Makalah Mineral Tugas Mata Kuliah “Biokimia 1” (ABKC 3504)
Dosen Drs. Syahmani, M. Si
!leh Baiti Hasna Lia Fajrina Risa !"#ianti %&rman Ri'a Ramahanty
(A1C315006) (A1C315018) (A1C31503$) (A1C31 503$) (A1C315050) (A1C315056)
"#!$#AM %T&D' "D'D'KA K'M'A *&%A "D'D'KA MATMA MATMAT'KA T'KA DA '" ' "A +AK&,T AK&,TA% K$&A K$ &A DA ',M& "D'D'KA &'-#%'TA% ,AMB&$ MA$KAT BA*A#MA%' !-MB# .01/
DA+TA# '%' DAFAR *S*.................................................................................................................ii BAB * +%DAH-L-A%.............................................................................................1 1.1 Latar B#aan/.....................................................................................................1 1. R"m"san Masa#ah................................................................................................ 1.3 "j"an +n"#isan.................................................................................................. 1.$ Manaat................................................................................................................ BAB ** *S*.....................................................................................................................3 . 1 +n/rtian Minra#..............................................................................................3 . F"n/si Minra#..................................................................... ............................... 2 .3 #asiiasi Minra#................................................................... ...........................2 .$ Minra# S4a/ai &at&r................................................................... ..............10 .5 Minra# S4a/ai &n'im..................................................................................11 BAB *** +%--+.....................................................................................................13 3.1 sim"#an........................................................................................................13 DAFAR +-SAA..................................................................................................1$
ii
BAB ' "DA&,&A 11 ,atar Belakang +rm4an/an i#m" n/h"an ari masa masa smain 4rtam4ah, srti
ha#nya n/an aa isi#in i#m" Bi&/i an imia yan/ m#ahiran 4an/ i#m" yan/ is4"t Bi&imia. Bi&imia mr"aan isi#in i#m" n/tah"an yan/ mm4ahas tntan/ atiitas imia aa t"4"h mah#" hi". Mah#" hi", "tamanya man"sia asti mm4"t"han 'at7'at trtnt" a#am mm4ant" atiitas mta4ism a#am t"4"hnya. Shin//a &r/an7&r/an man"sia aat m#a"an atiitas7atiitas yan/ aan/ tia isaari rjanya, srti nyraan sari7sari maanan i "s"s, n/ha#"san maanan i #am4"n/ an #ain s4a/ainya. -ns"r minra# mr"aan sa#ah sat" &m&nn yan/ san/at ir#"an h mah#" hi" i samin/ ar4&hirat, #ma, r&tin, an itamin, j"/a ina# s4a/ai 'at an&r/ani ata" aar a4". S4a/ai &nt&h, 4i#a 4ahan 4i&/is i4aar, sm"a snya9a &r/ani aan r"sa: s4a/ian 4sar ar4&n 4r"4ah mnjai /as ar4&n i&sia (C;) hir&/n mnjai "a air, an %itr&/n mnjai "a %itr&/n (%) S4a/ian 4sar minra# aan trtin//a# a#am 4nt" a4" a#am 4nt" snya9a an&r/ani srhana, srta aan trjai n//a4"n/an antar inii" ata" n/an &si/n shin//a tr4nt" /aram an&r/ani. Br4a/ai "ns"r an&r/ani (minra#) traat a#am 4ahan 4i&/i, ttai tia ata" 4#"m sm"a minra# trs4"t tr4"ti snsia#, shin//a aa minra# snsia# an n&n snsia#. Minra# snsia# yait" minra# yan/ san/at ir#"an a#am r&ss isi&/is mah#" hi" "nt" mm4ant" rja n'im ata" m4nt"an &r/an. -ns"r7"ns"r minra# snsia# a#am t"4"h triri atas "a /&n/an, yait" minra# mar& an minra# mir&. Minra# mar& ir#"an "nt" mm4nt" &m&nn &r/an i a#am t"4"h. Minra# mir& yait" minra# yan/ ir#"an a#am j"m#ah san/at siit an "m"mnya traat a#am jarin/an n/an &nsntrasi san/at i#. 1
Minra# n&n snsia# aa#ah #&/am yan/ rannya a#am t"4"h mah#" hi" 4#"m itah"i an an"n/annya a#am jarin/an san/at i#. Bi#a an"n/annya tin//i aat mr"sa &r/an t"4"h mah#" hi" yan/ 4rsan/"tan. 1. #umusan Masalah . Aa it" minra#< 3. Aa "n/si minra#< $. Ba/aimana #asiiasi minra#< 5. Ba/aimana minra# s4a/ai &n'im an &at&r< 13 Tu2uan "enulisan 1. Mn/ah"i n/rtian minra# . Mn/tah"i "n/si minra# 3. Mn/tah"i #asiiasi minra# $. Mn/ta"i minra# s4a/ai &n'im an &a&r 14 Manaat 1. Manaat 4a/i n"#is, n/ajian ini mm4rian n/tah"an tntan/
minra#. . Manaat ari m4aa, n/ajian ini aat i/"naan s4a/ai 4ahan ajian ata" rrnsi tam4ahan 4a/i "nia i#m" shatan.
