EXPERIMENT 4: BACTERIA IDENTIFICATION
UNIVERSITY KUALA LUMPUR MALAYSIAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL AND BIOENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY (MICET)
LAB REPORT MICROBIAL TECHNOLOGY EXPERIMENT 4: BACTERIAL IDENTIFICATION
PREPARED BY: DAYANG NURSYAZA FAZLIN BINTI AWANG KEDERI ID: 5524!2" 5524!2" CHECKED BY: DR LEONG CHEAN RING
DATE OF SUBMISSION: MARCH "# 2$%
1
EXPERIMENT 4: BACTERIA IDENTIFICATION OBJECTIVES • •
T& '*+',- ./0+1'/ .- 0&*0+'*3 1' &, .'&06'0/7 ++ T& 81/0+' 5I 9'0 /1 I*&07/+'&*# I*0./+'&*# I&7/+'&*# I*80+'&* /* I*+','0/+'&*
INTRODUCTION
B'&06'0/7 ++ /1 + ++ ,&1 + '*+','0/+'&* &, ./0+1'/ 80' ./ &* + ',,1*0 '* + .'&06'0/7 /0+''+' &, ',,1*+ ./0+1'/; ;B/0+1'/7 8-'&7&3- ',,1 ,1&6 &* 80' +& + &+1; T ',,1*0 '* 0/1.&-1/+ 6+/.&7'6# 81&+'* 6+/.&7'6# ,/+ 6+/.&7'6# 81&0+'&* &, 01+/'* *<-6# /.'7'+- +& +'7'< / 8/1+'07/1 0&68&* 78 +6 +& . '*+',' .- + .'&06'0/7 ++; T '*+','0/+'&* &, '31 87/*+ /* /*'6/7 '*&7 + &.1/+'&* &, + +10+1/7 ',,1*0# .&+ '*+1*/7 /* =+1*/7# 9'0 ='+ /6&*3 +6; M&+ &, + +10+1/7 ',,1*0 /1 ''.7 +& */> -; E* + '*+','0/+'&* &, 6'01&0&8'0 87/*+ /* /*'6/7 '*&7 + &.1/+'&* &, +'1 +10+1/7 ',,1*0 *1 / 6'01&0&8;S0 '*+','0/+'&* ./ &* +10+1/7 ',,1*0 ' *&+ 8&'.7 '* 0/ &, ./0+1'/# .0/ +10+1/7 ',,1*0# 9'0 6/- ',,1*+'/+ &* 80' &, ./0+1'/ ,1&6 + &+1# /1 *&+ '01*'.7 * *1 / 6'01&0&8; T +10+1/7 ',,1*0 9'+ 180+ +& /8# '< /* /11/*36*+ &, ./0+1'/ &*7- 78 '* + 81&0 &, '*+','0/+'&*# .0/ +1 /1 6/*80' &, ./0+1'/ /'*3 '6'7/1 /8# '< /* /11/*36*+; T1,&1# 7+'6/+7-# + '*+','0/+'&* &, ./0+1'/ ' 6&+7- ./ &* + ',,1*0 '* +'1 .'&06'0/7 /0+''+'; T1 /1 & 6/*- =/687 &, .'&06'0/7 ++ .+ '* +' =81'6*+# + ++ +/+ .* /1 &*7- ,9 9'0 /1 S+/10 H-1&7-' ++# M+-7 R ++# V&3?P1&>/1 ++# C'+1/+ +'7'/+'&* ++ /* ',,1*+'/7 &* M/0C&*>- A3/1; C'+1/+ +'7'/+'&* ++ ' ,'* / / 6'6 +& +16'* ', /* &13/*'6 0/* 0'+1/+ / '+ &7 0/1.&* &10; I+ ' &,+* +& ',,1*+'/+ .+9* 66.1 &, Enterobacteriaceae ; I* &13/*'6 0/8/.7 &, +'7'<'*3 0'+1/+ / / 0/1.&* &10# + *<-6 0'+1/ -1&7-< 0'+1/+ '*+& &=/&7&/0+'0 /0' /* /0+'0 /0'; T &=/7&/0+'0 /0' ' +* -1&7-< '*+& 8-1'0 /0' /* CO 2; I, CO2 ' 81&0# '+ 1/0+ 9'+ 0&68&**+
