GILL NET Disusun untuk memenuhi nilai mata kuliah Metode Penagkapan Ikan
Ahmad Fikry Dian Dianii
230110090071
Novian Novianii Wikiand Wikiandy y
230110090072
Poberson Poberson Naibah ibaho o
230110090074
Yuliant Yuliantii
230110090075
Arind rindiina A M
230110090076
Sandy andy Dwi P
230110090077
Nuran Nuranii Prisept Priseptiarim ri mi
230110090078
Ahmadi Ahmadi Sofyan Sofyan
230110090079
UNIVERSITAS PADJADJARAN Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan Jatinangor - Sumedang 2011
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K ATA
PENGA PENGANTAR NTAR
Puji dan syukur penulis panjatkan kehadirat ALLAH SWT, atas segala rahmat dan karunia-Nya, sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan makalah Gill net yang merupakan bagian dari tugas mata kuliah Metode Penangkapan Ikan. Dalam pembuatan makalah ini, penulis banyak mendapat kesulitan. Oleh karena itu, penulis ingin menyampaikan banyak terimakasih kepada semua pihak yang telah memberikan bantuan serta dukungannya dalam pembuatan dan penyusunan makalah ini. Dalam penyusunannya, penulis menyadari akan segala kekurangan yang ada sehubungan dengan keterbatasan kemampuan dan pengetahuan yang dimiliki oleh kami maka kami mengucapkan maaf yang sebesar ± besarnya apabila baik dalam dalam penulisan maupun penyajian makalah ini terdapat banyak kesalahan. Dengan tangan terbuka kami akan menerima segala saran dan kritik yang membangun dari para pembaca.
Jatinangor, Jatina ngor,
Febuari 2011
Penulis
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BAB
I
PENDAHU PENDAHUL LUAN UAN I.1 LA LATAR BEL ELA AK ANG
Penangkapan ikan merupakan salah satu profesi yang telah lama dilakukan oleh manusia.
Menurut
sejarah
sekitar
100.000
tahun
yang
lalu
manusia
neanderthal(neanderthal man) telah melakukan kegiatan penangkapan (sahrhange and lundbeck,1991), dengan menggunakan tangan kemudian profesi ini berkebang secara perlahan dengan menggunakan alat yang sederhana dan mulai membuat perahu yang sederhana. Dalam pemahaman mengenai cara penangkapan ikan maka dibutuhkan ilmu yang dapat menyokong pengetahuan teknik penggunaan alat tangkap dan cara pengoprasiannya serta kapal yang dapat menunjang keberlangsungan penangkapan, yang disebut dengan Metode Penangkapan Ika n. Alat tangkap dan teknik penangkapan ikan yang digunakan nelayan Indonesia umumnya masih bersifat tradisional, namun menurut Ayodhyoa (1981) pendapat tersebut tidak semuanya benar. Jika ditinjau dari prinsip teknik penangkapan ikan di Indonesia terlihat telah banyak memanfaatkan tingkah laku ikan (behaviour) untuk tujuan penangkapan ikan. Selain itu nelayan juga telah mengetahui ada sifat-sifat ikan yang berukuran besar memangsa ikan kecil sehingga dengan adanya ikan kecil di tempat penangkapan maka ikan-ikan besar pun akan mendatangi mendatangi ke tempat tersebut. t ersebut. Hal tersebut membuktikan membuktikan perkembangan perkembangan peradaban manusia ,dapat mendorong mendorong manusia untuk semakin sema kin kreatif kreat if dalam dala m memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya. Kemajuan dari fishing methods dapat ditandai dengan hal-hal berikut ini : 1. Perubahan usaha penangkapan dari sektor demi sektor ke arah usaha penangkapan dalam jumlah banyak. 2. Perubahan fishing ground ke arah yang lebih jauh dari pantai.