BAB '' '%'
. 1
"engertian Mineral
Minra#&/i aa#ah sa#ah sat" a4an/ i#m" /&/i yan/ mm#ajari mn/nai minra#, 4ai a#am 4nt" inii" ma""n a#am 4nt" sat"an, antara #ain mm#ajari tntan/ siat7siat isi, siat7siat imia, ara traatnya, ara trjainya an /"naannya. Minr&/i triri ari ata minra# an #&/&s, imana mn/nai arti minra# mm"nyai n/rtian 4r#ainan an 4ahan iaa"an ia#an/an a9am. Srin/ iartian s4a/ai 4ahan 4"an &r/ani (an&r/ani). Maa n/rtian yan/ j#as ari 4atasan minra#
h 44raa ah#i /&/i
r#"
itah"i
9a#a""n ari
nyataannya tia aa sat""n rss"aian "m"m "nt" inisinya (Danis9&r&, 1==$). Minra# mr"aan 4a/ian ari t"4"h an mm/an/ arnan ntin/ a#am m#iharaan "n/si t"4"h, 4ai aa tin/at s#, jarin/an, &r/an ma""n "n/si t"4"h sara s#"r"han. a#si"m, &s&r an ma/nsi"m aa#ah 4a/ian ari t"#an/, 4si ari hm&/#&4in a#am s# arah mrah, an i&i"m ari h&rm&n tir&sin. Disamin/ it" minra# 4rran a#am 4r4a/ai taha mta4ism, tr"tama s4a/ai &at&r a#am aiitas n'im7n'im. sim4an/an i&n7i&n minra# i a#am airan t"4"h ir#"an "nt" n/at"ran rjaan n'im7n'im, m#iharaan sim4an/an asam74asa, mm4ant" transr iatan7iatan ntin/ m#a#"i mm4ran s# an m#iharaan aan &t&t an sara trhaa ran/san/an. Minra# i/&n/an a#am minra# mar& an minra# mir&. Minra# mar& aa#ah mnra# yan/ i4"t"han t"4"h a#am j"m#ah #4ih ari 100 m/ shari, san/an minra# mir& i4"t"han "ran/ ari 100 m/ shari. >"m#ah minra# mir& a#am t"4"h "ran/ ari 15 m/. hin//a saat ini ina# s4anya $ minra# yan/ ian//a snsia#. >"m#ah it" stia 9at" 4isa 4rtam4ah. Dinisi minra# mn"r"t 44raa ah#i? 3
1. L.@. Brry an B. Mas&n, 1=5= Minra# aa#ah s"at" 4na aat h&m&/n yan/ traat i a#am tr4nt" sara an&r/ani, mm"nyai &m&sisi imia aa 4atas74atas trtnt" an mm"nyai at&m7at&m yan/ trs"s"n sara trat"r. .