2
EXPERIMENT 4: BACTERIA IDENTIFICATION &, + 6'6 +& 81&0 /* /7>/7'* 0&68&* (;3; N/ 2CO!); T /7>/7'* 8H +1* + 8H '*'0/+&1 (.1&6+-6&7 .7) ,1&6 31* +& .7; M+-7 1 ++ ' +& +16'* 9'0 ,16*+/+'&* 8/+9/- ' +& +'7'< 370&; I* + 6'= /0' ,16*+/+'&* 8/+9/-# 370& ' ,16*+ /* 81&0 1/7 &13/*'0 /0' (7/0+'0# /0+'0# 00'*'0# /* ,&16'0 /0'); T +/.7 81&0+'&* &, *&3 /0' +& &10&6 + 8&8/+ .,,1 9'77 17+ '* / 8H &, .7&9 4;4; I, + 8H '*'0/+&1 (6+-7 1) ' / +& /* /7'@&+ &, + 07+1 .1&+ /* + 8H ' .7&9 4;4# / 1 0&7&1 9'77 /88/1; I, + MR +1* -77&9# + 8H ' /.& %;$ /* + 6'= /0' ,16*+/+'&* 8/+9// *&+ .* +'7'< T V&3?P1&>/1 ++ +0+ + 81*0 &, /0+&'*# / 8101&1 &, 2# ! .+/*'&7; I, + 07+1 ' 8&'+' ,&1 /0+&'*# '+ 9'77 +1* .1&9*'?1 +& 8'*>; I, + 07+1 ' *3/+' ,&1 /0+&'*# '+ 9'77 +1* .1&9*'?31* +& -77&9 (N&+: A 07+1 9'77 /77- &*7- . 8&'+' ,&1 &* 8/+9/-: '+1 MR &1 VP; Escherichia coli ' MR /* VP?) M/*9'7 M/0C&*>- A3/1 ' / 6'6 9'0 ' .&+ 70+' /* ',,1*+'/7; T 70+' '*31'*+ /1 + .'7 /7+ /* + -# 01-+/7 '&7+ 9'0 '*'.'+ + 31&9+ &, G1/6?8&'+' ./0+1'/; T ',,1*+'/7 '*31'*+ ' 7/0+&; F16*+/+'&* &, +' 3/1 17+ '* /* /0''0 8H /* 0/ + 8H '*'0/+&1# *+1/7 1# +& +1* / .1'3+ 8'*>-?1 0&7&1 +# + &13/*'6 +/+ 0/8/.7 '* 7/0+& ,16*+/+'&* 0 / Escherichia coli# ,&16 .1'3+ 8'*>-?1 0&7&*'; M/0C&*>- /3/1 ' 0&66&*7- +& ',,1*+'/+ .+9* + E*+1&./0+1'/0/; L/+7-# + +/10 -1&7-' ++ ' 91 + >*&9* +/10 ' '66*'< 9'+ + 3'* *>*&9* 80'; A,+1 .'*3 '66*'<# I&'* ' / +& + 6'=+1 /* 9'0 &9 ', /*- +/10 ' 81*+ '* + 6'=+1 &1 *&+; I, I&'* +1* .7?.7/0> +* +/+ 6/* +1 ' +/10 81*+ '* + 6'=+1 /* ', *&+ +* +1 ' *& +/10; L/+ .+ *&+ 7/+# /8+'0 +0*'@ ' 81/0+' '* 1- ++ +& 81*+ 0&*+/6'*/+'&* &, &+1 *9/*+ &13/*'6;
3
EXPERIMENT 4: BACTERIA IDENTIFICATION
SUMMARY
T' =81'6*+ 9/ 0&*0+ +& '*+',- ./0+1'/ .- '*3 .'&06'0/7 ++; T1 /1 ,' (5) .'&06'0/7 ++ 9'0 /1 S+/10 H-1&7-' ++# M+-7 R ++# V&3? P1&>/1 ++# C'+1/+ +'7'/+'&* ++ /* ',,1*+'/7 &* M/0C&*>- A3/1; F&1 S+/10 H-1&7-' ++ /* M/0C&*>- A3/1 ++# B . subtillis /* E.Coli 91 '*&07/+ /* 87/0 &* + S+/10 /3/1; B,&1 +/+# + /3/1 / .* '' .- +9& 0+'&* .- '*3 6/1>1 8*; T- /1 +* '*0./+ ,&1 24 &1 /+ ! ; F&1 + S+/10 /3/1# /,+1 '*0./+# '&'* 9/ 8&1 *7- +* &.1; W'7 ,&1 + M/0C&*>- A3/1# + 87/+ 9/ &.1 '10+79'+&+ /*- ,1+1 81&01; F&1 + M+-7 R /* V&3?P1&>/1# + 0&7&*- (B . subtillis