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jaring yang sama ukurannya pada seluruh jaring, lebar lebih pendek jika dibandingkan dengan panjangnnya. Istilah Gill Net didasarkan pada pemikiran bahwa ikan-ikan yang tertangkap gill net net terjerat di sekitar operculumnya operculumnya pada mata jaring. Jenis ikan yang umumnya tertangkap dengan gill net ialah jenis ikan yang berenang pada permukaan laut(cakalang, tuna, saury,fying fish, dan lain-lain), jenis ikan demersal( flat fish, katamba, sea bream dan lain-lain), juga jenis udang, lobster, kepiting dan lain-lain. Menurut Ayodhyoa (1981) dan Nomura (1978), Gill net dibagi menjadi beberapa jenis, yaitu: 1. Surface gill net 2. Bottom gill net 3. Drift gill net 4. Encricling gill net atau surrounding gill net
Menurut Anonim (1975), gill net dibagi menjadi beberapa jenis yaitu : 1. Surface gill net 2. Mid water gill net 3. Bottom gill net Pemakaian gill net tergantung daerah penangkapannya dan jenis ikan yang ingin di tangkap. Penamaan gill net pun dipengaruhi oleh kebiasaan-kebiasaan nelayan setempat, ada yang memberi nama sesuai jenis ikan yang tertangkap, adapula yang memberi nama sesuai dengan letak fihing ground. I.2
TUJUA TUJUAN N
Adapun tujuan dari pembuatan makalah ini adalah : 1. Memberikan pengetahuan tentang Metode Penangkapan Ikan di Indonesia yang menggunakan Gill net. 2. Mengenal alat tangkap gill net serta teknik penangkapan menggunakan gill
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BAB
II
PEMBAHAS AHASAN
2.1 Tinja Tinjau uan Pusta Pustak k a
Dalam bahasa Jepang gill net disebut dengan istilah ³sasi ami´, yang berdasarkan pemikiran bahwa tertangkapnya ikan-ikan pada gill net ialah dengan proses bahwa ikan-ikan t ersebut ³menusukkan diri-sasu´ pada ³ jaring-ami´. jaring-ami´. Di Indonesia Indonesia penamaan gill net ini beraneka ragam, ada yang menyebutkan nya berdasarkan jenis ikan yang tertangkap (jaring kuro, jaring udang dsb nya), ada pula yang disertai dengan nama tempat (jaring (jar ing udang Bayeman), dan lain sebagainya. Tertangkapnya ikan ika nikan dengan gill net ialah dengan cara bahwa ikan-ikan tersebut terjerat (gilled) pada mata jaring atupun terbelit-belit (entangled) pada tubuh jaring. 2.2 Peng Penger erttian Gill Net Net
Gill net atau dalam bahasa sehari-hari yang dikenal masyarakat dengan jaring insang karena gill berarti insang dan net berarti jaring, adalah suatu jenis alat penangkap ikan dari bahan jaring yang bentuknya empat persegi panjang dimana mata jaring (mesh) dari bagian jaring utama ukurannya sama. Jumlah mata jaring ke arah panjang/horizontal (Mesh Length/ML) jauh lebih banyak dari pada jumlah mata jaring ke arah vertikal atau ke arah dalam (Mesh Depth/MD). Pada bagian atasnya dilengkapi dengan beberapa pelampung (floats) dan dibagian bawahnya dilengkapi dengan beberapa pemberat (sinkers), sehingga dengan adanya dua gaya yang berlawanan memungkinkan jaring insang dapat dipasang di daerah penangkapan dalam keadaan tegak. Dalam pengoprasian gill net biasanya terdiri dari beberapa tinting jaring yang digabung menjadi satu unit jaring yang panjang, dioperasikan dengan dihanyutkan, dipasang secara menetap pada suatu perairan dengan cara dilingkarkan atau menyapu
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secara pasif, tetapi ada juga yang dioperasikan secara semi aktif atau dioperasikan secara aktif.
2.3 K lasifik asi Gill Net Net 2.3.1
erdassark an an Berda
leta letak k a alat tangk tangk ap di pera perairan iran
a. jaring insang pemukaan b. jaring insang pertengahan, dan c. jaring insang dasar
Gambar 1 : gill net berdasarkan letak
2.3.2
erdassark an an Berda
1.
ked keduduk an an alat saat diopera ioperasik an an :
Jaring insang hanyut (drift gillnet), yaitu jaring dibiarkan hanyut terbawa arus setelah disetting.