[email protected] hittn an >.R.. Br&&s, 1=2 Minra# aa#ah s"at" 4ahan aat yan/ sara str"t"ra# h&m&/n mm"nyai &m&sisi imia trtnt", i4nt" h r&ss a#am yan/ an&r/ani. 3. A..R. +&ttr an H. R&4ins&n, 1=22 Minra# aa#ah s"at" 4ahan ata" 'at yan/ h&m&/n mm"nyai &m&sisi imia trtnt" ata" a#am 4atas74atas an mm"nyai siat7siat tta, i4nt" i a#am an 4"an hasi# s"at" hi"an. tai ari ti/a inisi trs4"t mra masih mm4rian an&ma#i ata" s"at" n/"a#ian 44raa 'at ata" 4ahan yan/ is4"t minra#, 9a#a""n tia trmas" ia#am s"at" inisi. Shin//a s4narnya aat i4"at s"at" inisi 4ar" ata" inisi &mi#asi. Dimana inisi &mi#asi tia mn/hi#an/an s"at" tnt"an "m"m 4ah9a minra# it" mm"nyai siat s4a/ai? 4ahan a#am, mm"nyai siat isis an imia tta an 4r"a "ns"r t"n//a# ata" snya9a. Dinisi minra# &mi#asi? minra# aa#ah s"at" 4ahan a#am yan/ mm"nyai siat7siat isis an imia tta aat 4r"a "ns"r t"n//a# ata" rsnya9aan imia yan/ tta, aa "m"mnya an&r/ani, h&m&/n, aat 4r"a aat, air an /as . Minra# aa#ah 'at7'at ha4#"r yan/ aa a#am ra 4"mi srta 4rsiat h&m&/n, isi ma""n imia9i. Minra# it" mr"aan rsny9aan an&r/ani as#i, srta mm"nyai s"s"nan imia yan/ tta. !an/ imas" n/an rsnya9aan imia as#i aa#ah 4ah9a minra# it" har"s tr4nt" a#am a#am, arna 4anya 'at7'at yan/ mm"nyai siat7siat yan/ sama n/an minra#, aat i4"at ia#am #a4&rat&ri"m. S4"ah 'at $
yan/ 4anya sa#i traat a#am 4"mi aa#ah Si; an a#am i#m" minra#&/i, minra# it" is4"t "arsa. S4a#inya 'at ini"n aat i4"at sara imia aan ttai a#am ha# ini tia is4"t minra# m#ainan 'at Si#isi"m i&sia . a#sit, aa#ah s4"ah minra# yan/ 4iasanya traat a#am 4at"an /amin/ an mr"aan minra# m4nt" 4at"an yan/ ntin/. at yan/ i4"at a#am #a4&rat&ri"m an mm"nyai siat7 siat yan/ sama n/an minra# a#sit aa#ah CaC;3. Dmiian "#a ha#nya n/an /aram7/aram yan/ traat s4a/ai #aisan7#aisan a#am 4at"an. @aram a"r a#am i#m" minra#&/i is4"t ha#it san/an a#am #a4&rat&ri"m /aram
a"r
is4"t
n/an
natri"m7h#&ria.
Minra#7minra#
mm"nyai str"t"r at&m yan/ tta an 4raa a#am h"4"n/an yan/ harm&ni n/an 4nt" #"arnya. Minra#7minra# ini#ah yan/ mr"aan 4a/ian74a/ian aa 4at"an74at"an n/an ata #ain 4at"an aa#ah as&siasi minra#7minra#. a. trsiaan Bi&/is Minra# a#a""n 4ahan maanan mn/an"n/ 4r4a/ai minra# "nt" r#"an t"4"h, nam"n tia sm"anya aat imanaatan. Ha# ini 4r/ant"n/ aa trsiaan 4i&/inya (trsiaan 4i&/is aa#ah tin/atan 'at /i'i yan/ imaan yan/ aat ia4s&rsi h t"4"h). S4a/ian 'at /i'i m"n/in tia m"ah i#asan saat maanan irna ata" tia ia4s&rsi n/an 4ai. Fat&r7at&r yan/ mmrn/ar"hi trsiaan 4i&/i minra# ij#asan i49ah ini. 1. *ntrasi minra# n/an minra# Minra# yan/ mm"nyai 4rat m"# an j"m#ah m"atan (a#nsi) yan/ sama 4rsain/ sat" sama #ain "nt" ia4s&rsi, n/an miian a#am trsiaan 4i&/inya. C&nt&hnya ma/nsi"m, a#si"m, 4si an tm4a/a yan/ mm"nyai a#nsi . a#si"m yan/ imaan tr#a#" 4anya aan mn/ahm4at a4s&rsi 4si. Dmiian "#a 4anyaan maan sn/ aan
