)e# !2ti!n6
SA4TEY< A n"%e# !) )eat#e !) MRI canning can gie #ie t! #i36 T(ee inc.$e: •
P!/e#). "agnetic )ie.$
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Ra$i! /ae
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C#&!genic .ii$
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N!ie C.at#!2(!%ia6
MAGNETIC RESONANSE IMAGING
ADVANTA6ES<
N!n-Inaie: MRI $!e n!t $e2en$ !n 2!tentia..& (a#"). i!niing #a$iati!n' a $! tan$a#$ ;-#a& an$ CT can6
MRI can a#e n!t !%t#cte$ %& %!ne' ga' !# %!$& /ate' /(ic( can (in$e# !t(e# i"aging tec(nie6
Can ee t(#!g( %!ne =t(e 3..> an$ $e.ie# (ig( a.it& 2ict#e !) t(e %#ainJ $e.icate !)t tie t#ct#e6
I"age !) !#gan an$ !)t tie6
5IMITATION<
MRI t#eat"ent i a /!n$e#). !2ti!n )!# "!t 2atient' %t t(e#e a#e !"e 2e!2.e /(! a#e n!t can$i$ate6 T(!e inc.$e: •
Patient /it( 2ace"a3e# cann!t (ae t(e can $!ne a t(e "agnet )#!" t(e MRI
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inte#)e#e /it( t(e igna. ent )#!" t(e 2ace"a3e#' an$ $eactiate it6 Patient /(! a#e t!! ta..' !# t!! !%ee6 Patient /(! (ae !#t(!2e$ic (a#$/a#e can get $it!#ti!n in t(e i"age' an$ t(e can
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a.it& i n!t a (ig(6 C.at#!2(!%ic6 T#e"en$! a"!nt !) n!ie $#ing a can6 MRI can #ei#e 2atient t! (!.$ e#& ti.. )!# e;ten$e$ 2e#i!$ !) ti"e6 MRI e;a"
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can #ange in .engt( )#!" 90 "inte t! B0 "inte !# "!#e6 O#t(!2e$ic (a#$/a#e =c#e/' 2.ate' a#ti)icia. 4!int> in t(e a#ea !) a can can cae
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ee#e a#ti)act6 Hig( c!t6
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MAGNETIC RESONANSE IMAGING
DISTORTION<
P!!# "agnetic )ie.$ (!"!geneit&6 I"2e#)ect g#a$ient c!i. $eign6 Ra$i! )#eenc& c!i. in (!"!geneit& P.ati.e ).!/ a#ti)act %.!!$ ).!/ing 2e#2en$ic.a# t! t(e .ice $i#ecti!n6 Re2i#at!#& "!ti!n6 Ca#$iac "!ti!n nee$ "!ti!n c!##ecti!n6 Ran$!" %.3 "!ti!n6 C(e"ica. (i)t e))ect6
C=RRENT REASERRC AND 4=T=RE MERIT<
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Sti.. in it in)anc& - in /i$e2#ea$ e )!# .e t(an 90 &ea# =c!"2a#e$ /it( !e# 100 &ea# )!# -#a&> 6
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*e#& "a.. canne# )!# i"aging 2eci)ic %!$& 2a#t a#e %eing $ee.!2e$6
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Fncti!na. %#ain "a22ing6
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I"aging enti.ati!n $&na"ic !) t(e .ng t(#!g( t(e e !) (&2e#2!.a#ie$ (e.i"-, ga6
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Dee.!2"ent !) ne/' i"2#!e$ /a& t! i"age t#!3e in t(ei# ea#.iet tage i !ng!ing6
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MRA =Angi!g#a2(&> /a $ee.!2e$ t! t$& %.!!$ ).!/6
MAGNETIC RESONANSE IMAGING
RE44ERENCES< • • •
D#6 S(i.2a =A$"in !) MRI De2t6 R=;;Y A55 C5INIC' Pne6> (tt2:55///6(!/t))/!#36c!"5"#i6(t".