2.
Jaring insang tetap (fixed gillnet), yaitu jaring insang yang dipasang
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Gambar 2 : jaring insang tetap
Gambar 3: jaring insang hanyut
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b. Jaring insang mendatar
Gambar 5: jaring insang mendatar
2.3.4
erdassark an an Berda
lem lembar jari (lapis) jaring ng (la
a. Satu lembar (gillnet)
Gambar 6: jaring insa ng satu lembar b. Dua lembar (lapis ( lapis dua/lapdu)
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2.3.5
erdassark an an Berda
metode pe peng ngoper opera asiann sianny ya
a. Jaring insang tetap ( fixed gillnet atau set gillnet )
Gambar 9: jaring insang teteap
b. Jaring insang hanyut ( drift gillnet )
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c. Jaring insang lingkar ( encircling gillnet )
Gambar 11: jaring insang lingkaran
d. Jaring insang giring (frightening gillnet atau drive gillnet)
Gambar 12: jaring insang giring (melingkar)
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e.
Jaring insang sapu ( rowed gillnet )
Gambar 13: jaring insang sapu
GILL NET
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gerombolan ikan yang sebelumnya telah dipasangi rumpon, dan gerombolan ikan tertarik lalu mengumpul di sekitar rumpon maupun light fishing dan akhirnya tertangkap karena terjerat pada bagian operculum (penutup (penutup insang) atau dengan cara terpuntal.
y
Holling
Setelah dilakukan setting dan ikan yang telah terkumpu t erkumpull dirasa sudah cukup banyak, maka dilakukan holling dengan menarik jaring bottom gill net dari dasar perairan ke permukaan ( jaring ditarik keatas kapal ). Setelah semua hasil tangkap dan jaring ditarik ke atas kemudian baru dilakukan kegiatan penyortiran. penyortiran.
y
Persiapan Alat
Sebelum operasi dimulai semua peralatan dan perbekalan harus dipersiapkan dengan teliti. Jaring harus disusun di di atas kapal dengan memisahkan antara pemberat dan pelampung supaya mudah menurunkannya dan tidak kusut.
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Dalam satu malam bila bulan elap penuh operasi penangkapan aatau penurunan alat dapat dilakukan sampai dua kali karena dalam sekali penurunan alat, gill net didiamkan terpasang dalam perairan sampai kira-kira selam 3-5 jam.
y
Daerah Penangkapan (Fishing Ground)
Setelah semua peralatan tersusun rapi maka kapal dapat dilayarkan menuju ke daerah penangkapan (fishing ground). Syarat-syarat Syarat-syarat daerah penangkapan yang baik untuk penangkapan ikan dengan menggunakan menggunakan gill net adalah : bukan daerah alur pelayaran umum dan arus arahnya beraturan dan paling kuat sekitar 4 knots dasar perairan tidak berkarang
y
Penurunan Alat
Bila kapal telah sampai di daerah pena ngkapan, segera persiapan alat dimulai.
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perairan yaitu sekitar 5 jam. Bila lebih lama dari 5 jam akan mengakibatkan iakan-ikan yang tertangkap sudah mulai membusuk atau kadang-kadang kadang-kadang dimakan oleh ole h ikan lain yang lebih besar. Urutan pengangkatan alat ini adalah merupakan kebalikan dari urutan penurunan alat yaitu dimulai dari pelampung tanda, tali sela mbar belakang, baru jaring, tali slambar muka dan terakhir tera khir pelampung tanda. Apabila ada ikan yang tertangkap, t ertangkap, lepaskan ikan tersebut dari jaring dengan hati-hati hati-hati agar ikan tidak sampai terluka. Untuk hal tersebut t ersebut bila bila perlu dengan cara memotong satu atau dua kaki (bar) pada mata jaring agar ikan dilepas tidak sampai luka/ rusak. Ikan-ikan yang sudah terlepas dari jaring segera dicuci dengan air laut yang bersih dan langsung dapat disimpan ke dalam palka, dengan dicampur peahan es atau garam secukupnya secukupnya agar a gar iakn tidak lekas membusuk.