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mn/ham4at a4s&rsi tm4a/a. ;#h arna it", ita har"s 4rhati7hati a#am mn//"naan s"#mn minra# tana 4r&ns"#tasi n/an &tr. . *ntrasi itamin n/an minra# itamin mnin/atan a4s&rsi 4si 4i#a imaan aa 9at" 4rsamaan. itamin a#sitr mnin/atan as&rsi a#si"m. Banya itamin mm4"t"han minra# "nt" m#a"an ranannya a#am mta4sm. Misa#nya &n'im tiamin mm4"t"han ma/nsi"m "nt" 4r"n/si sara isin. 3. *ntrasi srat n/an minra# trsiaan 4i&/i minra# 4anya in/ar"hi h 4ahan74ahan n&nminra# i a#am maanan. Asam itat a#am a#am srat aan/7 aan/an an sra#ia srta asam &sa#at a#am 4ayam mn/iat minra#7 minra# trtnt" shin//a tia aat ia4s&rsi. Maan tin//i srat (#4ih ari 35 /ram shari) mn/ham4at a4s&rsi a#si"m, 'at 4si, sn/ an ma/nsi"m. 4. S"m4r Minra# S"m4r a#in/ 4ai minra# aa#ah maan h9ani, "a#i ma/nsi"m yan/ #4ih 4anya traat i a#am maanan na4ati. H9an mmrh minra# ari t"m4"h7t"m4"han an mn"m"nya i a#am jarin/an t"4"hnya. Di samin/ it", minra# 4rasa# ari maanan h9ani mm"nyai trsiaan 4i&/i #4ih tin//i ari aa yan/ 4rasa# ari maanan na4ati. Maanan h9ani mn/an"n/ #4ih siit 4ahan n/iat minra# ariaa maanan na4ati. . ra"nan arna Minra# Minra# a#am j"m#ah 4r#4ihan aat mny4a4an ra"nan (t&si). +rja tam4an/ 4i#a tia 4rhati7hati aat mn/a#ami ra"nan minra#, tr"tama man/an. Siat t&si ini r#" mnaat rhatian a#am n//"naan s"#mn minra#. .. +ungsi Mineral
Mn"r"t Mahy"in (008) "n/si "tama minra# aat i/&n/an mnjai ti/a "n/si "tama, yait" s4a/ai 4ri"t ? 6
1.F"n/si rnaasan Minra# yan/ 4rran 4sar a#am r&ss rnaasan. yait" minra# 4si (F). tm4a/a (C"). an a#si"m (Ca). .F"n/si str"t"ra#. Minra# m4nt" ran/a 4rran a#am m4nt"an str"t"r mah#" hi", srti a#arn m4nt"an t"#an/, /i/i, an sisi ian. Minra# yan/ trmas" a#am #&m& ini, yait" a#si"m (Ca), &s&r (+), E"&r (F), an ma/nsi"m (M/). 3.F"n/si mta4ism. Minra# yan/ mm4ant" r&ss mta4ism m#i"ti sm"a minra# snsia# an n&nsnsia#. Minra#7minra# trs4"t 4rran a#am rn4nt"an n'im an n/at"ran sim4an/an antara airan t"4"h an airan #in/"n/annya. S#ain "n/si "tama trs4"t. B4raa "n/si *ain ari minra# antara #ain ? (a) Brran a#am r&ss m4nt"an hm&/#&4in an r&ss m4"an arah (tr"tama F. C" an C&). (4) Mn/at"r sim4an/an asarn 4asa an r&ss &sm&sis antara airan t"4"h ian n/an #in/"n/annya (tr"tama %a, Ca, C#, an ) () Mn/at"r "n/si s# (C" an n), mmatan/an #njar #amin (Br). mmatan/an h&rm&n tir&i (*). () Brran a#am r&ss mta4ism (M/, C# an +). .3 Klasiikasi Mineral
Br4a/ai "ns"r an&r/ani (minra#) traat a#am 4ahan 4i&/i, ttai tia ata" 4.#"m s.m"a min.ra# t.rs.4"t t.r4"ti
snsia#, shin//a aa minra# snsia#
an n&nsnsia#. Minra# snsia# yait" minra# yan/ san/at ir#"an a#am r&ss isi&/is mah#" hi" "nt" mm4ant" rja n'im ata" m4nt"an &r/an. Minra# n&nsnsia# aa#ah #&/am yan/ rannya a#am t"4"h mah#" hi" 4#"m itah"i an an"n/annya a#am jarin/an san/at i#. Bi#a an"n/annya tin//i aat mr"sa &r/an t"4"h mah#" hi" yan/ 4rsan/"tan. Di samin/ mn/ai4atan ra"nan, #&/am j"/a aat mny4a4an nyait isinsi.