/* E.Coli) 91 +1/*,11 180+'7- '*+& + 370& 8&8/+ .1&+ /*
'*0./+ /+ ! C ,&1 24 ; A,+1 +/+ ,&1 M+-7 R# 2 1&8 &, 6+-7 1 &7+'&* '*+& + 07+1 ' / /,+1 24 &1 &, '*0./+'&* /* + 0&7&1 0/*3 ' &.1; M/*9'7 ,&1 + V&3?P1&>/1# 2 1&8 (/.&+ $;5 67) &, 01/+'* &7+'&* /* 67 &, 4 8&+/'6 -1&=' &7+'&* ' / /* + 0&7&1 0/*3 ' &.1 /,+1 4 &1; A* /8+'0 +0*'@ ' 81/0+' '* 1- ++ +& /&' 0&*+/6'*/+'&* &, + &+1 &13/*'6 .'*3 ,7/6 +1'7'
4
EXPERIMENT 4: BACTERIA IDENTIFICATION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE (A) Growth on the see!t"#e $n% %"&&erent"$ M$!Con'e $$r
; O* 87/+ &, M/0C&*>- /3/1 ' +/>* /* / 7'* ' 1/9 .- '*3 6/1>1 8* +& 8/1/+ '+ '*+& +9& <&*: A /* B; 2; B&+ B. subtillis /* E. coli ' '*&07/+ &* <&* A /* B 180+'7!; T 87/+ /1 '*0./+ /+ ! C ,&1 24 &1; 4; T 31&9+ &, .&+ ./0+1'/ ' &.1 &* + 87/+;
(B) St$r!h *%ros"s Test
; O* 87/+ &, +/10 /3/1 ' +/>* /* / 7'* ' 1/9 '*3 6/1>1 8* +& 8/1/+ '+ '*+& +9& <&*: A /* B; 2; B&+ B. subtillis /* E. coli ' '*&07/+ &* <&* A /* B 180+'7!; T 87/+ /1 '*0./+ /+ ! C ,&1 24 &1; 4; I&'* ' 8&1 &1 + 1,/0 &, + +/10 87/+ +& 0&1 + *+'1 87/+; T 87/+ ' 1&+/+ /* +'88 +& 81/ + '&'*; 5; T ./0+1'/ &9 8&'+' 17+ ' &.1; (S&9* .- 81&0+'&* &, / 07/1 <&* /1&* + ./0+1'/ 31&9+;
(C)Meth re% (+ test t,-es !ont$"n"n . / o& 0hos0h$te -roth 1 23.4 (w5#) ,!ose)
; U'*3 + '*&07/+'*3 9'1 7&&8# + 0&7&*- ' +1/*,11 '*+& + 370& 8&8/+ .1&+ /* '*0./+ /+ ! C ,&1 24 ; 2; A,+1 24 # 2 1&8 &, 6+-7 1 &7+'&* ' / '*+& + 07+1; T 6'=+1 ' /> 3*+7- /* + ,'*/7 0&7&1 0/*3 ' &.1; R '*'0/+ 8&'+' 17+;
5
EXPERIMENT 4: BACTERIA IDENTIFICATION
(D)Voes Pros'$,er (+ test t,-es !ont$"n"n . / o& 0hos0h$te -roth 1 23.4 (w5#) ,!ose)
; U'*3 + '*&07/+'*3 9'1 7&&8# + 0&7&*- ' +1/*,11 '*+& + 370& 8&8/+ .1&+ /* '*0./+ /+ ! C ,&1 24 ; 2; A,+1 24 # 2 1&8 (/.&+ $;5 67) &, 01/+'* &7+'&* ' / /* 67 &, 4 8&+/'6 -1&=' &7+'&* ' 8'88+; T 6'=+1 ' />* /* /,+1 ?4 + 17+ ' =/6'*; A 8&'+' 1/0+'&* ' '*'0/+ .- / 0/*3 &, 0&7&1 ,1&6 -77&9 +& 8'*>;