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-Surface gillnet akan berada di permukaan air, sampai lapisan pertengahan perairan seperti yang ditunjukan gambar berikut:
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1.2 Mid Midwater ater gill net
Met Metode pe penang nangk k apan Mid Midwater ater gill net:
-hampir sama seperti surface gill net, yang berbeda hanyalah posisi di dalam lapisan perairan nya. Midwater gill net , atau biasa disebut juga dengan floating net ini karena posisinya yang mengapung mengapung di lapisan tengah perairan laut yang disebabkan oleh berat jangkar dan pelampung yang disesuaikan supaya gill net ini dapat terapung. -setelah di setup. Akan tampak seperti gambar dibawah ini.
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1.3 Botto ttom gill net
Met Metode pe penang nangk k apan bott botto om gill net:
-Hampir sama seperti surface gill net, yang berbeda hanyalah posisi di dala m lapisan perairan nya. Bedanya. Bottom gill net ini dibuat dibuat supaya terbentang dibawah/dasar laut. Dengan cara bobot pemberat/jangkar pemberat/jangkar dibuat lebih berat sehingga sehi ngga gill net dapat tenggelam tetapi tetap tetap terbentang dengan adanya pelampung pelampung dibagian atas gill net. -Setelah di setup. Akan ta mpak seperti gambar gambar dibawah ini.
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-Daerah perikanan di Indonesia yang banyak menggunakan gillnet dalam usaha penangkapan antara lain: Samarinda, Jawa Timur, Papua, Minahasa Selatan, Bali, Jawa Barat dan Ambon ngkinan nan hasil: hasil: K e mungki
-Jenis-jenis ikan demersal atau bottom fish (flat fish, sea bream, dan lain-lain). Jenis-jenis udang, lobster dan lain sebagainya. ONSTRUK SI SI K ONSTRU
ALAT TA TANGK AP (BOTTOM GILL NET)
1. KONSTRUKSI UMUM
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jaring, tetapi tidaklah dapat diketahui keadaan baik buruknya rentangan jaring itu sendiri. 3. KARAKTERISTIK
y
Set bottom gill net direntang pada dasar laut, sehingga yang menjadi tujuan penangkapan adalah ika n-ikan damersal. da mersal.
y
Bottom gill net berbentuk empat persegi panjang yang dilengkapi dengan pelampung, pemberat, ris atas dan ris
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Bahan dari gill net harus mempunyai daya tampak sekecil mungkin dalam air, terutama sekali seka li untuk penangkapan di siang hari pada air jernih. Serat jaring juga harus sehalus dan selunak mungkin untuk mengurangi daya penginderaan dengan organ side line. Serat jaring yang lebih tipis juga kurang terlihat. S ebaliknya ebaliknya bahan baha n harus cukup kuat untuk menahan rontaan ikan yaang tertangkap dan dalam upayanya untuk membebaskan diri. Lebih lanjut diperlukan kemuluran dan elastisitas yang tepat untuk menahan ikan yang terjerat atau terpuntal sewaktu alat dala m air atau sewaktu penarikan
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3. Warna Jaring Warna jaring yang dimaksudkan disini adalah teruta ma dari webbing. Warna float, ropes, sinkers dan lain-lain diabaikan, mengingat bahwa bagian terbesar dari gill net adalah webbing. Pada synthetic fibres, net preservation dala m bentuk pencelupan pencelupan telah tidak diperlukan, kemudian pula warna dari twine dapat dibuat sekehendak hati, yang dengan demikian kemungkinan mengusahakan warna jaring untuk memperbesar fishing ability
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erdassark an an Berda
ked keduduk an an alat wak tu dipa ipasang
1. Gillnet hanyut (drift gillnet)
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4. Market (Pemasaran) Pemasaran atau market ke daerah konsumsi konsumsi atau tujuan juga
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3. Shortening atau shrinkage Supaya ikan-ikan mudah terjerat (gilled) pada mata jaring dan juga
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BAB
III
ESIMPULAN K ESIMPU
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y
Daerah Penangkapan Pena ngkapan (Fishing Ground) Ground)
y
Penurunan Alat
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