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-ns"r7"ns"r minra# ssnsia# a#am t"4"h triri atas "a /&n/an yait" minra# mar& an minra# mir& (Ariin, 008). 1. Minra# mar& ir#"an "nt" mm4nt" &m&nn &r/an i a#am t"4"h. Minra# mar& ir#"an ata" traat a#am j"m#ah r#ati 4sar, m#i"ti Ca, +, , %a, C#, S, an M/ (Ariin, 008). a. a#si"m (Ca) raat aa s"s", say"ran hija", aan/7aan/an, an a/in/. F"n/si a#si"m yait" m4nt"an t"#an/ an /i/i yan/ in/ar"hi h itamin D, m4"an arah atiitas sara an &ta, atiat&r n'im, atiitas &t&t jant"n/ an m#in"n/i t"4"h. trhaa a4s&rsi 'at rai&ati. 4. F&s&r (+) raat aa s"s", aan/7aan/an, a/in/, an say"ran. F"n/si F&s&r yait" m4nt"an t"#an/ an /i/i, mta4ism, &ntrasi &t&t, atiitas sara, &m&nn n'im, D%A, R%A, an A+. . a#i"m () raat aa say"ran, 4"ah74"ahan, an a. F"n/si a#i"m yait" mn/at"r ta jant"n/, mm#ihara sim4an/an air, transmisi sara, mm#ihara sim4an/an asam 4asa, ata#isat&r,, &ntrasi &t&t, mn/at"r srsi ins"#in ari anras, mm#ihara rma4i#itas mm4ran s#. . %atri"m (%a) raat aa sa/in/, /aram, mnt/a, an r&" trnaan. F"n/si %atri"m yait" transmisi sara, &ntrasi &t&t, mnja/a tanan &sm&ti arah, s4a/ai 4"r (a#am 4nt" %aar4&nat), mmrtahanan irita4i#itas s# &t&t an &m&nn an&r/ani airan stra s# . #&r (C#) raat aa /aram, s"s", a/in/, an t#"r. F"n/si #&r yait" m4nt"an HC# a#am #am4"n/ yan/ 4rran a#am nyraan F an m"#si #ma, atiat&r n'im, hahan i&n #&rit yan/ ntin/ "nt" transr C; ari arah ar"7ar", mm#ihara sim4an/an asam 4asa, #trit, an tanan &sm&sis. . S"#"r (S) raat aa Say"ran, t#"r, a/in/, s"s", an 4"ah74"ahan. F"n/si S"#"r yait" atiat&r n'im, 4rran a#am nyimanan an m44asan 8
nr/i, &m&nn itamin (thiamin, 4i&tin, an asam ant&tnat, &m&nn a#am r&ss t&siasi. /. Ma/nsi"m (M/) raat aa aan/7aan/an, say"ran hija", maanan hasi# #a"t, an sra#. F"n/si Ma/nsi"m yait" m4nt"an t"#an/, arah, an &t&t, atiat&r n'im. &ntrasi &t&t, atiitas sara, rsirasi intras#, an sintsis r&tin. . Minra# mir& yait" minra# yan/ ir#"an a#am j"m#ah san/at siit an "m"mnya traat a#am jarin/an n/an &nsntrasi san/at i#, yait" F, M&, C", n, Mn, C&, *, an S (Ariin, 008). a. Frr"mBsi (F) at 4si mr"aan sa#ah sat" minra# yan/ aat mm4"at t"4"h shat "4"h man"sia mn/an"n/ #4ih "ran/ 3,5 7 $,5 /ram 'at 4si, i mana "a r ti/anya itm"an i a#am arah, smntara sisanya itm"an i a#am hati, s"ms"m t"#an/, &t&t. +ranannya a#am r&"si s# arah mrah s"ah san/at trna#, tr"tama "nt" a"m 9anita. 4. inSn/ (n) Sn/ aat m"ah itm"an aa 4r4a/ai jnis maanan yan/ aya aan an"n/an r&tin srti a/in/, aan/7aan/an an &n/ &n/an. As"an sn/ yan/ i4"t"han t"4"h man"sia s4narnya san/at siit, nam"n trnyata nyraan sn/ h t"4"h "n san/at#ah i#. Dari sitar $71$ m/hari j"m#ah sn/ yan/ ianj"ran "nt" i&ns"msi, hanya sitar 107$0G saja yan/ aat isra. . Man/an (Mn) S"m4r man/an aa#ah 4ras /i#in/, isan/ say"ran hija", /an"m, an 4"ah74"ahan yan/ irin/an. . *&i"m (*) +ran i&i"m 4a/i t"4"h i&i"m tr/&n/ s4a/ai mir& minra# yan/ san/at i4"t"han h t"4"h. Di a#am t"4"h, i&i"m san/at i4"t"han h #njar tir&i (#njar yan/ a/a 4sar an 4raa i #hr an 4a/ian 4a9ah). %am"n, s"m4r i&i"m tr4sar aa#ah sa&&, srti? ran/, "an/, r"m"t #a"t an ana ian srta hasi# ahannya. . S#ni"m (S) =
S#ni"m t#ah mn"nj"an iri s4a/ai sa#ah sat" ari a/n7a/n antianr yan/ #4ih "at. Aa4i#a ia i/a4"n/an n/an itamin , tiitas "anya trhaa anr aan san/at mnin/at. Mra 4rsama7sama 4rja s4a/ai antianr yan/ "at, sistm anti n"aan yan/ is4"t /#"tati&n r&sias (@SH). .$ Minra# S4a/ai &at&r Banya n'im yan/ mn/an"n/ i&n mta# is4"t Mta#&n'im. *&n trs4"t 4r"n/si miri n/an &n'im. F"n/si ari mta# trs4"t a#am n'im san/at 4rariasi yait" 4isa s4a/ai ata#is misa#nya n an aan/ "nt" mnin/atan isinsi n'im srti A+7M/ (+"rn&m&, 006).