(E) C"tr$te ,t""6$t"on test (+ Un"#ers$ -ottes !ont$"n"n S"//on7 !"tr$te $$r s$nts)
; U'*3 + '*&07/+'*3 9'1 7&&8# /0 &, + 0&7&*' ' +1/> &*+& + 7/*+ &, S'66&*?0'+1/+ 6'6 /* '*0./+ /+ ! C ,&1 24 ;
2; A,+1 24 # + 0&7&1 0/*3 ' =/6'* /* 31&9+ &, + 6'01&&13/*'6 ' &.1; U+'7'
6
EXPERIMENT 4: BACTERIA IDENTIFICATION DATA AND RESULTS (A) Growth on the see!t"#e $n% %"&&erent"$ M$!Con'e $$r
F'31 : M/0C&*>- A3/1 ++ ,&1 B. subtillis (A <&*) /* E. Coli (B <&*)
O.1/+'&*: ? • • •
*3/+' M/0C&*>- A3/1 ++ ,&1 /* 8&'+' M/0C&*>- A3/1 ++ ,&1 E. Coli T1 ' 31&9+ &, E. Coli &* <&* B /* /1&* &, '+ / / 8'*> 07/1 <&* T1 ' *& 31&9+ &, B. Subtillis &* <&* A 91/ + <&* ' 07/1;
(B)St$r!h *%ros"s Test
7
EXPERIMENT 4: BACTERIA IDENTIFICATION
F'31 28 S+/10 H-1&7-' ++ ,&1 B. subtillis (A <&*) /* E. Coli (B <&*)
O.1/+'&*: ? <&* &, 07/1'*3 ,&1 B. Subtillis ' 8&'+' 9'7 ,&1 E. Coli ' *3/+' (C) Meth re% (+ test t,-es !ont$"n"n . / o& 0hos0h$te -roth 1 23.4 (w5#) ,!ose)
F'31 !8 M+-7 R ++ ,&1 B. subtillis (1'3+) /* E. Coli (7,+) O.1/+'&*:? ; T 1'3+ .&++7 9'0 ' E. Coli turn 1' 2; T 7,+ .&++7 9'0 ' B. Subtillis / *& 0/*3 (D) Voes Pros'$,er (+ test t,-es !ont$"n"n . / o& 0hos0h$te -roth 1 23.4 (w5#) ,!ose
8
EXPERIMENT 4: BACTERIA IDENTIFICATION
F'31 48 V&3 P1&>/1 ++ ,&1 B. subtillis (1'3+) /* E. Coli (7,+) O.1/+'&*:? B&+ /1 *3/+' 17+ ,&1 + 0&7&1 0/*3;
(E) C"tr$te ,t""6$t"on test (+ Un"#ers$ -ottes !ont$"n"n S"//on7 !"tr$te $$r s$nts)
F'31 58 C'+1/+ +'7'
DISCUSSION 9
EXPERIMENT 4: BACTERIA IDENTIFICATION T 6'01&.'&7&3- 7/. '*&7 + '*&07/+'*3 6/*- ',,1*+'/7 6'/ '*07'*3 M/0C&*>- A3/1# S+/10 -1&7-' /3/1# V&3 P1&>/1 .1&+# M+-7 R .1&+ /* S'66&* C'+1/+ A3/1 7/*+; E/0 6'/ / / '+'*0+ 818&# &6 * ++ ,&1 6&1 +/* &* 0/1/0+1'+'0; R7+ 91 &.1 /,+1 24 &1 &, '*0./+'&* /* /1 '*+181+ '* +' 8/1/31/8 /7&*3 9'+ + =87/*/+'&* &, + 9&1>'*3 &, /0 6'/ +-8 '* + 7/.; F'1+ +& . '0 ' + M/0C&*>- A3/1 17+; M/0C&*>- /3/1 9/ +16'* +& . 70+' .0/ '+ 81*+ + 31&9+ &, 31/6 8&'+' ./0+1'/ .- 6/* &, .'7 /7+ /* 01-+/7 '&7+ -; T 8'*> 0&7&1/+'&* &, + /3/1 0/6 ,1&6 + 01-+/7 '&7+; M/0C&*>- /3/1 /7& '*07 7/0+&# 9'0 9/ 0&*1+ +& 7/0+' /0' .- 7/0+& ,16*+/+'&*; I* +' 7/.# B.
Subtillis
(A) &9 07/1 <&*# &8/@ /* 0&7&17 9'0
'*'0/+ '+ ' *3/+'# + '+ ' *&+ 7/.77 / 7/0+& ,16*+1 9'7 E. Coli (B) 17+ '* .1'3+?1 0&7&*' 9'0 6/* '+ ' /.7 +& ,16*+ 7/0+&; M/0C&*>- A3/1 91 /' +& . ',,1*+'/7 .0/ '+ /.'7'+- +& +0+ + *+1'0 8/+&3* /* 0&7',&16; N=+ ' S+/10 H-1&7-' ++ 17+; B/ &* + 17+ &.+/'*# +1 ' 07/1 <&* /+ B. Subtillis (A) /* *& 31&9+ /+ /77 '* E. Coli (B); T' ' .0/# + -1&7-' &, + +/10 9'77 01/+ / 07/1 <&* /1&* + ./0+1'/7 31&9+# 9'0 =87/'* + 17+ +/+ &.+/'* /+ + <&* &, B. Subtillis (A); O* +&8 &, +/+# '* &11 +& '*+181+ + 17+ &, + +/10 -1&7-' ++# '&'* 6+ . / +& + /3/1; I+ 9'77 1/0+ 9'+ + +/10 +& ,&16 /1> .1&9* 0&7&1; F&1 + M+-7 1 ++# ' ' */6 .0/ '+ 7&8 / 1 ', /0'' * 81&0+ &, 370& 91 81*+; M+-7 1 +1* 1 (8&'+' 17+) ,&1 + E. Coli /+ / 8H &, 4# /* -77&9 (*3/+' 17+) ,&1 + B. Subtillis /+ / 8H &, %; T &+0&6 &9 +/+ E. Coli
01/+ /0''0 * 81&0+ '* +'1 0/+/.&7'6 &, 370&# 9'7 B. Subtillis '+1 '
*&+ ,16*+ 370& &1 ' *&+ 81&0 + /6 /6&*+ &, /0''0 81&0+;
I* + V&3?P1&>/1 ++# +' ++ ' +& +16'* 9'0 ,16*+/+'&* 8/+9/' +& +'7'< 370&; T' ++ +0+ + 81*0 &, + /0+&'*# / 8101&1 &, 2#! .+/*'&7; I, + 07+1 ' 8&'+' ,&1 /0+&'*# '+ 9'77 +1* .1&9*' 1 +& 8'*>; I, + 07+1 ' *3/+'# '+ 9'77 +1* .1&9*' 31* +& -77&9; B+ + 17+ +/+ &.+/'* '* +'
10
EXPERIMENT 4: BACTERIA IDENTIFICATION =81'6*+ 91 .&+ -77&9 '* 0&7&1# 9'0 ' /3/'*+ + V&3 P1&>/1 81'*0'87; T' 6'3+ . .0/ &6 6/* 11&1 +/+ 6'3+ . '0 7/+1; L/+7- ,&1 + S'66&* C'+1/+ A3/1 ++# '+ ' ,'* +& +16'* ./0+1'/7 80' /.'7'+- +& &'6 0'+1/+ / '+ &*7- 0/1.&* &10 +& 81&0 *13-; I, + 80' 9/ @'88 9'+ / 0'+1/+ 816/ +& +1/*8&1+ 0'+1/+ '*+& '+ 077# +* + ./0+1'/ 0&7 0&*1+ + 0'+1/+ +& 0/1.&* '&=' /* 8-1'0 /0'; T' 0/1.&* '&=' ' +* 0&6.'* 9'+ N/ ,1&6 + &'6 0'+1/+ +& 81&0 /7>/7'* &'6 0/1.&*/+; S&'6 0/1.&*/+ 81&0+'&* 1/' + 8H /* +1* .1&6&+-6&7 .7 ,1&6 31* +& .7# '*'0/+'*3 /7>/7'*'+-; S'*0 0'+1/+ +'7''*3 +0*'@; A7+&3 /8+'0 +0*'@ /1 81/0+' /7&*3 + 9/- 9'7 0&*0+'*3 + =81'6*+# '+ 6'3+ . + +7 1&# 9'0 ' +& +1/*,1 0&7&*- 9/ +'77 +&& &+# *0 +1&- &1 >'77 + '1 0&7&*-; N=+ '# + 81&01 6'3+ . & '687# .+ '*0 + =81'6*+ 9/ 0&*0+ /+ + &+' &, + ,6 &&# *9/*+ &13/*'6 6'3+ 0&*+/6'*/+ + /687;