,ogam an lemen "enting %eagai Koaktor n6im ,ogam Misaln7a n6im "eran ,ogam F Sit&r&m &sias ;siasi 7 risi C" Asam as&r4at &sias ;siasi 7 r"si n A#&h hir&/nas Mm4ant" mn/iat %AD Mn Histiin am&nia7#yas Ais i ata#isis h #tr&n n/an
C& %i M& S
@#"tamat m"tas
narian ana C& aa#ah 4a/ian ari C&4a#amin
-ras Iantin &sias %itrat r"tas +r&Jia /#"tathi&n
&n'im Sit"s ata#iti ;siasi 7 r"si ;siasi 7 r"si @anti S a#am sat" sistin i sit"s ati
-ns"r7"ns"r a#a#i (srti %a an ), a#a#i tanah (Ca, M/, hin//a "ns"r7 "ns"r transisi (Cr, F, n) mn"nj"an ran masin/7masin/ an 4r"n/si sara has. -m"mnya mra 4rja s4a/ai &at&r yan/ mm4ant" rja n'im ata" m"# 4i&/is trtnt" (B"iasih, 00=).
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.5 Mineral %eagai &n'im Besi (+e 8. ) , s"at" &n'im, yait" 4a/ian ari m"# hm&/#&4in. Bayan/an s# arah mrah. Bahan imia "tama i a#amnya is4"t hm&/#&4in. jia Ana tia mmi#ii 'at 4si, Ana tia 4isa mm4"at hm&/#&4in. Bsi &sia i4"at saat 'at 4si mnm# aa &si/n an it" is4"t arat. >ia Ana tia mmi#ii "" 'at 4si, m"n/in mnrita anmia arna tia mmi#ii "" hm&/#&4in, sama n/an "ran/an itamin , tai a#i ini arna "ran/an 'at 4si. Temaga (Cu 8. ) i4"t"han s4a/ai &n'im "nt" m&n&amin &Jias, n'im a#am sistm sara ita. Mangan (Mn 8. ) aa#ah &n'im "nt" 44raa n'im. %eng (9n 8. ) aa#ah &n'im yan/ i4"t"han h D%A imras "nt" mm4"at D%A an 4anya n'im #ainnya. ikel (i 8. ) aa#ah &n'im #ain yan/ mr"aan 4a/ian ari 44raa n'im.
Minra# n M/ %i Mn
; n'im ar4&ni anhiras, ar4&sitias &R, hs&inas -ras S"r&si ism"tas
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BAB ''' "&T&" 31 Kesim:ulan
Minra# mr"aan 4a/ian ari t"4"h an mm/an/ arnan ntin/ a#am m#iharaan "n/si t"4"h, 4ai aa tin/at s#, jarin/an, &r/an ma""n "n/si t"4"h sara s#"r"han. a#si"m, &s&r an ma/nsi"m aa#ah 4a/ian ari t"#an/, 4si ari hm&/#&4in a#am s# arah mrah, an i&i"m ari h&rm&n tir&sin.
Minra# aat i #asiiasian yait" minra# snsia# an n&nsnsia#.
"n/si "tama minra# yait" "n/si rnaasan, "n/si str"t"ra# an "n/si mta4ism.
Minra# aat 4rran s4a/ai &n'im.
Minra# aat 4rran s4a/ai &at&r.
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DA+TA# "&%TAKA Mahy"in, . (008). Panduan lengkap agribisnis lele. >aarta? +n4ar S9aaya
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