11
EXPERIMENT 4: BACTERIA IDENTIFICATION
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
I+ 0/* . 0&*07 +/+ ++ +& '*+',- G1/6 P&'+' B/0+1'/ ' S+/10 H-1&7-' ++ 9'7 + ++ +/+ 0/* . +& '*+',- G1/6 N3/+' B/0+1'/ /1 M+-7 R V&3 P1&>/1# M/0C&*>- A3/1 /* S'66&* C'+1/+ A3/1; T' =81'6*+ 0/* . /' ' / 00 * +&3 +1 9/ &6 11&1 +/+ 6'3+ . */&'/.7; T &.0+' &, + =81'6*+ 9'0 /1 +& '*+',- ./0+1'/ .- 0&*0+'*3 1' &, .'&06'0/7 ++ /* +& 81/0+' 5I 9'0 /1 I*&07/+'&*# I*0./+'&*# I&7/+'&*# I*80+'&* /* I*+','0/+'&* ' /00&687'; A 9 &.1 81'&7-# ./0+1'/7 0&7&*' 0/* '331 31/+7- '* +'1 6&18&7&3'; T ',,1*0 0/* 78 '*+',-'*3 ',,1*+ 80' &, ./0+1'/; L'>9'# ./0+1'/7 80' ',,1 '* +'1 0777/1 6&18&7&3' /* +/'*'*3 81&81+'; S70+' /* ',,1*+'/7 6'/ 0&7 . '* '*+',-'*3 ./0+1'/7 80' ,&1 =/687# M/0C&*>- A3/1; G*1/77-# 70+' /* ',,1*+'/7 6'/ 17- &* &6 +10+1/7 &1 6+/.&7'0 81&81+- &, + 80' +/+ ' 81,1*+'/77- 70+; T 10&66*/+'&* ,&1 +' =81'6*+ 0&7 .# /77 ++ &7 . 81,&16 '* ,6 && +& 01/ + 1'> &, 0&*+/6'*/+'&* /* + +7 1& +& '*&07/+ 0&7&*- &7 . 0&&7 &9* /+ 7/+ ,&1 ,9 0&*# +& /&' >'77'*3 + '1 ./0+1'/;
12
EXPERIMENT 4: BACTERIA IDENTIFICATION
TUTORIAL
; Y& / '&7/+ /* /6-7/?81&0'*3 ./0+1'6 ,1&6 + &'7 /687 0&770+ ,1&6 &'7 8/76 87/*+/+'&* '* A7&1 G//# M7/>/; P1&8& / ,9 /7+1*/+' +& '*+',+ ./0+1'/7 +1/'*; F9 /7+1*/+' +/+ 0/* . 0&*'1 /1 C7+1/7 0/1/0+1' &* + +/10 /3/1 87/+ /* '*0./+ /+ !C ,&1 4" &1; A,+1 '*0./+'&* '&'* &7+'&* 9/ ,7&& 9'+ 1&881 ,&1 !$ 0&* &* + +/10 /3/1 87/+; P1*0 &, .7 0&7&1 /1&* + 31&9+ '*'0/+ *3/+' 17+ /* / 07/1 <&* &, -1&7-' /1&* + 31&9+ '*'0/+ 8&'+' 17+; T '&7/+ 81&0 07/1 <&* &, -1&7-' 91 0&*'1 / /6-7/ 81&01 /* 91 ,1+1 '*+'3/+
RE9ERENCES
13
EXPERIMENT 4: BACTERIA IDENTIFICATION ; A7,1; E; B1&9*; (2$$); B*&* 6'01&.'&7&3'0/7 /887'0/+'&*: L/.&1/+&1M/*/7 '* G*1/7 M'01&.'&7&3-; ($+ '+'&*); N9 Y&1>: M0 G1/9 H'77; 2; J&*&*# T;R;# C/# C;L;# (2$$);L/.&1/+&1- E=81'6*+ '* M'01&.'&7&3-; (" + E'+'&*); S/* F1/*0'0&; P/1&* E0/+'&*; !; B'&7&3L/.; (*;;) R+1'
M/10
++8:999;&'*'+-;0&6.'&06'0/7?/0+''+' 4; S+/10 H-1&7-' T+; (*;;); R+1'
2#
M/10
2$%# 2#
2$%#
,1&6 ,1&6
++8:999;6'01&;0&66'786'01&S+/10H-1&7-'T+;+67 5; C'+1/+ U+'7'
14
